907:, a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will continue to have the same motion. In this way, Aristotle was the first to approach something similar to the law of inertia. However, he believed a vacuum would be impossible because the surrounding air would rush in to fill it immediately. He also believed that an object would stop moving in an unnatural direction once the applied forces were removed. Later Aristotelians developed an elaborate explanation for why an arrow continues to fly through the air after it has left the bow, proposing that an arrow creates a vacuum in its wake, into which air rushes, pushing it from behind. Aristotle's beliefs were influenced by Plato's teachings on the perfection of the circular uniform motions of the heavens. As a result, he conceived of a natural order in which the motions of the heavens were necessarily perfect, in contrast to the terrestrial world of changing elements, where individuals come to be and pass away.
725:
1062:
861:
2633:
738:
1089:, and so forms the basis of the theory of relativity. Except with respect to the acceptance of Copernican astronomy, Galileo's direct influence on science in the 17th century outside Italy was probably not very great. Although his influence on educated laymen both in Italy and abroad was considerable, among university professors, except for a few who were his own pupils, it was negligible.
1085:; his correct theory of accelerated motion was apparently derived from the results of the experiments. Galileo also found that a body dropped vertically hits the ground at the same time as a body projected horizontally, so an Earth rotating uniformly will still have objects falling to the ground under gravity. More significantly, it asserted that uniform motion is
892:, that terrestrial bodies rise or fall to their "natural place" and stated as a law the correct approximation that an object's speed of fall is proportional to its weight and inversely proportional to the density of the fluid it is falling through. Aristotle believed in logic and observation but it would be more than eighteen hundred years before
1257:"The theoretical development of the laws of motion of bodies is a problem of such interest and importance that it has engaged the attention of all the eminent mathematicians since the invention of the dynamics as a mathematical science by Galileo, and especially since the wonderful extension which was given to that science by Newton."
981:
and that object will be in motion until the mayl is spent. He also claimed that projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless it is acted upon. This conception of motion is consistent with Newton's first law of motion, inertia. Which states that an object in motion will stay in motion unless it is acted on by an external force.
1095:
was the foremost mathematician and physicist in
Western Europe. He formulated the conservation law for elastic collisions, produced the first theorems of centripetal force, and developed the dynamical theory of oscillating systems. He also made improvements to the telescope, discovered Saturn's moon
980:
to dissipate it. Ibn Sina made distinction between 'force' and 'inclination' (called "mayl"), and argued that an object gained mayl when the object is in opposition to its natural motion. So he concluded that continuation of motion is attributed to the inclination that is transferred to the object,
1111:
was the first to unify the three laws of motion (the law of inertia, his second law mentioned above, and the law of action and reaction), and to prove that these laws govern both earthly and celestial objects. Newton and most of his contemporaries hoped that classical mechanics would be able to
1296:
is not a well-defined quantity. As experiments reached the atomic level, classical mechanics failed to explain, even approximately, such basic things as the energy levels and sizes of atoms. The effort at resolving these problems led to the development of quantum mechanics.
1081:'s heliocentric hypothesis, Galileo believed the Earth was the same as other planets. Though the reality of the famous Tower of Pisa experiment is disputed, he did carry out quantitative experiments by rolling balls on an
794:
refers to that historical era as well as the approximations. Other fields of physics that were developed in the same era, that use the same approximations, and are also considered "classical" include
79:
870:
he states that objects fall at a speed proportional to their weight and inversely proportional to the density of the fluid they are immersed in. This is a correct approximation for objects in
1288:, some difficulties were discovered in the late 19th century that could only be resolved by modern physics. When combined with classical thermodynamics, classical mechanics leads to the
910:
There is another tradition that goes back to the ancient Greeks where mathematics is used to analyze bodies at rest or in motion, which may found as early as the work of some
103:
1067:
1862:
790:
is mechanics limited to non-relativistic and non-quantum approximations. Most of the techniques of classical mechanics were developed before 1900 so the term
2379:
1077:'s development of the telescope and his observations further challenged the idea that the heavens were made from a perfect, unchanging substance. Adopting
2443:
1665:
Espinoza, Fernando. "An
Analysis of the Historical Development of Ideas About Motion and its Implications for Teaching". Physics Education. Vol. 40(2).
