817:. For example, considering the proposition "all bachelors are unmarried:" its negation (i.e. the proposition that some bachelors are married) is incoherent due to the concept of being unmarried (or the meaning of the word "unmarried") being tied to part of the concept of being a bachelor (or part of the definition of the word "bachelor"). To the extent that contradictions are impossible, self-contradictory propositions are necessarily false as it is impossible for them to be true. The negation of a self-contradictory proposition is, therefore, supposed to be necessarily true.
4608:
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1302:, naturally without any evidence for such a monstrous assertion; instead of these, he gave sophisms and even crazy sham demonstrations whose absurdity was concealed under the mask of profundity and of the incomprehensibility ostensibly arising therefrom. Moreover, he appealed boldly and openly to
1219:
forms not in some way constitutive of him as a human subject. For instance, a person would not experience the world as an orderly, rule-governed place unless time, space and causality were determinant functions in the form of perceptual faculties, i. e., there can be no experience in general
773:
But for all its a priori reasonableness, a boundary between analytic and synthetic statements simply has not been drawn. That there is such a distinction to be drawn at all is an unempirical dogma of empiricists, a metaphysical article of
919:
presented a brief defence of Kant's three distinctions (analytic/synthetic, apriori/empirical and necessary/contingent), in that it did not assume "possible world semantics" for the third distinction, merely that some part of
927:
The relationship between aprioricity, necessity and analyticity is not easy to discern. Most philosophers at least seem to agree that while the various distinctions may overlap, the notions are clearly not identical: the
863:
were largely taken to be "true by virtue of meanings and independently of fact", while synthetic propositions were not—one must conduct some sort of empirical investigation, looking to the world, to determine the
1147:
It is quite possible that our empirical knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions, and that which the faculty of cognition supplies from itself sensuous impressions giving merely the
727:
was first introduced by Kant. While his original distinction was primarily drawn in terms of conceptual containment, the contemporary version of such distinction primarily involves, as
American philosopher
758:, since it can be accounted for simply by one's ability to understand the meaning of the proposition in question. More simply, proponents of this explanation claimed to have reduced a dubious
1176:, or transcendental, conditions are seated in one's cognitive faculties, and are not provided by experience in general or any experience in particular (although an argument exists that
5161:
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had just been discredited, at once prepared a system without any thing-in-itself. Consequently, he rejected the assumption of anything that was not through and through merely our
1467:
In this pair of articles, Stephen
Palmquist demonstrates that the context often determines how a particular proposition should be classified. A proposition that is synthetic
1454:
just lying on your couch. You don't have to get up off your couch and go outside and examine the way things are in the physical world. You don't have to do any science." (
907:
Kripke's definitions of these terms diverge in subtle ways from Kant's. Taking these differences into account, Kripke's controversial analysis of naming as contingent and
1282:
be all in all or at any rate produce everything from its own resources. For this purpose, he at once did away with the essential and most meritorious part of the
832:, because "ense experience can tell us only about the actual world and hence about what is the case; it can say nothing about what must or must not be the case."
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theories. Kant says, "Although all our cognition begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises from experience." According to Kant,
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1230:. The transcendental deduction argues that time, space and causality are ideal as much as real. In consideration of a possible logic of the
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After Kant's death, a number of philosophers saw themselves as correcting and expanding his philosophy, leading to the various forms of
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knowledge has undergone several criticisms. Most notably, Quine argues that the analytic–synthetic distinction is illegitimate:
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Although the soundness of Quine's proposition remains uncertain, it had a powerful effect on the project of explaining the
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propositions by virtue of their meaning and of certain facts about the world. According to the analytic explanation of the
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to be true in every possible world. As Jason Baehr suggests, it seems plausible that all necessary propositions are known
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and transcendental logic. He claimed that the human subject would not have the kind of experience that it has were these
859:
truths must be necessary." Since Kant, the distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions has slightly changed.
1168:
cognition, in its pure form, that is without the admixture of any empirical content, is limited to the deduction of the
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of the early 20th century, is what
Boghossian calls the "analytic explanation of the a priori." The distinction between
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Consider the proposition: "George V reigned from 1910 to 1936." This is something that (if true) one must come to know
431:
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O are the same thing, they are identical in every possible world, and truths of identity are logically necessary; and
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differentiates the terms by the direction of inference regarding proper causes and effects. To demonstrate something
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for 'from what comes before' (or, less literally, 'from first principles, before experience'). In contrast, the term
1077:
criteria for the possibility of a notion in his (1684) short treatise "Meditations on
Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas".
