773:, states which succeed to a treaty after gaining independence from a state party "shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to that treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates unless, when making the notification of succession, it expresses a contrary intention or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation." While some states have explicitly either retained or renounced their reservations inherited on succession, states which have not clarified their position on their inherited reservations are listed as "implicit" reservations.
201:
6498:
6173:
2491:
6368:
4514:
1632:
5950:, states which succeed to a treaty after gaining independence from a state party "shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to that treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates unless, when making the notification of succession, it expresses a contrary intention or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation." Any state which has not clarified their position on reservations inherited on succession are listed as "implicit" reservations.
1564:
1023:
6186:
4956:
6615:
6095:
1924:
4436:
6342:
1496:
1732:
4749:
5180:
1205:
927:
1852:
2038:
4092:
5342:
4185:
3400:
3785:
5387:
686:
5114:
3313:
2464:
6589:
4788:
4657:
4553:
1398:
6550:
6160:
6056:
4475:
3825:
2983:
2008:
799:
3019:
6628:
6576:
6511:
6381:
6355:
6043:
5456:
5022:
3098:
2929:
1705:
1537:
1129:
6485:
6394:
3427:
3370:
2272:
4867:
4038:
3863:
3340:
6524:
5483:
3574:
2615:
2437:
969:
1166:
6667:
6303:
6212:
6199:
6108:
4722:
4131:
3694:
3481:
2132:
1430:
1357:
6563:
6316:
5079:
5047:
4684:
4242:
3999:
3508:
2106:
1678:
1469:
2201:
6407:
6225:
6134:
6069:
6030:
5303:
5219:
3932:
3640:
3248:
2822:
2717:
2548:
2518:
2398:
1951:
1759:
1300:
1091:
996:
6641:
6537:
6420:
6251:
5513:
5426:
4580:
4310:
3731:
3209:
3182:
2065:
1894:
1061:
853:
826:
412:
119:
6602:
6277:
6121:
6082:
5246:
4607:
3667:
3152:
3061:
2891:
2755:
1813:
6654:
6264:
5276:
4397:
4065:
3969:
3613:
3454:
2368:
1273:
890:
6472:
6290:
6238:
4899:
6459:
6433:
5550:
5141:
4986:
4283:
3893:
3758:
3535:
3275:
2956:
2341:
1978:
1591:
1246:
2311:
6446:
2162:
1786:
6329:
6147:
4158:
3125:
2680:
2653:
4926:
4212:
1327:
4351:
2231:
2792:
4826:
2861:
2575:
291:, and efficient methods of deploying agents were invented. At least 124,000 tons were produced during the war. In 1918, about one grenade out of three was filled with dangerous chemical agents. Around 1.3 million casualties of the conflict were attributed to the use of gas, and the psychological effect on troops may have had a much greater effect.
7184:
595:
2162B called for, without any dissent, all states to strictly observe the protocol. In 1969, United
Nations General Assembly resolution 2603 (XXIV) declared that the prohibition on use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts, as embodied in the protocol (though restated in
732:
power). Thirty-eight states originally signed the
Protocol. France was the first signatory to ratify the Protocol on 10 May 1926. El Salvador, the final signatory to ratify the Protocol, did so on 26 February 2008. As of April 2021, 146 states have ratified, acceded to, or succeeded to the Protocol,
179:
It prohibits the use of "asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices" and "bacteriological methods of warfare". This is now understood to be a general prohibition on chemical weapons and biological weapons between state parties, but has nothing to say
745:
when becoming parties to the Geneva
Protocol, declaring that they only regarded the non-use obligations as applying with respect to other parties to the Protocol and/or that these obligations would cease to apply with respect to any state, or its allies, which used the prohibited weapons. Several
7382:
use in international armed conflicts of: (a) Any chemical agents of warfare - chemical substances, whether gaseous, liquid or solid - which might be employed because of their direct toxic effects on man, animals or plants; (b) Any biological agents of warfare - living organisms, whatever their
753:
Generally, reservations not only modify treaty provisions for the reserving party, but also symmetrically modify the provisions for previously ratifying parties in dealing with the reserving party. Subsequently, numerous states have withdrawn their reservations, including the former
191:
A number of countries submitted reservations when becoming parties to the Geneva
Protocol, declaring that they only regarded the non-use obligations as applying to other parties and that these obligations would cease to apply if the prohibited weapons were used against them.
