550:
must be ensured by repairs to any part in need of it. This metaphor fulfills the purpose of explaining the problem of incoherence, which was first raised in mathematics. Coherentists typically hold that justification is solely a function of some relationship between beliefs, none of which are privileged beliefs in the way maintained by dogmatic foundationalists. In this way universal truths are in closer reach. Different varieties of coherentism are individuated by the specific relationship between a system of knowledge and justified belief, which can be interpreted in terms of
789:
that we call justifications. But, unlike the relativist, the coherentist argues that these associations may be objectively real. Coherentism contends that dogmatic foundationalism does not provide the whole set of pure relations that might result in actually understanding the objective context of phenomena, because dogmatic assumptions are not proof-theoretic, and therefore remain incoherent or relativistic. Coherentists therefore argue that the only way to reach proof-theoretic truth that is not relativistic is through coherency.
5056:
3532:
615:. Additional necessary criteria for coherence may include universalism or absoluteness, suggesting that the theory remains anthropological or incoherent when it does not use the concept of infinity. A coherentist might argue that this scenario applies regardless of the theories being considered, and so, that coherentism must be the preferred truth-theoretical framework in avoiding relativism.
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3519:
914:
848:: that arbitrary, ad hoc relativism could reduce statements of relatively insignificant value to non-entities during the process of establishing universalism or absoluteness. This might result in a totally flat truth-theoretic framework, or even arbitrary truth values. Coherentists generally solve this by adopting a metaphysical condition of universalism, sometimes leading to
717:, a fundamental problem in epistemology that goes as follows. Given some statement P, it appears reasonable to ask for a justification for P. If that justification takes the form of another statement, P', one can again reasonably ask for a justification for P', and so forth. There are three possible outcomes to this questioning process:
812:
explanation of the same phenomenon is not as coherent as one that uses only one explanation, all other things being equal. Conversely, a theory that explains divergent phenomena using unrelated explanations is not as coherent as one that uses only one explanation for those divergent phenomena. These requirements are variations on
894:
poses another problem, the problem of the stowaway argument that might carry epistemological implications. However, a coherentist might say that if the truth conditions of the logic hold, then there will be no problem regardless of any additional conditions that happen to be true. Thus, the stress is
879:
of beliefs, hence ruling out any such connection through experience, then it seems that coherentism would allow for the justification of empirical beliefs in isolation from the external world. Coherentists have a variety of responses to this. One strategy is to argue that no set of beliefs held by an
807:
has expressed the same point differently, arguing that beliefs must be "mutually consistent, cotenable, and supportive. That is, the components must be reasonable in light of one another. Since both cotenability and supportiveness are matters of degree, coherence is too." Usually the system of belief
610:
will each separately cohere with one complete set of all beliefs, thus making it internally inconsistent. For example, if someone holds a belief that is false, how might we determine whether the belief refers to something real although it is false, or whether instead the right belief is true although
598:
have said that it cannot have contents and proofs at the same time, unless the contents are infinite, or unless the contents somehow exist in the form of proof. Such a form of 'existing proof' might seem ridiculous, but coherentists tend to think it is non-problematic. It therefore falls into a group
549:
After responding to foundationalism, coherentists normally characterize their view positively by replacing the foundationalism metaphor of a building as a model for the structure of knowledge with different metaphors, such as the metaphor that models our knowledge on a ship at sea whose seaworthiness
471:
is divided between an anthropological approach, which applies only to localized networks ('true within a given sample of a population, given our understanding of the population'), and an approach that is judged on the basis of universals, such as categorical sets. The anthropological approach belongs
811:
It is necessary for coherentism to explain in some detail what it means for a system to be coherent. At the least, coherence must include logical consistency. It also usually requires some degree of integration of the various components of the system. A system that contains more than one unrelated
779:
Foundationalism relies on the claim that it is not necessary to ask for justification of certain propositions, or that they are self-justifying. Coherentists argue that this position is overly dogmatic. In other words, it does not provide real criteria for determining what is true and what is not.
735:
Coherentism is sometimes characterized as accepting that the series forms a loop, but although this would produce a form of coherentism, this is not what is generally meant by the term. Those who do accept the loop theory sometimes argue that the body of assumptions used to prove the theory is not
788:
statement. For example, if someone makes an observational statement, such as "it is raining", the coherentist contends that it is reasonable to ask for example whether this mere statement refers to anything real. What is real about the statement, it turns out, is the extended pattern of relations
520:
Coherentism is a view about the structure and system of knowledge, or else justified belief. The coherentist's thesis is normally formulated in terms of a denial of its contrary, such as dogmatic foundationalism, which lacks a proof-theoretical framework, or correspondence theory, which lacks
840:
complete set of truths, coherentism must therefore resolve internally that these systems are not contradictory, by establishing what is meant by truth. At this point, Coherence could be faulted for adopting its own variation of dogmatic foundationalism by arbitrarily selecting truth values.