900:, because it is known only through empirical investigation. Following such considerations of Kripke and others (see
876:
Aprioricity, analyticity and necessity have since been more clearly separated from each other. American philosopher
5397:
5333:
5000:
3730:
2438:
1986:
904:), philosophers tend to distinguish the notion of aprioricity more clearly from that of necessity and analyticity.
880:(1972), for example, provides strong arguments against this position, whereby he contends that there are necessary
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without space, time or causality as particular determinants thereon. The claim is more formally known as Kant's
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24:
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3363:
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1395:
1385:
290:
20:
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1952:
1234:, this most famous of Kant's deductions has made the successful attempt in the case for the fact of
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reigned at least four days, then he reigned more than three days." This is something that one knows
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659:
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149:
124:
2215:. Synthese Historical Library. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2087:
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50:
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3173:
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1839:
1341:
1238:, what constitutes subjectivity and what relation it holds with objectivity and the empirical.
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410:
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55:
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philosophers have contended that mathematics comes from experience and is not a form of any
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is to demonstrate "Proper
Efficient Causes from Proper Effects", according to his 1696 work
1053:
is to "Demonstrate Proper
Effects from Proper Efficient Causes" and likewise to demonstrate
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1988:
Meditationes de prima philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur
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1725:
Boghossian, Paul Artin (2003) . "14: Analyticity". In Hale, Bob; Wright, Crispin (eds.).
1363:
1358:
1353:
1255:
991:
568:
558:
554:
505:
395:
315:
310:
295:
5015:
915:, best fit into Kant's epistemological framework by calling it "analytic a posteriori."
719:... that has never been described in satisfactory terms." One theory, popular among the
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2236:. Clarendon Edition of the Works of John Locke. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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2017:
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2311:
1876:
Knowledge in
Perspective: (II) Naming, Necessity and the Analytic A Posteriori".
1867:(Summer 2020 ed.) – via Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1271:
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712:
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109:
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A Historical and
Systematic Perspective on A Priori Knowledge and Justification
1441:
1421:
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knowledge is not entirely independent of the content of experience. Unlike the
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put it, the notions of "true by virtue of meanings and independently of fact."
345:
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2315:
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1935:
1283:
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585:
365:
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129:
114:
84:
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2739:
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2584:
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1235:
937:
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835:
Following Kant, some philosophers have considered the relationship between
40:
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is one in which its negation is not self-contradictory. Thus, it is said
810:
785:
762:
faculty of pure reason to a legitimate linguistic notion of analyticity.
759:
509:
497:
250:
225:
139:
99:
79:
3747:
1996:
1729:. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
813:
is one in which its negation is self-contradictory; it is true in every
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4182:
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3178:
3029:
3004:
2969:
2824:
2789:
2774:
2749:
2719:
2357:
2267:
Knowledge in
Perspective: (I) Mathematics, Method and Pure Intuition".
1922:
Sloman, A. (1 October 1965). "'Necessary', 'a priori' and 'analytic'".
1914:
1295:
1120:
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493:
471:
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because it expresses a statement that one can derive by reason alone.
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335:
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210:
154:
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1906:
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1006:
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An early philosophical use of what might be considered a notion of
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because it expresses an empirical fact unknowable by reason alone.
663:
483:
1692:
5251:
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3938:
3586:
3517:
2989:
2363:
1043:
692:
535:
523:
104:
19:"A priori" and "A posteriori" redirect here. For other uses, see
4622:
1156:
Contrary to contemporary usages of the term, Kant believes that
5233:
4005:
3424:
3103:
2652:
981:
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O (if it is true): According to Kripke, this statement is both
575:
265:
255:
200:
3616:
3331:
3203:
2849:
2508:
1451:
1192:
1002:
974:
966:
467:
260:
2031:
Fodor, Jerry (21 October 2004). "Water's Water
Everywhere".
738:
are considered true by virtue of their meaning alone, while
4990:
3884:
3576:
2468:
2086:. New York, NY: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. pp.
1985:
Descartes, René (1641). In Cottingham; et al. (eds.).
