685:
288:
142:
654:
3356:
3131:
665:
20:
3143:
3406:
3394:
65:
3382:
453:, amongst others. In particular, an unprecedentedly large sample of ~ 100 UCDs has been found in the core region of the Virgo cluster by the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey team. The first ever relatively robust studies of the global properties of Virgo UCDs suggest that UCDs have distinct dynamical and structural properties from normal globular clusters. An extreme example of UCD is
213:
3418:
56:, which closely orbits the Milky Way and contains over 30 billion stars, is sometimes classified as a dwarf galaxy; others consider it a full-fledged galaxy. Dwarf galaxies' formation and activity are thought to be heavily influenced by interactions with larger galaxies. Astronomers identify numerous types of dwarf galaxies, based on their shape and composition.
2125:
Sandoval, Michael A.; Vo, Richard P.; Romanowsky, Aaron J.; Strader, Jay; Choi, Jieun; Jennings, Zachary G.; Conroy, Charlie; Brodie, Jean P.; Foster, Caroline; Villaume, Alexa; Norris, Mark A.; Janz, Joachim; Forbes, Duncan A. (23 July 2015). "Hiding in Plain Sight: Record-breaking
Compact Stellar
432:
galaxies (UCD) are a class of very compact galaxies with very high stellar densities, discovered in the 2000s. They are thought to be on the order of 200 light years across, containing about 100 million stars. It is theorised that these are the cores of nucleated dwarf elliptical galaxies that have
2108:
What makes M60-UCD1 so remarkable is that about half of this mass is found within a radius of only about 80 light years. The density of stars is about 15,000 times greaterâmeaning the stars are about 25 times closer to each otherâthan in Earth's region of the
457:, about 54 million light years away, which contains approximately 200 million solar masses within a 160 light year radius; the stars in its central region are packed 25 times more densely than stars in Earth's region in the Milky Way.
2181:
Ahn, C. P.; Seth, A. C.; den Brok, M.; Strader, J.; Baumgardt, H.; van den Bosch, R.; Chilingarian, I.; Frank, M.; Hilker, M.; McDermid, R.; Mieske, S.; Romanowsky, A. J.; Spitler, L.; Brodie, J.; Neumayer, N.; Walsh, J. L. (2017).
1390:
Willman, Beth; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Martinez-Delgado, David; West, Andrew A.; Blanton, Michael R.; Hogg, David W.; Barentine, J. C.; Brewington, Howard J.; Harvanek, Michael; Kleinman, S. J.; Krzesinski, Jurek (20 June 2005).
338:. The galaxies' stars are all formed at different time periods, so the galaxies have time to cool and to build up matter to form new stars. As time passes, this star formation changes the shape of the galaxies.
841:
1653:
Hilker, M.; Infante, L.; Vieira, G.; Kissler-Patig, M.; Richtler, T. (1999). "The central region of the Fornax cluster. II. Spectroscopy and radial velocities of member and background galaxies".
417:. Recent theoretical work has hypothesised the existence of a population of young UFDs that form at a much later time than the ancient UFDs. These galaxies have not been observed in our
1708:
Drinkwater, M. J.; Jones, J. B.; Gregg, M. D.; Phillipps, S. (2000). "Compact
Stellar Systems in the Fornax Cluster: Super-massive Star Clusters or Extremely Compact Dwarf Galaxies?".
1456:
Willman, Beth; Blanton, Michael R.; West, Andrew A.; Dalcanton, Julianne J.; Hogg, David W.; Schneider, Donald P.; Wherry, Nicholas; Yanny, Brian; Brinkmann, Jon (June 2005).
331:. Because they are composed of star clusters, BCD galaxies lack a uniform shape. They consume gas intensely, which causes their stars to become very violent when forming.
1851:
Mieske; Infante; Benitez; Coe; Blakeslee; Zekser; Ford; Broadhurst; et al. (2004). "Ultra
Compact Dwarf galaxies in Abell 1689: a photometric study with the ACS".
1791:
477:
of approximately â14.6. This makes M59-UCD3 the second densest known galaxy. Based on stellar orbital velocities, two UCD in the Virgo
Cluster are claimed to have
1930:
Zhang, Hong-Xin; et al. (March 2015). "The Next
Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. VI: The Kinematics of Ultracompact Dwarfs and Globular Clusters in M87".
