2862:
3019:
2484:
2343:
997:
1743:
405:
1976:
Luminosity high enough to be a LIRG requires a star formation rate of at least 18 Mâ yr. Ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) are at least ten times more luminous still and form stars at rates >180 Mâ yr. Many LIRGs also emit radiation from an AGN. Infrared galaxies emit more energy in the infrared than all other wavelengths combined, with peak emission typically at wavelengths of 60 to 100 microns. LIRGs are believed to be created from the strong interaction and merger of spiral galaxies. While uncommon in the local universe, LIRGs and ULIRGS were more prevalent when the universe was younger.
1397:
2200:(SDSS). This method employs a mathematical model on a galaxy whose radius is determined by the azimuthally (horizontal) averaged profile of its brightness flux. In particular, the SDSS employed the Petrosian magnitude in the R-band (658 nm, in the red part of the visible spectrum) to ensure that the brightness flux of a galaxy would be captured as much as possible while counteracting the effects of background noise. For a galaxy whose brightness profile is exponential, it is expected to capture all of its brightness flux, and 80% for galaxies that follow a profile that follows
2606:
1300:
2543:
1683:
2715:
1334:
2861:
1247:
38:
2251:(roughly 2.2 ÎŒm wavelength) of 20 mag/arcsec. Gathering the overall luminous flux of the galaxy has been employed by at least four methods: the first being a circular aperture extending 7 arcseconds from the center, an isophote at 20 mag/arcsec, a "total" aperture defined by the radial light distribution that covers the supposed extent of the galaxy, and the Kron aperture (defined as 2.5 times the first-moment radius, an integration of the flux of the "total" aperture).
1146:
13466:
13241:
2279:
2215:, with the method causing a magnitude of error (upwards to 10%) of the values than using isophotal diameter. The use of Petrosian magnitudes also have the disadvantage of missing most of the light outside the Petrosian aperture, which is defined relative to the galaxy's overall brightness profile, especially for elliptical galaxies, with higher signal-to-noise ratios on higher distances and redshifts. A correction for this method has been issued by Graham
1633:
2030:), which defines the brightness depth of the isophote. To illustrate how this unit works, a typical galaxy has a brightness flux of 18 mag/arcsec at its central region. This brightness is equivalent to the light of an 18th magnitude hypothetical point object (like a star) being spread out evenly in a one square arcsecond area of the sky. The isophotal diameter is typically defined as the region enclosing all the light down to 25 mag/arcsec in the blue
13253:
907:
3018:
1422:". As stars move through an arm, the space velocity of each stellar system is modified by the gravitational force of the higher density. (The velocity returns to normal after the stars depart on the other side of the arm.) This effect is akin to a "wave" of slowdowns moving along a highway full of moving cars. The arms are visible because the high density facilitates star formation, and therefore they harbor many bright and young stars.
13516:
1426:
2184:, it is necessary that the overall brightness flux galaxy should be captured, with a method employed by Bershady in 2000 suggesting to measure twice the size where the brightness flux of an arbitrarily chosen radius, defined as the local flux, divided by the overall average flux equals to 0.2. Using half-light radius allows a rough estimate of a galaxy's size, but is not particularly helpful in determining its morphology.
633:
2305:). Associations of galaxies can overcome this expansion on a local scale through their mutual gravitational attraction. These associations formed early, as clumps of dark matter pulled their respective galaxies together. Nearby groups later merged to form larger-scale clusters. This ongoing merging process, as well as an influx of infalling gas, heats the intergalactic gas in a cluster to very high temperatures of 30â100
2738:
1652:, and may cause some exchange of gas and dust. Collisions occur when two galaxies pass directly through each other and have sufficient relative momentum not to merge. The stars of interacting galaxies usually do not collide, but the gas and dust within the two forms interacts, sometimes triggering star formation. A collision can severely distort the galaxies' shapes, forming bars, rings or tail-like structures.
770:
13540:
3043:
13492:
3071:
13528:
3057:
2684:
2558:, appeared within them. These were composed of primordial gas, almost entirely of hydrogen and helium. Emission from the first stars heats the remaining gas helping to trigger additional star formation; the ultraviolet light emission from the first generation of stars re-ionized the surrounding neutral hydrogen in expanding spheres eventually reaching the entire universe, an event called
13504:
3085:
1829:
2783:, andâdepending upon the lateral movementsâthe two might collide in about five to six billion years. Although the Milky Way has never collided with a galaxy as large as Andromeda before, it has collided and merged with other galaxies in the past. Cosmological simulations indicate that, 11 billion years ago, it merged with a particularly large galaxy that has been labeled the
1701:. If they continue to do so, they would consume their reserve of gas in a time span less than the galaxy's lifespan. Hence starburst activity usually lasts only about ten million years, a relatively brief period in a galaxy's history. Starburst galaxies were more common during the universe's early history, but still contribute an estimated 15% to total star production.
2001:(also called "metric diameter"). This type of measurement is subject to two significant issues, namely that the estimated distance to the galaxy must be corrected for the redshift-related space expansion and that collections of angular-diameter data are subject to selection bias as more distant observations preferentially select the most luminous objects.
2298:. Solitary galaxies that have not significantly interacted with other galaxies of comparable mass in the past few billion years are relatively scarce. Only about 5% of the galaxies surveyed are isolated in this sense. However, they may have interacted and even merged with other galaxies in the past, and may still be orbited by smaller satellite galaxies.
2384:, a relatively small group of galaxies that has a diameter of approximately one megaparsec. The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are the two brightest galaxies within the group; many of the other member galaxies are dwarf companions of these two. The Local Group itself is a part of a cloud-like structure within the
2452:ÎŒG), while gas-rich galaxies with high star-formation rates, like M 51, M 83 and NGC 6946, have 15 ÎŒG on average. In prominent spiral arms, the field strength can be up to 25 ÎŒG, in regions where cold gas and dust are also concentrated. The strongest total equipartition fields (50â100 ÎŒG) were found in
1278:
The formation of these cD galaxies remains an active area of research, but the leading model is that they are the result of the mergers of smaller galaxies in the environments of dense clusters, or even those outside of clusters with random overdensities. These processes are the mechanisms that drive
1274:
and constitute the largest and most luminous galaxies known. These galaxies feature a central elliptical nucleus with an extensive, faint halo of stars extending to megaparsec scales. The profile of their surface brightnesses as a function of their radius (or distance from their cores) falls off more
987:
can observe highly energetic galactic phenomena. Ultraviolet flares are sometimes observed when a star in a distant galaxy is torn apart from the tidal forces of a nearby black hole. The distribution of hot gas in galactic clusters can be mapped by X-rays. The existence of supermassive black holes at
7785:
Zakamska, Nadia L.; Strauss, Michael A.; Krolik, Julian H.; Collinge, Matthew J.; Hall, Patrick B.; Hao, Lei; Heckman, Timothy M.; Ivezi, eljko; Richards, Gordon T.; Schlegel, David J.; Schneider, Donald P.; Strateva, Iskra; Vanden Berk, Daniel E.; Anderson, Scott F.; Brinkmann, Jon (November 2003).
2767:
The evolution of galaxies can be significantly affected by interactions and collisions. Mergers of galaxies were common during the early epoch, and the majority of galaxies were peculiar in morphology. Given the distances between the stars, the great majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies
2408:
of their own. A galaxy's magnetic field influences its dynamics in multiple ways, including affecting the formation of spiral arms and transporting angular momentum in gas clouds. The latter effect is particularly important, as it is a necessary factor for the gravitational collapse of those clouds,
1984:
Galaxies do not have a definite boundary by their nature, and are characterized by a gradually decreasing stellar density as a function of increasing distance from their center, making measurements of their true extents difficult. Nevertheless, astronomers over the past few decades have made several
1655:
At the extreme of interactions are galactic mergers, where the galaxies' relative momentums are insufficient to allow them to pass through each other. Instead, they gradually merge to form a single, larger galaxy. Mergers can result in significant changes to the galaxies' original morphology. If one
2538:
As gas falls in to the gravity of the dark matter halos, its pressure and temperature rise. To condense further, the gas must radiate energy. This process was slow in the early universe dominated by hydrogen atoms and molecules which are inefficient radiators compared to heavier elements. As clumps
1910:
Quasars are the most energetic and distant members of active galactic nuclei. Extremely luminous, they were first identified as high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that appeared more similar to stars than to extended sources similar to galaxies.
1975:
Luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) are galaxies with luminositiesâthe measurement of electromagnetic power outputâabove 10 Lâ (solar luminosities). In most cases, most of their energy comes from large numbers of young stars which heat surrounding dust, which reradiates the energy in the infrared.
1895:
Seyfert galaxies are one of the two largest groups of active galaxies, along with quasars. They have quasar-like nuclei (very luminous, distant and bright sources of electromagnetic radiation) with very high surface brightnesses; but unlike quasars, their host galaxies are clearly detectable. Seen
860:, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant Doppler shift.
1310:
A shell galaxy is a type of elliptical galaxy where the stars in its halo are arranged in concentric shells. About one-tenth of elliptical galaxies have a shell-like structure, which has never been observed in spiral galaxies. These structures are thought to develop when a larger galaxy absorbs a
2577:
Theoretical models for early galaxy formation have been verified and informed by a large number and variety of sophisticated astronomical observations. The photometric observations generally need spectroscopic confirmation due the large number mechanisms that can introduce systematic errors. For
2235:
as an adaptation from the previously used methods of isophotal measurement. Since 2MASS operates in the near infrared, which has the advantage of being able to recognize dimmer, cooler, and older stars, it has a different form of approach compared to other methods that normally use B-filter. The
1553:
or "ultra diffuse" galaxy is an extremely-low-luminosity galaxy. It may be the same size as the Milky Way, but have a visible star count only one percent of the Milky Way's. Multiple mechanisms for producing this type of galaxy have been proposed, and it is possible that different dark galaxies
10626:
Arrabal Haro, Pablo; Dickinson, Mark; Finkelstein, Steven L.; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.; Donnan, Callum T.; Burgarella, Denis; Carnall, Adam C.; Cullen, Fergus; Dunlop, James S.; FernĂĄndez, Vital; Fujimoto, Seiji; Jung, Intae; Krips, Melanie; Larson, Rebecca L.; Papovich, Casey (October 26, 2023).
2813:
of interstellar hydrogen in their spiral arms. Elliptical galaxies are largely devoid of this gas, and so form few new stars. The supply of star-forming material is finite; once stars have converted the available supply of hydrogen into heavier elements, new star formation will come to an end.
1484:
Recently, researchers described galaxies called super-luminous spirals. They are very large with an upward diameter of 437,000 light-years (compared to the Milky Way's 87,400 light-year diameter). With a mass of 340 billion solar masses, they generate a significant amount of ultraviolet and
3028:
in near- and mid-infrared light. Older stars appear blue here, and are clustered at the galaxiesâ cores. Glowing dust, showing where it exists around and between stars â appearing in shades of red and orange. Stars that haven't yet fully formed and are encased in gas and dust appear bright
2790:
Such large-scale interactions are rare. As time passes, mergers of two systems of equal size become less common. Most bright galaxies have remained fundamentally unchanged for the last few billion years, and the net rate of star formation probably also peaked about ten billion years ago.
1279:
the formation of fossil groups or fossil clusters, where a large, relatively isolated, supergiant elliptical resides in the middle of the cluster and are surrounded by an extensive cloud of X-rays as the residue of these galactic collisions. Another older model posits the phenomenon of
6976:
Pandya, Viraj; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Laine, Seppo; Brodie, Jean P.; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Glaccum, William; Villaume, Alexa; Cuillandre, Jean-Charles; Gwyn, Stephen; Krick, Jessica; Lasker, Ronald; MartĂn-Navarro, Ignacio; Martinez-Delgado, David; van Dokkum, Pieter (May 1, 2018).
2817:
The current era of star formation is expected to continue for up to one hundred billion years, and then the "stellar age" will wind down after about ten trillion to one hundred trillion years (10â10 years), as the smallest, longest-lived stars in the visible universe, tiny
486:(or "M109") is a spiral galaxy having the number 109 in the catalogue of Messier. It also has the designations NGC 3992, UGC 6937, CGCG 269â023, MCG +09-20-044, and PGC 37617 (or LEDA 37617), among others. Millions of fainter galaxies are known by their identifiers in
7660:
Oei, Martijn S. S. L.; van Weeren, Reinout J.; Hardcastle, Martin J.; Botteon, Andrea; Shimwell, Tim W.; Dabhade, Pratik; Gast, Aivin R. D. J. G. I. B.; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; BrĂŒggen, Marcus; Tasse, Cyril; Williams, Wendy L.; Shulevski, Aleksandar (April 1, 2022).
745:
speculated that there might be other galaxies outside that were formed into galactic clusters that were minuscule parts of the universe that extended far beyond what could be seen. These views "are remarkably close to the present-day views of the cosmos." In 1745,
1000:
Rotation curve of spiral galaxy
Messier 33 (yellow and blue points with error bars), and a predicted one from distribution of the visible matter (gray line). The discrepancy between the two curves can be accounted for by adding a dark matter halo surrounding the
2763:
Star formation rates in galaxies depend upon their local environment. Isolated 'void' galaxies have highest rate per stellar mass, with 'field' galaxies associated with spiral galaxies having lower rates and galaxies in dense cluster having the lowest rates.
1465:) which indicates the form of the spiral arms (in the same manner as the categorization of normal spiral galaxies). Bars are thought to be temporary structures that can occur as a result of a density wave radiating outward from the core, or else due to a
8392:
Bellocchi, E.; Pereira-Santaella, M.; Colina, L.; Labiano, A.; SĂĄnchez-GarcĂa, M.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Arribas, S.; GarcĂa-Burillo, S.; Villar-MartĂn, M.; Rigopoulou, D.; Valentino, F.; Puglisi, A.; DĂaz-Santos, T.; Cazzoli, S.; Usero, A. (August 2022).
5833:
1569:
Despite the prominence of large elliptical and spiral galaxies, most galaxies are dwarf galaxies. They are relatively small when compared with other galactic formations, being about one hundredth the size of the Milky Way, with only a few billion stars.
2642:
form. The creation of a supermassive black hole appears to play a key role in actively regulating the growth of galaxies by limiting the total amount of additional matter added. During this early epoch, galaxies undergo a major burst of star formation.
2316:-like hierarchical distribution of clustered structures, with the smallest such associations being termed groups. A group of galaxies is the most common type of galactic cluster; these formations contain the majority of galaxies (as well as most of the
6162:
McDonald, M.; McNamara, B. R.; Voit, G. M.; Bayliss, M.; Benson, B. A.; Brodwin, M.; Canning, R. E. A.; Florian, M. K.; Garmire, G. P.; Gaspari, M.; Gladders, M. D.; Hlavacek-Larrondo, J.; Kara, E.; Reichardt, C. L.; Russell, H. R. (November 1, 2019).
1311:
smaller companion galaxyâthat as the two galaxy centers approach, they start to oscillate around a center point, and the oscillation creates gravitational ripples forming the shells of stars, similar to ripples spreading on water. For example, galaxy
388:, began resolving them into huge conglomerations of stars, but based simply on the apparent faintness and sheer population of stars, the true distances of these objects placed them well beyond the Milky Way. For this reason they were popularly called
2622:
Once stars begin to form, emit radiation, and in some cases explode, the process of galaxy formation becomes very complex, involving interactions between the forces of gravity, radiation, and thermal energy. Many details are still poorly understood.
8119:
BogdĂĄn, Ăkos; Goulding, Andy D.; Natarajan, Priyamvada; KovĂĄcs, Orsolya E.; Tremblay, Grant R.; Chadayammuri, Urmila; Volonteri, Marta; Kraft, Ralph P.; Forman, William R.; Jones, Christine; Churazov, Eugene; Zhuravleva, Irina (January 2024).
2187:
Variations of this method exist. In particular, in the ESO-Uppsala
Catalogue of Galaxies values of 50%, 70%, and 90% of the total blue light (the light detected through a B-band specific filter) had been used to calculate a galaxy's diameter.
1476:, is a large disk-shaped barred-spiral galaxy about 30 kiloparsecs in diameter and a kiloparsec thick. It contains about two hundred billion (2Ă10) stars and has a total mass of about six hundred billion (6Ă10) times the mass of the Sun.
5148:
2164:
in 1948. The choice of using 50% was arbitrary, but proved to be useful in further works by R. A. Fish in 1963, where he established a luminosity concentration law that relates the brightnesses of elliptical galaxies and their respective
1581:
Many dwarf galaxies may orbit a single larger galaxy; the Milky Way has at least a dozen such satellites, with an estimated 300â500 yet to be discovered. Most of the information we have about dwarf galaxies come from observations of the
1716:
that interact powerfully with the surrounding gas. These outbursts trigger a chain reaction of star-building that spreads throughout the gaseous region. Only when the available gas is nearly consumed or dispersed does the activity end.
1233:
that are orbiting the common center of gravity in random directions. The stars contain low abundances of heavy elements because star formation ceases after the initial burst. In this sense they have some similarity to the much smaller
1270:. First described in 1964 by a paper by Thomas A. Matthews and others, they are a subtype of the more general class of D galaxies, which are giant elliptical galaxies, except that they are much larger. They are popularly known as the
9088:
Graham, Alister W.; Driver, Simon P.; Petrosian, Vahe; Conselice, Christopher J.; Bershady, Matthew A.; Crawford, Steven M.; Goto, Tomotsugu (2005). "Total Galaxy
Magnitudes and Effective Radii from Petrosian Magnitudes and Radii".
1896:
through a telescope, a
Seyfert galaxy appears like an ordinary galaxy with a bright star superimposed atop the core. Seyfert galaxies are divided into two principal subtypes based on the frequencies observed in their spectra.
2207:
Petrosian magnitudes have the advantage of being redshift and distance independent, allowing the measurement of the galaxy's apparent size since the
Petrosian radius is defined in terms of the galaxy's overall luminous flux.
1840:
Some observable galaxies are classified as "active" if they contain an active galactic nucleus (AGN). A significant portion of the galaxy's total energy output is emitted by the active nucleus instead of its stars, dust and
566:(965â1037) made the first attempt at observing and measuring the Milky Way's parallax, and he thus "determined that because the Milky Way had no parallax, it must be remote from the Earth, not belonging to the atmosphere."
6106:
This idea was entertained in the heyday of the cooling-flow problem, when we observed large amounts of X-ray-emitting, hot gas in clusters but could not measure temperature profiles. This possibility is now regarded as a
1021:
gas; and in 1951 it was observed. This radiation is not affected by dust absorption, and so its
Doppler shift can be used to map the motion of the gas in this galaxy. These observations led to the hypothesis of a rotating
3154:
2017:
are curves in a diagram - such as a picture of a galaxy - that adjoins points of equal brightnesses, and are useful in defining the extent of the galaxy. The apparent brightness flux of a galaxy is measured in units of
1504:
has a ring-like structure of stars and interstellar medium surrounding a bare core. A ring galaxy is thought to occur when a smaller galaxy passes through the core of a spiral galaxy. Such an event may have affected the
524:(384â322 BCE), however, believed the Milky Way was caused by "the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars that were large, numerous and close together" and that the "ignition takes place in the upper part of the
314:
and thus become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realises she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way.
2582:(JWST) was later corrected to be closer to z ~ 5. Nevertheless, confirmed observations from the JWST and other observatories are accumulating, allowing systematic comparison of early galaxies to predictions of theory.
1872:
of matter as it falls toward the black hole from the disc. The AGN's luminosity depends on the SMBH's mass and the rate at which matter falls onto it. In about 10% of these galaxies, a diametrically opposed pair of
1807:. Giant radio galaxies are different from ordinary radio galaxies in that they can extend to much larger scales, reaching upwards to several megaparsecs across, far larger than the diameters of their host galaxies.
1392:
that has prominent and well-defined spiral arms. The speed in which a galaxy rotates is thought to correlate with the flatness of the disc as some spiral galaxies have thick bulges, while others are thin and dense.
2768:
will be unaffected. However, gravitational stripping of the interstellar gas and dust that makes up the spiral arms produces a long train of stars known as tidal tails. Examples of these formations can be seen in
1853:. Models of AGNs suggest that a significant fraction of their light is shifted to far-infrared frequencies because optical and UV emission in the nucleus is absorbed and remitted by dust and gas surrounding it.
2585:
Evidence for individual
Population III stars in early galaxies is even more challenging. Even seemingly confirmed spectroscopic evidence may turn out to have other origins. For example, astronomers reported
1448:
galaxy, have a linear, bar-shaped band of stars that extends outward to either side of the core, then merges into the spiral arm structure. In the Hubble classification scheme, these are designated by an
1814:
from relativistic electrons accelerated by supernova. These sources are comparatively short lived, making the radio spectrum from normal radio galaxies an especially good way to study star formation.