627:
prohibits the military use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects. Many states do not regard this as a complete ban on the use of herbicides in warfare, but it does require case-by-case consideration. The 1993
6766:
7622:
7383:
nature, or infective material derived from them - which are intended to cause disease or death in man, animals or plants, and which depend for their effects on their ability to multiply in the person, animal or plant attacked.
6714:
440:
In light of these shortcomings, Jack Beard notes that "the
Protocol (...) resulted in a legal framework that allowed states to conduct research, develop new biological weapons, and ultimately engage in arms races".
302:, as nearby civilian towns were at risk from winds blowing the poison gases through. Civilians living in towns rarely had any warning systems about the dangers of poison gas, as well as not having access to effective
314:, died from scarring of the lungs, skin damage, and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended. In 1920 alone, over 40,000 civilians and 20,000 military personnel died from the chemical weapons effects.
6862:
171:
on 7 September 1929. The Geneva
Protocol is a protocol to the Convention for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition and in Implements of War signed on the same date, and followed the
643:
stated that "there had undisputedly emerged a general consensus in the international community on the principle that the use of chemical weapons is also prohibited in internal armed conflicts." In 2005, the
582:
During the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War, Iraq is known to have employed a variety of chemical weapons against
Iranian forces. Some 100,000 Iranian troops were casualties of Iraqi chemical weapons during the war.
677:) and national legislation and manuals prohibiting using them in such conflicts. Anne Lorenzat stated the 2005 ICRC study was rooted in "'political and operational issues rather than legal ones".
6980:
Beard, J. (2007). "The
Shortcomings of Indeterminacy in Arms Control Regimes: The Case of the Biological Weapons Convention". American Journal of International Law. 101(2): 271β321. doi:
9235:
7701:"States parties to the Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare, Done at Geneva 17 June 1925"
6822:
659:
conflicts. Furthermore, the application of customary international law to banning chemical warfare in non-international conflicts fails to meet two requirements: state practice and
6782:
Prohibited the "use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices" and "bacteriological methods" in international conflicts.
5947:
770:
4630:
Implicit on succession. Serbia's
Parliament voted to withdraw their reservation in May 2009 and the withdrawal was announced in 2010, but the depositary has not been notified.
7860:"No. 2138 - Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. Signed at Geneva, 17 June 1925"
7488:
596:
a more general form), were generally recognized rules of international law. Following this, there was discussion of whether the main elements of the protocol now form part of
354:
7294:
9230:
7185:"Geneva Protocol: Protocol For the Prohibition of the Use In War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, And of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)"
9320:
9350:
9835:
9525:
640:
9940:
7827:
9305:
571:
troops with the help of a field engineer battalion. After the battle in mid-May 1942, the
Germans gassed and killed almost 3,000 of the besieged and non-evacuated
9485:
9245:
6863:"Protocole concernant la prohibition d'emploi à la guerre de gaz asphyxiants, toxiques ou similaires et de moyens bactériologiques, fait à Genève le 17 juin 1925"
294:
As protective equipment developed, the technology to destroy such equipment became a part of the arms race. The use of deadly poison gas was not only limited to
9290:
7212:
639:
In recent times, the protocol had been interpreted to cover non-international armed conflicts as well international ones. In 1995, an appellate chamber in the
423:
Eric Croddy, assessing the Protocol in 2005, took the view that the historic record showed it had been largely ineffectual. Specifically it does not prohibit:
9770:
9960:
399:
At the 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic in Arms the French suggested a protocol for non-use of poisonous gases. The
287:
This resulted in the development of a range of horrific chemicals affecting lungs, skin, or eyes. Some were intended to be lethal on the battlefield, like
9955:
9149:
Webster, Andrew. "Making Disarmament Work: The implementation of the international disarmament provisions in the League of Nations Covenant, 1919β1925."
7651:"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)"
7422:"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)"
551:, where they used toxic smoke to force Russian resistance fighters out of caverns below the city. They also used asphyxiating gas in the catacombs of
9340:
7678:
6866:
7679:"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. Geneva, 17 June 1925"
9825:
9265:
7803:"Protocole du 17 juin 1925 concernant la prohibition d'emploi Γ la guerre de gaz asphyxiants, toxiques ou similaires et de moyens bactΓ©riologiques"
6816:
9950:
9735:
9730:
762:, or the Russian reservation on biological weapons that "preserved the right to retaliate in kind if attacked" with them, which was dissolved by
489:
7867:
League of Nations Treaty Series - Publication of Treaties and International Engagements Registered with the Secretariat of the League of Nations
9815:
9440:
8800:
7925:
1453:
in exile in 1983. 13 states (including the depositary France) objected to their ratification, and considered it legally invalid. In 1993, the
9590:
6956:
5880:
Ceases to be binding as to the use of chemical weapons in regards to any enemy state which does not observe the prohibitions of the protocol.