1198:
LĂłpez-SĂĄnchez, Ă. R.; Koribalski, B.; van
Eymeren, J.; Esteban, C.; Popping, A.; Hibbard, J. (2010). "The environment of nearby Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies".
1985:
Liu, Chengze; et al. (November 2015). "The Next
Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. X: Properties of Ultracompact Dwarfs in The M87, M49 and M60 Regions".
1710:
2953:
849:
1260:
684:
907:
1014:
Noyola, E.; Gebhardt, K.; Bergmann, M. (2008). "Gemini and Hubble Space
Telescope Evidence for an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in Ï Centauri".
3000:
657:
173:
during the early evolutions of the Milky Way and
Andromeda. Tidal dwarf galaxies are produced when galaxies collide and their gravitational
2330:
2650:
292:
216:
691:
3181:
669:
192:
More than 20 known dwarf galaxies orbit the Milky Way, and recent observations have also led astronomers to believe the largest
1906:
1238:
409:, as all UFDs discovered so far are ancient systems that have likely formed very early on, only a few million years after the
1655:
390:
and are more extended. UFDs were first discovered with the advent of digital sky surveys in 2005, in particular with the
3443:
2383:
1788:
1176:
705:
591:
1288:
Meurer, G. R.; Mackie, G.; Carignan, C. (1994). "Optical observations of NGC 2915: A nearby blue compact dwarf galaxy".
3242:
3066:
2985:
2040:
Strader, Jay; Seth, Anil C.; Forbes, Duncan A.; Fabbiano, Giuseppina; et al. (August 2013). "The
Densest Galaxy".
596:
2366:
2315:
606:
761:
3071:
576:
1271:
3247:
2798:
2042:
2095:
181:
that surround them. A 2018 study suggests that some local dwarf galaxies formed extremely early, during the
3305:
3174:
1261:"New insights to the photometric structure of Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies from deep Near-Infrared Studies"
244:
149:
is a dwarf irregular galaxy, featuring younger stars in its inner regions and older ones at its outskirts.
3254:
3222:
2968:
845:
386:(GCs) in appearance but have very different properties. Unlike GCs, UFDs contain a significant amount of
1326:
3372:
3086:
3041:
2908:
2849:
2438:
2433:
2406:
2339:
2687:
2767:
2128:
1016:
474:
85:
2990:
3051:
2963:
2958:
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2760:
2718:
2428:
2401:
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1290:
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616:
496:
478:
391:
1522:
1267:
3438:
3167:
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2637:
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2534:
2499:
2470:
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812:
234:
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126:
2549:
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1150:
1077:
879:
621:
541:
53:
24:
1809:
3359:
3232:
3111:
3076:
2973:
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2188:
1987:
1932:
1814:
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1245:
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1146:
1073:
875:
601:
551:
182:
1678:
1352:
3336:
3106:
3056:
2891:
2803:
2539:
2423:
2359:
2207:
2147:
2061:
2006:
1951:
1872:
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1729:
1674:
1609:
1544:
1479:
1414:
1348:
1299:
1219:
1114:
1035:
926:
546:
287:
1523:"Pre-Reionization Fossils, Ultra-Faint Dwarfs, and the Missing Galactic Satellite Problem"
1172:
8:
3398:
3290:
2869:
2777:
2708:
2615:
2600:
2475:
636:
254:
177:. Streams of galactic material are pulled away from the parent galaxies and the halos of
111:
76:
One theory states that most galaxies, including dwarf galaxies, form in association with
2211:
2151:
2065:
2010:
1955:
1876:
1837:
1733:
1613:
1548:
1483:
1418:
1360:
1303:
1223:
1118:
1039:
989:
930:
3410:
3386:
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3101:
3096:
3081:
3036:
3005:
2876:
2713:
2665:
2655:
2225:
2197:
2163:
2137:
2077:
2051:
2022:
1996:
1967:
1941:
1888:
1862:
1823:
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1719:
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1664:
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1599:
1568:
1556:
1534:
1503:
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1438:
1404:
1372:
1338:
1209:
1051:
1025:
944:
916:
631:
174:
141:
118:
117:
Because of their small size, dwarf galaxies have been observed being pulled toward and
2159:
1707:
3142:
3134:
3116:
3091:
3061:
2940:
2782:
2772:
2755:
2516:
2482:
2443:
2396:
2073:
2018:
1963:
1770:
1639:
1627:
1560:
1495:
1430:
1376:
1364:
1055:
939:
902:
328:
260:
224:
166:
2229:
2167:
2081:
2026:
1971:
1892:
1749:
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1442:
1392:
948:
3269:
3227:
3146:
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2903:
2898:
2886:
2740:
2561:
2494:
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2215:
2155:
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2014:
1959:
1880:
1737:
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1552:
1487:
1422:
1356:
1307:
1122:
1043:
934:
641:
462:
383:
324:
240:
193:
162:
2243:
1507:
1142:
1069:
787:
319:. These stars, the brightest of which are blue, cause the galaxy itself to appear
2995:
2918:
2610:
2583:
2554:
2506:
2352:
2334:
2319:
1795:
1458:"A New Milky Way Companion: Unusual Globular Cluster or Extreme Dwarf Satellite?"