3381:
Graham, Alister W.; GuzmĂĄn, Rafael (2003). "HST Photometry of Dwarf
Elliptical Galaxies in Coma, and an Explanation for the Alleged Structural Dichotomy between Dwarf and Bright Elliptical Galaxies".
1522:
is an intermediate form that has properties of both elliptical and spiral galaxies. These are categorized as Hubble type S0, and they possess ill-defined spiral arms with an elliptical halo of stars (
1414:, a pattern that can be theoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars. Like the stars, the spiral arms rotate around the center, but they do so with constant
2160:) is a measure that is based on the galaxy's overall brightness flux. This is the radius upon which half, or 50%, of the total brightness flux of the galaxy was emitted. This was first proposed by
1997:
in 1936, there have been attempts to characterize the diameters of galaxies. The earliest efforts were based on the observed angle subtended by the galaxy and its estimated distance, leading to an
188:) and are separated by distances in the order of millions of parsecs (or megaparsecs). For comparison, the Milky Way has a diameter of at least 26,800 parsecs (87,400 ly) and is separated from the
1217:
The Hubble classification system rates elliptical galaxies on the basis of their ellipticity, ranging from E0, being nearly spherical, up to E7, which is highly elongated. These galaxies have an
10604:
384:, and were just thought of as a part of the Milky Way, but their true composition and natures remained a mystery. Observations using larger telescopes of a few nearby bright galaxies, like the
11401:
Kruijssen, J M Diederik; Pfeffer, Joel L; Chevance, MĂ©lanie; Bonaca, Ana; Trujillo-Gomez, Sebastian; Bastian, Nate; Reina-Campos, Marta; Crain, Robert A; Hughes, Meghan E (October 2020).
1049:
yielded improved observations. Among other things, its data helped establish that the missing dark matter in this galaxy could not consist solely of inherently faint and small stars. The
3489:
2331:
Clusters of galaxies consist of hundreds to thousands of galaxies bound together by gravity. Clusters of galaxies are often dominated by a single giant elliptical galaxy, known as the
9256:
Argudo-FernĂĄndez, M.; Verley, S.; Bergond, G.; Duarte
Puertas, S.; Ramos Carmona, E.; Sabater, J.; FernĂĄndez Lorenzo, M.; Espada, D.; Sulentic, J.; Ruiz, J. E.; Leon, S. (June 2015).
3675:; Fliri, JĂŒrgen; Valls-Gabaud, David (2012). "Cepheid Period-Luminosity Relations in the Near-Infrared and the Distance to M31 from the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3".
1704:
Starburst galaxies are characterized by dusty concentrations of gas and the appearance of newly formed stars, including massive stars that ionize the surrounding clouds to create
11457:
7265:
1554:
formed by different means. One candidate explanation for the low luminosity is that the galaxy lost its star-forming gas at an early stage, resulting in old stellar populations.
664:
led to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diameter approximately 70 kiloparsecs and the Sun far from the centre. Both analyses failed to take into account the
1660:, where the more massive larger galaxy remains relatively undisturbed, and the smaller one is torn apart. The Milky Way galaxy is currently in the process of cannibalizing the
8669:
2658:
throughout its life. This matter is mostly hydrogen and helium. The cycle of stellar birth and death slowly increases the abundance of heavy elements, eventually allowing the
1349:. Though the stars and other visible material contained in such a galaxy lie mostly on a plane, the majority of mass in spiral galaxies exists in a roughly spherical halo of
8932:
Burgarella, D.; Buat, V.; Donas, J.; Milliard, B.; Chapelon, S. (2001). "The ultraviolet visibility and quantitative morphology of galactic disks at low and high redshift".
3650:
1538:
Irr-II galaxies do not possess any structure that resembles a Hubble classification, and may have been disrupted. Nearby examples of (dwarf) irregular galaxies include the
3182:. A 2018 study suggested that there is a presence of disk stars beyond this diameter, although it is not clear how much of this influences the surface brightness profile.
8731:
1180:
Galaxies come in three main types: ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars. A slightly more extensive description of galaxy types based on their appearance is given by the
7830:
10986:
811:, indicating that they are moving at a rate exceeding the velocity of the stars he had measured. He found that the majority of these nebulae are moving away from us.
5709:
1038:
and that predicted by the visible mass of stars and gas. Today, the galaxy rotation problem is thought to be explained by the presence of large quantities of unseen
716:
made the earliest recorded identification of the
Andromeda Galaxy, describing it as a "small cloud". In 964, he probably mentioned the Large Magellanic Cloud in his
2309:. About 70â80% of a cluster's mass is in the form of dark matter, with 10â30% consisting of this heated gas and the remaining few percent in the form of galaxies.
8267:
Ho, Luis C.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Sargent, Wallace L. W. (1997). "A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. V. Demographics of Nuclear Activity in Nearby Galaxies".
2320:
mass) in the universe. To remain gravitationally bound to such a group, each member galaxy must have a sufficiently low velocity to prevent it from escaping (see
10106:
8700:
5462:
4855:
1221:
profile, giving them an elliptical appearance regardless of the viewing angle. Their appearance shows little structure and they typically have relatively little
7598:
4265:
The Sidereal Messenger of Galileo Galilei: and a part of the preface to Kepler's Dioptrics containing the original account of Galileo's astronomical discoveries
883:, thus allowing him to estimate the distance to the nebulae: they were far too distant to be part of the Milky Way. In 1926 Hubble produced a classification of
2539:
of gas aggregate forming rotating disks, temperatures and pressures continue to increase. Some places within the disk reach high enough density to form stars.
1942:
emits radio frequencies from relativistic jets. A unified model of these types of active galaxies explains their differences based on the observer's position.
8232:
5578:
3938:
1356:
Spiral galaxies consist of a rotating disk of stars and interstellar medium, along with a central bulge of generally older stars. Extending outward from the
11148:
11103:
3547:
1776:
Radio galaxies can also be classified as giant radio galaxies (GRGs), whose radio emissions can extend to scales of megaparsecs (3.26 million light-years).
2511:. Nearly all the hydrogen was neutral (non-ionized) and readily absorbed light, and no stars had yet formed. As a result, this period has been called the "
1283:, where the heated gases in clusters collapses towards their centers as they cool, forming stars in the process, a phenomenon observed in clusters such as
766:
correctly speculated that the Milky Way was a flattened disk of stars, and that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate Milky Ways.
13063:
1773:
class are higher radio luminosity. The correlation of radio luminosity and structure suggests that the sources in these two types of galaxies may differ.
5175:
5048:
3228:
2357:, galaxies are arranged into sheets and filaments surrounding vast empty voids. Above this scale, the universe appears to be the same in all directions (
792:
containing the 109 brightest celestial objects having nebulous appearance. Subsequently, William Herschel assembled a catalog of 5,000 nebulae. In 1845,
1184:. Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type (shape), it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as
656:
in 1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diameter about 15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with the Sun close to the center. A different method by
625:
but on a much larger scale, and that the resulting disk of stars could be seen as a band on the sky from a perspective inside it. In his 1755 treatise,
10593:
1757:
is a galaxy with giant regions of radio emission extending well beyond its visible structure. These energetic radio lobes are powered by jets from its
12357:
7455:
Kennicutt, Robert C. Jr.; et al. (2005). "Demographics and Host Galaxies of Starbursts". In De Grijs, Richard; GonzĂĄlez Delgado, Rosa M. (eds.).
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6017:
5278:
2365:), though this notion has been challenged in recent years by numerous findings of large-scale structures that appear to be exceeding this scale. The
467:
7891:
4362:
871:
gave a distance determination that supported the theory that the Andromeda Nebula is indeed a distant extra-galactic object. Using the new 100-inch
9938:
HorvĂĄth, IstvĂĄn; Bagoly, Zsolt; Hakkila, Jon; TĂłth, L. Viktor (2015). "New data support the existence of the HerculesâCorona Borealis Great Wall".
4191:
Livingston, John W. (1971). "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation".
482:, also known as LEDA). All the well-known galaxies appear in one or more of these catalogues but each time under a different number. For example,
12026:
11682:
9549:
2301:
On the largest scale, the universe is continually expanding, resulting in an average increase in the separation between individual galaxies (see
807:
made spectrographic studies of the brightest spiral nebulae to determine their composition. Slipher discovered that the spiral nebulae have high
11269:
7388:
12139:
6687:
5818:
4294:
1254:
is dominated by this cD elliptical galaxy designated Abell 1413 BCG. It has an isophotal diameter of over 800,000 light-years across. Note the
10773:"Evidence for POPIII-like Stellar Populations in the Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters at the Epoch of Re-ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation"
9426:
9373:
5542:
3479:
586:
1138) proposed that it was composed of many stars that almost touched one another, and appeared to be a continuous image due to the effect of
13110:
7509:
6842:
6711:
5507:
5119:
4524:
3129:
1199:
Many galaxies are thought to contain a supermassive black hole at their center. This includes the Milky Way, whose core region is called the
6324:
5065:
9553:
6749:
4753:
3802:
845:. He became a proponent of the so-called "island universes" hypothesis, which holds that spiral nebulae are actually independent galaxies.
11735:
12760:
12380:
the stars are not infinitely dispersed and distributed in a promiscuous manner throughout all the mundane space, without order or design,
10927:
10462:
10336:
9858:
8461:
8193:
7726:
7540:
7429:
7366:
7138:
6903:
5328:
5205:
4893:
4639:
4487:
1950:
7323:
7255:
3728:
11641:
11447:
7630:
4897:
4399:
1720:
Starbursts are often associated with merging or interacting galaxies. The prototype example of such a starburst-forming interaction is
1469:
with another galaxy. Many barred spiral galaxies are active, possibly as a result of gas being channeled into the core along the arms.
7840:
6869:
5847:
1586:, containing two spiral galaxies, the Milky Way and Andromeda, and many dwarf galaxies. These dwarf galaxies are classified as either
11705:
6953:
3878:
10955:
7433:
13291:
9613:
4193:
2850:, all stars will either fall into central supermassive black holes or be flung into intergalactic space as a result of collisions.
6417:
3456:
841:
fainter than those that occurred within this galaxy. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000
10520:
9576:
5124:
4459:
Giving Some Accounts of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World
4299:
4161:
3642:
3447:
2366:
2212:
559:
551:(situated between Earth and the Moon) it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have
10332:
7865:
3916:
1919:, roughly 13.2 billion light-years distant. Quasars are noteworthy for providing the first demonstration of the phenomenon that
10830:
Bowler, R. A. A.; McLure, R. J.; Dunlop, J. S.; McLeod, D. J.; Stanway, E. R.; Eldridge, J. J.; Jarvis, M. J. (April 5, 2017).
8007:
648:
in 1785 by counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the galaxy with
6232:
5250:
1810:
A "normal" radio galaxy do not have a source that is a supermassive black hole or monster neutron star; instead the source is
1780:
is an FR II class low-excitation radio galaxy which has the largest observed radio emission, with lobed structures spanning 5
12343:
12300:
12264:
12236:
12192:
12147:
12110:
12082:
12034:
11997:
11956:
11935:
11899:
11860:
11824:
11780:
11613:
10891:
8328:
7940:
7614:
7577:
7484:
5987:
5576:
Kraan-Korteweg, R. C.; Juraszek, S. (2000). "Mapping the hidden Universe: The galaxy distribution in the Zone of Avoidance".
5103:
4679:
4432:
4421:
4015:
3836:
591:
12306:
12270:
12198:
12161:
12116:
12040:
12003:
11962:
11874:
11830:
11786:
10994:
4685:
4021:
3871:
1384:
galaxy has open, well-defined arms and a small core region. A galaxy with poorly defined arms is sometimes referred to as a
9644:
7788:"Candidate Type II Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Selection and Optical Properties of a Sample at 0.3< Z"
7762:
5861:
5162:
4601:
4059:
9893:
Mandolesi, Nazzareno; et al. (1986). "Large-scale homogeneity of the Universe measured by the microwave background".
9741:
7199:
Phillipps, S.; Drinkwater, M. J.; Gregg, M. D.; Jones, J. B. (2001). "Ultracompact Dwarf Galaxies in the Fornax Cluster".
6930:
6899:
5698:
12493:
11645:
11587:
11540:
Kennicutt, Robert C. Jr.; Tamblyn, Peter; Congdon, Charles E. (1994). "Past and future star formation in disk galaxies".
11072:
9586:
7505:
6320:
4054:
2354:
1661:
1485:
mid-infrared light. They are thought to have an increased star formation rate around 30 times faster than the Milky Way.
1140:
884:
471:
232:
9764:
2483:
1845:. There are multiple classification and naming schemes for AGNs, but those in the lower ranges of luminosity are called
1053:, an extremely long exposure of a relatively empty part of the sky, provided evidence that there are about 125 billion (
13352:
13176:
13095:
9153:
8741:
8710:
8679:
6683:
6625:
5129:
4578:
3948:
3452:
793:
10310:
9834:
8030:
KovaÄeviÄ, Andjelka B; Yi, Tignfeng; Dai, Xinyu; Yang, Xing; ÄvoroviÄ-Hajdinjak, Iva; PopoviÄ, Luka Ä (May 21, 2020).
3356:
8322:
PĂ©rez-Torres, Miguel; Mattila, Seppo; Alonso-Herrero, Almudena; Aalto, Susanne; Efstathiou, Andreas (December 2021).
8098:
7358:
5932:
5246:
3969:
2929:
2370:
1762:
1380:
galaxy has tightly wound, poorly defined arms and possesses a relatively large core region. At the other extreme, an
954:
absorb a number of useful portions of the infrared spectrum, so high-altitude or space-based telescopes are used for
574:(973â1048) proposed the Milky Way galaxy was "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars."
520:(450â370 BCE) proposed that the bright band on the night sky known as the Milky Way might consist of distant stars.
281:
12476:
12439:
12066:
9179:
8736:
8705:
8674:
3943:
2847:
11016:
Noguchi, Masafumi (1999). "Early Evolution of Disk Galaxies: Formation of Bulges in Clumpy Young Galactic Disks".
9174:
7957:
1073:(the region of sky blocked at visible-light wavelengths by the Milky Way) have revealed a number of new galaxies.
879:
was able to resolve the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars and identified some
7076:; Conroy, Charlie (January 2015). "Forty-Seven Milky Way-Sized, Extremely Diffuse Galaxies in the Coma Cluster".
5158:
4823:
2800:
2748:
image shows (from left) fully mature galaxies, nearly mature galaxies (from five to nine billion years ago), and
1605:, regardless of whether it has thousands or millions of stars. This suggests that galaxies are largely formed by
1601:
A study of 27 Milky Way neighbors found that in all dwarf galaxies, the central mass is approximately 10 million
479:
12434:
11138:
9427:"Isolated galaxies in hierarchical galaxy formation models â present-day properties and environmental histories"
1849:, while those with luminosities much greater than that of the host galaxy are known as quasi-stellar objects or
13565:
13181:
9581:
6468:
3114:
2473:
2342:
2260:
1645:
594:
of Jupiter and Mars as evidence of this occurring when two objects were near. In the 14th century, Syrian-born
5843:
5183:
2353:
contain tens of thousands of galaxies, which are found in clusters, groups and sometimes individually. At the
1961:
stars, AGN, and shocks. Approximately one-third of nearby galaxies are classified as containing LINER nuclei.
13357:
12908:
10306:
9830:
6840:
Gerber, R. A.; Lamb, S. A.; Balsara, D. S. (1994). "Ring Galaxy Evolution as a Function of "Intruder" Mass".
3236:
3144:
2512:
1799:
A giant radio galaxy is a special class of objects characterized by the presence of radio lobes generated by
598:
proposed the Milky Way galaxy was "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars."
1657:
13415:
13284:
11231:
10832:"No evidence for Population III stars or a direct collapse black hole in the z = 6.6 Lyman α emitter 'CR7'"
8089:
7662:
3583:
3512:
2013:
is introduced as a conventional way of measuring a galaxy's size based on its apparent surface brightness.
11403:"Kraken reveals itself â the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations"
10362:
Firmani, C.; Avila-Reese, Vladimir (2003). "Physical processes behind the morphological Hubble sequence".
10040:
Balazs, L. G.; Bagoly, Zsolt; Hakkila, Jon E.; HorvĂĄth, I.; Kobori, J.; Racz, I.; TĂłth, Laszlo V. (2015).
7288:
7043:
996:
13364:
13332:
13078:
9940:
9262:
9063:
8934:
8642:
8399:
8240:
7903:
7667:
6509:
6013:"On the formation of cD galaxies and their parent clusters: Formation of cD galaxies and parent clusters"
5364:
4370:
4122:. Vol. 9664, Ninth International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics.
3831:
3588:
10457:
9145:
8188:
7721:
609:
to study it and discovered it was composed of a huge number of faint stars. In 1750, English astronomer
243:. Both the Local Group and the Virgo Supercluster are contained in a much larger cosmic structure named
13482:
13196:
13151:
13018:
12959:
12855:
12548:
12543:
12516:
12423:
12353:
12256:
12184:
12102:
11989:
10990:
10959:
7932:
7606:
7569:
6963:
5362:
LĂłpez-Corredoira, M.; et al. (2001). "Searching for the in-plane Galactic bar and ring in DENIS".
5095:
3025:
2579:
2268:
1497:
are galactic formations that develop unusual properties due to tidal interactions with other galaxies.
1389:
763:
644:
The first project to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun was undertaken by
610:
12797:
4453:
4263:
2432:). By comparison, the Earth's magnetic field has an average strength of about 0.3 G (Gauss) or 30 ÎŒT (
289:
168:. The Milky Way is an example of a spiral galaxy. It is estimated that there are between 200 billion (
12877:
12575:
11672:
11542:
11402:
11176:
11018:
10777:
10168:
9769:
9676:
9544:
9018:
8879:
8324:"Star formation and nuclear activity in luminous infrared galaxies: an infrared through radio review"
8269:
7201:
6983:
6777:
6364:
6169:
6165:"Anatomy of a Cooling Flow: The Feedback Response to Pure Cooling in the Core of the Phoenix Cluster"
6062:
5897:
5737:
5641:
5210:
4972:
4928:
4462:. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Vol. 75. London. pp. 213â266.
4304:
4232:
3555:
2744:
2725:(2012) view: Each light speck is a galaxy, some of which are as old as 13.2 billion years â the
2721:
2690:
2673:
2508:
1742:
1353:
which extends beyond the visible component, as demonstrated by the universal rotation curve concept.
1078:
823:
475:
13100:
11281:
11102:
Gonzalez, Guillermo (1998). Rebolo, Rafael; Martin, Eduardo L.; Osorio, Maria Rosa Zapatero (eds.).
8032:"Confirmed short periodic variability of subparsec supermassive binary black hole candidate Mrk 231"
7400:
6679:
5808:
4308:
4107:"Popularisation of optical phenomena: Establishing the first Ibn Al-Haytham workshop on photography"
2779:
The Milky Way galaxy and the nearby Andromeda Galaxy are moving toward each other at about 130
1535:
An Irr-I galaxy has some structure but does not align cleanly with the Hubble classification scheme.
1360:
are relatively bright arms. In the Hubble classification scheme, spiral galaxies are listed as type
13161:
13073:
13068:
12974:
12870:
12828:
12538:
12511:
12450:"A Flight Through the Universe, by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey" â animated video from Berkeley Lab
12335:
9648:
9617:
9211:
9091:
9059:
8802:
7792:
7133:
6709:
Bell, G. R.; Levine, S. E. (1997). "Mass of the Milky Way and Dwarf Spheroidal Stream Membership".
5554:
4707:
4166:
4156:
3974:
3582:
LĂłpez-Corredoira, M.; Allende Prieto, C.; GarzĂłn, F.; Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Deng, L. (April 9, 2018).
3383:
3139:
3134:
2332:
2197:
2023:
1970:
1868:(SMBH) at the galaxy's core region. The radiation from an active galactic nucleus results from the
1665:
1523:
1385:
1376:) which indicates the degree of tightness of the spiral arms and the size of the central bulge. An
1263:
1088:
1069:) allows detection of other galaxies that are not detected by Hubble. Particularly, surveys in the
1062:
928:
872:
857:
617:, correctly speculated that it might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars held together by
537:
491:
415:
126:
8762:
5519:
5133:
2196:
First described by Vahe Petrosian in 1976, a modified version of this method has been used by the
2161:
435:
13277:
13156:
13141:
13120:
13088:
12747:
12735:
12730:
12644:
12609:
12580:
12570:
10772:
10407:
8766:
6979:"The Stellar Populations of Two Ultra-diffuse Galaxies from Optical and Near-infrared Photometry"
6934:
5959:
5892:
5336:
5043:
4366:
3732:
2631:
2201:
1958:
1865:
1857:
1823:
1804:
1758:
1595:
1591:
1136:
1006:
896:
747:
146:
24:
9674:
Girardi, Marisa; Giuricin, G. (2000). "The Observational Mass Function of Loose Galaxy Groups".
