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obstacles which prevent reason from the effective and fruitful use of this inborn faculty. For the truths that concern the relations between God and man wholly transcend the visible order of things, and, if they are translated into human action and influence it, they call for self-surrender and abnegation. The human mind, in its turn, is hampered in the attaining of such truths, not only by the impact of the senses and the imagination, but also by disordered appetites which are the consequences of original sin. So it happens that men in such matters easily persuade themselves that what they would not like to be true is false or at least doubtful.
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faith has." However, Luther conceded that, grounded upon faith in Christ, reason can be used in its proper realm, as he wrote, "Before faith and the knowledge of God reason is darkness in divine matters, but through faith it is turned into a light in the believer and serves piety as an excellent instrument. For just as all natural endowments serve to further impiety in the godless, so they serve to further salvation in the godly. An eloquent tongue promotes faith; reason makes speech clear, and everything helps faith forward. Reason receives life from faith; it is killed by it and brought back to life."
1333:". According to this belief, the holiness of certain people and institutions is confirmed by the fact that other people contest their claims: this opposition is held to be worthy of comparison to the opposition met by Jesus Christ himself. This opposition and contradiction does not inherently prove something is true in Catholic thought, but acts an additional possible indication of its truth. The idea of the sign of contradiction is related to the conviction that, while human reason is still operative, the distortion of fallen human nature causes some instances of reasoning to go astray.
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1104:, perhaps the fruit of an insane delusion. Kierkegaard used this example to focus attention on the problem of faith in general. He ultimately affirmed that to believe in the incarnation of Christ, in God made flesh, was to believe in the "absolute paradox", since it implies that an eternal, perfect being would become a simple human. Reason cannot possibly comprehend such a phenomenon; therefore, one can only believe in it by taking a "
1128:" in 1896. Following upon his earlier theories of truth, James argued that some religious questions can only be answered by believing in the first place: one cannot know if religious doctrines are true without seeing if they work, but they cannot be said to work unless one believes them in the first place.
1341:
Fideism has received criticism from theologians who argue that fideism is not a proper way to worship God. According to this position, if one does not attempt to understand what one believes, one is not really believing. "Blind faith" is not true faith. Notable articulations of this position include:
1320:
also affirms that God's existence is in fact demonstrable by reason, and that attempts to reason otherwise are the results of sin. In the encyclical, John Paul II warned against "a resurgence of fideism, which fails to recognize the importance of rational knowledge and philosophical discourse for the
1172:
Wittgenstein stated that "Christianity is not based on historical truth; rather, it offers us a historical narrative and says: now believe! But not, believe this narrative with the belief appropriate to a historical narrative, rather: believe, through thick and thin". For
Wittgenstein you should "not
1294:
Though human reason is, strictly speaking, truly capable by its own natural power and light of attaining to a true and certain knowledge of the one personal God, who watches over and controls the world by his providence, and of the natural law written in our hearts by the
Creator; yet there are many
1065:
is that reason is incapable of attaining knowledge of the existence of God or the immortality of the soul, a point with which Hamann would agree. The most important difference on this point is that Kant did not think that this gave way to antirationalism, whereas Hamann did. As a result, a qualified
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he argued that everything people do is ultimately based on faith. Without faith (for it can never be proven) in the existence of an external world, human affairs could not continue; therefore, he argued, all reasoning comes from this faith: it is fundamental to the human condition. Thus all attempts
1226:). To non-believers who reject the notion that the truth about God, the world, and themselves can be found within the Bible, the presuppositional apologist attempts to demonstrate the incoherence of the epistemic foundations of the logical alternative by the use of what has come to be known as the "
980:
to see faith in God as a cost-free choice that carries a potential reward. He does not attempt to argue that God indeed exists, only that it might be valuable to assume that it is true. Of course, the problem with Pascal's Wager is that it does not restrict itself to a specific god, although Pascal
945:
taught that faith informs the
Christian's use of reason. Regarding the mysteries of Christian faith, he wrote, "All the articles of our Christian faith, which God has revealed to us in His Word, are in presence of reason sheerly impossible, absurd, and false." And "Reason is the greatest enemy that
1131:
William James published many works on the subject of religious experience. His four key characteristics of religious experience are: 'passivity', 'ineffability', 'a noetic quality', and 'transiency'. Due to the fact that religious experience is fundamentally ineffable, it is impossible to hold a
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defines "fideism" as "the exclusive or basic reliance upon faith alone, accompanied by a consequent disparagement of reason and is used especially in the pursuit of philosophical or religious truth". The fideist therefore "urges reliance on faith rather than reason, in matters philosophical and
1132:
coherent discussion of it using public language. This means that religious belief cannot be discussed effectively, and so reason does not affect faith. Instead, faith is found through experience of the spiritual, and so understanding of belief is only gained through the practice of it.