9930:
9310:
9225:
9094:
9069:
9044:
9019:
8994:
8969:
8944:
8919:
8894:
8869:
8779:
8754:
8729:
8704:
8679:
8654:
8629:
8604:
8579:
8554:
8529:
8504:
8479:
8454:
8429:
8404:
8379:
8354:
8329:
8301:
8276:
8251:
8226:
8201:
8176:
8151:
8126:
8101:
8076:
8051:
7560:
6914:
5986:
5973:
1450:
7519:
9830:
9745:
9395:
9215:
648:
concluded that customary international law includes a ban on the use of chemical weapons in internal as well as international conflicts.
122:
9760:
9460:
9200:
8833:
6732:
Signatories agreed to abstain from "the use of projectiles the object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases."
592:
665:. Jillian Blake & Aqsa Mahmud cited the periodic use of chemical weapons in non-international conflicts since the end of WWI (as
9425:
9405:
7756:"Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare"
7731:"Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare"
6911:"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare"
6019:
9015:
7496:
9880:
9810:
9450:
9250:
7828:"Protocole concernant la prohibition d'emploi Γ la guerre de gaz asphyxiants, toxiques ou similaires et de moyens bactΓ©riologiques"
7781:"Protocole concernant la prohibition d'emploi Γ la guerre de gaz asphyxiants, toxiques ou similaires et de moyens bactΓ©riologiques"
6790:
5999:
5585:
4642:
652:
645:
136:
Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare
41:
Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare
9166:
7539:"The Current State of Customary International Law with regard to the Use of Chemical Weapons in Non-International Armed Conflicts"
321:
included some provisions that banned Germany from either manufacturing or importing chemical weapons. Similar treaties banned the
9945:
9905:
9380:
7700:
7342:
9910:
9415:
9965:
9820:
9710:
7626:
7606:
7136:
7037:
7012:
4646:
624:
9725:
9670:
7302:
9510:
9385:
9220:
4386:
7834:
6892:
9595:
9495:
9475:
8550:
7265:
7108:
6740:
6727:
576:
330:
213:
173:
5842:
Ceases to be binding in regards to any state, and its allies, which does not observe the prohibitions of the protocol.
9790:
9775:
9625:
9505:
9480:
9315:
9210:
9130:
8024:
7759:
7704:
7654:
7229:
1663:
6808:
Comprehensive bans on development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons, with destruction timelines.
444:
As such, the use of chemical weapons inside the nation's own territory against its citizens or subjects employed by
9935:
9850:
9765:
9675:
9555:
9550:
9410:
9360:
6178:
4519:
746:
Arab states also declared that their ratification did not constitute recognition of, or diplomatic relations with,
20:
7582:
7396:
9610:
9605:
9445:
9355:
9335:
9275:
7132:
5960:
449:
603:
There have been differing interpretations over whether the protocol covers the use of harassing agents, such as
9920:
9795:
9680:
9635:
9600:
9500:
9470:
9260:
9255:
9205:
7965:
6373:
4638:
670:
660:
632:
effectively banned riot control agents from being used as a method of warfare, though still permitting it for
9865:
9860:
9840:
9805:
9800:
9715:
9700:
9655:
9620:
9325:
9280:
9144:
7903:
5370:
3044:
1667:
759:
560:
512:
181:
9040:
6870:
6503:
9925:
9915:
9900:
9885:
9780:
9690:
9660:
9645:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9530:
9515:
9490:
9465:
9435:
9420:
9400:
9390:
9365:
9300:
9285:
9270:
9240:
7734:
9895:
9890:
9845:
9785:
9755:
9750:
9705:
9695:
9650:
9640:
9615:
9570:
9560:
9540:
9520:
9375:
9330:
9295:
9190:
8965:
7079:"The Geneva Protocol at 90, Part 1: Discovery of the dual-use dilemma - The Trench - Jean Pascal Zanders"
6803:
6701:
629:
597:
365:
185:
8775:
7780:
7151:
6002:, states may make a reservation when "signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty".
9875:
9855:
9740:
9685:
9665:
9630:
9545:
9535:
9455:
9345:
7730:
6938:
536:
360:
Three years after World War I, the Allies wanted to reaffirm the Treaty of Versailles, and in 1922 the
7859:
6706:
The first international agreement limiting the use of chemical weapons, in this case, poison bullets.