6739:
6507:
Bournaud, F.; Combes, F. (2002). "Gas accretion on spiral galaxies: Bar formation and renewal".
6359:
6057:
1915:, is about 581 million light-years from Earth, while others have been discovered as far away as
1792:, with lobes 15 million light-years across. It should however be noted that radio emissions are
601:
Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when the Italian astronomer
12659:
12558:
11709:
9856:
Bahcall, Neta A. (1988). "Large-scale structure in the Universe indicated by galaxy clusters".
9539:
8602:
7634:
7327:
6466:
Eskridge, P. B.; Frogel, J. A. (1999). "What is the True Fraction of Barred Spiral Galaxies?".
4624:
3009:
2610:
2598:
galaxy, with a redshift value of 6.60. Subsequent observations found metallic emission lines, O
2058:
1229:
and a reduced rate of new star formation. Instead, they are dominated by generally older, more
1132:
1092:
1046:
939:
726:
of about 70° south it was not visible where he lived. It was not well known to Europeans until
705:
701:
677:
665:
595:
153:
9612:
Pompei, Emanuela; Dahlem, Michael; Iovino, Angela (November 24, 2006). Dahlem, Michael (ed.).
9258:"Catalogues of isolated galaxies, isolated pairs, and isolated triplets in the local Universe"
9150:
Comparison of GALWORKS and IRAF's STSDAS Photometry in a Polar Field, WISE Science Data Center
8591:
7563:
5340:
5219:
4901:
4457:
1644:
Interactions between galaxies are relatively frequent, and they can play an important role in
13469:
13342:
13221:
13186:
13083:
12785:
11649:
10887:
9737:
8839:
8122:"Evidence for heavy-seed origin of early supermassive black holes from a z â 10 X-ray quasar"
8017:
7861:
7772:
7536:
7331:
6873:
6228:
4597:
4574:
3794:
3736:
3360:
3099:
2413:
2393:
2243:
The standard aperture ellipse (area of detection) is defined by the infrared isophote at the
2172:
2019:
1946:
1811:
1697:. Some galaxies have been observed to form stars at an exceptional rate, which is known as a
1506:
1396:
1084:
1035:
838:
713:
459:
404:
244:
10485:
9963:
9871:
9425:
Hirschmann, Michaela; De Lucia, Gabriella; Iovino, Angela; Cucciati, Olga (August 1, 2013).
9285:
8957:
8655:
8474:
8422:
8351:
8253:
8031:
7739:
7690:
7638:
7161:
6877:
6648:
6532:
6477:
5387:
4749:"The M51 mystery: Lord Rosse, Robinson, South and the discovery of spiral structure in 1845"
4427:
3611:
3259:
318:
In the astronomical literature, the capitalised word "Galaxy" is often used to refer to the
13446:
13216:
13166:
13001:
12913:
12649:
12533:
12469:
12286:
12060:
11601:
11551:
11504:
11367:
11324:
11242:
11195:
11116:
11076:
11037:
10796:
10719:
10652:
10547:
10481:
10427:
10383:
10274:
10220:
10177:
10125:
10101:
10065:
10012:
9959:
9904:
9867:
9788:
9695:
9511:
9450:
9338:
9281:
9220:
9110:
9027:
8994:
8953:
8898:
8855:
8811:
8778:
8651:
8638:"Standard photometric diameters of galaxies. II - Reduction of the ESO, UGC, MCG catalogue"
8554:
8470:
8418:
8347:
8288:
8249:
8145:
7972:
7926:
7735:
7686:
7464:
7460:
7362:
7220:
7157:
7095:
7002:
6851:
6796:
6720:
6644:
6587:
6528:
6473:
6383:
6279:
6188:
6134:
6081:
5967:
5906:
5865:
5756:
5660:
5597:
5471:
5427:
5383:
5297:
5057:
5021:
4981:
4937:
4864:
4828:
4800:
4762:
4533:
4123:
3694:
3607:
3564:
3402:
3313:
3109:
2461:
2295:
1869:
1781:
1578:. Ultra-compact dwarf galaxies have been discovered that are only 100 parsecs across.
1404:
1328:
1174:
1023:
923:
Advances in astronomy have always been driven by technology. After centuries of success in
12384:... this phĂŠnomenon no other than a certain effect arising from the observer's situation,
11713:
7501:
2236:
detail of the method used by 2MASS has been described thoroughly in a document by Jarrett
8:
13544:
13400:
12979:
12887:
12818:
12725:
12710:
12585:
11237:
10963:
10933:
9315:
Karachentsev, I. D.; Makarov, D. I.; Karachentseva, V. E.; Melnyk, O. V. (January 2011).
7425:
5422:
4716:
4290:
4152:
4118:
3149:
3048:
2726:
2659:
2651:
2571:
2567:
2520:
2284:
1842:
1532:
are galaxies that can not be readily classified into an elliptical or spiral morphology.
1419:
1222:
762:'s view that the bright spots were massive and flattened due to their rotation. In 1750,
718:
196:
177:
81:
12227:. Saas-Fee Advanced Course, Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy. Vol. 23.
11605:
11555:
11508:
11371:
11328:
11246:
11199:
11120:
11041:
10800:
10748:
10723:
10695:
10656:
10551:
10493:
10431:
10387:
10278:
10224:
10181:
10129:
10069:
10016:
9908:
9879:
9792:
9699:
9621:
9515:
9454:
9342:
9224:
9114:
9031:
8998:
8988:
8902:
8874:
8859:
8843:
8815:
8782:
8637:
8558:
8453:
8292:
8206:
8149:
7976:
7747:
7468:
7224:
7099:
7006:
6855:
6800:
6724:
6591:
6387:
6316:
6283:
6256:"Kinematic constraints on the stellar and dark matter content of spiral and S0 galaxies"
6192:
6138:
6085:
5971:
5910:
5760:
5664:
5601:
5475:
5431:
5302:
5061:
5025:
4985:
4941:
4868:
4832:
4804:
4766:
4537:
4127:
3698:
3568:
3406:
3317:
938:
present in the interstellar medium is opaque to visual light. It is more transparent to
13532:
13520:
13405:
13211:
13206:
13191:
13146:
13115:
12986:
12823:
12775:
12765:
12328:
11591:
11522:
11494:
11452:
11416:
11340:
11314:
11185:
11053:
11027:
10845:
10812:
10786:
10709:
10642:
10599:
10563:
10537:
10471:
10417:
10373:
10141:
10115:
10083:
10055:
10002:
9975:
9949:
9920:
9804:
9778:
9711:
9685:
9501:
9440:
9387:
9374:"Star formation rates in isolated galaxies selected from the Two-Micron All-Sky Survey"
9328:
9271:
9238:
9126:
9100:
8969:
8943:
8914:
8888:
8572:
8544:
8408:
8371:
8337:
8323:
8304:
8278:
8169:
8135:
8045:
7996:
7801:
7676:
7236:
7210:
7181:
7147:
7085:
7049:
6992:
6822:
6786:
6660:
6634:
6605:
6577:
6564:"Circumnuclear regions in barred spiral galaxies â II. Relations to host galaxies"
6544:
6518:
6489:
6373:
6297:
6269:
6178:
6071:
6026:
5993:
5790:
5746:
5704:
5678:
5650:
5613:
5587:
5489:
5399:
5373:
5287:
4846:
4729:
4479:
4210:
3776:
3710:
3684:
3623:
3597:
3484:
3418:
3392:
3303:
3062:
2591:
2555:
2385:
2126:
2104:
2084:
2064:
1920:
1777:
1769:
class have lower radio luminosity and exhibit structures which are more elongated; the
1627:
1571:
1411:
1255:
955:
815:
738:
727:
294:) 'milky (circle)', named after its appearance as a milky band of light in the sky. In
228:
11336:
11254:
10808:
10571:
10559:
8875:"The Asymmetry of Galaxies: Physical Morphology for Nearby and High-Redshift Galaxies"
7532:
7107:
6809:
6772:
6427:
5439:
4774:
4748:
3706:
3442:
2605:
13560:
13252:
13244:
13226:
13201:
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12892:
12882:
12865:
12626:
12592:
12553:
12506:
12339:
12296:
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12232:
12188:
12153:
12143:
12106:
12078:
12030:
11993:
11952:
11931:
11905:
11895:
11866:
11856:
11820:
11776:
11619:
11609:
11517:
11480:
11383:
11344:
11211:
11170:
Rojas, Randall R.; Vogeley, Michael S.; Hoyle, Fiona; Brinkmann, Jon (May 10, 2005).
10865:
10753:
10735:
10676:
10668:
10628:
10567:
10497:
10340:
10238:
10087:
9895:
9590:
9524:
9487:
9468:
9407:
9354:
9316:
9297:
9242:
8918:
8576:
8486:
8434:
8375:
8363:
8210:
8173:
8161:
8121:
8065:
8000:
7988:
7967:. Active Galactic Nuclei at the Highest Angular Resolution: Theory and Observations.
7936:
7857:
7819:
7751:
7702:
7610:
7573:
7562:
Adams, David J.; et al. (2004). Jones, Mark H.; Lambourne, Robert J. A. (eds.).
7480:
7185:
7173:
7111:
7020:
6814:
6600:
6563:
6493:
6399:
6395:
6292:
6255:
6206:
6097:
6093:
6041:
6012:
5997:
5983:
5794:
5782:
5673:
5632:
5493:
5312:
5273:
5099:
4721:
4675:
4483:
4471:
4417:
4114:
Ninth International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics
4011:
3908:
3798:
3780:
3714:
3517:
3337:
3329:
3155:
Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
3119:
2953:
2905:
2773:
2635:
2595:
2457:
2441:
2244:
2147:
1874:
1800:
1713:
1637:
1539:
1519:
1357:
1230:
1212:
1158:
1070:
1050:
961:
The first non-visual study of galaxies, particularly active galaxies, was made using
943:
924:
759:
755:
730:'s voyage in the 16th century. The Andromeda Galaxy was later independently noted by
709:
606:
455:
443:
362:
157:
11526:
11171:
11057:
10816:
9979:
9715:
9130:
8394:
8308:
7787:
7240:
6826:
6664:
6609:
6548:
6301:
5682:
5617:
5403:
3627:
3422:
2312:
Most galaxies are gravitationally bound to a number of other galaxies. These form a
2220:
13496:
13379:
13337:
13256:
13058:
13033:
13013:
13008:
12996:
12850:
12671:
12604:
12070:
11559:
11512:
11426:
11375:
11358:
Buser, Roland (2000). "The Formation and Early Evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy".
11332:
11250:
11203:
11045:
10855:
10804:
10743:
10727:
10700:
10660:
10633:
10555:
10521:"In the beginning: the first sources of light and the reionization of the Universe"
10489:
10435:
10282:
10228:
10185:
10145:
10133:
10073:
10020:
9967:
9924:
9912:
9875:
9808:
9796:
9703:
9519:
9458:
9397:
9346:
9289:
9257:
9228:
9118:
9035:
8961:
8906:
8819:
8562:
8482:
8478:
8426:
8355:
8296:
8202:
8153:
8126:
8055:
7980:
7811:
7743:
7694:
7472:
7228:
7169:
7165:
7103:
7010:
6804:
6652:
6595:
6536:
6481:
6391:
6287:
6196:
6142:
6089:
6036:
5975:
5914:
5774:
5764:
5668:
5605:
5479:
5435:
5391:
5307:
5242:
4989:
4945:
4872:
4770:
4463:
4449:
4202:
4131:
3768:
3758:
3702:
3615:
3410:
3321:
3124:
3076:
2780:
2695:
2627:
2528:
2492:
2491:
Current models of the formation of galaxies in the early universe are based on the
2453:
2437:
2328:, however, the group may evolve into a smaller number of galaxies through mergers.
2120:
1935:
1911:
Their luminosity can be 100 times that of the Milky Way. The nearest known quasar,
1677:
1610:
1587:
1529:
1429:
1415:
1299:
1235:
1189:
913:
880:
830:
804:
797:
778:
697:
661:
645:
637:
529:
513:
447:
439:
411:
385:
331:
240:
224:
189:
165:
11921:
10439:
9971:
9293:
8973:
8430:
7698:
6224:
6056:
Bender, Ralf; Kormendy, John; Cornell, Mark E.; Fisher, David B. (June 30, 2015).
3826:
3619:
3260:"How many stars are in the universe? - Can we estimate the total number of stars?"
2542:
2362:
1682:
942:, which can be used to observe the interior regions of giant molecular clouds and
396:
implied the entirety of existence. Instead, they became known simply as galaxies.
13105:
13028:
12720:
12693:
12664:
12616:
12462:
12414:
12363:
12290:
12250:
12228:
12222:
12218:
12178:
12133:
12096:
12056:
12020:
11983:
11946:
11850:
11810:
11802:
11766:
11581:
11305:
11134:
10883:
10528:
10412:
9146:"Circular and Fixed Elliptical Apertures: The Petrosian and Isophotal Photometry"
8965:
7594:
7069:
6771:
Ogle, Patrick M.; Lanz, Lauranne; Nader, Cyril; Helou, George (January 1, 2016).
6656:
6540:
5395:
5087:
4665:
4436:
4259:
4255:
4228:
4005:
3882:
3808:
2810:
2388:, a large, extended structure of groups and clusters of galaxies centered on the
2302:
2264:
1832:
A jet of particles is being emitted from the core of the elliptical radio galaxy
1694:
1494:
1338:
1288:
1284:
1200:
1181:
1150:
1095:
images to estimate that the observable universe contained at least two trillion (
1066:
1027:
984:
962:
796:
examined the nebulae catalogued by Herschel and observed the spiral structure of
785:
653:
649:
602:
463:
451:
423:
295:
260:
236:
145:, with only a few percent of that mass visible in the form of stars and nebulae.
77:
11379:
9652:
9205:
Jarrett, T. H.; Chester, T.; Cutri, R.; Schneider, S. E.; Huchra, J. P. (2003).
7984:
5979:
5869:
4593:
2714:
2626:
Within a billion years of a galaxy's formation, key structures begin to appear.
13395:
12969:
12802:
12705:
12700:
12654:
12597:
11917:
11806:
10731:
10664:
10588:
10159:
9729:
8567:
8532:
8395:"Compact molecular gas emission in local LIRGs among low- and high- z galaxies"
8359:
8157:
7038:
7015:
6978:
6938:
6907:
6201:
6164:
5769:
5732:
2405:
2325:
2321:
1890:
1878:
1861:
1846:
1689:, a starburst galaxy that has ten times the star formation of a "normal" galaxy
1346:
1333:
1267:
1185:
1128:
1108:
974:
951:
849:
827:
789:
673:
657:
567:
563:
408:
268:
264:
208:
138:
130:
54:
12449:
12074:
11080:
10287:
10260:
9350:
6485:
6147:
6120:
4049:
3772:
3291:
3195:(Great Whirlpool) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64Ă10 miles (13.9Ă10 km).
2646:
During the following two billion years, the accumulated matter settles into a
2460:; and in nuclear starburst regions, such as the centers of NGC 1097 and other
1693:
Stars are created within galaxies from a reserve of cold gas that forms giant
376:. Most 18th- to 19th-century astronomers considered them as either unresolved
192:, its nearest large neighbour, by just over 750,000 parsecs (2.5 million ly).
13554:
13451:
13436:
13125:
12991:
12954:
12688:
12676:
12528:
12523:
12323:
12214:
12092:
11577:
11431:
11215:
10869:
10739:
10672:
10629:"Confirmation and refutation of very luminous galaxies in the early Universe"
10501:
9812:
9472:
9411:
9358:
9301:
8490:
8438:
8367:
8214:
8165:
8069:
7992:
7823:
7755:
7706:
7476:
7260:
7177:
7115:
7024:
6818:
6403:
6210:
6101:
5786:
5039:
4818:
4788:
4725:
4661:
4475:
4395:
3333:
2822:, begin to fade. At the end of the stellar age, galaxies will be composed of
2784:
2647:
2532:
2417:
2389:
1912:
1649:
1466:
1324:
1193:
1166:
1014:
808:
774:
626:
372:
161:
97:
51:
47:
12419:
12157:
11909:
11870:
11623:
10078:
10041:
9488:"Satellite abundances around bright isolated galaxies: Satellite abundances"
8060:
4923:
4570:
4409:
3286:
Strigari, Louis E.; Bullock, James S.; Kaplinghat, Manoj; Simon, Joshua D.;
1656:
of the galaxies is much more massive than the other, the result is known as
1246:
1061:) galaxies in the observable universe. Improved technology in detecting the
868:
754:-like objects were collections of stars with unique properties, including a
13508:
13410:
13347:
13327:
13322:
13023:
12964:
12949:
12780:
12565:
12246:
11846:
11387:
11172:"Spectroscopic Properties of Void Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey"
10860:
10831:
10757:
10680:
10265:
10242:
9463:
9402:
9255:
8084:
5009:
4963:
4467:
4268:. Translated by Carlos, Edward Stafford. London: Rivingtons. pp. 42â43
3543:
3364:
3341:
3090:
2839:
2823:
2655:
2559:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2350:
1994:
1957:
elements. The excitation sources for the weakly ionized lines include post-
1939:
1754:
1737:
1564:
1280:
1226:
1104:
980:
876:
853:
819:
731:
681:
622:
533:
419:
377:
311:
212:
204:
122:
118:
11481:"The star formation histories of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey"
10625:
10302:
9826:
4522:
Trimble, V. (1999). "Robert Trumpler and the (Non)transparency of Space".
3979:
3872:"Emblematics, Agriculture, and Mythography in The Origin of the Milky Way"
19:
This article is about the astronomical structure. For Earth's galaxy, see
13431:
13374:
13369:
13303:
13038:
12928:
12918:
12715:
12681:
12621:
12501:
11979:
11596:
11499:
11319:
11190:
11032:
10542:
10378:
10120:
9783:
9690:
9105:
8948:
8893:
8283:
7806:
7215:
7152:
6639:
6582:
6523:
5778:
5592:
5378:
5292:
3397:
3104:
2997:
2961:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2749:
2639:
2381:
2336:
1705:
1606:
1583:
1550:
1501:
1433:
1350:
1039:
935:
723:
669:
618:
487:
483:
427:
220:
142:
121:. Galaxies, averaging an estimated 100 million stars, range in size from
89:
85:
10025:
9994:
4733:
4711:
4106:
3581:
3325:
1145:
692:
A few galaxies outside the Milky Way are visible on a dark night to the
13441:
12923:
12860:
8873:
Conselice, Christopher J.; Bershady, Matthew A.; Jangren, Anna (2000).
8798:"Significance of a Luminosity Concentration Law in Elliptical Galaxies"
8391:
7292:
7073:
5893:"A Discussion of Galaxies Indentified [sic] with Radio Sources"
5453:
5417:
4136:
3672:
3287:
2843:
2753:
2609:
Different components of near-infrared background light detected by the
2516:
2374:
2306:
2211:
A critique of an earlier version of this method has been issued by the
2130:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2068:
1953:(LINERs). The emission from LINER-type galaxies is dominated by weakly
1833:
1785:
1746:
1728:. Irregular galaxies often exhibit spaced knots of starburst activity.
1725:
1721:
1686:
1632:
1602:
1251:
1031:
970:
965:. The Earth's atmosphere is nearly transparent to radio between 5
587:
575:
525:
517:
185:
58:
9993:
HorvĂĄth, IstvĂĄn; Bagoly, Zsolt; Hakkila, Jon; TĂłth, L. Viktor (2014).
9314:
8321:
4214:
2278:
1418:. The spiral arms are thought to be areas of high-density matter, or "
833:, was then known. Searching the photographic record, he found 11 more
547:â570 CE) was critical of this view, arguing that if the Milky Way was
347:
37:
12933:
11816:
11772:
11677:
11270:"The Mice (NGC 4676): Colliding Galaxies With Tails of Stars and Gas"
11143:
9916:
4671:
3264:
2819:
2806:
2563:
2551:
2535:, large scale gas clouds that were precursors to the first galaxies.
2445:
2078:
1709:
1640:
are undergoing a collision that will result in their eventual merger.
1473:
1445:
1410:
In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms do have the shape of approximate
1218:
1030:, hydrogen gas could also be traced in other galaxies. In the 1970s,
1010:
693:
571:
548:
521:
508:
454:. Astronomers work with numbers from certain catalogues, such as the
319:
273:
216:
114:
101:
20:
10987:"Caught in the act; forming galaxies captured in the young Universe"
10956:"Simulations Show How Growing Black Holes Regulate Galaxy Formation"
10233:
10206:
10042:"A giant ring-like structure at 0.78<z<0.86 displayed by GRBs"
7459:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 329. Dordrecht:
5609:
3761:(2014). "Earth's new address: 'Solar System, Milky Way, Laniakea'".