2184:"Detection of Supermassive Black Holes in Two Virgo Ultracompact Dwarf Galaxies"
1763:
Smith, Deborah (29 May 2003). "Star search finds millions masquerading as one".
1652:
3285:
2859:
2692:
2595:
2590:
2544:
2487:
2264:
2220:
2183:
1622:
1587:
506:
491:
442:
335:
197:
871:
437:, travelling through the hearts of rich clusters. UCDs have been found in the
3432:
3341:
3326:
3015:
2881:
2844:
2578:
2566:
2418:
2413:
1774:
1631:
1564:
1499:
1434:
1368:
817:
586:
438:
434:
250:
237:(dSph): Once a subtype of dwarf ellipticals, now regarded as a distinct type
170:
146:
130:
122:
108:
2180:
1810:"Galaxies and Overmerging: What Does it Take to Destroy a Satellite Galaxy?"
962:
3422:
3300:
3237:
3217:
2913:
2854:
2839:
2670:
736:
626:
521:
501:
450:
414:
312:
1686:
653:
3321:
3264:
3259:
3193:
2928:
2818:
2808:
2605:
2571:
2511:
2391:
1867:
1828:
1724:
1669:
1474:
1409:
1197:
921:
531:
526:
516:
511:
398:
387:
178:
154:
92:
88:
77:
2312:
3331:
2813:
2750:
1807:
716:
446:
402:
201:
664:
169:. A 2007 paper has suggested that many dwarf galaxies were created by
19:
2823:
2110:
646:
611:
300:
158:
157:; these small galaxies frequently orbit larger galaxies, such as the
49:
28:
1741:
1389:
2202:
2142:
2001:
1946:
1884:
1604:
1491:
1426:
1343:
1311:
1127:
1100:
1047:
581:
571:
566:
561:
556:
458:
454:
418:
410:
406:
379:
354:
350:
346:
342:
186:
100:
96:
69:
3159:
2056:
1586:
Benitez-Llambay, Alejandro; Fumagalli, Michele (1 November 2021).
1539:
1214:
1099:
Schombert, J.M.; Pildis, R.A.; Eder, J.A.; Oelmer, A. Jr. (1995).
1030:
219:
is a galaxy known as an irregular blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxy.
470:
204:
at its centre, which was at some time absorbed by the Milky Way.
3207:
2660:
2645:
2375:
371:
104:
64:
41:
405:
believe that UFDs encode valuable information about the early
2733:
2728:
2723:
2680:
536:
91:
identified new dwarf galaxies forming out of gases with low
708: â System for categorizing galaxies based on appearance
212:
3190:
2344:
2124:
1455:
375:
320:
316:
81:
45:
3417:
323:
in colour. Most BCD galaxies are also classified as dwarf
2039:
1098:
1585:
963:"New Recipe for Dwarf Galaxies: Start with Leftover Gas"
903:"Dwarf-spheroidal satellites: are they of tidal origin?"