1100:, Kierkegaard focused on Abraham's willingness to sacrifice Isaac. The New Testament apostles repeatedly argued that Abraham's act was an admirable display of faith. To the eyes of a non-believer, however, it must necessarily have appeared to be an unjustifiable attempted
1074:
Natural theologians may argue that
Kierkegaard was a fideist of this general sort: the argument that God's existence cannot be certainly known, and that the decision to accept faith is neither founded on, nor needs, rational justification, may be found in the writings of
1059:, one of the most influential philosophers of the modern era. While Kant and Hamann disagreed about both the use of reason and the scientific method, there were also a number of points of agreement between them. For instance, one of the views defended in Kant's
1281:
God, the origin and end of all things, can be known with certainty by the natural light of reason from the created world (cf. Rom. 1:20), that is, from the visible works of creation, as a cause from its effects, and that, therefore, his existence can also be
1173:
take the same attitude to it as you take to other historical narratives...there is nothing paradoxical about that!" and that "The historical accounts in the Gospel, might historically speaking, be demonstrably false yet belief would lose nothing by this".
768:". Philosophers have identified a number of different forms of fideism. Strict fideists hold that reason has no place in discovering theological truths, while moderate fideists hold that though some truth can be known by reason, faith stands above reason.
1160:
argues that certain aspects of
Wittgenstein's thought have been interpreted by Wittgensteinians in a "fideistic" manner. According to this position, religion is a self-contained—and primarily expressive—enterprise, governed by its own internal logic or
1009:
Pascal, moreover, contests the various proposed proofs of the existence of God as irrelevant. Even if the proofs were valid, the beings they propose to demonstrate are not congruent with the deity worshiped by historical faiths, and can easily lead to
926:. However, this has been argued to have been a misquotation of Tertullian, saying that Tertullian was critiquing intellectual arrogance and the misuse of philosophy, but that he remained committed to reason and its usefulness in defending the faith.
1169:—states: that religion is logically cut off from other aspects of life; that religious concepts and discourse are essentially self-referential; and that religion cannot be criticized from an external (i.e., non-religious) point of view.
991:
Who then will blame
Christians for not being able to give reasons for their beliefs, since they profess belief in a religion which they cannot explain? They declare, when they expound it to the world, that it is foolishness,
809:; with fideism being a label applied in a negative sense by their opponents, but which is not always supported by their own ideas and works or followers. A qualified form of fideism is sometimes attributed to
1145:
2126:
996:; and then you complain because they do not prove it! If they proved it, they would not keep their word; it is through their lack of proofs that they show they are not lacking in sense.
1234:, believe that such a condition of true unbelief is impossible, claiming that all people actually believe in God (even if only on a subconscious level), whether they admit or deny it.
1066:
form of fideism is sometimes attributed to Kant. This modified form of fideism is also evident in his famous suggestion that we must "deny knowledge in order to make room for faith".
1392:
Some critics note the successful use of reason in the daily lives of people to solve problems. That reason has led to an increase of knowledge, including in the sphere of science.
1362:
1093:; they may represent the work of fictional authors whose views correspond to hypothetical positions, not necessarily those held by Kierkegaard himself.
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Ockham was a fideist, holding that belief in God is only a matter of faith and not from knowledge; this led him to deny all the alleged proofs of God.
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did have in mind the
Christian version (referred to both by Jews and Christians as God), as is mentioned in the following quote. In his
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1206:; it attempts to distinguish itself from fideism. It holds that all human thought must begin with the proposition that the
829:, above all, and affirms that reason cannot achieve certain kinds of truth, which must instead be accepted only by faith.
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1723:], Werke: kritische Gesammtausgabe (in German), vol. 3. aus den dreißiger Jahren, Weimar: Hermann Böhlau,
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did not write systematically about religion, though he did lecture on the topic (e.g., student notes published as
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The
Comeback of "Simple Faith": The Ultra-Orthodox Concept of Faith and Its Development in the Nineteenth Century
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Plantinga, Alvin (1983). "Reason and Belief in God" in Alvin
Plantinga and Nicholas Wolterstorff (eds.),
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is associated with radical fideism, holding that religious truth can only be gained by rejecting reason.