3584:"Disk stars in the Milky Way detected beyond 25 kpc from its center"
3513:"How many galaxies are in the Universe? A lot more than you'd think"
2531:
halos. These primordial structures allowed gasses to condense in to
1648:. Near misses between galaxies result in warping distortions due to
370:
Galaxies were initially discovered telescopically and were known as
322:
galaxy, to distinguish it from the other galaxies in the observable
11948:
A History of Physical Theories of Comets, from Aristotle to Whipple
11927:
11673:"Cosmic 'Murder Mystery' Solved: Galaxies Are 'Strangled to Death'"
11563:
11421:
11207:
11049:
10850:
10791:
10714:
10647:
10516:
10476:
10422:
10190:
10163:
10137:
10060:
10007:
9954:
9800:
9707:
9392:
9276:
9233:
9206:
9122:
9040:
9013:
8910:
8824:
8797:
8549:
8413:
8342:
8300:
8140:
8050:
7815:
7681:
7232:
6997:
6791:
6744:
6422:
6183:
5918:
5813:
5751:
5655:
5484:
5457:
4994:
4967:
4949:
4877:
4850:
4206:
4001:
3602:
3414:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2769:
2500:
2496:
2487:
Artist's impression of a protocluster forming in the early universe
2358:
2141:
2014:
1510:
1400:
1312:
1303:
1018:
947:
906:
579:
552:
323:
303:
43:
16:
Large gravitationally bound system of stars and interstellar matter
13269:
9506:
9445:
9372:
Melnyk, O.; Karachentseva, V.; Karachentsev, I. (August 1, 2015).
9333:
7090:
6378:
6274:
6076:
6031:
5891:
Matthews, Thomas A.; Morgan, William W.; Schmidt, Maarten (1964).
5809:"New Horizons spacecraft answers the question: How dark is space?"
4500:
Herschel's diagram of the galaxy appears immediately after p. 266.
3689:
3308:
2294:
Deep-sky surveys show that galaxies are often found in groups and
1425:
977:
have been used to map the active jets emitted from active nuclei.
927:, recent decades have seen major progress in other regions of the
632:
203:
per cubic metre. Most galaxies are gravitationally organised into
9614:"Optical and radio survey of Southern Compact Groups of galaxies"
8509:
8497:
4594:"Abd-al-Rahman Al Sufi (December 7, 903 â May 25, 986 A.D.)"
4413:
3480:"Astronomers were wrong about the number of galaxies in universe"
2925:
2889:
2313:
1881:. The mechanism for producing these jets is not well understood.
1877:
ejects particles from the galaxy core at velocities close to the
1788:). For comparison, another similarly sized giant radio galaxy is
1575:
864:
93:
11768:
Minding the Heavens: the Story of our Discovery of the Milky Way
9424:
6058:"Structure and Formation of cD Galaxies: NGC 6166 in Abell 2199"
2737:
2339:
destroys its satellite galaxies and adds their mass to its own.
769:
530:
region of the World that is continuous with the heavenly motions
61:
in diameter and approximately 60 million light-years from Earth.
12770:
12755:
12409:
10211:
9371:
9317:"Catalog of nearby isolated galaxies in the volume z < 0.01"
7958:"The central black hole and relationships with the host galaxy"
4926:(1922). "An estimate of the distance of the Andromeda Nebula".
4238:
4105:
Bouali, Hamid-Eddine; Zghal, Mourad; Lakhdar, Zohra B. (2005).
3763:
2663:
2524:
2504:
2317:
1931:
1905:
1850:
1789:
842:
751:
381:
181:
134:
11400:
9730:"Hubble Pinpoints Furthest Protocluster of Galaxies Ever Seen"
9087:
8233:"An Optical and Radio Survey of the Nuclei of Bright Galaxies"
7659:
6562:
Knapen, Johan H.; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel; Laine, Seppo (2002).
6360:"Fundamental Mass-Spin-Morphology Relation of Spiral Galaxies"
3285:
2809:, produce new generations of stars as long as they have dense
2346:
Southern plane of the Milky Way from submillimeter wavelengths
555:, which it did not. In his view, the Milky Way was celestial.
12843:
12838:
12833:
12790:
12065:. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library (2nd ed.). Berlin:
11479:
Panter, B.; Jimenez, R.; Heavens, A. F.; Charlot, S. (2007).
10928:"Astronomers Grapple with JWST's Discovery of Early Galaxies"
8118:
7784:
7198:
7067:
5274:"The extended rotation curve and the dark matter halo of M33"
4625:"History of our Understanding of a Spiral Galaxy: Messier 33"
3292:"A common mass scale for satellite galaxies of the Milky Way"
2729:
is estimated to contain 200 billion to two trillion galaxies.
2578:
example, a high redshift (z ~ 16) photometric observation by
2380:
The Milky Way galaxy is a member of an association named the
2232:
2042:
Examples of isophotal diameters (25.0 B-mag/arcsec isophote)
1065:
invisible to humans (radio telescopes, infrared cameras, and
988:
the cores of galaxies was confirmed through X-ray astronomy.
966:
629:
elaborated on Wright's idea about the Milky Way's structure.
287:
279:
195:
The space between galaxies is filled with a tenuous gas (the
108:
12444:
10770:
10254:
10252:
9204:
8990:
The surface photometry catalogue of the ESO-Uppsala galaxies
8083:
Nemiroff, Robert; Bonnell, Jerry, eds. (November 10, 2023).
6011:
Tovmassian, Hrant M.; Andernach, Heinz (December 11, 2012).
5733:"New Horizons Observations of the Cosmic Optical Background"
5541:
Mattson, Barbara (November 27, 2002). Gibb, Meredith (ed.).
3793:
2702:. Several thousand galaxies, each consisting of billions of
2683:
1509:, as it displays a multi-ring-like structure when viewed in
640:
in 1785; the Solar System was assumed to be near the center.
636:
The shape of the Milky Way as estimated from star counts by
13300:
12454:
11706:"Physics offers glimpse into the dark side of the Universe"
11478:
11448:"Star Clusters reveal the "Kraken" in the Milky Way's Past"
11277:
11139:"Hubble Telescope Reveals Farthest View Into Universe Ever"
9733:
8931:
8094:
7899:
7396:
6975:
6161:
6121:"Subsonic accretion of cooling gas in clusters of galaxies"
6055:
5936:
5550:
5515:
5215:
5179:
4282:
3646:
3232:
2703:
2699:
2650:. A galaxy will continue to absorb infalling material from
1916:
1613:
incapable of gravitational coalescence on a smaller scale.
946:
in great detail. Infrared is also used to observe distant,
834:
722:, referring to "Al Bakr of the southern Arabs", since at a
307:
299:
200:
73:
13503:
12445:
Galaxy Zoo â citizen science galaxy classification project
11169:
11115:. ASP Conference Series. Vol. 134. pp. 431â437.
10696:"Stress testing ÎCDM with high-redshift galaxy candidates"
10039:
5176:"The Effects of Earth's Upper Atmosphere on Radio Signals"
3227:
Hupp, Erica; Roy, Steve; Watzke, Megan (August 12, 2006).
3084:
1828:
1225:. Consequently, these galaxies also have a low portion of
12429:
12180:
The Milky Way Galaxy and Statistical Cosmology, 1890â1924
11739:
10594:"Traces of Earliest Stars That Enriched Cosmos Are Spied"
10249:
8848:
Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia
7555:
5730:
4569:
Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine (March 11, 2004).
3643:"The Milky Way galaxy may be much bigger than we thought"
3357:"UF Astronomers: Universe Slightly Simpler Than Expected"
2550:
Once protogalaxies began to form and contract, the first
2175:
in 1968 that defined a mass-radius relation in galaxies.
2031:
1954:
141:. Most of the mass in a typical galaxy is in the form of
10829:
10456:
Klessen, Ralf S.; Glover, Simon C.O. (August 18, 2023).
9992:
9937:
8872:
8617:
8533:"A historical perspective on the concept of galaxy size"
6561:
6253:
5508:"Hubble Rules Out a Leading Explanation for Dark Matter"
4851:"Novae in Spiral Nebulae and the Island Universe Theory"
2566:
explosions releasing heavy elements ("metals") into the
950:
galaxies that were formed much earlier. Water vapor and
11539:
10906:
10107:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
7623:
5463:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
4856:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
4791:(1913). "The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula".
1945:
Possibly related to active galactic nuclei (as well as
837:. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10
684:, the present picture of the Milky Way galaxy emerged.
590:
from sublunary material, citing his observation of the
7561:
7256:"Strange satellite galaxies revealed around Milky Way"
6680:"Milky Way galaxy is warped and vibrating like a drum"
6623:
Alard, Christophe (2001). "Another bar in the Bulge".
5575:
3671:
3258:
Howell, Elizabeth; Harvey, Ailsa (February 11, 2022).
2546:
Artist impression of a young galaxy accreting material
2392:. In turn, the Virgo Supercluster is a portion of the
2219:
in 2005, based on the assumption that galaxies follow
1724:, which experienced a close encounter with the larger
392:, but this term quickly fell into disuse, as the word
13480:
10451:
10449:
9651:
Astrophysics and Space Research Group. Archived from
9620:
Astrophysics and Space Research Group. Archived from
9486:
Wang, Wenting; White, Simon D. M. (August 21, 2012).
7631:"Introductory Astronomy: Double Lobed Radio Galaxies"
5890:
5579:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
5092:
Measuring the Universe: A Multiwavelength Perspective
4335:
4288:
310:'s breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink
12359:
An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe
11977:
10458:"The First Stars: Formation, Properties, and Impact"
10408:"Early galaxy formation and its large-scale effects"
10401:
10399:
10397:
9722:
9144:
Jarret, Tom; Rosenberg, Jessica (February 6, 1997).
8452:
Sanders, David B.; Mirabel, I. F. (September 1996).
8189:"Cosmological Applications of Gravitational Lensing"
6358:
Obreschkow, D.; Glazebrook, K. (February 28, 2014).
6357:
6254:
Williams, M. J.; Bureau, M.; Cappellari, M. (2010).
4657:
An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe
4323:
4007:
The Complete Works Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies
3541:
3038:
615:
An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe
11812:
Spiral Structure in Galaxies: a Density Wave Theory
8732:"Results for object MESSIER 031 (Andromeda Galaxy)"
8537:
Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society
8266:
7663:"The discovery of a radio galaxy of at least 5 Mpc"
7603:
Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei: An Introduction
7457:
Starbursts: From 30 Doradus to Lyman Break Galaxies
6010:
5049:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
4632:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
4406:
Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens
1761:. Radio galaxies are classified according to their
1609:, and that the minimum size may indicate a form of
916:
shows blue regions containing young, massive stars.
302:places his son, born by a mortal woman, the infant
152:Galaxies are categorised according to their visual
12327:
12213:
11230:
10926:
10592:
10446:
10361:
10104:(2000). "Updated Information on the Local Group".
9611:
9175:"Measures of SDSS flux, magnitudes, and diameters"
8515:
8503:
8029:
7042:
6770:
6740:"We Just Discovered a New Type of Colossal Galaxy"
5697:
4821:(1915). "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae".
4401:Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels
4104:
3208:
1796:always considered part of the main galaxy itself.
1034:uncovered a discrepancy between observed galactic
12388:... To a spectator placed in an indefinite space,
11635:
11633:
11486:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
11408:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
10837:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
10406:Dayal, Pratika; Ferrara, Andrea (December 2018).
10394:
10047:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9493:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9432:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
9379:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
8986:
8037:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6839:
6569:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6261:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6126:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6018:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
5633:"The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z <
5279:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4968:"A spiral nebula as a stellar system, Messier 31"
4150:
4098:
1103:) galaxies. However, later observations with the
687:
468:Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies
235:, these associations are generally arranged into
149:are a common feature at the centres of galaxies.
13552:
11845:
11105:The Stellar Metallicity â Planet Connection
10985:Massey, Robert; Heward, Anita (April 21, 2007).
8767:"Recherches sur les Nebuleuses Extragalactiques"
8187:Blandford, R. D.; Narayan, R. (September 1992).
8186:
7592:
5361:
5206:"NASA Telescope Sees Black Hole Munch on a Star"
4706:
4568:
3851:
2261:Observable universe § Large-scale structure
2240:, with the survey measuring several parameters.
2142:Effective radius (half-light) and its variations
12440:Galaxies â Information and amateur observations
12245:
11127:
10924:
10303:"Construction Secrets of a Galactic Metropolis"
9673:
9143:
8844:"On the formation of galaxies by fragmentation"
8623:
8226:
8224:
8082:
5731:Lauer, Tod R.; et al. (January 11, 2021).
5631:Conselice, Christopher J.; et al. (2016).
5271:
5014:Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory
3214:
2519:irregularities) in this primordial matter that
890:
434:Millions of galaxies have been catalogued, but
11916:
11736:"Webb reveals structure in 19 spiral galaxies"
11630:
10693:
10619:
9765:"The Origin of the Brightest Cluster Galaxies"
9014:"Surface Brightness and Evolution of Galaxies"
8987:Lauberts, Andris; Valentijn, Edwin A. (1989).
8761:
8724:
8451:
8013:
7836:
7768:
7508:Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences.
7127:
7125:
6959:
6506:
6465:
6435:
6323:Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences.
5839:
5426:. Vol. 248, no. 6. pp. 96â106.
5154:
4433:English translation by Ian Johnstone available
3537:
3535:
773:Photograph of the "Great Andromeda Nebula" by
758:its stars produced on their own, and repeated
13285:
13111:List of the most distant astronomical objects
12470:
12285:
11640:Adams, Fred; Laughlin, Greg (July 13, 2006).
11639:
11241:. Vol. 296, no. 2. pp. 35â41.
10581:
10455:
10100:
8635:
7918:
7031:
6843:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
6712:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
6345:
5964:Structure and Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies
4720:. Vol. 189, no. 3. pp. 89â99.
4525:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
4442:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4254:
4172:
4074:
3226:
3130:List of the most distant astronomical objects
2562:. The most massive stars collapse in violent
1985:criteria in defining the sizes of galaxies.
1444:A majority of spiral galaxies, including the
1017:would be detectable from interstellar atomic
973:blocks signals below this range. Large radio
12018:
11303:Struck, Curtis (1999). "Galaxy Collisions".
10984:
10918:
10764:
10405:
10365:Revista Mexicana de AstronomĂa y AstrofĂsica
8925:
8755:
8260:
8221:
6247:
6118:
5689:
5020:. Carnegie Institution of Washington: 1â49.
4811:
4781:
4754:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
4591:
4553:
4515:
4390:
4388:
3504:
3380:
3290:; Willman, Beth; Walker, Matthew G. (2008).
3257:
2373:in the universe found so far, is 10 billion
1951:low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions
1026:in the center of this galaxy. With improved
184:in diameter (approximately 3,000 to 300,000
12321:
12019:Kepple, George R.; Sanner, Glen W. (1998).
11944:
11229:Conselice, Christopher J. (February 2007).
10771:Sobral, David; et al. (June 4, 2015).
10514:
10463:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
10355:
10337:Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
10207:"Cosmology: Meet the Laniakea supercluster"
9995:"Anomalies in the GRB spatial distribution"
9859:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
9550:HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics
9200:
9198:
8701:"Results for object MESSIER 087 (NGC 4486)"
8670:"Results for object Large Magellanic Cloud"
8583:
8462:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
8194:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
7885:
7883:
7727:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
7430:Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
7420:
7418:
7139:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
7122:
6904:Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
6870:"ISO unveils the hidden rings of Andromeda"
5012:(1926). "No. 324. Extra-galactic nebulae".
4178:
4157:"Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni"
4080:
3863:
3857:
3751:
3729:"Galaxy Clusters and Large-Scale Structure"
3532:
3251:
1964:
1306:Elliptical Shell Galaxy (Hubble photograph)
680:quantified this effect in 1930 by studying
199:) with an average density of less than one
13292:
13278:
12477:
12463:
11703:
11071:Baugh, Carlton; Frenk, Carlos (May 1999).
11070:
10925:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (December 6, 2022).
10694:Boylan-Kolchin, Michael (April 13, 2023).
10152:
9083:
9081:
9005:
8636:Fouque, P.; Paturel, G. (September 1985).
8526:
8524:
7044:"What Do You Call a Galaxy Without Stars?"
6900:"Spitzer Reveals What Edwin Hubble Missed"
6708:
6447:
6418:"Fat or flat: Getting galaxies into shape"
5853:
5699:"Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least"
5420:(1983). "Dark matter in spiral galaxies".
4649:
4616:
4347:
4190:
4184:
4048:Montada, Josep Puig (September 28, 2007).
4043:
4041:
4039:
3804:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
2602:, inconsistent with an early-galaxy star.
2570:. This metal content is incorporated into
2467:
2254:
1934:are believed to be active galaxies with a
712:. In the 10th century, Persian astronomer
12252:Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction
12098:Dynamics and Evolution of Galactic Nuclei
11889:
11801:
11595:
11516:
11498:
11430:
11420:
11318:
11228:
11189:
11133:
11031:
10859:
10849:
10790:
10747:
10713:
10646:
10541:
10475:
10421:
10377:
10286:
10232:
10189:
10119:
10077:
10059:
10024:
10006:
9953:
9892:
9782:
9689:
9523:
9505:
9485:
9462:
9444:
9401:
9391:
9332:
9275:
9232:
9104:
9039:
9011:
8947:
8892:
8866:
8823:
8566:
8548:
8412:
8341:
8282:
8139:
8059:
8049:
7928:An Introduction to Active Galactic Nuclei
7805:
7680:
7565:An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology
7454:
7214:
7151:
7089:
7014:
6996:
6808:
6790:
6638:
6599:
6581:
6522:
6441:
6377:
6339:
6291:
6273:
6200:
6182:
6146:
6075:
6040:
6030:
5768:
5750:
5672:
5654:
5630:
5624:
5591:
5483:
5377:
5311:
5301:
5291:
4993:
4876:
4746:
4564:
4562:
4454:"XII. On the Construction of the Heavens"
4385:
4144:
4135:
3879:Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
3688:
3601:
3436:
3434:
3396:
3307:
3220:
2448:'s neighbors, have weaker fields (about 5
438:have well-established names, such as the
113:), literally 'milky', a reference to the
12022:The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 1
11268:Ford, H.; et al. (April 30, 2002).
11101:
9827:"ATLASGAL Survey of Milky Way Completed"
9762:
9195:
7955:
7924:
7880:
7851:
7849:
7415:
7389:"Happy Sweet Sixteen, Hubble Telescope!"
7353:
7351:
7349:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7286:
7253:
6119:Fabian, A. C.; Nulsen, P. E. J. (1977).
5925:
5884:
5695:
5458:"One Hundred Years of Rotating Galaxies"
4592:Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine.
4503:
4448:
4194:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4000:
3994:
3721:
3510:
3229:"NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter"
3174:This is the diameter measured using the
2604:
2541:
2523:began to appear. As a result, masses of
2515:". It was from density fluctuations (or
2482:
2341:
2287:is an example of a compact galaxy group.
1827:
1741:
1681:
1631:
1479:
1424:
1395:
1332:
1298:
1275:slowly than their smaller counterparts.
1245:
1144:
995:
768:
631:
403:
125:with less than a thousand stars, to the
12131:
12091:
12055:
11764:
11015:
10912:
10587:
10325:
10033:
9855:
9078:
8832:
8521:
8230:
7956:Peterson, Bradley M. (August 1, 2008).
7330:Department of Astronomy. Archived from
7037:
6928:
6677:
6453:
5859:
5540:
5125:Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
5038:
4817:
4787:
4549:
4547:
4521:
4300:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
4227:
4221:
4162:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
4092:
4086:
4047:
4036:
3970:"What is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey?"
3939:"Results for object MESSIER 109 (M109)"
3900:
3640:
3448:Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
3443:"Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas"
3348:
3175:
2226:
2213:Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
1439:
1122:
13553:
12410:NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)
12352:
11704:Pobojewski, Sally (January 21, 1997).
11460:from the original on November 15, 2020
11351:
11302:
11222:
10204:
9931:
9642:
9556:from the original on February 22, 2024
9137:
8838:
8530:
8387:
8385:
7719:
7512:from the original on December 17, 2023
7057:from the original on February 2, 2024.