842:"Pictures: New Proof Spiral Galaxies Eat, Digest Dwarfs"
813:"New Recipe For Dwarf Galaxies: Start With Leftover Gas"
374:
that contain from a few hundred to one hundred thousand
1850:
2098:. Phys.org (Omicron Technology Ltd). 24 September 2013
1013:
3370:
1711:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
1258:
1173:"WISE Discovers Baby Galaxies in the Nearby Universe"
719: â Possible type of luminous blue compact galaxy
1808:
Stelios Kazantzidis; Ben Moore; Lucio Mayer (2004).
1287:
16:
Small galaxy composed of up to several billion stars
1521:Bovill, Mia S.; Ricotti, Massimo (10 March 2009).
990:"Earliest galaxies found 'on our cosmic doorstep'"
461:is approximately the same size as M60-UCD1 with a
1588:"The Tail of Late-forming Dwarf Galaxies in ÎCDM"
1259:Noeske, K.; Papaderos, P.; Cairos, L. M. (2003).
1092:
908:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3430:
2745:
2096:"Evidence for densest galaxy in nearby universe"
266:
1801:
762:"The Magellanic Clouds, our galactic neighbors"
200:, is in fact the core of a dwarf galaxy with a
2465:
1701:
481:weighing 13% and 18% of the galaxies' masses.
280:
3175:
3001:List of the most distant astronomical objects
2360:
1520:
660:is located about 14 million light-years away.
360:
80:, or from gas that contains metals. However,
44:composed of about 1000 up to several billion
1789:Astronomers discover dozens of mini-galaxies
1393:"A New Milky Way Dwarf Galaxy in Ursa Major"
1331:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
433:been stripped of gas and outlying stars by
378:, making them the faintest galaxies in the
3182:
3168:
2367:
2353:
2126:Systems in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey".
1907:"The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey"
1646:
1143:"An intriguing young-looking dwarf galaxy"
900:
2219:
2201:
2141:
2055:
2000:
1945:
1923:
1866:
1827:
1723:
1668:
1621:
1603:
1538:
1473:
1408:
1342:
1236:
1213:
1126:
1029:
938:
920:
311:) is a small galaxy which contains large
273:
185:within the first billion years after the
72:typically possess around a billion stars.
2118:
663:
652:
286:
211:
140:
63:
18:
2174:
1978:
1756:
839:
424:
136:
3431:
2340:SPACE.com article on "hobbit galaxies"
987:
3163:
2348:
1929:
1762:
1656:Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement
1324:
153:There are many dwarf galaxies in the
95:. These galaxies were located in the
334:BCD galaxies cool in the process of
3189:
1984:
1361:10.1146/annurev-astro-091918-104453
1325:Simon, Joshua D. (18 August 2019).
706:Galaxy morphological classification
592:Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
107:around two massive galaxies in the
13:
3243:List of most massive star clusters
597:Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy
272:Ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (see
14:
3455:
2306:
1592:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
473:but is 40% more luminous with an
265:Blue compact dwarf galaxies (see
3416:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3355:
3354:
3141:
3130:
3129:
940:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11438.x
872:"Hubble Sizes up a Dwarf Galaxy"
840:Jaggard, V. (9 September 2010).
683:
2278:
2257:
2236:
2088:
2033:
1899:
1844:
1781:
1579:
1514:
1449:
1383:
1318:
1281:
1252:
1230:
1191:
1165:
1135:
1062:
1007:
988:Rincon, Paul (16 August 2018).
607:Sculptor Dwarf Irregular Galaxy
484:
370:galaxies (UFDs) are a class of
207:
3072:Galaxy formation and evolution
3067:Galaxy colorâmagnitude diagram
1798:0100 AEST Friday 2 April 2004.
981:
955:
894:
864:
833:
805:
780:
754:
729:
577:Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy
52:'s 200â400 billion stars. The
1:
3248:List of largest star clusters
2043:Astrophysical Journal Letters
1787:Anglo-Australian Observatory
1327:"The Faintest Dwarf Galaxies"
1239:"Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies"
901:Metz, M.; Kroupa, P. (2007).
723:
2374:
2328:article on "hobbit galaxies"
2313:Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
1557:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1859
1237:Papaderos, P. (7 May 2010).