1196:
1013:
603:
215:
2016:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1854:– via Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1298:
and the thing-in-itself. For he declared everything to be
687:
3300:
2082:
Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science
1100:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
533:
The terms originate from the analytic methods found in
1224:
and it is the central argument of his major work, the
786:
Relation to the necessary truths and contingent truths
5355:
1819:. In Boghossian, Paul; Peacocke, Christopher (eds.).
977:
for 'from what comes later' (or 'after experience').
754:
knowledge need not require a special faculty of pure
557:, which comes from definitions and first principles.
884:
truths. For example, the proposition that water is H
1951:Sommers, Tamler (March 2003). Jarman, Casey (ed.).
1654:
1652:
1258:, accused him of rejecting the distinction between
2206:
1613:
1525:
1523:
16:Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
1450:argument is one in which "you can see that it is
1183:Kant nominated and explored the possibility of a
1085:arguments for the existence of God appear in his
5379:
2284:. In Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D. S. (eds.).
1649:
2170:Prolegomena zu einer jeden kĂĽnftigen Metaphysik
1520:
2230:Locke, John (1689). Nidditch, Peter H. (ed.).
2186:Kripke, Saul (2013) . "Naming and Necessity".
2140:"A Priori Knowledge: Debates and Developments"
1180:intuitions can be "triggered" by experience).
1001:knowledge (though not called by that name) is
944:; and the necessary/contingent distinction is
693:Relation to the analytic–synthetic distinction
4638:
3763:
3316:
2668:
2634:The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time
2439:
2415:
2213:Philosophical Papers and Letters: A Selection
2190:. Synthese Library (2nd ed.). Springer.
1963:(1). San Francisco, CA: McSweeney's McMullens
1769:Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes
432:
2105:Hume, David (2008) . Millican, Peter (ed.).
1823:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
1746:Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong
1669:
1667:
1187:with which to consider the deduction of the
2288:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co.
1704:Bird, Graham (1995). Honderich, Ted (ed.).
1568:
1445:
638:
637:as nouns referring to the quality of being
616:
610:
571:, which comes from observational evidence.
562:
548:
513:
487:
460:
452:
4645:
4631:
3770:
3756:
3323:
3309:
2675:
2661:
2446:
2432:
2262:
2077:
1871:
1791:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1724:
1529:
1476:
1097:outlined the distinction in his 1710 work
994:period as the model for precise thinking.
855:, in particular, took it for granted that
621:can be used to modify other nouns such as
439:
425:
4426:
4389:Relationship between religion and science
3777:
2393:– in the Philosophical Dictionary online.
2108:An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding
2051:. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.
2044:
2011:
1984:
1748:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1727:A Companion to the Philosophy of Language
1664:
1031:, a 14th-century logician, wrote on both
5162:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
1391:Transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology
1207:intuitions. Kant reasoned that the pure
940:; the analytic/synthetic distinction is
2263:Palmquist, Stephen (September 1987a). "
2233:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
2204:
2137:
2111:. Oxford, UK: Oxford university Press.
2014:The Philosophical Writings of Descartes
1950:
1865:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1859:Macleod, Christopher (25 August 2016).
1858:
1844:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1814:
1762:
1643:
1515:
1455:
1429:
5380:
2453:
2185:
1921:
1872:Palmquist, Stephen (December 1987b). "
1619:
1569:Fred-Rivera, Ivette (10 August 2022).
990:, a work widely considered during the
688:Aprioricity, analyticity and necessity
4626:
3751:
3304:
2656:
2427:
2414:
2279:
2229:
2175:Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics
2030:
1888:
1838:Look, Brandon C. (22 December 2007).
1743:
1690:
1631:
1607:
1595:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1139:cognition is empirical, based on the
980:They appear in Latin translations of
790:The metaphysical distinction between
703:Several philosophers, in reaction to
2166:
2104:
1837:
1799:
1771:(15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois.
1703:
1673:
1658:
1499:
1111:The 18th-century German philosopher
1017:, according to which something like
847:to be extremely close. According to
5324:
5090:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3498:Analytic and synthetic propositions
3369:Formal semantics (natural language)
2405:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2377:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2343:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
2325:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2048:Kant's Theory of a Priori Knowledge
1710:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1697:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1575:. Springer Nature. pp. 40–45.