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909:(On the Flesh of Christ]) says "the Son of God died; it is by all means to be believed, because it is
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The doctrine of fideism is consistent with some, and radically contrary to other theories of truth:
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necessary, else one would not be able to make sense of any human experience (see also epistemic
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promoted a view that elevated faith alone as the only guide to human conduct. Using the work of
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that try to confine what he feels is the infinite majesty of God into a finite human creation.
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have responded in various ways to the place of faith and reason in determining the truth of
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religious", and therefore may go on to disparage the claims of reason. The fideist seeks
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922:" ("I believe because it is absurd") is sometimes cited as an example of views of the
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This article is about the epistemological theory. For the new religious movement, see
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813:'s famous suggestion that we must "deny knowledge in order to make room for faith".
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doctrine rejects fideism, with its earliest condemnations dating back to 1348. The
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Another course of fideist thinking within the
Catholic Church is the concept of "
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On the other hand, some deny Tertullian's fideistic character, the statement "
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1626:. Transcending boundaries in philosophy and theology. Ashgate. p. 25.
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understanding of faith, indeed for the very possibility of belief in God".
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1453:, the Protestant belief that Christians are saved by faith in Christ alone
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Luther, Martin (1883–2009), "Die Sammlung von Konrad Cordatus (Schluß)",
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to base belief in God using reason are in vain. He attacks systems like
793:. Historically, fideism is most commonly ascribed to four philosophers:
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529:
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1230:" (TAG). On the other hand, some presuppositional apologists, such as
1148:), and various remarks about religions appear in sources such as the "
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1960:"Epistemological crises, dramatic narratives, and apologetics: the
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572:
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170:
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20:
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1696:"Ockham (Occam), William of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
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2129:", Studies in Judaism, Humanities and the Social Sciences, 2017.
23:. For the Cuban socialist ideology, also known as Fidelism, see
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than fideism, though it has sometimes been critical of both.
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1973:(63). Westminster Theological Seminary: 117. Archived from
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1156:. In his 1967 article, entitled "Wittgensteinian Fideism",
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680:
375:
175:
1252:
16:
Epistemological theory that faith is independent of reason
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897:
taught fideistic concepts such as the later philosophers
686:
352:
215:
1897:
1852:
Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder
1610:, page 87. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press).
1111:
1324:
1034:
Considered to be the father of modern antirationalism,
1791:] (in French), Paris: Charles Louandre, p. 40
1667:"Tertullian: Credo Quia Absurdum?, Classical World 73"
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1537:
1469:
1467:
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701:
689:
671:
707:
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1486:Taliaferro, Charles (2000), Quinn, Philip L (ed.),
1464:
972:view of God's existence. Blaise Pascal invites the
698:
668:
1803:Redmond, M. (1987). "The Hamann-Hume Connection".
1743:
4267:
1553:
1240:could be seen as being more closely allied with
1747:Beyond Fideism: Negotiable Religious Identities
1623:Beyond Fideism: Negotiable Religious Identities
1608:Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God
1934:The Analytic Theist: An Alvin Plantinga Reader
3633:
2161:
1874:
1872:
640:
1915:
1374:Some critics argue that fideism can lead to
949:
730:) is a term used to name a standpoint or an
1855:. Princeton University Press. p. 297.
1714:
1228:transcendental argument for God's existence
1135:
1050:
755:
683:
3640:
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2168:
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1920:. University of Chicago Press. p. 32.
1869:
1737:
1485:
1014:instead of revealed religion: "The God of
647:
633:
3567:Relationship between religion and science
1930:
1684:. Cambridge University Press. p. 28.
1388:Relationship between religion and science
1083:. Many of Kierkegaard's works, including
839:Relationship between religion and science
2078:
1682:Tertullian, First Theologian of the West
1590:
1543:
1479:
1473:
1188:Fideism and presuppositional apologetics
953:
2093:
2021:
1903:
1802:
1770:
1564:"Immanuel Kant: Philosophy of Religion"
1253:Fideism rejected by the Catholic Church
4268:
2493:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
1845:
1782:
1679:
1646:
1619:
1492:, Malden, MA: Blackwell, p. 376,
964:Another form of fideism is assumed by
3621:
2149:
2046:"Rationality and cultural relativism"
2040:
1957:
1811:(1). Cambridge University Press: 97.
1664:
1489:A companion to philosophy of religion
1029:
968:, which is a rational argument for a
2054:. Taylor & Francis. p. 85.
2051:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1512:
1510:
1508:
1381:
1325:Fideist currents in Catholic thought
929:
843:
2086:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1884:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1744:Olli-Pekka Vainio (15 April 2016).
1568:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1518:"fideism | philosophy | Britannica"
1277:required Catholics to affirm that:
1026:—not the god of the philosophers!"