59:
27:, a satellite galaxy of the
7:
3255:Hypercompact stellar system
3223:Hypercompact stellar system
2954:Galaxies named after people
2160:10.1088/2041-8205/808/1/L32
1244:. Centro de AstrofĂsica da
846:National Geographic Society
699:
281:Blue compact dwarf galaxies
10:
3460:
3444:Galaxy morphological types
3087:Gravitational microlensing
3042:Galactic coordinate system
2074:10.1088/2041-8205/775/1/L6
2019:10.1088/0004-637X/812/1/34
1964:10.1088/0004-637X/802/1/30
676:
401:-dominated systems known.
361:Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies
3350:
3314:
3278:
3200:
3125:
3024:
2939:
2832:
2791:
2701:
2636:
2527:
2382:
2244:"A stubborn dwarf galaxy"
2129:The Astrophysical Journal
1527:The Astrophysical Journal
1397:The Astrophysical Journal
1017:The Astrophysical Journal
475:absolute visual magnitude
305:blue compact dwarf galaxy
86:Galaxy Evolution Explorer
3052:Galactic magnetic fields
2865:Brightest cluster galaxy
2761:Luminous infrared galaxy
2318:19 February 2014 at the
2221:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6972
1854:The Astronomical Journal
1623:10.3847/2041-8213/ac3006
1462:The Astronomical Journal
1291:The Astronomical Journal
1106:The Astronomical Journal
712:List of nearest galaxies
617:Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal
497:Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy
479:supermassive black holes
413:and before the epoch of
392:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
341:Nearby examples include
3047:Galactic habitable zone
3032:Extragalactic astronomy
2621:Supermassive black hole
2535:Active galactic nucleus
2265:"A galaxy of deception"
1679:1999A&AS..134...75H
1353:2019ARA&A..57..375S
315:of young, hot, massive
235:Dwarf spheroidal galaxy
229:dwarf elliptical galaxy
2799:Low surface brightness
2550:Central massive object
2290:www.spacetelescope.org
792:www.spacetelescope.org
737:"The Milky Way Galaxy"
673:
661:
622:Small Magellanic Cloud
542:Large Magellanic Cloud
469:, of approximately 20
296:
261:Magellanic type dwarfs
245:dwarf irregular galaxy
220:
150:
73:
54:Large Magellanic Cloud
31:
25:Large Magellanic Cloud
3360:Category:Star systems
3233:Dark globular cluster
3077:Galaxy rotation curve
2333:28 March 2009 at the
2189:Astrophysical Journal
1988:Astrophysical Journal
1933:Astrophysical Journal
1815:ASP Conference Series
1794:27 April 2018 at the
1766:Sydney Morning Herald
1268:Göttingen Observatory
1246:Universidade do Porto
1201:ASP Conference Series
788:"An irregular island"
667:
656:
602:Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy
290:
215:
144:
67:
48:, as compared to the
22:
3112:Population III stars
3107:Intergalactic travel
3057:Galactic orientation
2924:Voids and supervoids
852:on 12 September 2010
741:www.messier.seds.org
425:Ultra-compact dwarfs
147:Phoenix Dwarf Galaxy
137:Local dwarf galaxies
68:Dwarf galaxies like
3291:Stellar association
3102:Intergalactic stars
2991:Large quasar groups
2986:Groups and clusters
2850:Groups and clusters
2709:Lyman-alpha emitter
2601:Interstellar medium
2212:2017ApJ...839...72A
2152:2015ApJ...808L..32S
2066:2013ApJ...775L...6S
2011:2015ApJ...812...34L
1956:2015ApJ...802...30Z
1877:2004AJ....128.1529M
1838:2004ASPC..327..155K
1734:2000PASA...17..227D
1687:10.1051/aas:1999434
1614:2021ApJ...921L...9B
1549:2009ApJ...693.1859B
1484:2005AJ....129.2692W
1419:2005ApJ...626L..85W
1304:1994AJ....107.2021M
1224:2010ASPC..421...65L
1119:1995AJ....110.2067S
1040:2008ApJ...676.1008N
931:2007MNRAS.376..387M
637:Ursa Major II Dwarf
430:Ultra-compact dwarf
329:lenticular galaxies
291:Blue compact dwarf
255:dwarf spiral galaxy
3306:Hypervelocity star
3097:Intergalactic dust
3082:Gravitational lens
3037:Galactic astronomy
3006:Starburst galaxies
2746:blue compact dwarf
2702:Energetic galaxies
2666:BL Lacertae object
1277:on 15 August 2011.