574:
with all or most of his or her other (true) beliefs. The terminology of coherence is then said to correlate with truth via some concept of what qualifies all truth, such as absoluteness or universalism. These further terms become the qualifiers of what is meant by a truth statement, and the
529:
and his many worlds theory although popular with philosophers, has had the effect of creating wide disbelief of universals amongst academics. Many difficulties lie in between hypothetical coherence and its effective actualization. Coherentism claims, at a minimum, that not all knowledge
863:. Intuitively, one might think that the justification of an empirical belief must depend on some connection between the believed proposition and the way the world is. For example, a belief that 'snow is white' must in some way connect to the fact that snow really is white in the
731:
An infinite series appears to offer little help, unless a way is found to model infinite sets. This might entail additional assumptions. Otherwise, it is impossible to check that each justification is satisfactory without making broad generalizations.
736:
what is at question in considering a loop of premises. This would serve the typical purpose of circumventing the reliance on a regression, but might be considered a form of logical foundationalism. But otherwise, it must be assumed that a loop
880:
agent would remain coherent over time if it was isolated from the external world in this way. Another approach argues that coherentism should be modified such that empirical beliefs can only be justified if the relevant set includes beliefs
797:
Coherentism rejects the soundness of the regression argument, which assumes that the justification for a proposition follows a linear sequence: P" justifies P', which in turn justifies P. According to coherentism, justification is a
832:. There is nothing within the definition of coherence that makes it impossible for two entirely different sets of beliefs to be internally coherent. Thus there might be several such sets. But if one supposes—in line with the
902:. This is an issue raised by Luc Bovens and Stephen Hartmann in the form of 'impossibility' results, and by Erik J. Olsson. Attempts have been made to construct a theoretical account of the coherentist intuition.
802:
process. Inferential justification for the belief that P is nonlinear, meaning that P" and P' are not epistemically prior to P. Instead, the beliefs P", P', and P work together to achieve epistemic justification.
575:
truth-statements then decide what is meant by a true belief. Usually, coherence is taken to imply something stronger than mere consistency. Statements that are comprehensive and meet the requirements of
487:
as a property of a belief only if that belief is a member of a coherent set. What distinguishes coherentism from other theories of justification is that the set is the primary bearer of justification.
590:
that the bird and the tree are there, but in either case there is a coherence between the virtual world and the real one, expressed in terms of true beliefs within available experience.
898:
A number of philosophers have raised concerns over the link between intuitive notions of coherence that form the foundation of epistemic forms of coherentism and some formal results in
780:
The
Coherentist analytic project then involves a process of justifying what is meant by adequate criteria for non-dogmatic truth. As an offshoot of this, the theory insists that it is
586:
universe, they could see birds in the trees that aren't really there. Not only are the birds not really there, but the trees aren't really there either. The people may or may not
651:(who is credited with the definitive formulation of the theory). However, Spinoza and Kant have also been interpreted as defenders of the correspondence theory of truth.
611:
it is not believed? Coherence must thus rely on a theory that is either non-contradictory or accepts some limited degree of incoherence, such as relativism or
658:, epistemic coherentist views were held by Schlegel and Hegel, but the definitive formulation of the coherence theory of justification was provided by
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425:
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1227:
Elgin, Catherine Z. (2005). "Non-foundationalist
Epistemology: Holism, Coherence, and Tenability". In Steup, Matthias; Sosa, Ernest (eds.).
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is a way of explicating truth values while circumventing beliefs that might be false in any way. More traditional critics from the
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experiences, and hence no belief can be justified without involving experiences about the world. This latter position is known as
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483:
The coherentist theory of justification, which may be interpreted as relating to either theory of coherent truth, characterizes
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One might conclude that there must be some statements that, for some reason, do not need justification. This view is called
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sentences to those that cohere with some specified set of sentences. Someone's belief is true if and only if it is
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Klein, P. D. (2007). Human
Knowledge and the Infinite Progress of Reasoning. Philosophical Studies, 134 (1), 1-17.
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1466:
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In contemporary philosophy, epistemologists who have significantly contributed to epistemic coherentism include:
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is taken to be the complete set of beliefs of the individual or group, that is, their theory of the world.
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of theories that are sometimes deemed excessively generalistic, what Gábor Forrai calls 'blob realism'.
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of the world being this way. However, if coherence is sufficient for justification and coherence is
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1005:
820:. Finally, the greater the number of phenomena explained by the system, the greater its coherence.
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111:
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2005:
1995:
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the series forms a loop, so that each statement is ultimately involved in its own justification.
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1967:
1934:
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1742:
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937:
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42:
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4774:
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that plagues correspondence theory. In an epistemological sense, it is a theory about how
8:
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1985:
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477:
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1216:
Otto
Neurath (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
841:
Coherentists must argue that their truth-values are not arbitrary for provable reasons.