1211:intuitions are established via his
820:By contrast, a proposition that is
725:analytic and synthetic propositions
711:knowledge without appealing to, as
598:. Both terms are primarily used as
13:
1977:
1707:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1637:
1535:
1286:doctrine, the distinction between
1135:of all possible experience, while
522:. Examples include most fields of
492:knowledge is independent from any
14:
5434:
4652:
4409:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4404:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4357:History and philosophy of science
2310:
2304:
1889:Quine, Willard Van Orman (1951).
1471:in one context might be analytic
1170:conditions of possible experience
1069:introduced a distinction between
1021:knowledge is knowledge inherent,
924:world might have been different.
486:by their reliance on experience.
5365:
5323:
5308:
5299:
5298:
4606:
4594:
3710:
2682:
2156:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00136.x
1278:, and therefore let the knowing
1250:. One of these philosophers was
1241:
1106:
1063:Book III, Lesson IV, Section 7.
798:truths has also been related to
715:describes as "a special faculty
1993:Meditations on First Philosophy
1625:
1601:
1461:
673:
5120:Natural Law and Natural Rights
3798:Analytic–synthetic distinction
3099:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2211:. In Loemker, Leroy E. (ed.).
1817:"A Priori Knowledge Revisited"
1763:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
1589:
1562:
1550:
1509:
1435:
1414:
699:Analytic–synthetic distinction
185:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1:
2188:Semantics of Natural Language
1863:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1842:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1402:
956:
871:
594:, an influential work in the
25:A posteriori (disambiguation)
5403:Justification (epistemology)
2397:"Rationalism vs. Empiricism"
2320:Justification and Knowledge"
2205:Leibniz, Gottfried (1976) .
2078:Heisenberg, Werner (2007) .
1953:"Galen Strawson (interview)"
1486:
1270:... Fichte who, because the
1254:. His student (and critic),
1115:(1781) advocated a blend of
765:The analytic explanation of
7:
5413:Latin philosophical phrases
5197:Libertarian theories of law
4131:Hypothetico-deductive model
4106:Deductive-nomological model
4091:Constructivist epistemology
3144:Internalism and externalism
2138:Jenkins, C. S. (May 2008).
1840:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"
1693:"A Priori and A Posteriori"
1329:
868:of synthetic propositions.
651:
646:
539:, a collection of works by
10:
5439:
4708:International legal theory
2045:Greenberg, Robert (2001).
1891:"Two Dogmas of Empiricism"
1821:New Essays on the A Priori
1803:Kritik der reinen Vernunft
1683:
1294:and thus that between the
1011:, related in the dialogue
951:
782:in terms of the analytic.
750:knowledge is analytic; so
696:
18:
5294:
5225:
5142:
5049:
4731:
4673:
4660:
4585:
4417:
4319:
4249:
4192:Semantic view of theories
4111:Epistemological anarchism
4063:
4048:dependent and independent
3785:
3705:
3665:
3637:
3630:
3582:Necessity and sufficiency
3485:
3450:
3402:
3356:
3338:
3330:
3270:
3219:
3068:
2975:Evolutionary epistemology
2945:
2690:
2616:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
2598:
2537:
2474:A priori and a posteriori
2461:
2421:
2416:Links to related articles
2269:The Review of Metaphysics
1878:The Review of Metaphysics
1396:Transcendental nominalism
1386:Transcendental empiricism
458:('from the earlier') and
291:Evolutionary epistemology
21:A priori (disambiguation)
5418:Definitions of knowledge
5393:Concepts in epistemology
5279:Rational-legal authority
5167:German historical school
5152:Analytical jurisprudence
3934:Intertheoretic reduction
3923:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3900:Functional contextualism
3247:Philosophy of perception
3050:Representational realism
3020:Naturalized epistemology
2519:Multiple time dimensions
1895:The Philosophical Review
1815:Kitcher, Philip (2001).
1691:Baehr, Jason S. (2006).
1407:
1321:Parerga and Paralipomena
1222:transcendental deduction
1213:transcendental aesthetic
584:and were popularized by
474:to distinguish types of
406:Philosophy of perception
5398:Conceptual distinctions
5247:Judicial interpretation
4419:Philosophers of science
4197:Scientific essentialism
4146:Model-dependent realism
4081:Constructive empiricism
3974:Evidence-based practice
3227:Outline of epistemology
3060:Transcendental idealism
2641:An Experiment with Time
2167:Kant, Immanuel (1783).
1810:]. Im Insel-Verlag.