1179:. 2 September 2011
969:. 18 February 2009
821:. 19 February 2009
674:
662:
632:Ursa Major I Dwarf
435:tidal interactions
397:UFDs are the most
325:irregular galaxies
297:
221:
196:in the Milky Way,
151:
74:
32:
3368:
3367:
3157:
3156:
3117:Galaxy X (galaxy)
3092:Illustris project
3062:Galactic quadrant
2783:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
2773:Green bean galaxy
2768:Hot dust-obscured
2719:Luminous infrared
2483:Elliptical galaxy
2286:"Hubble's Legacy"
882:. 24 October 2011
768:. 8 December 2021
463:half-light radius
384:globular clusters
368:Ultra-faint dwarf
336:forming new stars
225:Elliptical galaxy
167:Triangulum Galaxy
3451:
3421:
3420:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3358:
3357:
3270:Planetary system
3228:Globular cluster
3184:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3145:
3133:
3132:
2778:Hanny's Voorwerp
2688:Relativistic jet
2562:Dark matter halo
2369:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2205:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2145:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2059:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2004:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1949:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1870:
1868:astro-ph/0406613
1861:(4): 1529â1540.
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1829:astro-ph/0307362
1805:
1799:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1727:
1725:astro-ph/0002003
1705:
1699:
1698:
1672:
1670:astro-ph/9807144
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1607:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1542:
1533:(2): 1859â1870.
1518:
1512:
1511:
1477:
1475:astro-ph/0410416
1468:(6): 2692â2700.
1453:
1447:
1446:
1412:
1410:astro-ph/0503552
1387:
1381:
1380:
1346:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1298:(6): 2021â2035.
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1270:. Archived from
1265:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1033:
1024:(2): 1008â1015.
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
959:
953:
952:
942:
924:
922:astro-ph/0701289
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
848:. Archived from
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
784:
778:
777:
775:
773:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
733:
694:taken by Hubble.
687:
642:Ursa Minor Dwarf
382:. UFDs resemble
241:Irregular galaxy
194:globular cluster
163:Andromeda Galaxy
121:by neighbouring
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3346:
3315:Visual grouping
3310:
3274:
3196:
3188:
3158:
3153:
3121:
3020:
2935:
2828:
2787:
2697:
2632:
2611:Galaxy filament
2555:Galactic Center
2523:
2378:
2373:
2335:Wayback Machine
2320:Wayback Machine
2309:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2179:
2175:
2123:
2119:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2038:
2034:
1983:
1979:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1849:
1845:
1806:
1802:
1796:Wayback Machine
1786:
1782:
1761:
1757:
1742:10.1071/AS00034
1706:
1702:
1651:
1647:
1584:
1580:
1519:
1515:
1454:
1450:
1388:
1384:
1323:
1319:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1153:. 16 March 2015
1141:
1140:
1136:
1101:"Dwarf Spirals"
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
986:
982:
972:
970:
961:
960:
956:
899:
895:
885:
883:
870:
869:
865:
855:
853:
838:
834:
824:
822:
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
786:
785:
781:
771:
769:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
735:
734:
730:
726:
702:
695:
688:
679:
651:
487:
468:
427:
363:
283:
210:
175:masses interact
139:
129:and eventually
127:stellar streams
125:, resulting in
123:spiral galaxies
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3439:Dwarf galaxies
3426:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Stellar stream
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Stellar stream
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2596:Galactic ridge
2593:
2591:Galactic plane
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2322:
2308:
2307:External links
2305:
2303:
2302:
2277:
2256:
2235:
2173:
2117:
2087:
2032:
1977:
1922:
1898:
1885:10.1086/423701
1843:
1800:
1780:
1755:
1718:(3): 227â233.
1700:
1645:
1578:
1513:
1492:10.1086/430214
1448:
1427:10.1086/431760
1403:(2): L85âL88.
1382:
1337:(1): 375â415.
1317:
1312:10.1086/117013
1280:
1251:
1229:
1190:
1164:
1134:
1128:10.1086/117669
1091:
1080:. 15 June 2015
1061:
1048:10.1086/529002
1006:
980:
954:
915:(1): 387â392.