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2017:
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the series is infinitely long, with every statement justified by some other statement.
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Coherentist
Theories of Epistemic Justification (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
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through its insistence on definitions. It also attempts to offer a solution to the
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The
Romantic Idea of the Golden Age in Friedrich Schlegel's Philosophy of History
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761:
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606:'s argument concerning contradiction. Russell maintained that a belief and its
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332:
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1215:
542:) are more specific, and thus in some way more defensible, than disjunctions (
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justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge
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2039:
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Paul K. Moser (1986), "Epistemic
Coherentism and the Isolation Objection",
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the series terminates with certain statements having to be self-justifying.
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555:
442:
27:
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2804:
2764:
2744:
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2640:
2301:
2237:
1929:
1914:
1790:
1780:
1729:
1695:
1634:
891:
849:
753:
740:, meaning that it does not provide sufficient logic to constitute proof.
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justified belief. To defend this view, they may argue that conjunctions (
237:
212:
126:
86:
4195:
1371:
1168:
The
Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
4901:
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4315:
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1924:
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1482:
1350:
Shogenji, Tomoji (2007). "Why Does
Coherence Appear Truth-Conducive?".
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131:
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106:
81:
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Harold Henry
Joachim (1868—1938) (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
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1193:
Reason in the World: Hegel's Metaphysics and Its Philosophical Appeal
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227:
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141:
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1204:
867:. Such a connection could be found in how the agent in question has
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1909:
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The Coherence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
607:
602:
Perhaps the best-known objection to a coherence theory of truth is
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2400:
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2110:
2069:
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1737:
1619:
1205:
Coherentism in Epistemology (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
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612:
91:
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on making the theory valid within the set, and also verifiable.
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3998:
3547:
2754:
2675:
2405:
2064:
2054:
1752:
1654:
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that relied on statements that were taken to be self-evident: "
510:
494:
252:
242:
187:
776:
take observations as providing the foundation for the series.
476:, while the universal theories are a small development within
4098:
3744:
2570:
2232:
1518:
1451:
468:
247:
1246:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 169–171.
4332:
1145:
Friedrich Schlegel and the Emergence of Romantic Philosophy
202:
701:
is also sometimes thought to be an epistemic coherentist.
582:
As an illustration of the principle, if people lived in a
2415:
909:
1322:
816:. The same points can be made more formally using
1231:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 156–167.
5078:
859:A third objection that coherentism faces is the
627:, the coherence theory of truth was defended by
709:Both coherence and foundationalist theories of
1320:
4211:
3563:
1467:
1443:
743:
419:
566:As a theory of truth, coherentism restricts
926:
823:
4218:
4204:
3570:
3556:
1474:
1460:
1279:
784:reasonable to ask for a justification for
426:
412:
4874:
4837:Relationship between religion and science
4225:
1051:
1049:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
828:A problem coherentism has to face is the
792:
772:" is the most famous example. Similarly,
1349:
1132:Reference, Truth, and Conceptual Schemes
1119:The Lvov-Warsaw School. Past and Present
1241:
1195:, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 21.
704:
5079:
1256:
1046:
1026:
4199:
3551:
3213:
1955:
1493:
1455:
1442:
1226:
1088:
844:A second objection also emerges, the
1244:The Structure of Empirical Knowledge
1229:Contemporary Debates in Epistemology
960:
955:
525:, through a vocabulary developed by
16:Theory in philosophical epistemology
1433:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1420:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1329:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
13:
14:
5108:
4857:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4852:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4805:History and philosophy of science
1407:
5054:
5042:
3577:
3531:
3530:
3517:
943:
912:
1390:
1343:
1314:
1273:
1250:
1235:
1220:
1209:
1198:
1185:
1172:
1161:
641:Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel
497:, coherentism opposes dogmatic
4246:Analytic–synthetic distinction
3994:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1481:
1150:
1137:
1124:
1107:
1082:
1073:
1060:
991:Indefinability theory of truth
972:Correspondence theory of truth
834:principle of non-contradiction
596:correspondence theory of truth
474:correspondence theory of truth
172:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1:
3214:
1415:"Coherentism in Epistemology"
1401:The Coherence Theory of Truth
1068:Grazer Philosophische Studien
1019:
645:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
579:are usually to be preferred.
561:
3003:Ordinary language philosophy
1494:
1115:Urszula Wybraniec-Skardowska
977:Deflationary theory of truth
7:
4579:Hypothetico-deductive model
4554:Deductive-nomological model
4539:Constructivist epistemology
4039:Internalism and externalism
3053:Contemporary utilitarianism
2968:Internalism and externalism
1121:, Birkhäuser, 2018, p. 510.
982:Epistemic theories of truth
905:
513:can be proof-theoretically
10:
5113:
2317:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1956:
1242:BonJour, Laurence (1985).
1147:, SUNY Press, 2012, p. 49.