2116:
2478:
2160:
2016:
2410:
769:
1828:
2194:
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1198:
976:(1020). He said that an impetus is imparted to a projectile by the thrower, and viewed it as persistent, requiring external forces such as
826:
2082:
358:
1356:. Relativistic mechanics recovers Newtonian mechanics and Newton's gravitational law when the speeds involved are much smaller than the
1203:
After Newton, re-formulations progressively allowed solutions to a far greater number of problems. The first was constructed in 1788 by
477:
1743:
Sayili, Aydin. "Ibn Sina and
Buridan on the Motion the Projectile". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol. 500(1). p.477-482.
2143:
1313:. Similarly, the different behaviour of classical electromagnetism and classical mechanics under velocity transformations led to the
985:
2453:
2367:
1306:
450:
2588:
2514:
1545:
Espinoza, Fernando (2005). "An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching".
35:
2509:
1943:
1604:
1337:(1905) were discovered. This development indicated that classical mechanics was just an approximation of these two theories.
955:
943:
2521:
2266:
2233:
1399:
1253:
In the middle of the 19th century, Hamilton could claim classical mechanics as at the center of attention among scholars:
2611:
2578:
432:
2384:
1706:
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2256:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2037:
2000:
1977:
1715:
1688:
762:
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2172:
2062:
1116:
avoided wave principles and supposed that the light particles were altered or excited by the glass and resonated.
724:
2417:
2355:
2189:
2155:
1416:
951:
98:
2286:
1840:
BlÄsjö, Viktor (2021-02-12). "Galileo, Ignoramus: Mathematics versus
Philosophy in the Scientific Revolution".
1238:. In addition to the solutions of important problems in classical physics, these techniques form the basis for
1028:
903:
Aristotle saw a distinction between "natural motion" and "forced motion", and he believed that 'in a void' i.e.
353:
2593:
2374:
2340:
2293:
950:
scholars built on these works, and these ultimately were reintroduced or became available to the West in the
1123:
which is necessary to perform the mathematical calculations involved in classical mechanics. However it was
886:
in particular, were among the first to propose that abstract principles govern nature. Aristotle argued, in
2662:
2362:
2335:
2313:
2271:
2167:
1000:) on the moved and that this diminishes as the moving object distances itself from the mover. According to
830:
755:
742:
503:
426:
348:
191:
2657:
2636:
2606:
2389:
2350:
2298:
2055:
1829:
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/galilei-galileo
807:
422:
223:
201:
2466:
2328:
2218:
2138:
1969:
821:
in 1678. Analytic tools of mechanics grew through the next two centuries, including the development of
642:
531:
457:
317:
250:
1778:
2573:
2542:
2422:
2318:
2213:
1243:
1112:
explain all entities, including (in the form of geometric optics) light. Newton's own explanation of
799:
396:
1135:
which are used to this day. Classical mechanics retains Newton's dot notation for time derivatives.
2598:
2471:
2427:
2345:
2323:
2177:
1162:
672:
516:
2504:
2206:
2148:
2126:
2029:
1150:
622:
386:
1933:
1247:
662:
1484:
Peter Pesic (March 1999). "Wrestling with
Proteus: Francis Bacon and the "Torture" of Nature".
1334:
1231:
1227:
1046:
667:
484:
2667:
2499:
2494:
2448:
2305:
2104:
1363:
Quantum mechanics describing atomic and sub-atomic phenomena was also updated in the 1915 to
1235:
1204:
1061:
1032:
834:
822:
677:
652:
338:
156:
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1632:
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1341:
1298:
1219:
1158:
855:
851:
697:
657:
565:
561:
553:
543:
333:
326:
82:
1987:
Maddox, René Dugas; foreword by Louis de
Broglie; translated into English by J.R. (1988).
692:
8:
2552:
1588:
1492:(1). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society: 81â94.