6737:
6112:
5712:from the original on December 31, 2019
5008:
4962:
4845:
4622:
4559:
4490:from the original on November 20, 2016
4341:
4329:
3839:from the original on November 17, 2011
3820:
3818:
3757:
3477:
3459:from the original on November 20, 2023
3431:
3354:
2191:
497:
13273:
12458:
11583:Star Formation in Early Type Galaxies
11576:
11445:
11357:
10884:"Signatures of the Earliest Galaxies"
10158:
9986:
9167:
9048:
8789:
8589:
8329:The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
8085:"UHZ1: Distant Galaxy and Black Hole"
7846:
7722:"Radio Emission from Normal Galaxies"
7502:"Starbursts & Colliding Galaxies"
7499:
7346:
7311:
7289:"No Slimming Down for Dwarf Galaxies"
7131:
6690:from the original on January 18, 2014
6622:
6314:
5957:
5951:
5821:from the original on January 15, 2021
5724:
5452:
5416:
5086:
5068:from the original on February 5, 2024
4712:"Why Do Galaxies Have a Spiral Form?"
4660:
4585:
4360:
3919:from the original on October 31, 2010
3492:from the original on January 14, 2021
2495:model. About 300,000 years after the
2004:
1979:
1938:pointed in the direction of Earth. A
1488:
1111:reduced this to roughly 200 billion (
800:, now known as the Whirlpool Galaxy.
180:. Most galaxies are 1,000 to 100,000
12292:Galaxy Morphology and Classification
12176:
11670:
11267:
10258:
9643:Ponman, Trevor (February 25, 2005).
8980:
8795:
7890:Lochner, Jim. Gibb, Meredith (ed.).
7858:"Introducing Active Galactic Nuclei"
7855:
7543:from the original on August 31, 2023
7530:
6317:"Galaxies â The Spiral Nebulae"
5696:Fountain, Henry (October 17, 2016).
5253:from the original on January 1, 2007
5243:"An Introduction to X-ray Astronomy"
5240:
4922:
4645:from the original on April 26, 2021.
4544:
4509:
4394:
3653:from the original on August 13, 2018
3548:"The relative size of the Milky Way"
3471:
3024:19 face-on spiral galaxies from the
2034:, which is then referred to as the D
2026:(mag/arcsec; sometimes expressed as
1749:, supergiant elliptical radio galaxy
1574:galaxies contains large clusters of
848:In 1920 a debate took place between
784:Toward the end of the 18th century,
650:the Solar System close to the center
223:, which it dominates along with the
13299:
12309:from the original on March 24, 2021
12273:from the original on March 24, 2021
12201:from the original on March 24, 2021
12164:from the original on March 24, 2021
12119:from the original on March 24, 2021
12043:from the original on March 24, 2021
12006:from the original on March 24, 2021
11965:from the original on March 24, 2021
11877:from the original on March 24, 2021
11833:from the original on March 24, 2021
11789:from the original on March 24, 2021
11685:from the original on March 24, 2021
11646:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
11588:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
11446:Young, Monica (November 13, 2020).
11113:Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Planets
10894:from the original on August 6, 2020
10494:10.1146/annurev-astro-071221-053453
10339:. November 18, 1999. Archived from
10313:from the original on March 24, 2021
9880:10.1146/annurev.aa.26.090188.003215
9837:from the original on March 24, 2021
9587:University of California, San Diego
9540:"Groups & Clusters of Galaxies"
8382:
8207:10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.001523
7889:
7868:from the original on April 27, 2012
7748:10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.003043
7531:Keel, William C. (September 2006).
7506:University of California, San Diego
7436:from the original on March 16, 2019
7369:from the original on April 18, 2023
7134:"Dwarf Galaxies of the Local Group"
7072:; Merritt, Allison; Zhang, Jielai;
6752:from the original on March 24, 2021
6678:Sanders, Robert (January 9, 2006).
6426:. February 27, 2014. Archived from
6327:from the original on March 27, 2023
6321:University of California, San Diego
6235:from the original on August 6, 2020
4688:from the original on March 24, 2021
4604:from the original on April 16, 2007
4581:from the original on June 22, 2017.
4062:from the original on March 16, 2020
4055:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4024:from the original on March 24, 2021
3906:
3869:
3815:
3440:
2867:Galaxies (left/top, right/bottom):
2367:HerculesâCorona Borealis Great Wall
1988:
1921:gravity can act as a lens for light
1662:Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy
1526:receive Hubble classification SB0).
1453:, followed by a lower-case letter (
1345:Spiral galaxies resemble spiraling
1241:
1149:Types of galaxies according to the
1141:Galaxy morphological classification
472:Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies
13:
13353:List of most massive star clusters
12415:NED Redshift-Independent Distances
12362:. London: Chapelle. Archived from
11978:Mo, Houjun; van den Bosch, Frank;
10962:. February 9, 2005. Archived from
10607:from the original on June 29, 2019
10205:Tempel, Elmo (September 1, 2014).
9744:from the original on June 12, 2018
9574:
9154:California Institute of Technology
8742:California Institute of Technology
8711:California Institute of Technology
8680:California Institute of Technology
6876:. October 14, 1998. Archived from
6684:University of California, Berkeley
6626:Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters
5868:Physics Department. Archived from
5518:. October 17, 1994. Archived from
5329:"Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst"
5272:Corbelli, E.; Salucci, P. (2000).
5218:. December 5, 2006. Archived from
5130:California Institute of Technology
4891:
4361:Evans, J. C. (November 24, 1998).
3949:California Institute of Technology
3824:
3478:Chemla, Sarah (January 14, 2021).
3453:California Institute of Technology
2527:matter started to condense within
2507:began to form, in an event called
2399:
991:
826:Nebula", as the Andromeda Galaxy,
137:stars, each orbiting its galaxy's
14:
13577:
12403:
11671:Choi, Charles Q. (May 13, 2015).
11255:10.1038/scientificamerican0207-34
8099:Michigan Technological University
7299:from the original on May 30, 2020
7268:from the original on July 2, 2015
7254:Groshong, Kimm (April 24, 2006).
7078:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
6738:Santos, Miguel (March 21, 2016).
5440:10.1038/scientificamerican0683-96
4775:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2012.01.03
4571:"The Large Magellanic Cloud, LMC"
4241:: Thomas Baglioni. pp. 15â16
1884:
330:can be traced back to a story by
13538:
13526:
13514:
13502:
13490:
13465:
13464:
13251:
13240:
13239:
12330:Galaxies and the Cosmic Frontier
11728:
11697:
11664:
11570:
11533:
11518:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11909.x
11472:
11439:
11394:
11296:
11261:
11163:
11151:from the original on May 5, 2020
11095:
11064:
11009:
10978:
10948:
10876:
10823:
10687:
10508:
10295:
10198:
10094:
9886:
9849:
9819:
9756:
9667:
9636:
9605:
9568:
9532:
9525:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21256.x
9479:
9418:
9365:
9308:
9249:
9180:NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
8737:NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
8706:NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
8693:
8675:NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
8662:
8629:
8516:Sandage, Kron & Longair 1995
8504:Sandage, Kron & Longair 1995
8445:
8315:
8180:
8112:
8076:
8023:
7949:
7778:
7720:Condon, J. J. (September 1992).
7713:
7653:
7586:
7524:
7493:
7448:
7399:. April 24, 2006. Archived from
7381:
7287:Schirber, M. (August 27, 2008).
7280:
7247:
7192:
7061:
6969:
6922:
6892:
6862:
6601:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05840.x
6293:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15582.x
6042:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22044.x
5933:"Tracing the Growth of Galaxies"
5326:
5313:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03075.x
4827:. Vol. 23. pp. 21â24.
3944:NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
3511:Saunders, Toby (July 25, 2023).
3191:Wright called the Milky Way the
3083:
3069:
3055:
3041:
3017:
2860:
2794:
2736:
2713:
2682:
2277:
1817:
1803:powered by the central galaxy's
905:
777:, 1899, later identified as the
176:) to 2 trillion galaxies in the
36:
11894:(4th ed.). Firefly Books.
11757:
11232:"The Universe's Invisible Hand"
8592:"Measuring Galaxy Luminosities"
6833:
6773:"Superluminous Spiral Galaxies"
6764:
6731:
6702:
6671:
6616:
6555:
6500:
6459:
6410:
6351:
6308:
6217:
6155:
6049:
6004:
5801:
5569:
5534:
5500:
5446:
5410:
5355:
5320:
5265:
5241:Dunn, Robert (August 9, 2005).
5234:
5198:
5168:
5112:
5080:
5032:
5002:
4956:
4916:
4898:US National Academy of Sciences
4885:
4839:
4740:
4700:
4439: (archived August 29, 2014)
3962:
3931:
3787:
3665:
3641:Freeman, David (May 25, 2018).
3634:
3575:
3355:Hoover, Aaron (June 16, 2003).
3185:
3168:
2801:Future of an expanding universe
2674:Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF)
2377:(three gigaparsecs) in length.
1731:
1712:explosions, creating expanding
1294:
480:Catalogue of Principal Galaxies
399:
96:. The word is derived from the
13182:Galaxy formation and evolution
13177:Galaxy colorâmagnitude diagram
12295:. Cambridge University Press.
11985:Galaxy Formation and Evolution
11855:. Princeton University Press.
11849:; Merrifield, Michael (1998).
9582:San Diego Supercomputer Center
9577:"When Galaxy Clusters Collide"
9207:"The 2MASS Large Galaxy Atlas"
8483:10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.749
7170:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.435
6906:. May 31, 2004. Archived from
6469:Astrophysics and Space Science
5543:"How many galaxies are there?"
5120:"Near, Mid & Far Infrared"
4655:See text quoted from Wright's
4416:: Johann Friederich Petersen.
3907:Rao, Joe (September 2, 2005).
3279:
3115:Galaxy formation and evolution
2474:Galaxy formation and evolution
2456:âfor example, in M 82 and the
1621:
1272:supergiant elliptical galaxies
1206:
688:Distinction from other nebulae
1:
13358:List of largest star clusters
12392:... it a vast ring of stars
12249:; Gallagher, John S. (2000).
11337:10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00030-7
10560:10.1016/S0370-1573(01)00019-9
10440:10.1016/j.physrep.2018.10.002
10307:European Southern Observatory
9831:European Southern Observatory
7925:Peterson, Bradley M. (1997).
7500:Smith, Gene (July 13, 2006).
6315:Smith, Gene (March 6, 2000).
5966:. Vol. 127. p. 89.
3202:
3145:Low surface brightness galaxy
2846:. Eventually, as a result of
2436:). Radio-faint galaxies like
2409:and thus for star formation.
2231:This method has been used by
1926:
1763:FanaroffâRiley classification
1192:and activity in the cores of
1107:space probe from outside the
558:According to Mohani Mohamed,
541:
334:
12484:
11945:Heidarzadeh, Tofigh (2008).
9941:Astronomy & Astrophysics
9263:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8935:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8643:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8454:"Luminous Infrared Galaxies"
8400:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8241:Astronomy & Astrophysics
8231:Heckman, Timothy M. (1980).
8090:Astronomy Picture of the Day
7668:Astronomy & Astrophysics
6510:Astronomy & Astrophysics
5365:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4747:Steinicke, Wolfgang (2012).
4708:Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia H.
4112:. In Flory, François (ed.).
4010:. Echo Library. p. 66.
3909:"Explore the Archer's Realm"
3589:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3546:; Hendry, Martin A. (1998).
2756:(beyond nine billion years).
2617:
2478:
2324:). If there is insufficient
1671:
1151:Hubble classification scheme
1045:Beginning in the 1990s, the
891:Multi-wavelength observation
660:based on the cataloguing of
652:. Using a refined approach,
583:
502:
274:
250:
102:
7:
13365:Hypercompact stellar system
13333:Hypercompact stellar system
13064:Galaxies named after people
12135:Great Muslim Mathematicians
11890:Dickinson, Terence (2004).
11380:10.1126/science.287.5450.69
10809:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139
9972:10.1051/0004-6361/201424829
9294:10.1051/0004-6361/201526016
8624:Sparke & Gallagher 2000
8431:10.1051/0004-6361/202142802
7985:10.1016/j.newar.2008.06.005
7699:10.1051/0004-6361/202142778
7633:. Department of Astronomy,
7108:10.1088/2041-8205/798/2/L45
6810:10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/109
5980:10.1007/978-94-009-3971-4_7
5960:"Properties of cD Galaxies"
4793:Lowell Observatory Bulletin
4623:Gordon, Kurtiss J. (1969).
3832:Online Etymology Dictionary
3707:10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/156
3620:10.1051/0004-6361/201832880
3215:Sparke & Gallagher 2000
3034:
2834:that are cooling or cold ("
2694:view field compared to the
1616:
1287:, and more recently in the
478:of Galaxies), and the PGC (
344:See yonder, lo, the Galaxyë
227:. The group is part of the
10:
13582:
13197:Gravitational microlensing
13152:Galactic coordinate system
12257:Cambridge University Press
12185:Cambridge University Press
12103:Princeton University Press
11990:Cambridge University Press
10991:Royal Astronomical Society
10960:Carnegie Mellon University
10732:10.1038/s41550-023-01937-7
10665:10.1038/s41586-023-06521-7
10261:"Galactic magnetic fields"
8966:10.1051/0004-6361:20010107
8360:10.1007/s00159-020-00128-x
8158:10.1038/s41550-023-02111-9
7933:Cambridge University Press
7607:Cambridge University Press
7570:Cambridge University Press
6657:10.1051/0004-6361:20011487
6541:10.1051/0004-6361:20020920
6396:10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/26
6094:10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/56
5674:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83
5396:10.1051/0004-6361:20010560
5096:Cambridge University Press
3026:James Webb Space Telescope
2853:
2805:Spiral galaxies, like the
2798:
2580:James Webb Space Telescope
2471:
2269:Galaxy groups and clusters
2258:
1968:
1903:
1888:
1856:The standard model for an
1821:
1735:
1675:
1625:
1562:
1524:barred lenticular galaxies
1390:grand design spiral galaxy
1322:
1318:
1210:
1126:
1076:A 2016 study published in
912:This ultraviolet image of
894:
887:that is used to this day.
506:
288:
280:
109:
18:
13460:
13424:
13388:
13310:
13235:
13134:
13049:
12942:
12901:
12811:
12746:
12637:
12492:
12132:Mohamed, Mohaini (2000).
12075:10.1007/978-3-540-73478-9
11642:"The Great Cosmic Battle"
11543:The Astrophysical Journal
11177:The Astrophysical Journal
11019:The Astrophysical Journal
10778:The Astrophysical Journal
10288:10.4249/scholarpedia.2411
10169:The Astrophysical Journal
9770:The Astrophysical Journal
9677:The Astrophysical Journal
9545:Chandra X-ray Observatory
9351:10.1134/S1990341311010019
9056:"The Petrosian magnitude"
9019:The Astrophysical Journal
8880:The Astrophysical Journal
8270:The Astrophysical Journal
7892:"A Monster in the Middle"
7856:Keel, William C. (2000).
7202:The Astrophysical Journal
6984:The Astrophysical Journal
6778:The Astrophysical Journal
6365:The Astrophysical Journal
6170:The Astrophysical Journal
6063:The Astrophysical Journal
5898:The Astrophysical Journal
5738:The Astrophysical Journal
5642:The Astrophysical Journal
5211:Galaxy Evolution Explorer
5044:"Edwin Hubble, 1889â1953"
4973:The Astrophysical Journal
4929:The Astrophysical Journal
4305:University of St. Andrews
3773:10.1038/nature.2014.15819
3677:The Astrophysical Journal
2706:, are in this small view.
1899:
1596:dwarf spheroidal galaxies
1576:young, hot, massive stars
1558:
1079:The Astrophysical Journal
476:Uppsala General Catalogue
117:galaxy that contains the
13162:Galactic magnetic fields
12975:Brightest cluster galaxy
12871:Luminous infrared galaxy
12435:An Atlas of The Universe
12336:Harvard University Press
11073:"How are galaxies made?"
10164:"The Local Supercluster"
9649:University of Birmingham
9645:"Galaxy Systems: Groups"
9618:University of Birmingham
9212:The Astronomical Journal
9092:The Astronomical Journal
9060:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
9012:Petrosian, Vahe (1976).
8803:The Astronomical Journal
8796:Fish, Robert A. (1963).
8568:10.3847/2515-5172/aba951
8531:Chamba, Nushkia (2020).
7793:The Astronomical Journal
7477:10.1007/1-4020-3539-X_33
7016:10.3847/1538-4357/aab498
6202:10.3847/1538-4357/ab464c
5770:10.3847/1538-4357/abc881
4894:"Robert Julius Trumpler"
4554:Kepple & Sanner 1998
4167:University of St Andrews
3975:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
3797:; Friedrichsen, G.W.S.;
3384:The Astronomical Journal
3161:
3140:List of largest galaxies
3135:List of nearest galaxies
2848:gravitational relaxation
2333:brightest cluster galaxy
2198:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
1993:As early as the time of
1971:Luminous infrared galaxy
1965:Luminous infrared galaxy
1666:Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy
1386:flocculent spiral galaxy
1364:, followed by a letter (
1089:University of Nottingham
929:electromagnetic spectrum
756:glow exceeding the light
538:Olympiodorus the Younger
492:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
416:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
271:term for the Milky Way,
147:Supermassive black holes
13157:Galactic habitable zone
13142:Extragalactic astronomy
12731:Supermassive black hole
12645:Active galactic nucleus
12177:Paul, Erich R. (1993).
11892:The Universe and Beyond
11765:Belkora, Leila (2003).
10486:2023ARA&A..61...65K
9964:2015A&A...584A..48H
9872:1988ARA&A..26..631B
9763:Dubinski, John (1998).
9286:2015A&A...578A.110A
8958:2001A&A...369..421B
8771:Annales d'Astrophysique
8656:1985A&A...150..192F
8475:1996ARA&A..34..749S
8423:2022A&A...664A..60B
8352:2021A&ARv..29....2P
8254:1980A&A....87..152H
7740:1992ARA&A..30..575C
7691:2022A&A...660A...2O
7162:1998ARA&A..36..435M
7068:van Dokkum, Pieter G.;
6935:University of Leicester
6929:Barstow, M. A. (2005).
6649:2001A&A...379L..44A
6533:2002A&A...392...83B
6486:10.1023/A:1017025820201
6478:1999Ap&SS.269..427E
6148:10.1093/mnras/180.3.479
5958:Tonry, John L. (1987).
5860:Barstow, M. A. (2005).
5637:8 and its Implications"
5388:2001A&A...373..139L
5337:Sonoma State University
4667:Disturbing the Universe
4367:George Mason University
4181:, p. 25, Table 2.1
3858:Waller & Hodge 2003
3733:University of Cambridge
3612:2018A&A...612L...8L
2632:supermassive black hole
2468:Formation and evolution
2255:Larger-scale structures
1866:supermassive black hole
1858:active galactic nucleus
1824:Active galactic nucleus
1805:supermassive black hole
1759:active galactic nucleus
1137:Active galactic nucleus
897:Observational astronomy
748:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
57:, is about 55,000
25:Galaxy (disambiguation)
12909:Low surface brightness
12660:Central massive object
11920:; et al. (2023).
11710:University of Michigan
11432:10.1093/mnras/staa2452
11137:(September 25, 2012).
9999:Proceedings of Science
9321:Astrophysical Bulletin
8763:De Vaucouleurs, GĂ©rard
8603:University of Maryland
7635:University of Maryland
7359:"Interacting Galaxies"
7328:University of Maryland
5247:Institute of Astronomy
4468:10.1098/rstl.1785.0012
4398:(November 20, 2016) .
2614:
2611:Hubble Space Telescope
2590:emission evidence for
2547:
2488:
2347:
2059:Large Magellanic Cloud
1837:
1750:
1708:. These stars produce
1690:
1641:
1436:
1407:
1342:
1307:
1259:
1177:
1133:Central massive object
1047:Hubble Space Telescope
1002:
781:
750:conjectured that some
706:Small Magellanic Cloud
702:Large Magellanic Cloud
678:Robert Julius Trumpler
641:
596:Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
431:
368:
355: For hit is whyt.
239:surrounded by immense
127:largest galaxies known
23:. For other uses, see
13566:Concepts in astronomy
13470:Category:Star systems
13343:Dark globular cluster
13187:Galaxy rotation curve
12287:Van den Bergh, Sidney
10888:European Space Agency
10259:Beck, Rainer (2007).
10102:van den Bergh, Sidney
10079:10.1093/mnras/stv1421
9738:European Space Agency
8061:10.1093/mnras/staa737
7965:New Astronomy Reviews
7896:Imagine the Universe!
7862:University of Alabama
7537:University of Alabama
7324:"Galaxy Interactions"
7132:Mateo, Mario (1998).
6874:European Space Agency
6442:Bertin & Lin 1996
6229:European Space Agency
5862:"Elliptical Galaxies"
5547:Imagine the Universe!
4598:Observatoire de Paris
4575:Observatoire de Paris
4430:on November 20, 2016.
4373:on September 24, 2003
4253:English translation:
3799:Burchfield, Robert W.