1001:Redundancy theory of truth
744:Foundationalism's response
618:
5097:Theories of justification
5033:
4865:
4767:
4697:
4640:Semantic view of theories
4559:Epistemological anarchism
4511:
4496:dependent and independent
4233:
4165:
4114:
3963:
3870:Evolutionary epistemology
3840:
3585:
3511:
3463:
3363:
3325:
3272:
3239:
3230:
3226:
3209:
3159:
3071:
2909:
2900:
2833:
2616:
2607:
2585:
2540:
2482:
2434:
2388:
2379:
2342:
2213:
2078:
2025:
2016:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1890:
1862:
1819:
1771:
1728:
1681:
1653:
1605:
1577:
1539:Philosophy of mathematics
1529:Philosophy of information
1504:
1500:
1489:
1449:
1444:Links to related articles
1364:10.1007/s11229-006-9062-8
1182:, Routledge, 2017, p. 23.
996:Pragmatic theory of truth
967:Consensus theory of truth
886:non-doxastic coherentism.
451:coherence theory of truth
445:, there are two types of
278:Evolutionary epistemology
5092:Epistemological theories
4382:Intertheoretic reduction
4371:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
4348:Functional contextualism
4142:Philosophy of perception
3945:Representational realism
3915:Naturalized epistemology
1259:"Coherentism via Graphs"
1089:Lewis, David K. (2001).
1006:Semantic theory of truth
927:Epistemological theories
836:—that there can only be
824:Problems for coherentism
393:Philosophy of perception
4867:Philosophers of science
4645:Scientific essentialism
4594:Model-dependent realism
4529:Constructive empiricism
4422:Evidence-based practice
4122:Outline of epistemology
3955:Transcendental idealism
3008:Postanalytic philosophy
2949:Experimental philosophy
1321:Erik J. Olsson (2005),
664:The Principles of Logic
485:epistemic justification
457:theory of justification
288:Historical epistemology
4950:Alfred North Whitehead
4940:Charles Sanders Peirce
4069:Problem of other minds
3141:Social constructionism
2153:Hellenistic philosophy
1569:Theoretical philosophy
1544:Philosophy of religion
1534:Philosophy of language
1257:Berker, Selim (2015).
793:Coherentism's response
770:I think therefore I am
713:attempt to answer the
656:late modern philosophy
637:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
5049:Philosophy portal
4800:Hard and soft science
4795:Faith and rationality
4664:Scientific skepticism
4444:Scientific Revolution
4227:Philosophy of science
4147:Philosophy of science
4127:Faith and rationality
4009:Descriptive knowledge
3880:Feminist epistemology
3820:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3524:Philosophy portal
3043:Scientific skepticism
3023:Reformed epistemology
1549:Philosophy of science
1284:, Oxford: Clarendon,
1282:Bayesian epistemology
938:Bayesian epistemology
852:, or by arguing that
472:more properly to the
462:epistemic coherentism
398:Philosophy of science
4775:Criticism of science
4650:Scientific formalism
4534:Constructive realism
4439:Scientific pluralism
4412:Problem of induction
4079:Procedural knowledge
4064:Problem of induction
2944:Critical rationalism
2651:Edo neo-Confucianism
2495:Acintya bheda abheda
2474:Renaissance humanism
2185:School of the Sextii
1559:Practical philosophy
1554:Political philosophy
1263:Philosophical Issues
900:Bayesian probability
861:problem of isolation
705:The regress argument
649:Harold Henry Joachim
273:Applied epistemology
4842:Rhetoric of science
4780:Descriptive science
4524:Confirmation holism
4417:Scientific evidence
4377:Inductive reasoning
4306:Demarcation problem
4157:Virtue epistemology
4152:Social epistemology
4132:Formal epistemology
4019:Epistemic injustice
4014:Exploratory thought
3815:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2515:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2426:Korean Confucianism
2173:Academic Skepticism
1280:Luc Bovens (2003),
1134:. Synthese Library.
1130:Forrai, G. (2001).
1093:. Wiley-Blackwell.
830:plurality objection
818:Bayesian statistics
478:analytic philosophy
383:Epistemic cognition
303:Virtue epistemology
298:Social epistemology
283:Formal epistemology
22:Part of a series on
5061:Science portal
4990:Carl Gustav Hempel
4945:Wilhelm Windelband
4832:Questionable cause
4655:Scientific realism
4476:Underdetermination
4311:Empirical evidence
4301:Creative synthesis
3810:Timothy Williamson
3600:Augustine of Hippo
3136:Post-structuralism
3038:Scientific realism
2993:Quinean naturalism
2973:Logical positivism
2929:Analytical Marxism
2148:Peripatetic school
2060:Chinese naturalism
1587:Aesthetic response
1514:Applied philosophy
1403:. Oxford UP. 1973.