1388:
1372:
1186:
1086:
1013:
972:
866:
787:
472:
413:
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136:
131:
126:
26:
1794:
1636:
1558:
1012:'s fundamental dynamic law , anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of
2547:
2228:
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2010:
1992:
1919:
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1890:
1841:
1753:
1648:
1644:
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1501:
1466:
1448:
1376:
1345:
1318:
1092:
1050:
1042:
935:
817:
of his laws of motion and his associated development of the mathematical techniques of
602:
343:
218:
186:
146:
1802:
1178:
2618:
2537:
2223:
2201:
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1996:
1973:
1939:
1902:
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1806:
1711:
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1600:
1574:
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1513:
1384:
1330:
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1239:
1182:
1124:
1113:
1024:
989:
947:
612:
569:
526:
521:
462:
238:
228:
121:
1652:
1470:
2557:
1874:
1798:
1680:
1640:
1562:
1493:
1458:
1380:
1302:
1223:
1154:
1005:
879:
803:
707:
687:
632:
627:
573:
548:
403:
261:
206:
181:
1727:
Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and
Impetus Theory",
1395:
1314:
1310:
1281:
1146:
1074:
702:
647:
597:
592:
511:
2047:
1915:
1174:
896:
would first develop the scientific method of experimentation, which he called a
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1368:
1357:
1285:
1166:
1138:
1082:
977:
911:
888:
860:
795:
729:
637:
538:
255:
1878:
1153:
that can be quantified. The idea was articulated by Euler (1727), and in 1782
2651:
1886:
1810:
1289:
1215:
1170:
1038:
967:
893:
617:
444:
1127:
who, independently of Newton, developed a calculus with the notation of the
813:
The critical historical event in classical mechanics was the publication by
1754:"Nicholas Oresme | French Bishop, Economist & Philosopher | Britannica"
1620:
1587:
1142:
1108:
1097:
1020:
1001:
814:
682:
607:
296:
176:
1177:
drew on the study for assuring stability of structures and introduced the
1462:
1894:
1128:
1078:
923:
467:
141:
1505:
1394:
The unification of general relativity and quantum field theory into a
1596:
1411:
1353:
1009:
996:, Abu'l-Barakat stated that the mover imparts a violent inclination (
883:
783:
489:
1920:
Leçons sur la théorie mathématique de l'élasticité des corps solides
1846:
1497:
1132:
1120:
818:
408:
291:
266:
1710:. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 26â28.
1453:
1439:
Rovelli, Carlo (2015). "Aristotle's
Physics: A Physicist's Look".
1349:
1293:
381:
234:
151:
1704:
Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-BarakÄt al-BaghdÄdÄ«, Hibat Allah".
1623:(1987). "Ibn SÄ«nÄ and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile".
1276:
Although classical mechanics is largely compatible with other "
1212:
915:
904:
440:
286:
196:
1208:
871:
276:
271:
213:
1779:"Mental models in Galileo's early mathematization of nature"
1271:
281:
244:
1526:
Aristotle: On the
Heavens (de Caelo) book 13, section 295a
1234:
re-formulated
Lagrangian mechanics in 1833, resulting in
1724:
74:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
1677:
Pseudo-Avicenna, Liber Celi Et Mundi: A Critical Edition
1383:. Quantum mechanics recovers classical mechanics at the
786:
is the study of objects, their interaction, and motion;
1375:
and elementary interactions like electromagnetism, the
1360:
and masses involved are smaller than stellar objects.
1149:. Working with solid materials under forces leads to
38:
1737:
840:
1783:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
1344:, introduced by Einstein, would later also include
1141:extended Newton's laws of motion from particles to
1931:
73:
2077:
1827:Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com:
1441:Journal of the American Philosophical Association
2649:
1169:expanded study to the third dimension with the
1867:The British Journal for the History of Science
874:'s gravitational field moving in air or water.
2063:
2026:The Oxford handbook of the history of physics
1434:
1432:
1262:William Rowan Hamilton, 1834 (Transcribed in
763:
2024:Buchwald, Jed Z.; Fox, Robert, eds. (2013).