3361:University of Florida
3100:Bright early galaxies
2954:The Antennae Galaxies
2608:
2545:
2486:
2394:Laniakea Supercluster
2345:
2162:GĂ©rard de Vaucouleurs
1831:
1812:synchrotron radiation
1745:
1685:
1635:
1480:Super-luminous spiral
1428:
1399:
1388:; in contrast to the
1336:
1302:
1256:gravitational lensing
1249:
1148:
1085:Christopher Conselice
999:
969:and 30 GHz. The
772:
737:In 1734, philosopher
714:Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
635:
460:New General Catalogue
407:
342:
13222:Population III stars
13217:Intergalactic travel
13167:Galactic orientation
13034:Voids and supervoids
12322:Waller, William H.;
12217:; Kron, Richard G.;
11284:on September 7, 2016
11077:Institute of Physics
10997:on November 15, 2013
10861:10.1093/mnras/stx839
10160:Tully, Richard Brent
9655:on February 15, 2009
9464:10.1093/mnras/stt827
9403:10.1093/mnras/stv950
8605:Astronomy Department
8590:Mushotzky, Richard.
7641:on September 1, 2022
7609:. pp. 214â272.
7572:. pp. 142â144.
7533:"Starburst Galaxies"
7463:. pp. 187â194.
7426:"Starburst Galaxies"
7363:Swinburne University
7041:(January 26, 2024).
6941:on February 27, 2012
6931:"Irregular Galaxies"
6910:on September 7, 2006
6472:. 269/270: 427â430.
5866:Leicester University
5522:on November 27, 2012
5136:on December 30, 2006
4904:on December 24, 2013
4291:Robertson, Edmund F.
4153:Robertson, Edmund F.
3110:Galactic orientation
2652:high-velocity clouds
2592:Population III stars
2556:Population III stars
2412:The typical average
2335:, which, over time,
2227:Near-infrared method
2202:de Vaucouleurs's law
1870:gravitational energy
1864:that forms around a
1472:Our own galaxy, the
1440:Barred spiral galaxy
1405:barred spiral galaxy
1329:Barred spiral galaxy
1315:has over 20 shells.
1175:barred spiral galaxy
1157:indicates a type of
1123:Types and morphology
1007:Hendrik van de Hulst
621:forces, akin to the
422:, and 1152+3313 for
237:sheets and filaments
197:intergalactic medium
13401:Stellar association
13212:Intergalactic stars
13101:Large quasar groups
13096:Groups and clusters
12960:Groups and clusters
12819:Lyman-alpha emitter
12711:Interstellar medium
12219:Longair, Malcolm S.
12057:Longair, Malcolm S.
11716:on January 21, 2005
11606:1999ASPC..163..119K
11556:1994ApJ...435...22K
11509:2007MNRAS.378.1550P
11453:Sky & Telescope
11372:2000Sci...287...69B
11329:1999PhR...321....1S
11247:2007SciAm.296b..34C
11238:Scientific American
11200:2005ApJ...624..571R
11121:1998ASPC..134..431G
11042:1999ApJ...514...77N
10934:Scientific American
10801:2015ApJ...808..139S
10724:2023NatAs...7..731B
10657:2023Natur.622..707A
10552:2001PhR...349..125B
10432:2018PhR...780....1D
10388:2003RMxAC..17..107F
10279:2007SchpJ...2.2411B
10225:2014Natur.513...41T
10182:1982ApJ...257..389T
10130:2000PASP..112..529V
10070:2015MNRAS.452.2236B
10026:10.22323/1.233.0078
10017:2014styd.confE..78H
9909:1986Natur.319..751M
9793:1998ApJ...502..141D
9700:2000ApJ...540...45G
9516:2012MNRAS.424.2574W
9455:2013MNRAS.433.1479H
9343:2011AstBu..66....1K
9225:2003AJ....125..525J
9115:2005AJ....130.1535G
9032:1976ApJ...209L...1P
8999:1989spce.book.....L
8903:2000ApJ...529..886C
8860:1968BAICz..19..105S
8816:1963AJ.....68R..72F
8783:1948AnAp...11..247D
8559:2020RNAAS...4..117C
8293:1997ApJ...487..568H
8150:2024NatAs...8..126B
8014:Fraknoi et al. 2023
7977:2008NewAR..52..240P
7837:Fraknoi et al. 2023
7769:Fraknoi et al. 2023
7595:Narlikar, Jayant V.
7593:Kembhavi, Ajit K.;
7469:2005ASSL..329..187K
7432:. August 29, 2006.
7225:2001ApJ...560..201P
7100:2015ApJ...798L..45V
7007:2018ApJ...858...29P
6960:Fraknoi et al. 2023
6856:1994AAS...184.3204G
6801:2016ApJ...817..109O
6725:1997AAS...19110806B
6592:2002MNRAS.337..808K
6388:2014ApJ...784...26O
6284:2009MNRAS.400.1665W
6193:2019ApJ...885...63M
6139:1977MNRAS.180..479F
6086:2015ApJ...807...56B
5972:1987IAUS..127...89T
5911:1964ApJ...140...35M
5840:Fraknoi et al. 2023
5761:2021ApJ...906...77L
5665:2016ApJ...830...83C
5602:2000PASA...17....6K
5476:2000PASP..112..747R
5432:1983SciAm.248f..96R
5423:Scientific American
5343:on January 14, 2012
5333:The Bruce Medalists
5303:2000MNRAS.311..441C
5155:Fraknoi et al. 2023
5088:Rieke, George Henry
5062:1989JRASC..83..351S
5026:1926CMWCI.324....1H
4986:1929ApJ....69..103H
4942:1922ApJ....55..406O
4892:Weaver, Harold. F.
4869:1988PASP..100....6C
4833:1915PA.....23...21S
4805:1913LowOB...2...56S
4767:2012JAHH...15...19S
4717:Scientific American
4538:1999AAS...195.7409T
4289:O'Connor, John J.;
4151:O'Connor, John J.;
4128:2005SPIE.9664E..22B
4119:Proceedings of SPIE
3982:on January 12, 2024
3699:2012ApJ...745..156R
3569:1998Obs...118..201G
3542:Goodwin, Simon P.;
3407:2003AJ....125.2936G
3326:10.1038/nature07222
3318:2008Natur.454.1096S
3302:(7208): 1096â1097.
3150:Outline of galaxies
3049:solar system portal
2727:observable universe
2640:Population II stars
2613:in deep-sky surveys
2572:population II stars
2568:interstellar medium
2192:Petrosian magnitude
2043:
1843:interstellar medium
1412:logarithmic spirals
1250:The galaxy cluster
1223:interstellar matter
1091:, used 20 years of
1015:wavelength of 21 cm
885:galactic morphology
719:Book of Fixed Stars
666:absorption of light
498:Observation history
326:. The English term
178:observable universe
13416:Hypervelocity star
13207:Intergalactic dust
13192:Gravitational lens
13147:Galactic astronomy
13116:Starburst galaxies
12856:blue compact dwarf
12812:Energetic galaxies
12776:BL Lacertae object
11852:Galactic Astronomy
11742:. January 29, 2024
10600:The New York Times
10577:on March 14, 2021.
7599:"Radio Properties"
7403:on August 27, 2016
7050:The New York Times
6430:on March 24, 2021.
6346:Van den Bergh 1998
5939:. February 6, 2017
5705:The New York Times
4789:Slipher, Vesto. M.
4137:10.1117/12.2207764
3870:KoneÄnĂœ, LubomĂr.
3795:Onions, Charles T.
3485:The Jerusalem Post
3063:outer space portal
2615:
2548:
2489:
2454:starburst galaxies
2386:Virgo Supercluster
2355:supercluster scale
2348:
2041:
2011:isophotal diameter
2005:Isophotal diameter
1980:Physical diameters
1838:
1751:
1691:
1650:tidal interactions
1646:galactic evolution
1642:
1628:Interacting galaxy
1572:Blue compact dwarf
1530:Irregular galaxies
1489:Other morphologies
1437:
1432:, an example of a
1408:
1403:, an example of a
1343:
1308:
1260:
1190:starburst galaxies
1178:
1003:
956:infrared astronomy
822:within the "Great
816:Heber Doust Curtis
798:Messier object M51
782:
739:Emanuel Swedenborg
642:
432:
414:. SDSS stands for
360:Geoffrey Chaucer,
229:Virgo Supercluster
92:bound together by
13478:
13477:
13267:
13266:
13227:Galaxy X (galaxy)
13202:Illustris project
13172:Galactic quadrant
12893:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
12883:Green bean galaxy
12878:Hot dust-obscured
12829:Luminous infrared
12593:Elliptical galaxy
12366:on April 30, 2021
12345:978-0-674-01079-6
12302:978-0-521-62335-3
12266:978-0-521-59740-1
12238:978-3-54-058913-6
12224:The Deep Universe
12215:Sandage, Allan R.
12194:978-0-521-35363-2
12149:978-983-52-0157-8
12112:978-1-4008-4612-2
12093:Merritt, David R.
12084:978-3-540-73477-2
12036:978-0-943396-58-3
11999:978-0-521-85793-2
11958:978-1-4020-8322-8
11937:978-1-951693-50-3
11901:978-1-55297-901-3
11862:978-0-691-00402-0
11826:978-0-262-02396-2
11782:978-0-7503-0730-7
11615:978-1-886733-84-8
11586:. Vol. 163.
11578:Knapp, Gillian R.
11276:(Press release).
11083:on April 26, 2007
10966:on March 31, 2012
10958:(Press release).
10641:(7984): 707â711.
10591:(June 17, 2015).
10515:Barkana, Rennan;
10416:. 780â782: 1â64.
10343:on March 25, 2008
10305:(Press release).
9903:(6056): 751â753.
9896:Letters to Nature
9732:(Press release).
9593:on August 2, 2023
9066:on August 2, 2023
8840:Sérsic, José Luis
8599:ASTR620: Galaxies
7942:978-0-521-47911-0
7906:on March 26, 2009
7616:978-1-139-17440-4
7579:978-0-521-54623-2
7486:978-1-4020-3538-8
7395:(Press release).
6902:(Press release).
6872:(Press release).
6682:(Press release).
5989:978-90-277-2586-8
5514:(Press release).
5222:on April 25, 2010
5105:978-0-521-76229-8
5040:Sandage, Allan R.
4824:Popular Astronomy
4819:Slipher, Vesto M.
4681:978-0-330-26324-5
4662:Dyson, Freeman J.
4450:Herschel, William
4423:978-3-89131-002-1
4295:"Galileo Galilei"
4293:(November 2002).
4017:978-1-4068-3224-2
3825:Harper, Douglas.
3759:Gibney, Elizabeth
3739:on April 26, 2012
3645:(Press release).
3518:BBC Science Focus
3359:(Press release).
3239:on March 28, 2020
3120:Illustris project
2774:Antennae Galaxies
2628:Globular clusters
2596:Cosmos Redshift 7
2521:larger structures
2371:largest structure
2148:half-light radius
2139:
2138:
1801:relativistic jets
1638:Antennae Galaxies
1540:Magellanic Clouds
1520:lenticular galaxy
1495:Peculiar galaxies
1467:tidal interaction
1236:globular clusters
1213:Elliptical galaxy
1159:elliptical galaxy
1071:Zone of Avoidance
1051:Hubble Deep Field
963:radio frequencies
925:optical astronomy
881:Cepheid variables
760:Johannes Hevelius
710:Triangulum Galaxy
670:interstellar dust
662:globular clusters
456:Messier catalogue
444:Magellanic Clouds
363:The House of Fame
275:galaxĂas (kĂșklos)
259:was borrowed via
133:with one hundred
13573:
13543:
13542:
13541:
13531:
13530:
13529:
13519:
13518:
13517:
13507:
13506:
13495:
13494:
13493:
13486:
13468:
13467:
13380:Planetary system
13338:Globular cluster
13294:
13287:
13280:
13271:
13270:
13255:
13243:
13242:
12888:Hanny's Voorwerp
12798:Relativistic jet
12672:Dark matter halo
12479:
12472:
12465:
12456:
12455:
12398:
12395:
12391:
12387:
12383:
12379:
12373:
12371:
12349:
12333:
12318:
12316:
12314:
12282:
12280:
12278:
12247:Sparke, Linda S.
12242:
12210:
12208:
12206:
12173:
12171:
12169:
12128:
12126:
12124:
12088:
12062:Galaxy Formation
12052:
12050:
12048:
12015:
12013:
12011:
11974:
11972:
11970:
11941:
11913:
11886:
11884:
11882:
11842:
11840:
11838:
11803:Bertin, Giuseppe
11798:
11796:
11794:
11752:
11751:
11749:
11747:
11732:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11721:
11712:. Archived from
11701:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11668:
11662:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11648:. Archived from
11637:
11628:
11627:
11599:
11597:astro-ph/9808266
11574:
11568:
11567:
11537:
11531:
11530:
11520:
11502:
11500:astro-ph/0608531
11493:(4): 1550â1564.
11476:
11470:
11469:
11467:
11465:
11443:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11424:
11415:(2): 2472â2491.
11398:
11392:
11391:
11355:
11349:
11348:
11322:
11320:astro-ph/9908269
11300:
11294:
11293:
11291:
11289:
11280:. Archived from
11274:Hubble News Desk
11265:
11259:
11258:
11234:
11226:
11220:
11219:
11193:
11191:astro-ph/0409074
11167:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11135:Moskowitz, Clara
11131:
11125:
11124:
11110:
11099:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11088:
11079:. Archived from
11068:
11062:
11061:
11035:
11033:astro-ph/9806355
11013:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11002:
10993:. Archived from
10982:
10976:
10975:
10973:
10971:
10952:
10946:
10945:
10943:
10941:
10930:
10922:
10916:
10910:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10899:
10880:
10874:
10873:
10863:
10853:
10827:
10821:
10820:
10794:
10768:
10762:
10761:
10751:
10717:
10701:Nature Astronomy
10691:
10685:
10684:
10650:
10623:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10596:
10585:
10579:
10578:
10576:
10570:. Archived from
10545:
10543:astro-ph/0010468
10525:
10512:
10506:
10505:
10479:
10453:
10444:
10443:
10425:
10403:
10392:
10391:
10381:
10379:astro-ph/0303543
10359:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10299:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10256:
10247:
10246:
10236:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10193:
10156:
10150:
10149:
10123:
10121:astro-ph/0001040
10114:(770): 529â536.
10098:
10092:
10091:
10081:
10063:
10037:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10010:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9957:
9935:
9929:
9928:
9917:10.1038/319751a0
9890:
9884:
9883:
9853:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9842:
9823:
9817:
9816:
9815:on May 14, 2011.
9811:. Archived from
9786:
9784:astro-ph/9709102
9760:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9693:
9691:astro-ph/0004149
9671:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9660:
9640:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9624:on June 13, 2007
9609:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9589:. Archived from
9572:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9509:
9500:(4): 2574â2598.
9483:
9477:
9476:
9466:
9448:
9439:(2): 1479â1491.
9422:
9416:
9415:
9405:
9395:
9386:(2): 1482â1495.
9369:
9363:
9362:
9336:
9312:
9306:
9305:
9279:
9253:
9247:
9246:
9236:
9202:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9188:
9171:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9160:
9141:
9135:
9134:
9108:
9106:astro-ph/0504287
9099:(4): 1535â1544.
9085:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9062:. Archived from
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9009:
9003:
9002:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8951:
8949:astro-ph/0101344
8929:
8923:
8922:
8896:
8894:astro-ph/9907399
8870:
8864:
8863:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8793:
8787:
8786:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8748:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8633:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8596:
8587:
8581:
8580:
8570:
8552:
8528:
8519:
8513:
8507:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8458:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8416:
8389:
8380:
8379:
8345:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8286:
8284:astro-ph/9704108
8264:
8258:
8257:
8248:(1â2): 152â164.
8237:
8228:
8219:
8218:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8143:
8127:Nature Astronomy
8116:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8063:
8053:
8044:(3): 4069â4076.
8027:
8021:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7962:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7902:. Archived from
7887:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7853:
7844:
7834:
7828:
7827:
7809:
7807:astro-ph/0309551
7800:(5): 2125â2144.
7782:
7776:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7684:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7637:. Archived from
7627:
7621:
7620:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7422:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7393:Hubble News Desk
7385:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7355:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7320:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7218:
7216:astro-ph/0106377
7196:
7190:
7189:
7155:
7153:astro-ph/9810070
7129:
7120:
7119:
7093:
7070:Abraham, Roberto
7065:
7059:
7058:
7046:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7018:
7000:
6973:
6967:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6937:. Archived from
6926:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6812:
6794:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6642:
6640:astro-ph/0110491
6620:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6585:
6583:astro-ph/0207258
6559:
6553:
6552:
6526:
6524:astro-ph/0206273
6504:
6498:
6497:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6444:, pp. 65â85
6439:
6433:
6431:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6381:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6295:
6277:
6268:(4): 1665â1689.
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6225:"Galactic onion"
6221:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6186:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6079:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6034:
6025:(3): 2047â2056.
6008:
6002:
6001:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5872:on July 29, 2012
5857:
5851:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5772:
5754:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5701:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5676:
5658:
5636:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5595:
5593:astro-ph/9910572
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5557:on July 28, 2012
5553:. Archived from
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5512:Hubble News Desk
5504:
5498:
5497:
5487:
5470:(772): 747â750.
5450:
5444:
5443:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5381:
5379:astro-ph/0104307
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5339:. Archived from
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5305:
5295:
5293:astro-ph/9909252
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5182:. Archived from
5172:
5166:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5132:. Archived from
5116:
5110:
5109:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5010:Hubble, Edwin P.
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4964:Hubble, Edwin P.
4960:
4954:
4953:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4900:. Archived from
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4847:Curtis, Heber D.
4843:
4837:
4836:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4629:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4566:
4557:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4519:
4513:
4512:, pp. 16â18
4507:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4446:
4440:
4431:
4426:. Archived from
4392:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4369:. Archived from
4358:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4311:on March 3, 2016
4307:. Archived from
4286:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4260:Kepler, Johannes
4256:Galilei, Galileo
4250:
4248:
4246:
4234:Sidereus Nuncius
4229:Galilei, Galileo
4225:
4219:
4218:
4188:
4182:
4179:Heidarzadeh 2008
4176:
4170:
4169:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4111:
4102:
4096:
4095:, pp. 49â50
4090:
4084:
4083:, pp. 23â25
4081:Heidarzadeh 2008
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4045:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3978:. Archived from
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3888:on July 20, 2006
3887:
3881:. Archived from
3876:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3735:. Archived from
3725:
3719:
3718:
3692:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3605:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3552:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3438:
3429:
3426:
3400:
3398:astro-ph/0303391
3391:(6): 2936â2950.
3376:
3374:
3372:
3367:on July 20, 2011
3363:. Archived from
3352:
3346:
3345:
3311:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3235:. Archived from
3224:
3218:
3212:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3172:
3125:List of galaxies
3093:
3088:
3087:
3079:
3077:astronomy portal
3074:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3021:
3012:
2864:
2811:molecular clouds
2740:
2717:
2686:
2529:cold dark matter
2451:
2427:
2420:is about 10 ÎŒG (
2369:, currently the
2285:Seyfert's Sextet
2281:
2173:José Luis Sérsic
2152:effective radius
2121:Andromeda Galaxy
2044:
2040:
1999:angular diameter
1989:Angular diameter
1936:relativistic jet
1847:Seyfert galaxies
1695:molecular clouds
1678:Starburst galaxy
1611:warm dark matter
1592:dwarf elliptical
1507:Andromeda Galaxy
1416:angular velocity
1268:type-cD galaxies
1264:largest galaxies
1242:Type-cD galaxies
1118:
1116:
1102:
1100:
1067:x-ray telescopes
1060:
1058:
1028:radio telescopes
985:X-ray telescopes
909:
805:Vesto M. Slipher
779:Andromeda Galaxy
698:Andromeda Galaxy
696:, including the
646:William Herschel
638:William Herschel
585:
546:
543:
448:Whirlpool Galaxy
440:Andromeda Galaxy
390:island universes
386:Andromeda Galaxy
366:
346: Which men
339:
336:
332:Geoffrey Chaucer
293:
292:
285:
284:
277:
225:Andromeda Galaxy
190:Andromeda Galaxy
175:
173:
112:
111:
105:
82:interstellar gas
78:stellar remnants
40:
13581:
13580:
13576:
13575:
13574:
13572:
13571:
13570:
13551:
13550:
13549:
13539:
13537:
13527:
13525:
13515:
13513:
13501:
13491:
13489:
13481:
13479:
13474:
13456:
13425:Visual grouping
13420:
13384:
13306:
13298:
13268:
13263:
13231:
13130:
13045:
12938:
12897:
12807:
12742:
12721:Galaxy filament
12665:Galactic Center
12633:
12488:
12483:
12406:
12401:
12393:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12377:
12369:
12367:
12346:
12312:
12310:
12303:
12276:
12274:
12267:
12239:
12229:Springer-Verlag
12204:
12202:
12195:
12167:
12165:
12150:
12122:
12120:
12113:
12085:
12046:
12044:
12037:
12009:
12007:
12000:
11968:
11966:
11959:
11938:
11918:Fraknoi, Andrew
11902:
11880:
11878:
11863:
11836:
11834:
11827:
11807:Lin, Chia-Chiao
11792:
11790:
11783:
11760:
11755:
11745:
11743:
11734:
11733:
11729:
11719:
11717:
11702:
11698:
11688:
11686:
11669:
11665:
11655:
11653:
11652:on May 13, 2012
11638:
11631:
11616:
11590:. p. 119.