13:
2116:
2029:, St. Paul Publications, p. 8
1688:
605:Portrayals of God in popular media
14:
4317:
1880:"Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788)"
1505:
1412:Christian existential apologetics
3647:
3602:
3601:
3591:
1999:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Fideism"
1369:
1301:Catechism of the Catholic Church
1288:Catechism of the Catholic Church
1263:Catechism of the Catholic Church
1150:Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough
1055:Hamann was a personal friend of
664:
611:
2034:
2015:
1991:
1971:Westminster Theological Journal
1951:
1924:
1909:
1839:
1796:
1776:
1708:
1673:
1658:
1152:", his private diaries, and in
1124:introduced his concept of the "
4064:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1937:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1640:
1613:
1600:
1146:"Lectures on Religious Belief"
1069:
859:Correspondence theory of truth
1:
1916:Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1980).
1457:
1165:". This view—commonly called
1120:philosopher and psychologist
889:
3532:Desacralization of knowledge
1247:
1238:Presuppositional apologetics
1193:Presuppositional apologetics
764:, and literally means "faith
7:
4109:Internalism and externalism
2944:Best of all possible worlds
2901:Eschatological verification
2458:Fine-tuning of the universe
1750:. Routledge. pp. 32–.
1620:Vainio, Olli-Pekka (2010).
1395:
1112:James and "will to believe"
869:Constructivist epistemology
850:Truth § Major theories
816:
10:
4322:
2079:Amesbury, Richard (2005),
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832:
18:
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3940:Evolutionary epistemology
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2138:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1958:Payne, Michael W (2002).
1931:Plantinga, Alvin (1998).
1817:10.1017/s0034412500018564
1336:
1195:is a Christian system of
950:Blaise Pascal and fideism
937:
879:Coherence theory of truth
874:Consensus theory of truth
864:Pragmatic theory of truth
4306:Criticism of rationalism
4281:Epistemology of religion
4276:Epistemological theories
4212:Philosophy of perception
4015:Representational realism
3985:Naturalized epistemology
3173:Friedrich Schleiermacher
2759:Theories about religions
2561:Inconsistent revelations
1417:Christian existentialism
1136:Wittgenstein and fideism
1081:Christian existentialism
1051:Kant's qualified fideism
25:Politics of Fidel Castro
4192:Outline of epistemology
4025:Transcendental idealism
1783:Pascal, Blaise (1854),
1199:associated mainly with
1167:Wittgensteinian fideism
1062:Critique of Pure Reason
268:In particular religions
4286:Philosophy of religion
4139:Problem of other minds
3037:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
2177:Philosophy of religion
1650:On the Flesh of Christ
1438:Religious epistemology
1331:signs of contradiction
1306:
1284:
1007:
961:
756:
732:epistemological theory
4217:Philosophy of science
4197:Faith and rationality
4079:Descriptive knowledge
3950:Feminist epistemology
3890:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3572:Faith and rationality
3527:Criticism of religion
3465:Robert Merrihew Adams
3455:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2658:Divine command theory
2099:Christian Apologetics
2027:Sign of contradiction
1680:Osborn, Eric (2003).
1665:Sider, R. D. (1980).
1653:, Fathers, New Advent
1292:
1279:
1079:and his followers in
989:
957:
760:, the Latin word for
734:which maintains that
4149:Procedural knowledge
4134:Problem of induction
3562:Religious philosophy
3042:Pico della Mirandola
3007:Anselm of Canterbury
2939:Augustinian theodicy
2851:Religious skepticism
2184:Concepts in religion
2101:, Baker Book House,
1427:Liberal Christianity
155:Specific conceptions
4227:Virtue epistemology
4222:Social epistemology
4202:Formal epistemology
4089:Epistemic injustice
4084:Exploratory thought
3885:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3547:History of religion
3248:Friedrich Nietzsche
3125:Gottfried W Leibniz
3120:Nicolas Malebranche
3052:King James VI and I
2332:Abrahamic religions
1669:. pp. 417–419.