2015:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1863:"How Christiaan Huygens Mathematized Nature"
1825:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
1619:
1593:The Islamic intellectual tradition in Persia
1535:Aristotle:Physics Book 4 On motion in a void
1199:History of variational principles in physics
2023:
1483:
914:. Other examples of this tradition include
2070:
2056:
1625:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1429:
988:adopted and modified Avicenna's theory on
770:
756:
1963:
1845:
1452:
1776:
1544:
1272:Conflicts at the end of the 19th century
1060:
859:
1538:
1438:
1309:, these were temporary explained using
1242:: Lagrangian methods evolved in to the
1192:
1027:, with possible influence by Ibn Sina.
2650:
1986:
1925:
1839:
1674:
1103:
986:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi
2051:
1860:
1703:
1668:
1613:
1329:At the beginning of the 20th century
1307:Newton's law of universal gravitation
452:Newton's law of universal gravitation
2522:Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era
1222:the solution uses the path of least
1581:
1100:, and invented the pendulum clock.
1065:Table of Mechanicks, from the 1728
1019:In the 14th century, French priest
961:
433:Mechanics of planar particle motion
41:
13:
1966:Essays in the History of Mechanics
1707:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1645:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37219.x
970:published his theory of motion in
14:
2679:
1324:
1181:. These coefficients established
841:Precursors to Newtonian mechanics
2632:
2631:
1591:& Mehdi Amin Razavi (1996).
1185:theory and started the field of
1035:, developed the theory further.
831:development of quantum mechanics
737:
736:
723:
56:
1909:
1854:
1833:
1817:
1770:
1746:
1729:Journal of the History of Ideas
1697:
1417:Timeline of classical mechanics
1161:of some materials, followed by
864:Aristotle's laws of motion. In
1777:Palmieri, Paolo (2003-06-01).
1659:
1529:
1520:
1477:
1250:builds Hamiltonian mechanics.
1056:
1:
1956:
1803:10.1016/S0039-3681(03)00025-6
1352:in terms of the curvature of
1280:" theories such as classical
1053:using geometrical arguments.
359:Koopmanâvon Neumann mechanics
1991:(Dover ed.). New York:
1938:. University Science Books.
1008:was "the oldest negation of
928:On the Equilibrium of Planes
845:
427:Non-inertial reference frame
7:
2444:Cosmic microwave background
1932:John Robert Taylor (2005).
1405:
1087:indistinguishable from rest
1004:, al-Baghdaadi's theory of
829:, concepts critical to the
808:history of electromagnetism
354:Appell's equation of motion
224:Inertial frame of reference
10:
2684:
2028:(First ed.). Oxford:
1970:Springer Berlin Heidelberg
1567:10.1088/0031-9120/40/2/002
1350:gravitational interactions
1348:(1915) that would rewrite
1196:
1119:Newton also developed the
849:
2627:
2566:
2530:
2487:
2436:
2400:
2244:
2090:
1879:10.1017/S0007087400028466
1861:Cohen, H. Floris (1991).
1367:, that would lead to the
1244:path integral formulation
966:Persian Islamic polymath
800:history of thermodynamics
1422:
1301:was still a problem for
517:Rotating reference frame
349:HamiltonâJacobi equation
2579:ChandrasekharâEddington
2505:Golden age of cosmology
2437:On specific discoveries
2385:Lorentz transformations
2030:Oxford University Press
1675:Gutman, Oliver (2003).
1400:open problem in physics
458:Newton's laws of motion
318:Newton's laws of motion
2510:Medieval Islamic world
2253:Computational physics
2195:Variational principles
2122:Electrical engineering
1989:A history of mechanics
1968:. Berlin, Heidelberg:
1964:Truesdell, C. (1968).