11575:
11571:
11538:
11534:
11477:
11473:
11463:
11461:
11444:
11440:
11399:
11395:
11366:(5450): 69â74.
11356:
11352:
11306:Physics Reports
11301:
11297:
11287:
11285:
11266:
11262:
11227:
11223:
11168:
11164:
11154:
11152:
11132:
11128:
11108:
11100:
11096:
11086:
11084:
11069:
11065:
11014:
11010:
11000:
10998:
10983:
10979:
10969:
10967:
10954:
10953:
10949:
10939:
10937:
10923:
10919:
10911:
10907:
10897:
10895:
10882:
10881:
10877:
10828:
10824:
10769:
10765:
10692:
10688:
10624:
10620:
10610:
10608:
10589:Overbye, Dennis
10586:
10582:
10574:
10529:Physics Reports
10523:
10513:
10509:
10454:
10447:
10413:Physics Reports
10404:
10395:
10360:
10356:
10346:
10344:
10333:"Protogalaxies"
10331:
10330:
10326:
10316:
10314:
10301:
10300:
10296:
10257:
10250:
10234:10.1038/513041a
10219:(7516): 41â42.
10203:
10199:
10157:
10153:
10099:
10095:
10038:
10034:
9991:
9987:
9936:
9932:
9891:
9887:
9854:
9850:
9840:
9838:
9825:
9824:
9820:
9761:
9757:
9747:
9745:
9728:
9727:
9723:
9672:
9668:
9658:
9656:
9641:
9637:
9627:
9625:
9610:
9606:
9596:
9594:
9573:
9569:
9559:
9557:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9484:
9480:
9423:
9419:
9370:
9366:
9313:
9309:
9254:
9250:
9203:
9196:
9186:
9184:
9183:. July 19, 2017
9173:
9172:
9168:
9158:
9156:
9142:
9138:
9086:
9079:
9069:
9067:
9054:
9053:
9049:
9010:
9006:
8985:
8981:
8930:
8926:
8871:
8867:
8837:
8833:
8794:
8790:
8760:
8756:
8746:
8744:
8730:
8729:
8725:
8715:
8713:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8684:
8682:
8668:
8667:
8663:
8634:
8630:
8622:
8618:
8608:
8606:
8594:
8588:
8584:
8529:
8522:
8514:
8510:
8502:
8498:
8469:(1): 749â792 .
8456:
8450:
8446:
8390:
8383:
8320:
8316:
8265:
8261:
8235:
8229:
8222:
8185:
8181:
8117:
8113:
8103:
8101:
8081:
8077:
8028:
8024:
8012:
8008:
7960:
7954:
7950:
7943:
7923:
7919:
7909:
7907:
7888:
7881:
7871:
7869:
7854:
7847:
7835:
7831:
7783:
7779:
7767:
7763:
7718:
7714:
7658:
7654:
7644:
7642:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7617:
7591:
7587:
7580:
7560:
7556:
7546:
7544:
7529:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7498:
7494:
7487:
7453:
7449:
7439:
7437:
7424:
7423:
7416:
7406:
7404:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7372:
7370:
7357:
7356:
7347:
7337:
7335:
7322:
7321:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7285:
7281:
7271:
7269:
7252:
7248:
7197:
7193:
7130:
7123:
7066:
7062:
7039:Overbye, Dennis
7036:
7032:
6974:
6970:
6958:
6954:
6944:
6942:
6927:
6923:
6913:
6911:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6838:
6834:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6736:
6732:
6707:
6703:
6693:
6691:
6676:
6672:
6621:
6617:
6560:
6556:
6505:
6501:
6464:
6460:
6452:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6356:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6330:
6328:
6313:
6309:
6252:
6248:
6238:
6236:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6160:
6156:
6117:
6113:
6054:
6050:
6009:
6005:
5990:
5956:
5952:
5942:
5940:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5889:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5858:
5854:
5838:
5834:
5824:
5822:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5713:
5694:
5690:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5610:10.1071/AS00006
5574:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5451:
5447:
5415:
5411:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5344:
5325:
5321:
5270:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5153:
5149:
5139:
5137:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5037:
5033:
5007:
5003:
4961:
4957:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4890:
4886:
4844:
4840:
4816:
4812:
4786:
4782:
4745:
4741:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4682:
4674:. p. 245.
4654:
4650:
4642:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4590:
4586:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4545:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4493:
4491:
4447:
4443:
4437:Wayback Machine
4424:
4393:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4359:
4348:
4344:, pp. 48â.
4340:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4287:
4283:
4271:
4269:
4244:
4242:
4226:
4222:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4149:
4145:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4046:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4018:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3874:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3823:
3816:
3809:Clarendon Press
3801:, eds. (1966).
3792:
3788:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3639:
3635:
3580:
3576:
3556:The Observatory
3550:
3540:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3441:Jarrett, T. H.
3439:
3432:
3370:
3368:
3353:
3349:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3013:
2868:
2865:
2856:
2824:compact objects
2803:
2797:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:, blazing with
2741:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2620:
2601:
2589:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2462:barred galaxies
2449:
2425:
2418:spiral galaxies
2406:magnetic fields
2402:
2400:Magnetic fields
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2271:
2265:Galaxy filament
2259:Main articles:
2257:
2248:
2229:
2194:
2183:
2170:
2159:
2150:(also known as
2144:
2037:
2007:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1929:
1908:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1860:is based on an
1826:
1820:
1740:
1734:
1680:
1674:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1567:
1561:
1491:
1482:
1442:
1339:Pinwheel Galaxy
1331:
1323:Main articles:
1321:
1297:
1289:Phoenix Cluster
1244:
1215:
1209:
1201:Galactic Center
1194:active galaxies
1182:Hubble sequence
1143:
1125:
1114:
1112:
1098:
1096:
1056:
1054:
1013:radiation with
1009:predicted that
994:
992:Modern research
975:interferometers
921:
920:
919:
918:
917:
910:
899:
893:
786:Charles Messier
690:
672:present in the
603:Galileo Galilei
544:
511:
505:
500:
464:Index Catalogue
452:Sombrero Galaxy
424:right ascension
412:SDSS J1152+3313
402:
380:or anagalactic
367:
359:
354:
345:
337:
312:her divine milk
296:Greek mythology
253:
219:is part of the
171:
169:
72:is a system of
66:
65:
64:
63:
62:
41:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13579:
13569:
13568:
13563:
13548:
13547:
13535:
13523:
13511:
13499:
13476:
13475:
13473:
13472:
13461:
13458:
13457:
13455:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13428:
13426:
13422:
13421:
13419:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13396:Stellar stream
13392:
13390:
13386:
13385:
13383:
13382:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13361:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13325:
13320:
13314:
13312:
13308:
13307:
13297:
13296:
13289:
13282:
13274:
13265:
13264:
13262:
13261:
13249:
13236:
13233:
13232:
13230:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13138:
13136:
13132:
13131:
13129:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13092:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13055:
13053:
13047:
13046:
13044:
13043:
13042:
13041:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13019:Stellar stream
13016:
13011:
13006:
13005:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12984:
12983:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12957:
12952:
12946:
12944:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12905:
12903:
12899:
12898:
12896:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12874:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12848:
12847:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12826:
12821:
12815:
12813:
12809:
12808:
12806:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12794:
12793:
12788:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12752:
12750:
12744:
12743:
12741:
12740:
12739:
12738:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12706:Galactic ridge
12703:
12701:Galactic plane
12698:
12697:
12696:
12686:
12685:
12684:
12674:
12669:
12668:
12667:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12641:
12639:
12635:
12634:
12632:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12619:
12614:
12613:
12612:
12602:
12601:
12600:
12590:
12589:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12563:
12562:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12521:
12520:
12519:
12514:
12504:
12498:
12496:
12490:
12489:
12482:
12481:
12474:
12467:
12459:
12453:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12417:
12412:
12405:
12404:External links
12402:
12400:
12399:
12354:Wright, Thomas
12350:
12344:
12324:Hodge, Paul W.
12319:
12301:
12283:
12265:
12243:
12237:
12211:
12193:
12174:
12148:
12129:
12111:
12089:
12083:
12053:
12035:
12016:
11998:
11975:
11957:
11942:
11936:
11914:
11900:
11887:
11861:
11843:
11825:
11799:
11781:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11753:
11727:
11696:
11663:
11629:
11614:
11569:
11564:10.1086/174790
11532:
11471:
11438:
11393:
11350:
11313:(1â3): 1â137.
11295:
11260:
11221:
11208:10.1086/428476
11184:(2): 571â585.
11162:
11126:
11094:
11063:
11050:10.1086/306932
11008:
10977:
10947:
10917:
10915:, p. 583.
10905:
10875:
10844:(1): 448â458.
10822:
10763:
10708:(6): 731â735.
10686:
10618:
10580:
10536:(2): 125â238.
10507:
10445:
10393:
10354:
10324:
10294:
10248:
10197:
10191:10.1086/159999
10151:
10138:10.1086/316548
10093:
10032:
9985:
9930:
9885:
9866:(1): 631â686.
9848:
9818:
9801:10.1086/305901
9777:(2): 141â149.
9755:
9721:
9708:10.1086/309314
9666:
9635:
9604:
9575:Ricker, Paul.
9567:
9531:
9478:
9417:
9364:
9307:
9248:
9234:10.1086/345794
9219:(2): 525â554.
9194:
9166:
9136:
9123:10.1086/444475
9077:
9047:
9041:10.1086/182301
9004:
8979:
8942:(2): 421â431.
8924:
8911:10.1086/308300
8887:(2): 886â910.
8865:
8831:
8825:10.1086/109075
8788:
8754:
8723:
8692:
8661:
8650:(2): 192â204.
8628:
8616:
8582:
8520:
8508:
8496:
8444:
8381:
8314:
8301:10.1086/304638
8277:(2): 568â578.
8259:
8220:
8201:(1): 311â358.
8179:
8134:(1): 126â133.
8111:
8075:
8022:
8006:
7971:(6): 240â252.
7948:
7941:
7917:
7879:
7845:
7829:
7816:10.1086/378610
7777:
7761:
7734:(1): 575â611.
7712:
7652:
7622:
7615:
7585:
7578:
7554:
7523:
7492:
7485:
7447:
7414:
7380:
7345:
7334:on May 9, 2006
7310:
7279:
7246:
7233:10.1086/322517
7209:(1): 201â206.
7191:
7146:(1): 435â506.
7121:
7060:
7030:
6968:
6952:
6921:
6891:
6880:on May 5, 2006
6861:
6832:
6763:
6730:
6701:
6670:
6633:(2): L44âL47.
6615:
6576:(3): 808â828.
6554:
6499:
6458:
6446:
6434:
6409:
6350:
6338:
6307:
6246:
6216:
6154:
6111:
6048:
6003:
5988:
5950:
5924:
5919:10.1086/147890
5883:
5852:
5832:
5800:
5723:
5688:
5623:
5568:
5533:
5499:
5485:10.1086/316573
5454:Rubin, Vera C.
5445:
5418:Rubin, Vera C.
5409:
5372:(1): 139â152.
5354:
5319:
5286:(2): 441â447.
5264:
5233:
5197:
5186:on May 7, 2012
5167:
5147:
5111:
5104:
5098:. p. xi.
5079:
5056:(6): 351â362.
5031:
5001:
4995:10.1086/143167
4955:
4950:10.1086/142680
4915:
4884:
4878:10.1086/132128
4838:
4810:
4780:
4739:
4699:
4680:
4648:
4615:
4584:
4558:
4543:
4514:
4502:
4441:
4422:
4396:Kant, Immanuel
4384:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4220:
4207:10.2307/600445
4183:
4171:
4143:
4097:
4085:
4073:
4035:
4016:
3993:
3961:
3930:
3899:
3862:
3850:
3814:
3811:. p. 385.
3786:
3750:
3720:
3673:Riess, Adam G.
3664:
3633:
3574:
3531:
3503:
3470:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3415:10.1086/374992
3347:
3278:
3250:
3219:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3184:
3177:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3080:
3066:
3052:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3016:
3014:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2799:Main article:
2796:
2793:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2656:dwarf galaxies
2638:of metal-poor
2636:galactic bulge
2630:, the central
2619:
2616:
2599:
2587:
2480:
2477:
2472:Main article:
2469:
2466:
2404:Galaxies have
2401:
2398:
2326:kinetic energy
2322:Virial theorem
2283:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2228:
2225:
2193:
2190:
2179:
2166:
2155:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2035:
2006:
2003:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1969:Main article:
1966:
1963:
1928:
1925:
1904:Main article:
1901:
1898:
1891:Seyfert galaxy
1889:Main article:
1886:
1885:Seyfert galaxy
1883:
1879:speed of light
1875:energetic jets
1862:accretion disc
1822:Main article:
1819:
1816:
1736:Main article:
1733:
1730:
1676:Main article:
1673:
1670:
1626:Main article:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1563:Main article:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1441:
1438:
1320:
1317:
1296:
1293:
1243:
1240:
1211:Main article:
1208:
1205:
1186:star formation
1129:Galactic bulge
1124:
1121:
1109:zodiacal light
1036:rotation speed
993:
990:
952:carbon dioxide
944:galactic cores
911:
904:
903:
902:
901:
900:
892:
889:
850:Harlow Shapley
828:Messier object
818:observed nova
809:Doppler shifts
689:
686:
674:galactic plane
658:Harlow Shapley
564:Ibn al-Haytham
507:Main article:
504:
501:
499:
496:
409:Galaxy cluster
401:
398:
373:spiral nebulae
357:
265:Medieval Latin
252:
249:
139:center of mass
55:Coma Berenices
42:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13578:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13558:
13556:
13546:
13536:
13534:
13524:
13522:
13512:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13498:
13488:
13487:
13484:
13471:
13463:
13462:
13459:
13453:
13452:Constellation
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13437:Multiple star
13435:
13433:
13430:
13429:
13427:
13423:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
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13387:
13381:
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13371:
13368:
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13339:
13336:
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13330:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13315:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13302:
13295:
13290:
13288:
13283:
13281:
13276:
13275:
13272:
13260:
13259:
13254:
13250:
13248:
13247:
13238:
13237:
13234:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
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13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13139:
13137:
13133:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13121:Superclusters
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13061:
13060:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13052:
13048:
13040:
13037:
13036:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13024:Superclusters
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12989:
12988:
12985:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12962:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12955:Galactic tide
12953:
12951:
12948:
12947:
12945:
12941:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12914:Ultra diffuse
12912:
12910:
12907:
12906:
12904:
12900:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12853:
12852:
12849:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12831:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12816:
12814:
12810:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12783:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12753:
12751:
12749:
12748:Active nuclei
12745:
12737:
12734:
12733:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12695:
12692:
12691:
12690:
12687:
12683:
12680:
12679:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12666:
12663:
12662:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12642:
12640:
12636:
12628:
12625:
12624:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12611:
12608:
12607:
12606:
12603:
12599:
12596:
12595:
12594:
12591:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12568:
12567:
12564:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12525:
12522:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12509:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12499:
12497:
12495:
12491:
12487:
12480:
12475:
12473:
12468:
12466:
12461:
12460:
12457:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12427:
12426:
12421:
12418:
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12413:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12397:
12365:
12361:
12360:
12355:
12351:
12347:
12341:
12337:
12332:
12331:
12325:
12320:
12308:
12304:
12298:
12294:
12293:
12288:
12284:
12272:
12268:
12262:
12258:
12254:
12253:
12248:
12244:
12240:
12234:
12230:
12226:
12225:
12220:
12216:
12212:
12200:
12196:
12190:
12186:
12182:
12181:
12175:
12163:
12159:
12155:
12151:
12145:
12141:
12137:
12136:
12130:
12118:
12114:
12108:
12104:
12100:
12099:
12094:
12090:
12086:
12080:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12063:
12058:
12054:
12042:
12038:
12032:
12028:
12027:Willmann-Bell
12024:
12023:
12017:
12005:
12001:
11995:
11991:
11987:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11964:
11960:
11954:
11950:
11949:
11943:
11939:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11924:
11919:
11915:
11911:
11907:
11903:
11897:
11893:
11888:
11876:
11872:
11868:
11864:
11858:
11854:
11853:
11848:
11847:Binney, James
11844:
11832:
11828:
11822:
11818:
11814:
11813:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11788:
11784:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11769:
11763:
11762:
11741:
11737:
11731:
11715:
11711:
11707:
11700:
11684:
11680:
11679:
11674:
11667:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11636:
11634:
11625:
11621:
11617:
11611:
11607:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11584:
11579:
11573:
11565:
11561:
11557:
11553:
11549:
11545:
11544:
11536:
11528:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11492:
11488:
11487:
11482:
11475:
11459:
11455:
11454:
11449:
11442:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11409:
11404:
11397:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11365:
11361:
11354:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11312:
11308:
11307:
11299:
11283:
11279:
11275:
11271:
11264:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11240:
11239:
11233:
11225:
11217:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11183:
11179:
11178:
11173:
11166:
11155:September 26,
11150:
11146:
11145:
11140:
11136:
11130:
11122:
11118:
11114:
11107:
11106:
11098:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11067:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11020:
11012:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10981:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10951:
10936:
10935:
10929:
10921:
10914:
10909:
10898:September 15,
10893:
10889:
10885:
10879:
10871:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10838:
10833:
10826:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10784:
10780:
10779:
10774:
10767:
10759:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10702:
10697:
10690:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10635:
10630:
10622:
10606:
10602:
10601:
10595:
10590:
10584:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10530:
10522:
10518:
10517:Loeb, Abraham
10511:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10470:(1): 65â130.
10469:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10452:
10450:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10415:
10414:
10409:
10402:
10400:
10398:
10389:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10366:
10358:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10328:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10298:
10289:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10268:
10267:
10262:
10255:
10253:
10244:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10213:
10208:
10201:
10192:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10170:
10165:
10161:
10155:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10108:
10103:
10097:
10089:
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10075:
10071:
10067:
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10057:
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10049:
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10036:
10027:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10009:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9989:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9942:
9934:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9897:
9889:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9860:
9852:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9822:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9759:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9725:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9678:
9670:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9639:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9608:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9583:
9578:
9571:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9546:
9541:
9535:
9526:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9494:
9489:
9482:
9474:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9433:
9428:
9421:
9413:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9380:
9375:
9368:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9311:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9252:
9244:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9213:
9208:
9201:
9199:
9182:
9181:
9176:
9170:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9140:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9093:
9084:
9082:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9051:
9042:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9008:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8991:
8983:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8936:
8928:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8886:
8882:
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8876:
8869:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8849:
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8841:
8835:
8826:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8804:
8799:
8792:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8758:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8727:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8696:
8681:
8677:
8676:
8671:
8665:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8620:
8604:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8578:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8527:
8525:
8518:, p. 73.
8517:
8512:
8506:, p. 43.
8505:
8500:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8463:
8455:
8448:
8440:
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8424:
8420:
8415:
8410:
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8401:
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8369:
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8357:
8353:
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8339:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8318:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8276:
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8271:
8263:
8255:
8251:
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8243:
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8227:
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8212:
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8171:
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8137:
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8128:
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7893:
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7884:
7867:
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7534:
7527:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7496:
7488:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7384:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7283:
7267:
7263:
7262:
7261:New Scientist
7257:
7250:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7195:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7128:
7126:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7045:
7040:
7034:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6972:
6965:
6961:
6956:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6925:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6836:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6767:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6734:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6705:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6619:
6611:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6558:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6517:(1): 83â102.
6516:
6512:
6511:
6503:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6462:
6456:, p. 355
6455:
6450:
6443:
6438:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6342:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6158:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5887:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5779:1721.1/133770
5776:
5771:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5700:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5537:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5358:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5268:
5252:
5249:X-Ray Group.
5248:
5244:
5237:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5005:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4563:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4343:
4338:
4332:, p. 73.
4331:
4326:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4201:(1): 96â103.