1808:Critique of Pure Reason
1800:Kant, Immanuel (1781).
1227:Critique of Pure Reason
625:. Philosophers may use
591:Critique of Pure Reason
466:('from the later') are
301:Historical epistemology
5334:WikiProject Philosophy
4688:Critical legal studies
4502:Alfred North Whitehead
4492:Charles Sanders Peirce
3174:Problem of other minds
2580:Growing block universe
2033:London Review of Books
1936:10.1093/analys/26.1.12
1846:(Spring 2020 ed.)
1446:
1342:A posteriori necessity
1327:
1154:
1008:theory of recollection
809:A proposition that is
776:
639:
617:
611:
563:
549:
514:
488:
461:
453:
5257:Law without the state
4601:Philosophy portal
4352:Hard and soft science
4347:Faith and rationality
4216:Scientific skepticism
3996:Scientific Revolution
3779:Philosophy of science
3717:Philosophy portal
3252:Philosophy of science
3232:Faith and rationality
3114:Descriptive knowledge
2985:Feminist epistemology
2925:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2627:The Unreality of Time
2479:A series and B series
2286:Plato: Complete Works
2177:]. Archived from
1995:]. Archived from
1744:Fodor, Jerry (1998).
1309:, that is, really to
1268:
1145:
1060:The Method to Science
1044:Thomistic philosopher
992:early European modern
892:, because water and H
861:Analytic propositions
771:
736:Analytic propositions
697:Further information:
596:history of philosophy
574:Both terms appear in
518:knowledge depends on
411:Philosophy of science
5217:Virtue jurisprudence
5157:Deontological ethics
4327:Criticism of science
4202:Scientific formalism
4086:Constructive realism
3991:Scientific pluralism
3964:Problem of induction
3184:Procedural knowledge
3169:Problem of induction
1765:"a priori knowledge"
1479:, pp. 269, 273)
1374:Relativized a priori
1337:A priori probability
1203:are considered pure
1185:transcendental logic
911:would, according to
707:, sought to explain
286:Applied epistemology
4394:Rhetoric of science
4332:Descriptive science
4076:Confirmation holism
3969:Scientific evidence
3929:Inductive reasoning
3858:Demarcation problem
3379:Philosophy of logic
3262:Virtue epistemology
3257:Social epistemology
3237:Formal epistemology
3124:Epistemic injustice
3119:Exploratory thought
2920:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2565:Four-dimensionalism
2065:on 1 September 2006
1444:has stated that an
1364:Inductive reasoning
1359:Deductive reasoning
1354:Abductive reasoning
1256:Arthur Schopenhauer
1164:, Kant thinks that
1025:in the human mind.
721:logical positivists
559:Posterior analytics
496:. Examples include
396:Epistemic cognition
316:Virtue epistemology
311:Social epistemology
296:Formal epistemology
35:Part of a series on
5110:The Concept of Law
5100:Pure Theory of Law
4613:Science portal
4542:Carl Gustav Hempel
4497:Wilhelm Windelband
4384:Questionable cause
4207:Scientific realism
4028:Underdetermination
3863:Empirical evidence
3853:Creative synthesis
3678:Rules of inference
3647:Mathematical logic
3389:Semantics of logic
2915:Timothy Williamson
2705:Augustine of Hippo
2455:Philosophy of time
2181:on 31 August 2000.
2162:on 5 January 2013.
2144:Philosophy Compass
1861:"John Stuart Mill"
1191:in its pure form.
1131:, or based on the
528:personal knowledge
520:empirical evidence
5423:Concepts in logic
5353:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5319:Philosophy portal
5080:The Spirit of Law
4718:Philosophy of law
4698:Economic analysis
4683:Constitutionalism
4620:
4619:
4462:
4461:
4374:Normative science
4231:Uniformitarianism
3986:Scientific method
3880:Explanatory power
3745:
3744:
3701:
3700:
3535:Deductive closure
3481:
3480:
3420:Critical thinking
3298:
3297:
3164:Privileged access
2800:Søren Kierkegaard
2650:
2649:
2250:on 29 August 2006
2125:on 7 October 2008
1957:Believer Magazine
1787:cite encyclopedia
1778:978-1-59339-837-8
1582:978-3-031-06874-4
1042:The early modern
913:Stephen Palmquist
822:contingently true
449:
448:
5430:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5327:
5326:
5312:
5302:
5301:
5182:Legal positivism
5135:
5125:
5115:
5105:
5095:
5085:
5075:
5065:
4723:Sociology of law
4647:
4640:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4611:
4610:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4572:Bas van Fraassen
4527:Hans Reichenbach
4507:Bertrand Russell
4424:
4423:
4250:Philosophy of...