1335:relativistic mechanics
1269:
1232:William Rowan Hamilton
1228:calculus of variations
1071:
1047:Merton College, Oxford
875:
485:Simple harmonic motion
398:Euler's laws of motion
192:D'Alembert's principle
75:
2500:Golden age of physics
2495:Copernican Revolution
1255:
1236:Hamiltonian mechanics
1205:Joseph Louis Lagrange
1064:
1033:Bishop of Halberstadt
984:In the 12th century,
954:and again during the
863:
823:Hamiltonian mechanics
339:Hamiltonian mechanics
157:Statistical mechanics
76:
2603:Relativity priority
2458:Subatomic particles
2418:Loop quantum gravity
2407:Quantum information
2356:Quantum field theory
2156:Gravitational theory
2032:. pp. 358â405.
1823:"Galilei, Galileo."
1373:elementary particles
1365:quantum field theory
1342:theory of relativity
1299:Action at a distance
1248:Schrödinger equation
1220:Lagrangian mechanics
1193:Analytical mechanics
1145:with two additional
856:Mathematical physics
852:Aristotelian physics
562:Angular acceleration
554:Rotational frequency
334:Lagrangian mechanics
327:Analytical mechanics
83:Second law of motion
36:
2663:Classical mechanics
2567:Scientific disputes
2553:Via Panisperna boys
2454:Gravitational waves
2401:Recent developments
2132:Maxwell's equations
1935:Classical Mechanics
1795:2003SHPSA..34..229P
1637:1987NYASA.500..477S
1589:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1559:2005PhyEd..40..139E
1463:10.1017/apa.2014.11
1398:theory is still an
1387:in the presence of
1264:Classical Mechanics
1187:continuum mechanics
1157:began to determine
1104:Newtonian mechanics
1014:classical mechanics
973:The Book of Healing
792:classical mechanics
788:classical mechanics
414:Harmonic oscillator
392:Equations of motion
27:Classical mechanics
21:Part of a series on
2658:History of physics
2612:General relativity
2607:Special relativity
2548:Oxford Calculators
2375:Special relativity
2294:General relativity
2079:History of physics
1993:Dover Publications
1758:www.britannica.com
1734:(4), p. 521-546 .)
1377:strong interaction
1346:general relativity
1319:special relativity
1093:Christiaan Huygens
1072:
1051:mean speed theorem
1043:Oxford Calculators
932:On Floating Bodies
898:vexation of nature
880:Greek philosophers
876:
730:Physics portal
344:Routhian mechanics
219:Frame of reference
71:
2645:
2644:
2619:Transfermium Wars
2538:Harvard Computers
2363:Subatomic physics
2336:Quantum mechanics
2272:Superconductivity
2263:Condensed matter
2092:Classical physics
1945:978-1-891389-22-1
1606:978-0-7007-0314-2
1547:Physics Education
1385:macroscopic scale
1331:quantum mechanics
1278:classical physics
1240:quantum mechanics
1183:linear elasticity
1125:Gottfried Leibniz
1025:theory of impetus
994:Kitab al-Mu'tabar
990:projectile motion
827:action principles
780:
779:
527:Centrifugal force
522:Centripetal force
478:Euler's equations
463:Relative velocity
239:Moment of inertia
69:
43:
2675:
2635:
2634:
2558:Women in physics
2310:Nuclear physics
2234:Perpetual motion
2168:Material science
2112:Electromagnetism
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2020:
2014:
2006:
1983:
1950:
1949:
1929:
1923:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1721:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1681:Brill Publishers
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1436:
1381:weak interaction
1303:electromagnetism
1267:
1226:and follows the
1155:Giordano Riccati
962:Medieval thought
804:electromagnetism
772:
765:
758:
745:
740:
739:
732:
728:
727:
633:Johann Bernoulli
628:Daniel Bernoulli
549:Tangential speed
453:
429:
404:Fictitious force
399:
251:Mechanical power
241:
182:Angular momentum
80:
78:
77:
72:
70:
68:
60:
59:
50:
45:
44:
18:
17:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2623:
2594:Jouleâvon Mayer
2562:
2526:
2483:
2432:
2396:
2287:Big Bang theory
2240:
2139:Fluid mechanics
2086:
2076:
2046:
2040:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1980:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1859:
1855:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1722:
1718:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1683:. p. 193.