1143:Elizabeth Millan,
5074:
5073:
5068:
5067:
4910:
4909:
4822:Normative science
4679:Uniformitarianism
4434:Scientific method
4328:Explanatory power
4193:
4192:
4059:Privileged access
3695:Søren Kierkegaard
3545:
3544:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
2924:Analytic feminism
2896:
2895:
2858:Kierkegaardianism
2820:Transcendentalism
2780:Neo-scholasticism
2626:Classical Realism
2603:
2602:
2375:
2374:
2190:Neopythagoreanism
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1564:Social philosophy
1397:Rescher, Nicholas
1325:Against coherence
1016:
1015:
956:Theories of truth
920:Philosophy portal
766:axiomatic systems
738:begs the question
625:modern philosophy
523:Counterfactualism
436:
435:
5104:
5059:
5058:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5020:Bas van Fraassen
4975:Hans Reichenbach
4955:Bertrand Russell
4872:
4871:
4698:Philosophy of...
4481:Unity of science
4274:Commensurability
4220:
4213:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4137:Metaepistemology
4115:Related articles
4089:Regress argument
4024:Epistemic virtue
3775:Bertrand Russell
3750:Duncan Pritchard
3710:Hilary Kornblith
3625:Laurence BonJour
3572:
3565:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3534:
3533:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3211:
3210:
3101:Frankfurt School
3048:Transactionalism
2998:Normative ethics
2978:Legal positivism
2954:Falsificationism
2939:Consequentialism
2934:Communitarianism
2907:
2906:
2775:New Confucianism
2614:
2613:
2421:Neo-Confucianism
2386:
2385:
2195:Second Sophistic
2180:Middle Platonism
2023:
2022:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1796:Epiphenomenalism
1663:Consequentialism
1597:Institutionalism
1502:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1439:
1424:
1384:
1383:
1347:
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1340:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1277:
1271:
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1254:
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1218:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1176:
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1148:
1141:
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1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1039:
961:
922:
917:
916:
915:
752:. For instance,
715:regress argument
687:Laurence BonJour
683:Nicholas Rescher
604:Bertrand Russell
507:regress argument
428:
421:
414:
328:Sextus Empiricus
293:Metaepistemology
19:
18:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5029:
5010:Paul Feyerabend
4970:Michael Polanyi
4906:
4892:Galileo Galilei
4861:
4847:Science studies
4763:
4693:
4684:Verificationism
4589:Instrumentalism
4574:Foundationalism
4549:Conventionalism
4507:
4343:Feminist method
4229:
4224:
4194:
4189:
4161:
4110:
4029:Gettier problem
3959:
3890:Foundationalism
3836:
3785:Wilfrid Sellars
3740:Alvin Plantinga
3620:George Berkeley
3587:Epistemologists
3581:
3576:
3546:
3541:
3518:
3516:
3495:
3459:
3359:
3321:
3268:
3222:
3221:
3193:
3182:Russian cosmism
3155:
3151:Western Marxism
3116:New Historicism
3081:Critical theory
3067:
3063:Wittgensteinian
2959:Foundationalism
2892:
2829:
2810:Social contract
2666:Foundationalism
2599:
2581:
2565:Illuminationism
2550:Aristotelianism
2536:
2525:Vishishtadvaita
2478:
2430:
2371:
2338:
2209:
2138:Megarian school
2133:Eretrian school
2074:
2035:Agriculturalism
2012:
1958:
1939:
1886:
1858:
1815:
1767:
1724:
1708:Incompatibilism
1677:
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1199:
1191:James Kreines,
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1177:
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1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1113:Ángel Garrido,
1112:
1108:
1101:
1091:Counterfactuals
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1054:
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1017:
958:
946:
929:
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913:
911:
908:
826:
805:Catherine Elgin
795:
750:foundationalism
746:
707:
675:Brand Blanshard
621:
584:virtual reality
564:
552:predicate logic
499:foundationalism
492:epistemological
460:(also known as
432:
403:
402:
388:Epistemic logic
378:
377:
368:
367:
318:
317:
316:Epistemologists
308:
307:
268:
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258:
257:
162:
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97:Foundationalism
62:
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52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5110:
5100:
5099:
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5089:
5072:
5071:
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5063:
5051:
5039:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4995:W. V. O. Quine
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4930:Rudolf Steiner
4927:
4922:
4920:Henri Poincaré
4917:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
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4869:
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4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
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4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4790:Exact sciences
4787:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4768:Related topics
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4727:Social science
4724:
4723:
4722:
4720:Space and time
4712:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4652:
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4478:
4473:
4472:
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4461:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:Scientific law
4426:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4338:Falsifiability
4335:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4267:Mill's Methods
4259:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4191:
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4118:
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4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
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4041:
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4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3978:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
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3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Constructivism
3852:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:Baruch Spinoza
3802:
3800:P. F. Strawson
3797:
3792:
3790:Susanna Siegel
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:W. V. O. Quine
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3665:Nelson Goodman
3662:
3657:
3655:Edmund Gettier
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:René Descartes
3637:
3632:
3630:Gilles Deleuze
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3605:William Alston
3602:
3597:
3595:Thomas Aquinas
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3527:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3327:Middle Eastern
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3091:Existentialism
3088:
3086:Deconstruction
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2919:Applied ethics
2915:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:Nietzscheanism
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2825:Utilitarianism
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:Transcendental
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Existentialism
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
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2579:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2557:
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2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
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2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Augustinianism
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2362:Zoroastrianism
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
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2299:
2294:
2284:
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2282:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2205:Church Fathers
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2145:
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2125:
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2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
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1993:
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1978:
1972:
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1960:
1959:
1949:
1948:
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1944:
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1932:
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1760:
1755:
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1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1720:Libertarianism
1717:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
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1531:
1526:
1524:Metaphilosophy
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1430:entry in the
1425:
1409:
1408:External links
1406:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1358:(3): 361–372.