893:
863:
832:
804:
779:
753:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
714:
709:
701:
698:
697:
696:
689:
682:
678:
675:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
507:Crater 2 dwarf
504:
499:
494:
492:Aquarius Dwarf
488:
486:
483:
466:
443:Fornax Cluster
426:
423:
362:
359:
282:
279:
278:
277:
270:
263:
258:
248:
238:
232:
209:
206:
198:Omega Centauri
171:galactic tides
138:
135:
61:
58:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3456:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3342:Constellation
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Multiple star
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Superclusters
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Superclusters
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Galactic tide
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Ultra diffuse
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2638:Active nuclei
2635:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1769:. p. 5.
1768:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:: 2067â2074.
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1010:
995:
991:
984:
968:
964:
958:
950:
946:
941:
936:
932:
928:
923:
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
897:
881:
877:
873:
867:
851:
847:
843:
836:
820:
819:
818:Science Daily
814:
808:
793:
789:
783:
767:
763:
757:
742:
738:
732:
728:
718:
715:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
693:
690:Dwarf galaxy
686:
681:
680:
671:
668:Dwarf galaxy
666:
659:
655:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:Phoenix Dwarf
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
482:
480:
476:
472:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Virgo Cluster
436:
431:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
289:
285:
275:
274:section below
271:
268:
267:section below
264:
262:
259:
256:
252:
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131:galaxy merger
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109:constellation
106:
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99:, a cloud of
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21:
3399:Solar System
3301:Runaway star
3296:Moving group
3238:Open cluster
3218:Star cluster
3213:Dwarf galaxy
3212:
3147:
3135:
2870:fossil group
2792:Low activity
2626:Ultramassive
2456:Dwarf galaxy
2455:
2439:intermediate
2434:grand design
2325:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:
2280:
2270:29 September
2268:. Retrieved
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
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2102:25 September
2100:. Retrieved
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971:. Retrieved
967:Newswise.com
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884:. Retrieved
866:
854:. Retrieved
850:the original
835:
823:. Retrieved
816:
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795:. Retrieved
791:
782:
770:. Retrieved
766:earthsky.org
765:
756:
744:. Retrieved
740:
731:
627:Tucana Dwarf
522:Fornax Dwarf
502:Carina Dwarf
485:Partial list
451:Coma Cluster
429:
428:
415:reionization
396:
367:
366:
364:
340:
333:
327:or as dwarf
308:
304:
298:
284:
208:Common types
191:
152:
116:
75:
38:dwarf galaxy
37:
35:
33:
3411:Spaceflight
3387:Outer space
3322:Double star
3265:Binary star
3260:Star system
2929:void galaxy
2892:cannibalism
2877:Interacting
2833:Interaction
2819:Blue Nugget
2809:Dark galaxy
2714:Lyman-break
2606:Protogalaxy
2572:Disc galaxy
2295:2 September
1183:3 September
1070:"True blue"
973:20 February
856:11 February
658:LEDA 677373
532:I Zwicky 18
527:Henize 2-10
517:Eridanus II
512:Draco Dwarf
403:Astronomers
399:dark matter
388:dark matter
179:dark matter
155:Local Group
93:metallicity
89:space probe
78:dark matter
40:is a small
3433:Categories
3332:Star cloud
2969:Polar-ring
2814:Red nugget
2756:faint blue
2616:Spiral arm
2471:spheroidal
2461:elliptical
2444:Magellanic
2429:flocculent
2397:Lenticular
2384:Morphology
2203:1703.09221
2143:1506.08828
2136:(1): L32.
2002:1508.07334
1947:1501.03167
1605:2110.08279
1344:1901.05465
886:25 October
724:References
717:Pea galaxy
449:, and the
447:Abell 1689
309:BCD galaxy
202:black hole
2904:Satellite
2899:Jellyfish
2887:collision
2824:Dead disk
2741:Starburst
2656:Markarian
2528:Structure
2495:Irregular
2466:irregular
2196:(2): 72.
2111:Milky Way
2057:1307.7707
2050:(1): L6.
1995:(1): 34.
1940:(1): 30.
1915:20 August
1775:0312-6315
1663:: 75â86.
1640:239016084
1632:2041-8205
1598:(1): L9.