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1586:
1582:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1482:
1478:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1408:
1396:quantum gravity
1327:
1315:Albert Einstein
1311:aether theories
1282:electrodynamics
1274:
1268:
1266:by J.R. Taylor)
1261:
1201:
1195:
1179:Lamé parameters
1106:
1075:Galileo Galilei
1059:
1049:, provided the
964:
858:
850:Main articles:
848:
843:
776:
735:
722:
721:
714:
713:
712:
587:
579:
578:
558:
512:Circular motion
506:
496:
495:
494:
451:
421:
418:
397:
376:
368:
367:
364:
363:
321:
311:
303:
302:
301:
260:
256:Mechanical work
249:
233:
171:
163:
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161:
116:
108:
85:
61:
55:
51:
49:
40:
39:
37:
34:
33:
12:
11:
5:
2681:
2671:
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2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2599:ShapleyâCurtis
2596:
2591:
2589:LeibnizâNewton
2586:
2584:Galileo affair
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
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2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2479:Speed of light
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2423:Nanotechnology
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2398:
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2387:
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2289:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2246:Modern physics
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2214:Thermodynamics
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
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2151:
2146:
2136:
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2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2021:
2001:
1984:
1978:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1924:
1908:
1853:
1832:
1816:
1789:(2): 229â264.
1769:
1745:
1736:
1716:
1696:
1689:
1667:
1658:
1631:(1): 477â482.
1612:
1605:
1599:. p. 72.
1580:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1498:10.1086/384242
1476:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1369:Standard Model
1358:speed of light
1326:
1325:Modern physics
1323:
1286:thermodynamics
1273:
1270:
1259:
1197:Main article:
1194:
1191:
1167:Simeon Poisson
1139:Leonhard Euler
1114:Newton's rings
1105:
1102:
1083:inclined plane
1058:
1055:
1023:developed the
978:air resistance
963:
960:
920:On the Balance
889:On the Heavens
847:
844:
842:
839:
796:thermodynamics
778:
777:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
733:
716:
715:
711:
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589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:Coriolis force
536:
535:
534:
524:
519:
514:
508:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
493:
492:
487:
482:
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81:
67:
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30:
29:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2680:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:BohrâEinstein
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
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2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
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2501:
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2468:
2465:
2463:
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2459:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2428:String theory
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2391:
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2327:
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2309:
2307:
2304:
2300:
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2268:
2265:
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2255:
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2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2235:
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2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:Metamaterials
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2041:
2039:9780199696253
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2004:
2002:0-486-65632-2
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1979:9783642866470
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
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1876:
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1868:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1808:
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1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:0-684-10114-9
1713:
1709:
1708:
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1690:90-04-13228-7
1686:
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1678:
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1662:
1654:
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1386:
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1378:
1374:
1370:
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1361:
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1355:
1351:
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1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1290:Gibbs paradox
1287:
1283:
1279:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:mathematician
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Poisson ratio
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
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1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
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1063:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Nicole Oresme
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
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921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
895:
894:Francis Bacon
891:
890:
885:
881:
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869:
868:
862:
857:
853:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
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809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
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744:
734:
731:
726:
720:
719:
718:
717:
709:
706:
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694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
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328:
323:
320:
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314:
313:
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268:
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236:
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230:
227:
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200:
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185:
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180:
178:
175:
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166:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
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130:
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125:
123:
120:
119:
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111:
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102:
100:
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88:
84:
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46:
32:
31:
28:
25:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2668:Isaac Newton
2543:The Martians
2207:Spectroscopy
2184:
2149:Aerodynamics
2127:Field theory
2025:
1988:
1965:
1934:
1927:
1916:Gabriel Lamé
1911:
1873:(1): 79â84.
1870:
1866:
1856:
1835:
1824:
1819:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1748:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1705:
1699:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1628:
1624:
1621:Aydin Sayili
1615:
1592:
1583:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1447:(1): 23â40.