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935:
933:Foundherentism
928:
925:
924:
923:
907:
904:
875:a property of
865:external world
846:finite problem
825:
822:
794:
791:
745:
742:
729:
728:
725:
722:
706:
703:
629:Baruch Spinoza
620:
617:
563:
560:
554:, or ideally,
527:David K. Lewis
521:universalism.
434:
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376:Related fields
375:
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370:
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366:
365:
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358:W. V. O. Quine
355:
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343:René Descartes
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333:Edmund Gettier
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5018:
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5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
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4980:Rudolf Carnap
4978:
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4915:Auguste Comte
4913:
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4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4887:Francis Bacon
4885:
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4880:
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4815:Pseudoscience
4813:
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4803:
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4708:
4706:
4703:
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4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4674:Structuralism
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4636:Received view
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4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
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4557:
4555:
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4547:
4545:
4544:Contextualism
4542:
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4527:
4525:
4522:
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4364:
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4280:
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4097:
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4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
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4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:Justification
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Phenomenalism
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Naïve realism
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Contextualism
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:Vienna Circle
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:Hilary Putnam
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Robert Nozick
3733:
3731:
3730:John McDowell
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Immanuel Kant
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Alvin Goldman
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
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3638:
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3633:
3631:
3628:
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3514:
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3510:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:Miscellaneous
3462:
3456:
3453:
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3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
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3423:
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3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:Miscellaneous
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Structuralism
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Postmodernism
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Phenomenology
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Vienna Circle
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Moral realism
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
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2917:
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2914:
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2908:
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2899:
2889:
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2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
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2859:
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2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Phenomenology
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Individualism
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
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2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
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2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2595:Judeo-Islamic
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Shuddhadvaita
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
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2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Scholasticism
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
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2300:
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2278:
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2273:
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2264:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
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2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
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2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
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2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
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2093:
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2089:
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2077:
2071:
2068:
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2046:
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2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
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2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Conceptualism
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
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1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:Particularism
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Functionalism
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Eliminativism
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
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1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Compatibilism
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
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1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Particularism
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
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1610:
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1604:
1598:
1595:
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1588:
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1580:
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1565:
1562:
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1555:
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1535:
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1530:
1527:
1525:
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1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1488:
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1428:"Coherentism"
1426:
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1291:0-19-926975-0
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1178:Asko Nivala,
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950:Web of belief
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944:Related ideas
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814:Occam's razor
809:
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790:
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711:justification
702:
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672:
667:
665:
661:
660:F. H. Bradley
657:
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650:
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638:
634:
633:Immanuel Kant
630:
626:
616:
614:
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589:
585:
580:
578:
577:Occam's razor
573:
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364:
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353:Immanuel Kant
351:
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344:
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338:Wang Yangming
336:
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218:Justification
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147:Structuralism
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133:
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128:
125:
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117:Perspectivism
115:
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102:Infallibilism
100:
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93:
90:
88:
85:
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72:Contextualism
70:
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56:
55:
49:
46:
44:
41:
39:
36:
35:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
5025:Larry Laudan
5005:Imre Lakatos
4960:Otto Neurath
4935:Karl Pearson
4925:Pierre Duhem
4897:Isaac Newton
4827:Protoscience
4785:Epistemology
4659:Anti-realism
4657: /
4638: /
4629: /
4615: /
4613:Reductionism
4611: /
4584:Inductionism
4564:Evolutionism
4518:
4369:
4256:a posteriori
4255:
4251:
4103:
4004:Common sense
3982:A posteriori
3981:
3973:
3935:Reductionism
3849:
3829:
3780:Gilbert Ryle
3650:Fred Dretske
3635:Keith DeRose
3579:Epistemology
3529:
3515:
3186:
3177:Postcritique
3167:Kyoto School
3126:Posthumanism
3106:Hermeneutics
2962:
2961: /
2902:Contemporary
2878:Newtonianism
2841:Cartesianism
2800:Reductionism
2636:Conservatism
2631:Collectivism
2569:
2297:Sarvāstivadā
2275:Anekantavada
2200:Neoplatonism
2168:Epicureanism
2101:Pythagoreans
2040:Confucianism
2006:Contemporary
1996:Early modern
1900:Anti-realism
1854:Universalism
1811:Subjectivism
1607:Epistemology
1431:
1418:
1400:
1391:Bibliography
1355:
1351:
1345:
1339:, 0199279993
1324:
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1310:, 0199269750
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856:is trivial.