4033:Unity of science
3826:Commensurability
3772:
3765:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3635:
3634:
3400:
3399:
3364:Computer science
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3242:Metaepistemology
3220:Related articles
3194:Regress argument
3129:Epistemic virtue
2880:Bertrand Russell
2855:Duncan Pritchard
2815:Hilary Kornblith
2730:Laurence BonJour
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2599:Related articles
2550:B-theory of time
2545:A-theory of time
2538:Theories of time
2462:Concepts in time
2448:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2399:– an article by
2381:
2329:
2312:Zalta, Edward N.
2299:
2276:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2246:. Archived from
2226:
2210:
2201:
2182:
2163:
2158:. Archived from
2134:
2132:
2130:
2121:. Archived from
2101:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2061:. Archived from
2040:
2027:
2012:— (1984).
2008:
2006:
2004:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1947:
1918:
1885:
1868:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1834:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1759:
1740:
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1700:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1497:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1418:
1369:Off the verandah
1325:
1029:Albert of Saxony
890:necessarily true
811:necessarily true
718:
642:
620:
614:
566:
552:
517:
491:
470:phrases used in
464:
456:
441:
434:
427:
341:Sextus Empiricus
306:Metaepistemology
32:
31:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5329:WikiProject Law
5290:
5274:Question of law
5221:
5138:
5133:
5123:
5113:
5103:
5093:
5083:
5073:
5070:Treatise on Law
5063:
5045:
4727:
4693:Comparative law
4669:
4656:
4651:
4621:
4616:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4581:
4562:Paul Feyerabend
4522:Michael Polanyi
4458:
4444:Galileo Galilei
4413:
4399:Science studies
4315:
4245:
4236:Verificationism
4141:Instrumentalism
4126:Foundationalism
4101:Conventionalism
4059:
3895:Feminist method
3781:
3776:
3746:
3741:
3711:
3709:
3697:
3661:
3652:Boolean algebra
3626:
3477:
3468:Metamathematics
3446:
3398:
3352:
3334:
3329:
3299:
3294:
3266:
3215:
3134:Gettier problem
3064:
2995:Foundationalism
2941:
2890:Wilfrid Sellars
2845:Alvin Plantinga
2725:George Berkeley
2692:Epistemologists
2686:
2681:
2651:
2646:
2594:
2533:
2457:
2452:
2417:
2362:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2280:Plato (1997) .
2253:
2251:
2244:
2223:
2198:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2098:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2024:
2002:
2000:
1999:on 15 July 2013
1980:
1978:Further reading
1975:
1966:
1964:
1907:10.2307/2181906
1849:
1847:
1831:
1784:
1783:
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1642:
1638:
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1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1530:Boghossian 2003
1528:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1477:Palmquist 1987b
1466:
1462:
1440:
1436:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1272:thing-in-itself
1248:German Idealism
1244:
1143:of experience:
1109:
1095:George Berkeley
959:
954:
938:epistemological
936:distinction is
895:
887:
874:
788:
716:
713:Paul Boghossian
701:
695:
690:
678:
656:
649:
569:inductive logic
555:deductive logic
545:Prior analytics
526:and aspects of
445:
416:
415:
401:Epistemic logic
391:
390:
381:
380:
331:
330:
329:Epistemologists
321:
320:
281:
280:
271:
270:
175:
174:
165:
164:
110:Foundationalism
75:
74:
65:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5436:
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5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
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5336:
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5321:
5316:
5306:
5295:
5292:
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5281:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5212:Utilitarianism
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5177:Legal moralism
5174:
5172:Interpretivism
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5126:
5116:
5106:
5096:
5086:
5076:
5066:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
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4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
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4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:W. V. O. Quine
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Rudolf Steiner
4479:
4474:
4472:Henri Poincaré
4469:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:Exact sciences
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4320:Related topics
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4279:Social science
4276:
4275:
4274:
4272:Space and time
4264:
4259:
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4185:
4176:
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4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3981:Scientific law
3978:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Falsifiability
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3819:Mill's Methods
3811:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3743:
3742:
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3734:
3724:
3719:
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3702:
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3698:
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3136:
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3126:
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3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3074:
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3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:Constructivism
2957:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Baruch Spinoza
2907:
2905:P. F. Strawson
2902:
2897:
2895:Susanna Siegel
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:W. V. O. Quine
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2770:Nelson Goodman
2767:
2762:
2760:Edmund Gettier
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:René Descartes
2742:
2737:
2735:Gilles Deleuze
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:William Alston
2707:
2702:
2700:Thomas Aquinas
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2645:
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2630:
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2600:
2596:
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2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2524:Temporal parts
2521:
2516:
2514:Imaginary time
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Eternal return
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2394:
2382:
2360:
2345:
2330:
2306:
2305:External links
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:978-0872203495
2294:
2277:
2260:
2243:978-0198245957
2242:
2227:
2222:978-9027706935
2221:
2202:
2197:978-9027703101
2196:
2183:
2164:
2150:(3): 436–450.