1565:0004-637X
1540:0806.2340
1500:0004-6256
1435:0004-637X
1377:119384790
1369:0066-4146
1215:0909.5500
1056:208867075
1031:0801.2782
999:17 August
797:25 August
647:Willman 1
612:Sextans A
301:astronomy
293:PGC 51017
217:UGC 11411
183:Dark Ages
159:Milky Way
60:Formation
50:Milky Way
29:Milky Way
3337:Asterism
3136:Category
3025:See also
2949:Galaxies
2676:X-shaped
2507:Peculiar
2449:unbarred
2407:unbarred
2376:Galaxies
2331:Archived
2316:Archived
2230:55131811
2168:55254708
2082:52207639
2027:35610312
1972:73517961
1893:15575071
1792:Archived
1750:13161406
1695:17710039
1573:14543154
1443:14851943
1157:21 March
994:BBC News
949:16426005
700:See also
582:PHL 293B
572:NGC 3353
567:NGC 2915
562:NGC 1705
557:NGC 1569
459:M59-UCD3
455:M60-UCD1
421:so far.
419:Universe
411:Big Bang
407:Universe
394:(SDSS).
380:Universe
372:galaxies
355:UGCA 281
351:NGC 3353
347:NGC 2915
343:NGC 1705
313:clusters
187:Big Bang
165:and the
101:hydrogen
97:Leo Ring
70:NGC 5264
3373:Portals
3279:Unbound
3194:systems
3191:Stellar
2996:Quasars
2964:Nearest
2959:Largest
2860:cluster
2693:Seyfert
2326:Science
2208:Bibcode
2148:Bibcode
2113:galaxy.
2062:Bibcode
2007:Bibcode
1952:Bibcode
1873:Bibcode
1834:Bibcode
1822:: 155.
1730:Bibcode
1675:Bibcode
1610:Bibcode
1545:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1415:Bibcode
1349:Bibcode
1300:Bibcode
1220:Bibcode
1115:Bibcode
1084:15 June
1036:Bibcode
927:Bibcode
825:29 July
772:22 June
746:22 June
692:UGC 685
677:Gallery
471:parsecs
3208:Galaxy
3148:Portal
2979:Spiral
2882:merger
2661:Quasar
2646:Blazar
2584:corona
2500:barred
2476:spiral
2424:barred
2419:anemic
2414:Spiral
2402:barred
2249:6 July
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2166:
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1151:Hubble
1078:Hubble
1054:
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880:Hubble
670:DDO 68
552:Leo II
247:(dIrr)
161:, the
119:ripped
105:helium
42:galaxy
3423:Stars
3201:Bound
3016:Voids
2941:Lists
2919:Walls
2855:group
2840:Field
2734:ELIRG
2729:HLIRG
2724:ULIRG
2681:DRAGN
2671:Radio
2651:LINER
2545:Bulge
2517:Polar
2226:S2CID
2198:arXiv
2164:S2CID
2138:arXiv
2078:S2CID
2052:arXiv
2023:S2CID
1997:arXiv
1968:S2CID
1942:arXiv
1910:(PDF)
1889:S2CID
1863:arXiv
1824:arXiv
1746:S2CID
1720:arXiv
1691:S2CID
1665:arXiv
1636:S2CID
1600:arXiv
1569:S2CID
1535:arXiv
1504:S2CID
1470:arXiv
1439:S2CID
1405:arXiv
1373:S2CID
1339:arXiv
1275:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1242:(PDF)
1210:arXiv
1052:S2CID
1026:arXiv
945:S2CID
917:arXiv
547:Leo I
537:IC 10
376:stars
317:stars
257:(dS)
46:stars
2974:Ring
2579:Halo
2567:Disc
2512:Ring
2392:Disc
2297:2019
2272:2014
2251:2016
2104:2013
1917:2023
1771:ISSN
1628:ISSN
1561:ISSN
1496:ISSN
1431:ISSN
1365:ISSN
1185:2011
1177:WISE
1159:2015
1086:2015
1001:2018
975:2009
888:2011
858:2012
827:2015
799:2016
774:2023
748:2023
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321:blue
303:, a
231:(dE)
145:The
103:and
82:NASA
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2751:pea
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1993:812
1960:doi
1938:802
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