1271:Anti-Modernist oath
1142:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1036:Johann Georg Hamann
919:Credo quia absurdum
807:Ludwig Wittgenstein
618:Religion portal
33:Part of a series on
3880:Timothy Williamson
3670:Augustine of Hippo
3557:Religious language
3537:Ethics in religion
3495:William Lane Craig
3370:Charles Hartshorne
3110:Desiderius Erasmus
3012:Augustine of Hippo
2954:Inconsistent triad
2916:Apophatic theology
2911:Logical positivism
2893:Religious language
2513:Watchmaker analogy
2478:Necessary existent
2254:Conceptions of God
2214:Intelligent design
1522:www.britannica.com
1407:Apophatic theology
1098:Fear and Trembling
1086:Fear and Trembling
1030:Hamann and fideism
962:
738:is independent of
4263:
4262:
4129:Privileged access
3765:Søren Kierkegaard
3615:
3614:
3515:
3514:
3475:Peter van Inwagen
3460:Richard Swinburne
3405:George I Mavrodes
3265:Vladimir Solovyov
3205:Søren Kierkegaard
3130:William Wollaston
3077:William of Ockham
3057:Marcion of Sinope
2959:Irenaean theodicy
2949:Euthyphro dilemma
2876:Transcendentalism
2705:Womanist theology
2695:Feminist theology
2599:
2598:
2390:
2389:
2276:Divine simplicity
2196:Euthyphro dilemma
2003:www.newadvent.org
1944:978-0-8028-4229-9
1918:Culture and Value
1906:, pp. 50–51.
1805:Religious Studies
1757:978-1-317-17479-0
1382:A case for reason
1309:Pope John Paul II
1232:Cornelius Van Til
1210:contained in the
1154:Culture and Value
1077:Søren Kierkegaard
987:, Pascal writes:
930:William of Ockham
903:Søren Kierkegaard
899:William of Ockham
844:Theories of truth
795:Søren Kierkegaard
791:religious beliefs
657:
656:
553:Euthyphro dilemma
393:
392:
4313:
4207:Metaepistemology
4185:Related articles
4159:Regress argument
4094:Epistemic virtue
3845:Bertrand Russell
3820:Duncan Pritchard
3780:Hilary Kornblith
3695:Laurence BonJour
3642:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3605:
3604:
3595:
3500:Ali Akbar Rashad
3363:Reinhold Niebuhr
3323:Bertrand Russell
3318:George Santayana
3215:Albrecht Ritschl
3200:Ludwig Feuerbach
2990:
2989:
2986:(by date active)
2846:Process theology
2591:Russell's teapot
2401:
2400:
2396:Existence of God
2306:Process theology
2259:
2258:
2244:Theological veto
2207:religious belief
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2111:
2089:
2066:
2065:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1800:
1794:
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1780:
1774:
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1762:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1712:
1706:
1705:
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1702:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1633:978-1-40940679-2
1617:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1560:
1551:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1433:Rational fideism
1422:Existence of God
1304:
1220:transcendentally
1140:The philosopher
1005:
907:De Carne Christi
759:
748:natural theology
726:
722:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
649:
642:
635:
616:
615:
272:
271:
186:Form of the Good
68:Classical theism
30:
29:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4231:
4180:
4099:Gettier problem
4029:
3960:Foundationalism
3906:
3855:Wilfrid Sellars
3810:Alvin Plantinga
3690:George Berkeley
3657:Epistemologists
3651:
3646:
3616:
3611:
3583:
3511:
3507:Alexander Pruss
3490:Jean-Luc Marion
3445:Alvin Plantinga
3440:Dewi Z Phillips
3427:
3425:
3419:
3390:Walter Kaufmann
3380:Frithjof Schuon
3353:Rudolf Bultmann
3310:
3304:
3300:Joseph Maréchal
3290:Pavel Florensky
3285:Sergei Bulgakov
3270:Ernst Troeltsch
3253:Harald Høffding
3230:
3224:
3195:William Whewell
3183:Georg W F Hegel
3178:Karl C F Krause
3165:
3159:
3155:Johann G Herder
3145:Baron d'Holbach
3095:Augustin Calmet
3081:
2997:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2973:
2931:Problem of evil
2925:
2921:Verificationism
2887:
2595:
2541:Atheist's Wager
2524:
2386:
2320:
2248:
2224:Problem of evil
2179:
2174:
2132:
2119:
2117:Further reading
2109:
2095:Geisler, Norman
2075:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2039:
2035:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1945:
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1914:
1910:
1902:
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1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:
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1801:
1797:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1742:
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1731:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1402:Agnostic theism
1398:
1390:
1384:
1372:
1339:
1327:
1305:
1299:
1286:Similarly, the
1273:promulgated by
1255:
1250:
1242:foundationalism
1224:foundationalism
1190:
1179:
1138:
1126:will to believe
1114:
1072:
1053:
1032:
1006:
1000:
952:
940:
932:
905:. Tertullian's
892:
852:
846:
841:
835:
822:Alvin Plantinga
819:
724:
720:
697:
667:
663:
653:
624:
623:
610:
578:Problem of evil
548:
540:
539:
480:
479:
463:
462:
433:Omnibenevolence
403:
395:
394:
269:
261:
260:
196:Great Architect
156:
148:
147:
48:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Constructivism
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Baruch Spinoza
3872:
3870:P. F. Strawson
3867:
3862:
3860:Susanna Siegel
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:W. V. O. Quine
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Nelson Goodman
3732:
3727:
3725:Edmund Gettier
3722:
3717:
3712:
3710:René Descartes
3707:
3702:
3700:Gilles Deleuze
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:William Alston
3672:
3667:
3665:Thomas Aquinas
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3520:Related topics
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:Daniel Dennett
3477:
3472:
3470:Ravi Zacharias
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3435:William L Rowe
3431:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3410:William Alston
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3358:Gabriel Marcel
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:Ernst Cassirer
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Thomas Carlyle
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Baruch Spinoza
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:René Descartes
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3072:Thomas Aquinas
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2987:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Possibilianism
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Fundamentalism
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2678:Existentialism
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2571:Noncognitivism
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2520:Transcendental
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Pascal's wager
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2416:Christological
2413:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2130:
2123:Benjamin Brown
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2091:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2044:, ed. (1998).