845:
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827:
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785:
781:
778:
754:rationalists
747:
734:
730:
710:
708:
699:Otto Neurath
695:Paul Thagard
691:Keith Lehrer
668:
663:
662:in his book
653:
622:
601:
591:
587:
581:
571:
567:
565:
556:proof theory
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
519:
489:
482:
466:
461:
454:
446:
443:epistemology
437:
182:a posteriori
181:
177:
66:
28:Epistemology
5087:Coherentism
5015:Ian Hacking
5000:Thomas Kuhn
4985:Karl Popper
4965:C. D. Broad
4882:Roger Bacon
4810:Non-science
4752:Linguistics
4732:Archaeology
4627:Rationalism
4617:Determinism
4604:Physicalism
4569:Fallibilism
4519:Coherentism
4449:Testability
4402:Observation
4397:Objectivity
4358:alternative
4289:Correlation
4279:Consilience
4084:Proposition
4054:Objectivity
3940:Reliabilism
3930:Rationalism
3875:Fallibilism
3850:Coherentism
3795:Ernest Sosa
3770:Thomas Reid
3755:James Pryor
3725:G. E. Moore
3715:David Lewis
3705:Saul Kripke
3700:Peter Klein
3680:Susan Haack
3610:Robert Audi
3172:Objectivism
3111:Neo-Marxism
3073:Continental
2983:Meta-ethics
2963:Coherentism
2868:Hegelianism
2805:Rationalism
2765:Natural law
2745:Materialism
2671:Historicism
2641:Determinism
2532:Navya-Nyāya
2307:Sautrāntika
2302:Pudgalavada
2238:Vaisheshika
2091:Presocratic
1991:Renaissance
1930:Physicalism
1915:Materialism
1821:Normativity
1806:Objectivism
1791:Emergentism
1781:Behaviorism
1730:Metaphysics
1696:Determinism
1635:Rationalism
892:metaphysics
869:experiences
850:materialism
774:empiricists
679:C. I. Lewis
671:A. C. Ewing
447:coherentism
238:Rationality
213:Information
127:Rationalism
87:Fallibilism
67:Coherentism
5081:Categories
4902:David Hume
4875:Precursors
4757:Psychology
4737:Economics
4631:Empiricism
4622:Pragmatism
4609:Positivism
4599:Naturalism
4469:scientific
4353:Hypothesis
4316:Experiment
4185:Discussion
4175:Task Force
4094:Simplicity
4074:Perception
3950:Skepticism
3925:Positivism
3900:Infinitism
3865:Empiricism
3720:John Locke
3685:David Hume
3675:Anil Gupta
3670:Paul Grice
3645:John Dewey
3615:A. J. Ayer
3471:Amerindian
3378:Australian
3317:Vietnamese
3297:Indonesian
2846:Kantianism
2795:Positivism
2785:Pragmatism
2760:Naturalism
2740:Liberalism
2718:Subjective
2656:Empiricism
2560:Avicennism
2505:Bhedabheda
2389:East Asian
2312:Madhyamaka
2292:Abhidharma
2158:Pyrrhonism
1925:Nominalism
1920:Naturalism
1849:Skepticism
1839:Relativism
1829:Absolutism
1758:Naturalism
1668:Deontology
1640:Skepticism
1625:Naturalism
1615:Empiricism
1579:Aesthetics
1483:Philosophy
1269:: 333–335.
1020:References
854:relativism
764:developed
562:Definition
503:infinitism
455:coherence
453:, and the
348:David Hume
208:Experience
137:Skepticism
132:Relativism
122:Pragmatism
112:Naturalism
107:Infinitism
82:Empiricism
4742:Geography
4710:Chemistry
4669:Scientism
4464:ladenness
4284:Construct
4262:Causality
4049:Knowledge
4034:Induction
3984:knowledge
3976:knowledge
3350:Pakistani
3312:Taiwanese
3259:Ethiopian
3232:By region
3218:By region
3033:Scientism
3028:Systemics
2888:Spinozism
2815:Socialism
2750:Modernism
2713:Objective
2621:Anarchism
2555:Averroism
2444:Christian
2396:Neotaoism
2367:Zurvanism
2357:Mithraism
2352:Mazdakism
2123:Cyrenaics
2050:Logicians
1683:Free will
1645:Solipsism
1592:Formalism
1308:15554525M
1070:27:83–99.