4200:
4196:
4195:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3544:Gribbin, John
3538:
3536:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3377:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3194:
3193:Vortex Magnus
3188:
3181:
3171:
3167:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3067:
3064:
3053:
3050:
3039:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:neutron stars
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2795:Future trends
2792:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2751:
2750:protogalaxies
2747:
2746:
2739:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:galactic disc
2644:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:protogalaxies
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:recombination
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2416:strength for
2415:
2414:equipartition
2410:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:Virgo Cluster
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:Superclusters
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:In defining R
2176:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:regions) are
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:Markarian 231
1907:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1818:Active galaxy
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1435:
1431:
1430:Hoag's Object
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:density waves
1417:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1325:Spiral galaxy
1316:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:evolved stars
1228:
1227:open clusters
1224:
1220:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:bar structure
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
989:
986:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
915:
908:
898:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:In 1922, the
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
776:
775:Isaac Roberts
771:
767:
765:
764:Thomas Wright
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
685:
683:
682:open clusters
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
634:
630:
628:
627:Immanuel Kant
624:
620:
619:gravitational
616:
612:
611:Thomas Wright
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:), the CGCG (
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
430:respectively.
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:star clusters
375:
374:
365:
364:
356:
352:
351:the Milky Wey
349:
341:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
291:
283:
278:
276:
270:
266:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:largest scale
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:superclusters
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
106:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
60:
56:
53:
52:constellation
49:
48:spiral galaxy
45:
39:
30:
26:
22:
13545:Solar System
13411:Runaway star
13406:Moving group
13348:Open cluster
13328:Star cluster
13323:Dwarf galaxy
13317:
13257:
13245:
12980:fossil group
12902:Low activity
12736:Ultramassive
12566:Dwarf galaxy
12549:intermediate
12544:grand design
12485:
12424:
12375:
12368:. Retrieved
12364:the original
12358:
12329:
12311:. Retrieved
12291:
12275:. Retrieved
12251:
12223:
12203:. Retrieved
12179:
12166:. Retrieved
12140:Penerbit UTM
12134:
12121:. Retrieved
12097:
12061:
12045:. Retrieved
12021:
12008:. Retrieved
11984:
11980:White, Simon
11967:. Retrieved
11951:. Springer.
11947:
11923:Astronomy 2e
11922:
11891:
11879:. Retrieved
11851:
11835:. Retrieved
11811:
11791:. Retrieved
11767:
11758:Bibliography
11744:. Retrieved
11730:
11718:. Retrieved
11714:the original
11699:
11687:. Retrieved
11676:
11666:
11654:. Retrieved
11650:the original
11582:
11572:
11550:(1): 22â36.
11547:
11541:
11535:
11490:
11484:
11474:
11464:November 15,
11462:. Retrieved
11451:
11441:
11412:
11406:
11396:
11363:
11359:
11353:
11310:
11304:
11298:
11286:. Retrieved
11282:the original
11273:
11263:
11236:
11224:
11181:
11175:
11165:
11153:. Retrieved
11142:
11129:
11112:
11104:
11097:
11085:. Retrieved
11081:the original
11066:
11026:(1): 77â95.
11023:
11017:
11011:
10999:. Retrieved
10995:the original
10980:
10968:. Retrieved
10964:the original
10950:
10938:. Retrieved
10932:
10920:
10913:Longair 2008
10908:
10896:. Retrieved
10878:
10841:
10835:
10825:
10782:
10776:
10766:
10705:
10699:
10689:
10638:
10632:
10621:
10609:. Retrieved
10598:
10583:
10572:the original
10533:
10527:
10510:
10467:
10461:
10411:
10369:
10363:
10357:
10345:. Retrieved
10341:the original
10327:
10315:. Retrieved
10297:
10270:
10266:Scholarpedia
10264:
10216:
10210:
10200:
10173:
10167:
10154:
10111:
10105:
10096:
10051:
10045:
10035:
9998:
9988:
9945:
9939:
9933:
9900:
9894:
9888:
9863:
9857:
9851:
9839:. Retrieved
9821:
9813:the original
9774:
9768:
9758:
9746:. Retrieved
9724:
9684:(1): 45â56.
9681:
9675:
9669:
9657:. Retrieved
9653:the original
9638:
9626:. Retrieved
9622:the original
9607:
9595:. Retrieved
9591:the original
9580:
9570:
9558:. Retrieved
9543:
9534:
9497:
9491:
9481:
9436:
9430:
9420:
9383:
9377:
9367:
9324:
9320:
9310:
9267:
9261:
9251:
9216:
9210:
9185:. Retrieved
9178:
9169:
9157:. Retrieved
9149:
9139:
9096:
9090:
9068:. Retrieved
9064:the original
9050:
9023:
9017:
9007:
8989:
8982:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8884:
8878:
8868:
8851:
8847:
8834:
8807:
8801:
8791:
8774:
8770:
8757:
8745:. Retrieved
8735:
8726:
8714:. Retrieved
8704:
8695:
8683:. Retrieved
8673:
8664:
8647:
8641:
8631:
8619:
8609:February 14,
8607:. Retrieved
8598:
8585:
8540:
8536:
8511:
8499:
8466:
8460:
8447:
8404:
8398:
8333:
8327:
8317:
8274:
8268:
8262:
8245:
8239:
8198:
8192:
8182:
8131:
8125:
8114:
8104:February 18,
8102:. Retrieved
8088:
8078:
8041:
8035:
8025:
8009:
7968:
7964:
7951:
7927:
7920:
7910:December 20,
7908:. Retrieved
7904:the original
7895:
7870:. Retrieved
7832:
7797:
7791:
7780:
7764:
7731:
7725:
7715:
7672:
7666:
7655:
7645:September 1,
7643:. Retrieved
7639:the original
7625:
7602:
7588:
7564:
7557:
7547:December 11,
7545:. Retrieved
7526:
7514:. Retrieved
7495:
7456:
7450:
7438:. Retrieved
7405:. Retrieved
7401:the original
7392:
7383:
7373:December 19,
7371:. Retrieved
7338:December 19,
7336:. Retrieved
7332:the original
7301:. Retrieved
7282:
7270:. Retrieved
7259:
7249:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7143:
7137:
7081:
7077:
7063:
7048:
7033:
6988:
6982:
6971:
6955:
6943:. Retrieved
6939:the original
6924:
6912:. Retrieved
6908:the original
6894:
6882:. Retrieved
6878:the original
6864:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6782:
6776:
6766:
6754:. Retrieved
6743:
6733:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6692:. Retrieved
6673:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6573:
6567:
6557:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6467:
6461:
6454:Belkora 2003
6449:
6437:
6428:the original
6421:
6412:
6369:
6363:
6353:
6348:, p. 17
6341:
6331:November 30,
6329:. Retrieved
6310:
6265:
6259:
6249:
6237:. Retrieved
6219:
6174:
6168:
6157:
6130:
6124:
6114:
6107:non-starter.
6105:
6067:
6061:
6051:
6022:
6016:
6006:
5963:
5953:
5941:. Retrieved
5927:
5902:
5896:
5886:
5874:. Retrieved
5870:the original
5855:
5835:
5823:. Retrieved
5812:
5803:
5742:
5736:
5726:
5714:. Retrieved
5703:
5691:
5646:
5640:
5626:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5559:. Retrieved
5555:the original
5546:
5536:
5524:. Retrieved
5520:the original
5511:
5502:
5467:
5461:
5448:
5421:
5412:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5345:. Retrieved
5341:the original
5332:
5322:
5283:
5277:
5267:
5255:. Retrieved
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5220:the original
5209:
5200:
5188:. Retrieved
5184:the original
5170:
5150:
5138:. Retrieved
5134:the original
5123:
5114:
5091:
5082:
5070:. Retrieved
5053:
5047:
5034:
5017:
5013:
5004:
4977:
4971:
4958:
4933:
4927:
4918:
4906:. Retrieved
4902:the original
4887:
4860:
4854:
4841:
4822:
4813:
4799:(8): 56â57.
4796:
4792:
4783:
4761:(1): 19â29.
4758:
4752:
4742:
4715:
4702:
4690:. Retrieved
4666:
4656:
4651:
4635:
4631:
4618:
4606:. Retrieved
4587:
4556:, p. 18
4532:(31): 1479.
4529:
4523:
4517:
4505:
4492:. Retrieved
4458:
4444:
4428:the original
4405:
4400:
4375:. Retrieved
4371:the original
4363:"Our Galaxy"
4337:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4309:the original
4298:
4284:
4270:. Retrieved
4264:
4243:. Retrieved
4233:
4223:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4174:
4160:
4146:
4117:
4113:
4100:
4093:Mohamed 2000
4088:
4076:
4064:. Retrieved
4053:
4026:. Retrieved
4006:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3980:the original
3973:
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3942:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3912:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3883:the original
3865:
3860:, p. 91
3853:
3843:November 11,
3841:. Retrieved
3830:
3803:
3789:
3762:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3737:the original
3723:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3636:
3593:
3587:
3577:
3560:
3554:
3522:. Retrieved
3516:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3483:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3446:
3388:
3382:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3350:
3299:
3295:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3263:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3237:the original
3222:
3210:
3192:
3187:
3170:
3091:stars portal
2836:black dwarfs
2832:white dwarfs
2828:brown dwarfs
2816:
2804:
2789:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2743:
2720:
2696:angular size
2689:
2672:
2645:
2625:
2621:
2584:
2576:
2560:reionization
2549:
2537:
2490:
2411:
2403:
2379:
2349:
2330:
2311:
2303:Hubble's law
2300:
2293:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2221:SĂ©rsic's law
2216:
2210:
2206:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2167:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2114:
2027:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1995:Edwin Hubble
1992:
1983:
1974:
1944:
1940:radio galaxy
1930:
1909:
1894:
1855:
1839:
1809:
1798:
1793:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1755:radio galaxy
1752:
1738:Radio galaxy
1732:Radio galaxy
1719:
1706:H II regions
1703:
1698:
1692:
1654:
1643:
1603:solar masses
1600:
1580:
1568:
1565:Dwarf galaxy
1483:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1409:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1344:
1309:
1295:Shell galaxy
1281:cooling flow
1277:
1271:
1261:
1216:
1198:
1179:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1105:New Horizons
1077:
1075:
1044:
1004:
979:
960:
940:far-infrared
933:
922:
877:Edwin Hubble
862:
858:Great Debate
854:Heber Curtis
847:
820:S Andromedae
813:
802:
783:
742:
736:
732:Simon Marius
717:
691:
676:; but after
643:
623:Solar System
614:
600:
557:
536:philosopher
534:Neoplatonist
516:philosopher
512:
490:such as the
474:), the UGC (
470:), the MCG (
433:
420:Julian epoch
400:Nomenclature
393:
389:
371:
369:
361:
350:
343:
327:
317:
272:
256:
254:
194:
151:
119:Solar System
100:
69:
67:
46:, a typical
29:
13533:Outer space
13521:Spaceflight
13432:Double star
13375:Binary star
13370:Star system
13039:void galaxy
13002:cannibalism
12987:Interacting
12943:Interaction
12929:Blue Nugget
12919:Dark galaxy
12824:Lyman-break
12716:Protogalaxy
12682:Disc galaxy
12425:In Our Time
11746:January 30,
11720:January 13,
11656:January 16,
11087:January 16,
10940:December 6,
10372:: 107â120.
10347:January 10,
10317:October 15,
10273:(8): 2411.
10176:: 389â422.
10054:(3): 2236.
9748:January 22,
9659:January 15,
9628:January 15,
9560:January 15,
9327:(1): 1â27.
8016:, pp.
7872:December 6,
7839:, pp.
7272:January 10,
7074:Geha, Marla
6962:, pp.
6945:December 5,
6914:December 6,
6719:(2): 1384.
5842:, pp.
5825:January 15,
5716:October 17,
5586:(1): 6â12.
5327:Tenn, Joe.
5157:, pp.
4980:: 103â158.
4924:Ăpik, Ernst
4638:: 293â307.
4494:January 27,
4342:Wright 1750
4330:Wright 1750
4272:January 10,
4245:January 10,
4050:"Ibn BĂąjja"
3954:January 13,
3743:January 15,
3563:: 201â208.
3496:January 14,
3288:Geha, Marla
3217:, p. i
3105:Dark galaxy
2844:black holes
2754:young stars
2517:anisotropic
2499:, atoms of
2382:Local Group
2375:light-years
2363:homogeneous
2307:megakelvins
2131:light-years
2127:kiloparsecs
2109:light-years
2105:kiloparsecs
2089:light-years
2085:kiloparsecs
2069:light-years
2065:kiloparsecs
2022:per square
1782:megaparsecs
1658:cannibalism
1622:Interacting
1607:dark matter
1584:local group
1502:ring galaxy
1434:ring galaxy
1351:dark matter
1219:ellipsoidal
1207:Ellipticals
1153: : an
1040:dark matter
981:Ultraviolet
948:red-shifted
875:telescope,
867:astronomer
788:compiled a
724:declination
694:unaided eye
592:conjunction
578:astronomer
570:astronomer
562:astronomer
488:sky surveys
484:Messier 109
462:), the IC (
458:, the NGC (
428:declination
338: 1380
221:Local Group
186:light years
143:dark matter
131:supergiants
90:dark matter
59:light-years
13555:Categories
13442:Star cloud
13079:Polar-ring
12924:Red nugget
12866:faint blue
12726:Spiral arm
12581:spheroidal
12571:elliptical
12554:Magellanic
12539:flocculent
12507:Lenticular
12494:Morphology
11422:2003.01119
10970:January 7,
10851:1609.00727
10792:1504.01734
10785:(2): 139.
10715:2208.01611
10648:2303.15431
10477:2303.12500
10423:1809.09136
10061:1507.00675
10008:1507.05528
9955:1510.01933
9393:1504.07990
9277:1504.00117
8550:2010.07946
8543:(7): 117.
8414:2204.02055
8343:2010.05072
8141:2305.15458
8051:2003.06359
7771:, p.
7682:2202.05427
7516:August 10,
7440:August 10,
7407:August 10,
7303:August 27,
7293:ScienceNOW
7084:(2): L45.
6998:1711.05272
6792:1511.00659
6785:(2): 109.
6184:1904.08942
6133:(3): 479.
5752:2011.03052
5656:1607.03909
5561:January 8,
5526:January 8,
5347:January 5,
5257:January 2,
5226:January 2,
5190:August 10,
5140:January 2,
4908:January 5,
4410:Königsberg
4377:January 4,
4315:January 8,
3923:January 3,
3892:January 5,
3807:. Oxford:
3683:(2): 156.
3657:August 13,
3603:1804.03064
3524:January 9,
3463:January 9,
3379:Based on:
3203:References
2820:red dwarfs
2552:halo stars
2434:microtesla
2422:microgauss
2099:Messier 87
2053:reference
2038:standard.
2028:mag arcsec
2020:magnitudes
1927:Other AGNs
1747:Hercules A
1513:radiation.
1341:, NGC 5457
1252:Abell 1413
1127:See also:
1032:Vera Rubin
971:ionosphere
895:See also:
873:Mt. Wilson
869:Ernst Ăpik
839:magnitudes
794:Lord Rosse
708:, and the
588:refraction
576:Andalusian
545: 495
526:atmosphere
518:Democritus
450:, and the
436:only a few
158:elliptical
154:morphology
13497:Astronomy
13014:Satellite
13009:Jellyfish
12997:collision
12934:Dead disk
12851:Starburst
12766:Markarian
12638:Structure
12605:Irregular
12576:irregular
12370:April 21,
11817:MIT Press
11773:CRC Press
11678:Space.com
11345:119369136
11216:0004-637X
11144:Space.com
11001:April 20,
10870:0035-8711
10740:2397-3366
10673:0028-0836
10568:119094218
10502:0066-4146
10088:109936564
9597:April 21,
9507:1203.0009
9473:1365-2966
9446:1302.3616
9412:1365-2966
9359:1990-3413
9334:1103.3990
9302:0004-6361
9243:117784410
9187:April 20,
9159:April 20,
9070:April 20,
8919:118962524
8577:223953458
8491:0066-4146
8439:0004-6361
8376:253687419
8368:0935-4956
8215:0066-4146
8174:258887541
8166:2397-3366
8070:0035-8711
8001:121460317
7993:1387-6473
7824:0004-6256
7756:0066-4146
7707:0004-6361
7597:(2012) .
7186:119333888
7178:0066-4146
7116:2041-8205
7091:1410.8141
7025:0004-637X
6991:(1): 29.
6819:0004-637X
6756:March 21,
6494:189840251
6404:0004-637X
6379:1312.4543
6372:(1): 26.
6275:0909.0680
6211:0004-637X
6177:(1): 63.
6102:1538-4357
6077:1411.2598
6070:(1): 56.
6032:1212.0238
5998:117980521
5943:April 20,
5795:226277978
5787:1538-4357
5745:(2): 77.
5649:(2): 83.
5494:122927800
5072:April 21,
4726:0036-8733
4672:Pan Books
4608:April 19,
4510:Paul 1993
4484:186213203
4476:0261-0523
3913:Space.com
3781:124323774
3715:119113794
3690:1110.3769
3334:0028-0836
3309:0808.3772
3265:Space.com
3243:April 17,
2807:Milky Way
2660:formation
2618:Evolution
2564:supernova
2554:, called
2513:dark ages
2479:Formation
2446:Milky Way
2430:nanotesla
2359:isotropic
2171:, and by
2129:(152,000
2107:(132,000
2079:Milky Way
2024:arcsecond
2015:Isophotes
1947:starburst
1778:Alcyoneus
1710:supernova
1699:starburst
1672:Starburst
1588:irregular
1474:Milky Way
1446:Milky Way
1347:pinwheels
1011:microwave
1005:In 1944,
914:Andromeda
824:Andromeda
814:In 1917,
803:In 1912,
743:Principia
734:in 1612.
613:, in his
607:telescope
572:al-Biruni
549:sublunary
528:, in the
522:Aristotle
509:Milky Way
503:Milky Way
328:Milky Way
320:Milky Way
267:from the
255:The word
251:Etymology
231:. At the
217:Milky Way
166:irregular
115:Milky Way
21:Milky Way
13561:Galaxies
13447:Asterism
13246:Category
13135:See also
13059:Galaxies
12786:X-shaped
12617:Peculiar
12559:unbarred
12517:unbarred
12486:Galaxies
12420:Galaxies
12356:(1750).
12326:(2003).
12313:July 25,
12307:Archived
12289:(1998).
12277:July 25,
12271:Archived
12221:(1995).
12205:July 25,
12199:Archived
12168:July 25,
12162:Archived
12158:48759017
12123:July 25,
12117:Archived
12095:(2013).
12067:Springer
12059:(2008).
12047:July 25,
12041:Archived
12010:July 25,
12004:Archived
11982:(2010).
11969:July 25,
11963:Archived
11928:OpenStax
11910:55596414
11881:July 25,
11875:Archived
11871:39108765
11837:July 25,
11831:Archived
11809:(1996).
11793:July 25,
11787:Archived
11683:Archived
11624:41302839
11580:(1999).
11527:15174718
11458:Archived
11388:10615051
11149:Archived
11058:17963236
10892:Archived
10817:18471887
10758:37351007
10749:10281863
10681:37579792
10611:June 17,
10605:Archived
10519:(2001).
10311:Archived
10243:25186896
10162:(1982).
9980:56073380
9841:March 7,
9835:Archived
9742:Archived
9716:14059401
9554:Archived
9270:: A110.
9131:11517686
8842:(1968).
8765:(1948).
8747:March 8,
8716:March 8,
8685:March 8,
8336:(1): 2.
8309:16742031
7866:Archived
7541:Archived
7510:Archived
7461:Springer
7434:Archived
7367:Archived
7297:Archived
7266:Archived
7241:18297376
7055:Archived
6827:35287348
6750:Archived
6745:Futurism
6688:Archived
6665:18018228
6610:10845683
6549:17562844
6423:Phys.org
6325:Archived
6302:17940107
6233:Archived
5819:Archived
5814:Phys.org
5710:Archived
5683:17424588
5618:17900483
5456:(2000).
5404:18399375
5251:Archived
5090:(2012).
5066:Archived
5042:(1989).
4966:(1929).
4849:(1988).
4734:24944338
4710:(1953).
4692:July 25,
4686:Archived
4664:(1979).
4640:Archived
4602:Archived
4579:Archived
4488:Archived
4452:(1785).
4262:(1880).
4231:(1610).
4066:July 11,
4060:Archived
4028:July 25,
4022:Archived
4004:(2006).
4002:Plutarch
3986:March 3,
3917:Archived
3837:Archived
3827:"galaxy"
3651:Archived
3628:59933365
3490:Archived
3457:Archived
3423:13284968
3371:March 4,
3342:18756252
3271:July 16,
3180:standard
3035:See also
3010:NGC 3447
3006:NGC 7329
3002:NGC 1365
2994:NGC 4680
2990:NGC 1448
2986:NGC 3982
2982:NGC 1559
2978:NGC 4424
2974:NGC 5728
2970:NGC 3370
2966:NGC 7250
2958:NGC 5584
2950:NGC 3972
2946:NGC 4639
2942:NGC 5917
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