2033:
2023:Wojtyla, Carol
2014:
1990:
1950:
1943:
1923:
1908:
1896:
1868:
1861:
1847:Berlin, Isaiah
1838:
1795:
1775:
1763:
1756:
1736:
1729:
1707:
1687:
1672:
1657:
1639:
1632:
1612:
1599:
1580:
1552:
1533:
1504:
1498:
1478:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1386:Main article:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1338:
1335:
1326:
1323:
1317:Fides et Ratio
1297:
1290:teaches that:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1218:, rather than
1189:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1137:
1134:
1113:
1110:
1071:
1068:
1052:
1049:
1031:
1028:
998:
966:Pascal's Wager
951:
948:
939:
936:
931:
928:
924:Church Fathers
891:
888:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
848:Main article:
845:
842:
837:Main article:
834:
831:
818:
815:
655:
654:
652:
651:
644:
637:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
607:
602:
601:
600:
595:
585:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
549:
547:Related topics
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
478:
477:
474:
470:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
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430:
420:
415:
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404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
390:
389:
388:
383:
378:
370:
369:
363:
362:
361:
360:
358:Zoroastrianism
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
327:
326:
320:
319:
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317:
312:
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90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
47:Types of faith
46:
45:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4318:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:William James
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4256:
4253:
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4248:
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4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Justification
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Phenomenalism
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Naïve realism
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Contextualism
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:Vienna Circle
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Hilary Putnam
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Robert Nozick
3803:
3801:
3800:John McDowell
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:Immanuel Kant
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Alvin Goldman
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Anthony Kenny
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Mircea Eliade
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:William James
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Ernst Haeckel
3236:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Immanuel Kant
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Blaise Pascal
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Language game
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Occam's razor
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Consciousness
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2316:Unmoved mover
2314:
2312:
2311:Supreme Being
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2063:
2061:9780415169172
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2042:Craig, Edward
2037:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1980:on 2017-02-23
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1773:, p. 49.
1772:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1730:0-85964-464-2
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1591:Amesbury 2005
1587:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1544:Amesbury 2005
1540:
1538:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1499:0-631-21328-7
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1474:Amesbury 2005
1470:
1468:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:Scholasticism
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1370:As relativism
1365:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:Peter Abelard
1345:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Protestantism
1202:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:William James
1119:
1109:
1107:
1106:leap of faith
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:Immanuel Kant
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1003:
997:
995:
988:
986:
985:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
959:Blaise Pascal
956:
947:
944:
943:Martin Luther
935:
927:
925:
921:
920:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
851:
840:
830:
828:
823:
814:
812:
811:Immanuel Kant
808:
804:
803:William James
800:
799:Blaise Pascal
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
767:
763:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
715:
661:
650:
645:
643:
638:
636:
631:
630:
628:
627:
620:
619:
614:
608:
606:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
544:
543:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
475:
472:
471:
467:
466:
459:
458:Transcendence
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