2135:
2118:978-0199549900
2117:
2102:
2097:978-0061209192
2096:
2075:
2058:978-0271020839
2057:
2042:
2028:
2023:978-0521288088
2022:
2009:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1948:
1919:
1886:
1869:
1856:
1835:
1830:978-0199241279
1829:
1812:
1797:
1777:
1760:
1755:978-0198236368
1754:
1741:
1736:978-0631213260
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1508:
1491:
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1481:
1460:
1442:Galen Strawson
1434:
1422:associationist
1412:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
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1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1318:Schopenhauer,
1315:
1276:representation
1243:
1240:
1129:transcendental
1108:
1105:
958:
955:
953:
950:
893:
885:
873:
870:
815:possible world
787:
784:
730:W. V. O. Quine
694:
691:
689:
686:
677:
672:
655:
650:
648:
645:
447:
446:
444:
443:
436:
429:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
392:
389:Related fields
388:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
373:
371:W. V. O. Quine
368:
363:
358:
356:René Descartes
353:
348:
346:Edmund Gettier
343:
338:
332:
328:
327:
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323:
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313:
308:
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137:
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102:
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58:
53:
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15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
5435:
5424:
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5411:
5409:
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5389:
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5317:
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5297:
5296:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
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5236:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5187:Legal realism
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
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5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5132:
5131:
5127:
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5112:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5082:
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5077:
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5062:
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5048:
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5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
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4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
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4949:
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4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
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4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
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4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
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4782:
4779:
4777:
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4772:
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4759:
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4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Legal history
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4654:Jurisprudence
4648:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Rudolf Carnap
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Auguste Comte
4465:
4464:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:Francis Bacon
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4367:Pseudoscience
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Structuralism
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:Received view
4186:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Contextualism
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3694:
3693:Logic symbols
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Logical truth
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:Contradiction
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:Argumentation
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3442:Philosophical
3440:
3438:
3437:Non-classical
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Justification
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Phenomenalism
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:NaĂŻve realism
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Contextualism
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2930:Vienna Circle
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Hilary Putnam
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Robert Nozick
2838:
2836:
2835:John McDowell
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Immanuel Kant
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Alvin Goldman
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2010:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:(2): 255–282.
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1717:0-19-866132-0
1713:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1675:
1670:
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4449:Isaac Newton
4379:Protoscience
4337:Epistemology
4211:Anti-realism
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1468:
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189:
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5207:Paternalism
5202:Natural law
5064:(c. 355 BC)
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4703:Legal norms
4567:Ian Hacking
4552:Thomas Kuhn
4537:Karl Popper
4517:C. D. Broad
4434:Roger Bacon
4362:Non-science
4304:Linguistics
4284:Archaeology
4179:Rationalism
4169:Determinism
4156:Physicalism
4121:Fallibilism
4071:Coherentism
4001:Testability
3954:Observation
3949:Objectivity
3910:alternative
3841:Correlation
3831:Consilience
3727:WikiProject
3597:Proposition
3592:Probability
3545:Description
3486:Foundations
3189:Proposition
3159:Objectivity
3045:Reliabilism
3035:Rationalism
2980:Fallibilism
2955:Coherentism
2900:Ernest Sosa
2875:Thomas Reid
2860:James Pryor
2830:G. E. Moore
2820:David Lewis
2810:Saul Kripke
2805:Peter Klein
2785:Susan Haack
2715:Robert Audi
2611:Metaphysics
2555:Endurantism
2529:Temporality
1676:, p. 1
1646:, p. 1
1620:Sloman 1965
1428:knowledge (
1380:Tabula rasa
1311:inspiration
1266:knowledge:
1117:rationalist
878:Saul Kripke
866:truth-value
849:Jerry Fodor
841:analyticity
837:aprioricity
806:knowledge.