890:However,
758:Descartes
592:Coherence
515:justified
501:and also
467:Coherent
323:Aristotle
228:Knowledge
223:Induction
198:Certainty
142:Solipsism
77:Dogmatism
5037:Category
4689:Vitalism
4512:Theories
4486:Variable
4407:Paradigm
4294:function
4252:A priori
4241:Analysis
4234:Concepts
4170:Category
3989:Analysis
3974:A priori
3965:Concepts
3905:Innatism
3842:Theories
3536:Category
3491:Yugoslav
3481:Romanian
3388:Scottish
3373:American
3302:Japanese
3282:Buddhist
3264:Africana
3254:Egyptian
3096:Feminist
3018:Rawlsian
3013:Quietism
2911:Analytic
2863:Krausism
2770:Nihilism
2735:Kokugaku
2698:Absolute
2693:Idealism
2681:Humanism
2469:Occamism
2436:European
2381:Medieval
2327:Yogacara
2287:Buddhist
2280:Syādvāda
2163:Stoicism
2128:Cynicism
2116:Sophists
2111:Atomists
2106:Eleatics
2045:Legalism
1986:Medieval
1910:Idealism
1864:Ontology
1844:Nihilism
1748:Idealism
1506:Branches
1495:Branches
1380:34982584
1372:27653566
1352:Synthese
1300:53393352
1117:(eds.),
906:See also
800:holistic
756:such as
666:(1883).
608:negation
572:coherent
193:Credence
178:A priori
160:Concepts
43:Category
4747:History
4715:Physics
4705:Biology
4503:more...
4491:control
4387:Inquiry
4105:more...
3885:Fideism
3831:more...
3486:Russian
3455:Spanish
3450:Slovene
3440:Maltese
3435:Italian
3415:Finland
3383:British
3365:Western
3355:Turkish
3340:Islamic
3335:Iranian
3287:Chinese
3274:Eastern
3241:African
3188:more...
2873:Marxism
2703:British
2646:Dualism
2542:Islamic
2500:Advaita
2490:Vedanta
2464:Scotism
2459:Thomism
2401:Tiantai
2344:Persian
2332:Tibetan
2322:Śūnyatā
2263:Cārvāka
2253:Ājīvika
2248:Mīmāṃsā
2228:Samkhya
2143:Academy
2096:Ionians
2070:Yangism
2027:Chinese
2018:Ancient
1981:Western
1976:Ancient
1935:Realism
1892:Reality
1882:Process
1763:Realism
1743:Dualism
1738:Atomism
1620:Fideism
762:Spinoza
619:History
613:paradox
363:more...
266:Domains
233:Meaning
92:Fideism
60:Schools
38:Outline
4459:choice
4454:Theory
4392:Nature
4321:design
3999:Belief
3895:Holism
3445:Polish
3425:German
3420:French
3405:Danish
3395:Canada
3345:Jewish
3307:Korean
3292:Indian
2834:People
2755:Monism
2708:German
2676:Holism
2609:Modern
2587:Jewish
2510:Dvaita
2483:Indian
2406:Huayan
2258:Ajñana
2215:Indian
2080:Greco-
2065:Taoism
2055:Mohism
2001:Modern
1968:By era
1957:By era
1872:Action
1753:Monism
1673:Virtue
1655:Ethics
1378:
1370:
1333:
1306:
1298:
1288:
1097:
1011:
782:always
693:, and
643:, and
511:belief
495:theory
490:As an
449:: the
253:Wisdom
243:Reason
188:Belief
167:Action
4180:Stubs
4099:Truth
3745:Plato
3476:Aztec
3430:Greek
3410:Dutch
3400:Czech
3249:Bantu
2686:Anti-
2233:Nyaya
2223:Hindu
2083:Roman
1877:Event
1519:Logic
1376:S2CID
1368:JSTOR
469:truth
248:Truth
48:Index
4363:null
4333:Fact
4254:and
2577:Sufi
2411:Chan
2270:Jain
2243:Yoga
1773:Mind
1713:Hard
1701:Hard
1331:ISBN
1296:OCLC
1286:ISBN
1095:ISBN
877:sets
873:only
760:and
647:and
588:know
568:true
203:Data
180:and
2851:Neo
2416:Zen
1360:doi
1356:157
882:and
838:one
786:any
654:In
623:In
546:).
540:and
532:and
464:).
438:In
5083::
1417:.
1399:.
1374:.
1366:.
1354:.
1304:OL
1302:,
1294:,
1267:25
1265:.
1261:.
1048:^
1028:^
697:.
689:,
685:,
681:,
677:,
673:,
639:,
635:,
631:,
558:.
544:or
536:or
517:.
480:.
4219:e
4212:t
4205:v
3571:e
3564:t
3557:v
1475:e
1468:t
1461:v
1423:.
1382:.
1362::
1103:.
427:e
420:t
413:v
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