399:
398:
387:
386:Hongjun Laozu
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
371:
368:
365:
364:
359:
356:
354:
353:Yungdrung Bon
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
328:
325:
322:
321:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:
277:
274:
273:
265:
264:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
216:Supreme Being
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
152:
151:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
113:Kathenotheism
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
26:
22:
4173:
4074:Common sense
4052:A posteriori
4051:
4043:
4005:Reductionism
3954:
3899:
3850:Gilbert Ryle
3720:Fred Dretske
3705:Keith DeRose
3649:Epistemology
3576:
3395:Martin Lings
3348:Emil Brunner
3338:Paul Tillich
3328:Martin Buber
3243:W K Clifford
3220:Afrikan Spir
3135:Thomas Chubb
3087:Early modern
3067:Adi Shankara
2980:Philosophers
2964:Natural evil
2880:
2856:Spiritualism
2831:Perennialism
2784:Metaphysical
2711:
2628:Antireligion
2503:Teleological
2426:Cosmological
2377:Baháʼí Faith
2342:Christianity
2301:Personal god
2140:, New advent
2137:
2108:0-80103704-2
2098:
2084:
2049:
2036:
2026:
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:
1993:
1982:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1970:
1961:
1953:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1904:Geisler 1976
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:
1851:
1841:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1771:Geisler 1976
1766:
1746:
1739:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1690:
1681:
1675:
1660:
1649:
1647:Tertullian,
1642:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1488:
1481:
1448:
1391:
1373:
1361:
1358:Lord Herbert
1350:
1340:
1328:
1315:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1282:demonstrated
1280:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1236:
1191:
1180:
1171:
1166:
1139:
1130:
1115:
1097:
1095:
1089:, are under
1084:
1073:
1060:
1054:
1033:
1008:
1001:
993:
990:
982:
976:considering
963:
941:
933:
917:
915:
906:
893:
884:Subjectivism
853:
820:
780:metaphysical
776:philosophers
770:
751:
750:). The word
723:-day-iz-əm,
659:
658:
609:
499:
443:Omnipresence
324:Indo-Iranian
315:Samaritanism
300:Baháʼí Faith
290:Christianity
256:Unitarianism
211:Summum bonum
4154:Proposition
4124:Objectivity
4010:Reliabilism
4000:Rationalism
3945:Fallibilism
3920:Coherentism
3865:Ernest Sosa
3840:Thomas Reid
3825:James Pryor
3795:G. E. Moore
3785:David Lewis
3775:Saul Kripke
3770:Peter Klein
3750:Susan Haack
3680:Robert Audi
3415:Antony Flew
3400:Peter Geach
3333:René Guénon
3280:Lev Shestov
3275:Rudolf Otto
2982:of religion
2821:Panentheism
2754:Inclusivism
2673:Exclusivism
2668:Esotericism
2638:Creationism
2618:Agnosticism
2586:Poor design
2581:Omnipotence
2508:Natural law
2483:Ontological
2436:Contingency
2286:Holy Spirit
1721:Table talks
1548:section 2.2
1363:De Veritate
1275:Pope Pius X
1197:apologetics
1182:Lev Shestov
1158:Kai Nielsen
1070:Kierkegaard
772:Theologians
754:comes from
558:God complex
515:Metaphysics
510:Hermeticism
490:Esotericism
473:Experiences
448:Omniscience
438:Omnipotence
408:Eternalness
143:Transtheism
128:Panentheism
88:Ignosticism
53:Agnosticism
4270:Categories
4255:Discussion
4245:Task Force
4164:Simplicity
4144:Perception
4020:Skepticism
3995:Positivism
3970:Infinitism
3935:Empiricism
3790:John Locke
3755:David Hume
3745:Anil Gupta
3740:Paul Grice
3715:John Dewey
3685:A. J. Ayer
3385:J L Mackie
3343:Karl Barth
3140:David Hume
3062:Maimonides
3047:Heraclitus
2836:Polytheism
2806:Nondualism
2794:Humanistic
2779:Naturalism
2769:Monotheism
2727:Henotheism
2722:Gnosticism
2653:Demonology
2536:747 gambit
2453:Experience
2291:Misotheism
2008:2023-07-05
1984:2013-02-02
1964:once more"
1962:ad hominem
1862:0691057273
1717:Tischreden
1701:2022-09-08
1527:2022-09-08
1458:References
1445:(contrast)
1429:(contrast)
1376:relativism
1352:Sic et Non
1313:encyclical
1208:revelation
1091:pseudonyms
1040:David Hume
994:stultitiam
895:Tertullian
890:Tertullian
593:philosophy
530:Revelation
402:Attributes
138:Polytheism
93:Monotheism
78:Henotheism
4119:Knowledge
4104:Induction
4054:knowledge
4046:knowledge
3485:Loyal Rue
3210:Karl Marx
3032:Gaudapada
2861:Shamanism
2826:Pantheism
2811:Nontheism
2789:Religious
2774:Mysticism
2747:Christian
2737:Religious
2688:Atheistic
2683:Christian
2566:Nonbelief
2551:Free will
2367:Mormonism
2191:Afterlife
2134:"Fideism"
2081:"Fideism"
1833:170457310
1595:section 1
1450:Sola fide
1248:Criticism
1216:axiomatic
1201:Calvinist
1118:pragmatic
1116:American
1045:Spinozism
1004:, no. 233
970:pragmatic
520:Mysticism
476:Practices
413:Existence
310:Mandaeism
305:Mormonism
276:Abrahamic
221:Sustainer
133:Pantheism
108:Monolatry
58:Apatheism
4240:Category
4059:Analysis
4044:A priori
4035:Concepts
3975:Innatism
3912:Theories
3607:Category
3552:Religion
3542:Exegesis
3027:Boethius
3022:Averroes
3017:Avicenna
2999:medieval
2969:Theodicy
2816:Pandeism
2732:Humanism
2700:Thealogy
2643:Dharmism
2613:Acosmism
2605:Theology
2473:Morality
2468:Miracles
2347:Hinduism
2337:Buddhism
2296:Pandeism
2271:Demiurge
2239:Theodicy
2097:(1976),
2025:(1979),
1849:(2000).