660:proposition
635:aprioricity
567:) is about
553:) is about
510:pure reason
502:tautologies
498:mathematics
251:Rationality
226:Information
140:Rationalism
100:Fallibilism
80:Coherentism
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5382:Categories
5372:Philosophy
5314:Law portal
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4931:Pashukanis
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4776:Blackstone
4454:David Hume
4427:Precursors
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4289:Economics‎
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4021:scientific
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3868:Experiment
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3540:Definition
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3503:Antecedent
3290:Discussion
3280:Task Force
3199:Simplicity
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3055:Skepticism
3030:Positivism
3005:Infinitism
2970:Empiricism
2825:John Locke
2790:David Hume
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2775:Paul Grice
2750:John Dewey
2720:A. J. Ayer
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2560:Eternalism
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2275:(1): 3–22.
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1596:Baehr 2006
1557:Quine 1951
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1403:References
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1121:empiricist
1088:Monadology
957:Early uses
942:linguistic
872:Separation
853:positivism
796:contingent
494:experience
472:philosophy
361:David Hume
221:Experience
150:Skepticism
145:Relativism
135:Pragmatism
125:Naturalism
120:Infinitism
95:Empiricism
5074:(c. 1270)
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4221:Scientism
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3836:Construct
3814:Causality
3688:Fallacies
3683:Paradoxes
3673:Logicians
3607:Statement
3602:Reference
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3530:Deduction
3493:Abduction
3463:Metalogic
3410:Classical
3374:Inference
3154:Knowledge
3139:Induction
3089:knowledge
3081:knowledge
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2254:29 August
2129:28 August
2003:25 August
1674:Kant 1781
1659:Look 2007
1500:Bird 1995
1487:Citations
1348:Ab initio
1307:intuition
1201:causality
1023:intrinsic
961:The term
845:necessity
792:necessary
756:intuition
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627:apriority
607:knowledge
600:modifiers
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506:deduction
476:knowledge
336:Aristotle
241:Knowledge
236:Induction
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155:Solipsism
90:Dogmatism
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4064:Theories
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3804:A priori
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2575:Finitism
2570:Fatalism
2499:Eternity
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2386:A priori
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2265:A Priori
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1473:a priori
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1426:a priori
1330:See also
1316:—
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1288:a priori
1260:a priori
1232:a priori
1217:a priori
1209:a priori
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1189:a priori
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1019:a priori
999:a priori
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963:a priori
930:a priori
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830:a priori
800:a priori
780:a priori
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744:a priori
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4821:Grotius
4806:Ehrlich
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4791:Cardozo
4771:Bentham
4761:Bastiat
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4299:History
4267:Physics
4257:Biology
4055:more...
4043:control
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3518:Paradox
3348:History
3343:Outline
3210:more...
2990:Fideism
2936:more...
2403:in the
2341:at the
2314:(ed.).
1967:10 July
1915:2181906
1684:Sources
1284:Kantian
1280:subject
1141:content
952:History
609:(i.e.,
602:to the
536:Organon
524:science
376:more...
279:Domains
246:Meaning
105:Fideism
73:Schools
51:Outline
5358:Portal
5234:Dharma
5134:(1986)
5124:(1980)
5114:(1961)
5104:(1934)
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5084:(1748)
5036:Walzer
5016:Suárez
4981:Renner
4946:Posner
4916:MĂĽller
4881:Kelsen
4856:Hobbes
4836:Haller
4816:Fuller
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4781:Bobbio
4756:Austin
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3944:Nature
3873:design
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3104:Belief
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2282:"Meno"
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1850:22 May
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5011:Shang
4966:Rawls
4951:Pound
4886:Leoni
4851:Hegel
4741:Alexy
4665:Index
3666:other
3631:Lists
3617:Truth
3384:Proof
3332:Logic
3285:Stubs
3204:Truth
2850:Plato
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2173:[
2090:–92.
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508:from
482:, or
468:Latin
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