1444:
1440:
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1328:
1275:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1202:
1175:Gabriel Lamé
1163:Thomas Young
1151:deformations
1143:rigid bodies
1137:
1118:
1109:Isaac Newton
1107:
1091:
1073:
1066:
1037:
1021:Jean Buridan
1018:
1002:Shlomo Pines
997:
993:
983:
971:
965:
952:12th century
939:
931:
927:
919:
912:Pythagoreans
909:
902:
897:
887:
878:The ancient
877:
865:
815:Isaac Newton
812:
791:
782:In physics,
781:
572: /
568: /
566:displacement
564: /
425: /
387:Displacement
325:
316:
310:Formulations
297:Virtual work
237: /
177:Acceleration
170:Fundamentals
93:
15:
2467:Higgs boson
1922:(Bachelier)
1389:decoherence
1333:(1900) and
1057:Renaissance
956:Renaissance
708:von Neumann
375:Core topics
2652:Categories
2488:By periods
2306:Geophysics
2278:Cosmology
1957:References
1847:2102.06595
1763:2024-03-27
1553:(2): 141.
1159:elasticity
1129:derivative
1079:Copernicus
1068:CyclopĂŠdia
998:mayl qasri
942:). Later,
924:Archimedes
835:relativity
643:d'Alembert
623:Maupertuis
586:Scientists
468:Rigid body
142:Kinematics
2531:By groups
2515:Astronomy
2351:Molecules
2185:Mechanics
2100:Astronomy
2011:cite book
1903:122825173
1887:0007-0874
1811:0039-3681
1597:Routledge
1575:250809354
1514:159818014
1454:1312.4057
1412:Mechanics
1354:spacetime
1292:in which
1041:, one of
1010:Aristotle
992:. In his
948:Byzantine
940:Mechanica
884:Aristotle
846:Antiquity
784:mechanics
688:Liouville
570:frequency
490:Vibration
207:potential
132:Continuum
127:Celestial
104:Textbooks
2637:Category
2462:timeline
2449:Graphene
2411:timeline
2380:timeline
2368:timeline
2341:timeline
2282:timeline
2267:timeline
2257:timeline
2219:timeline
2190:timeline
2173:timeline
2161:timeline
2144:timeline
2117:timeline
2105:timeline
2083:timeline
1653:84784804
1471:44193681
1406:See also
1379:and the
1260:â
1246:and the
1133:integral
1121:calculus
968:Ibn SÄ«nÄ
825:and the
819:calculus
743:Category
668:Hamilton
653:Lagrange
648:Clairaut
613:Horrocks
574:velocity
544:Pendulum
532:reactive
504:Rotation
473:dynamics
423:Inertial
409:Friction
292:Velocity
267:Momentum
147:Kinetics
137:Dynamics
115:Branches
99:Timeline
2472:Neutron
2329:Weapons
2314:Fission
2229:Entropy
1918:(1852)
1895:4027017
1791:Bibcode
1633:Bibcode
1555:Bibcode
1294:entropy
1209:Italian
944:Islamic
934:), and
867:Physics
833:and of
703:Koopman
663:Poisson
658:Laplace
603:Huygens
598:Galileo
443: (
382:Damping
235:Inertia
229:Impulse
202:kinetic
152:Statics
122:Applied
94:History
2319:Fusion
2224:Energy
2202:Optics
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1999:
1976:
1942:
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1809:
1714:
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1029:Albert
1006:motion
916:Euclid
905:vacuum
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678:Cauchy
673:Jacobi
618:Halley
608:Newton
593:Kepler
445:linear
441:Motion
287:Torque
262:Moment
197:Energy
187:Couple
2390:tests
2346:Atoms
2324:Power
2299:tests
1899:S2CID
1891:JSTOR
1842:arXiv
1649:S2CID
1571:S2CID
1510:S2CID
1502:JSTOR
1467:S2CID
1449:arXiv
1423:Notes
1218:. In
1207:, an
1098:Titan
872:Earth
806:(see
798:(see
698:Gibbs
683:Routh
638:Euler
277:Speed
272:Space
214:Force
2034:ISBN
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1997:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1883:ISSN
1807:ISSN
1712:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1486:Isis
1340:The
1305:and
1284:and
1147:laws
1131:and
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854:and
282:Time
245:Mass
1875:doi
1799:doi
1725:cf.
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