1825:20006314
1789:Thoughts
1396:See also
1360: –
1349: –
1303:, ss. 37
1298:—
1258:Catholic
999:—
817:Overview
787:morality
588:Religion
582:theodicy
573:Ontology
568:Theology
563:God gene
338:Buddhism
333:Hinduism
251:Personal
241:Ditheism
226:The Lord
171:Demiurge
123:Pandeism
21:Faithism
4175:more...
3955:Fideism
3901:more...
3578:more...
3311:postwar
2994:Ancient
2882:more...
2801:New Age
2742:Secular
2712:Fideism
2663:Dualism
2633:Atheism
2623:Animism
2529:Against
2372:Sikhism
2362:Judaism
2357:Jainism
2266:Brahman
2219:Miracle
2073:Sources
1889:13 June
1785:Pensées
1573:13 June
1177:Shestov
1163:grammar
1016:Abraham
1002:Pensées
984:Pensées
974:atheist
833:History
752:fideism
660:Fideism
580: (
535:Worship
500:Fideism
425: (
381:Shangdi
367:Chinese
348:Sikhism
343:Jainism
285:Judaism
231:Trinity
166:Creator
161:Brahman
103:Dualism
83:Ietsism
63:Atheism
4291:Theism
4069:Belief
3965:Holism
3597:Portal
2871:Theism
2764:Monism
2498:Reason
2448:Desire
2443:Degree
2411:Beauty
2325:God in
2281:Egoism
2234:Spirit
2105:
2058:
1941:
1859:
1831:
1823:
1754:
1727:
1630:
1496:
1337:As sin
1102:murder
1022:, and
938:Luther
911:absurd
805:, and
789:, and
744:truths
740:reason
525:Prayer
505:Gnosis
485:Belief
453:Aseity
418:Gender
246:Monism
236:Tawhid
206:Mother
181:Father
118:Omnism
98:Monism
39:Theism
4301:Faith
4250:Stubs
4169:Truth
3815:Plato
2866:Taoic
2648:Deism
2431:Kalam
2382:Wicca
2352:Islam
2201:Faith
1978:(PDF)
1967:(PDF)
1829:S2CID
1821:JSTOR
1787:[
1719:[
1212:Bible
1024:Jacob
1020:Isaac
1012:deism
978:faith
827:truth
783:ideas
762:faith
757:fides
746:(see
736:faith
727:-dee-
598:texts
495:Faith
427:"God"
423:Names
295:Islam
201:Monad
73:Deism
3428:2010
3426:1990
3424:1970
3309:1920
3231:1900
3229:1880
3166:1850
3164:1800
2556:Hell
2546:Evil
2463:Love
2229:Soul
2103:ISBN
2056:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1891:2020
1857:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1575:2020
1494:ISBN
1269:The
901:and
774:and
766:-ism
376:Tian
176:Deus
2996:and
2404:For
2205:or
2125:, "
1813:doi
1311:'s
1214:is
1108:".
1096:In
913:."
725:FAY
721:FEE
191:God
4272::
2136:,
2083:,
2048:.
2001:.
1969:.
1882:.
1871:^
1827:.
1819:.
1809:23
1807:.
1593:,
1583:^
1566:.
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1546:,
1536:^
1520:.
1507:^
1466:^
1378:.
1018:,
801:,
797:,
785:,
714:-/
711:iː
705:aɪ
693:əm
681:eɪ
675:iː
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2031:.
2011:.
1987:.
1947:.
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1760:.
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