9870:
9720:
9565:
9430:
9370:
9195:
8890:
8725:
7465:
7188:
504:
200:
9119:
Frederic Joseph Brown (2005). "Chapter 3: The Evolution of Policy 1922-1939 / Geneva Gas Protocol".
7556:
7057:"Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare. Washington, 6 February 1922"
5613: Parties with unwithdrawn reservations limiting the applicability of provisions of the Protocol
713: Parties with unwithdrawn reservations limiting the applicability of provisions of the Protocol
8807:
6795:
No verification mechanism, negotiations for a protocol to make up this lack halted by USA in 2001.
1569:
461:
8915:
8650:
7100:
Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology and History, Volume 1
8675:
8147:
5985:
Some sources list two reservations by Thailand, but neither the instrument of accession, nor the
1419:
322:
8097:
7802:
306:. The use of chemical weapons employed by both sides had inflicted an estimated 100,000-260,000
8990:
8865:
8625:
8247:
8222:
8172:
6100:
5068:
556:
400:
249:
9065:
8750:
8700:
8475:
8350:
8197:
8122:
8047:
7538:
7255:
16:
Treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts
8575:
8525:
8500:
8400:
8272:
8072:
6191:
5959:
Although the FR Yugoslavia claimed to be the continuator state of the SFR of Yugoslavia, the
4441:
389:
225:
9090:
8940:
8840:
8600:
8425:
8325:
8297:
7601:. London: Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC). pp. 93β109.
364:
introduced the Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare at the
8450:
8375:
7443:
7220:
6753:
6620:
958:
651:
However, such views drew general criticism from legal authors. They noted that much of the
318:
7953:
The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions, and Other Documents
7755:
724:
To become party to the Protocol, states must deposit an instrument with the government of
8:
7366:
7280:
5581:
5185:
2722:
1454:
932:
511:
not to ratify the protocol until 1975, the same year when the United States ratified the
326:
307:
180:
about production, storage or transfer. Later treaties did cover these aspects β the 1972
523:
Several state parties have deployed chemical weapons for combat in spite of the treaty.
232:
in 1914, but the first large-scale successful deployment of chemical weapons was by the
9163:
7347:
5589:
4888:
4043:
1929:
1523:
Withdrawn in 1991 as regards bacteriological agents, and completely withdrawn in 1999.
674:
493:
311:
205:
151:
27:
9139:
Bunn, George. "Gas and germ warfare: international legal history and present status."
7708:
7352:
7324:
567:, perpetrated by the Wehrmacht's Chemical Forces and organized by a special detail of
9126:
8020:
7988:
7961:
7896:
7874:
7602:
7261:
7159:
7104:
7078:
7033:
7008:
6256:
2043:
763:
742:
485:
477:
350:
164:
7593:
7152:"ERC exige que EspaΓ±a pida perdΓ³n por el uso de armas quΓmicas en la guerra del Rif"
6719:
Prohibited the employment of poison or poisoned weapons (Never entered into force.)
575:
soldiers and Soviet civilians hiding in a series of caves and tunnels in the nearby
9016:"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Ratification of 1925 Geneva"
7957:
6347:
6015:
5724:
Binding only with regards to states which have ratified or acceded to the protocol.
4097:
532:
473:
377:
346:
288:
221:
147:
9170:
9120:
8014:
7951:
7098:
4754:
3405:
750:, or that the provision of the Protocol were not binding with respect to Israel.
430:
retaliation using such weapons, so effectively making it a no-first-use agreement
381:
265:
217:
155:
9175:
162:
on 17 June 1925 and entered into force on 8 February 1928. It was registered in
9141:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7589:
6981:
5347:
1883:
1857:
755:
465:
373:
342:
334:
257:
4714:
Succeeded from Czechoslovakia, which ratified the protocol on 16 August 1938.
9184:
7650:
7520:"A Legal "Red Line"? Syria and the Use of Chemical Weapons in Civil Conflict"
7421:
7163:
6821:
Makes it a war crime to employ chemical weapons in international conflicts. (
5392:
3318:
2469:
568:
543:, Germany employed chemical weapons in combat on several occasions along the
500:
453:
403:
suggested the addition of bacteriological weapons. It was signed on 17 June.
369:
361:
269:
233:
167:
7583:"The Trilateral Agreement: lessons for biological weapons verification]"
7367:"2603 (XXIV). Question of chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons"
6951:
5369:
Reservation 2 withdrawn in 1991 as regards biological agents covered by the
3043:
Reservation 2 withdrawn in 2002 as regards biological agents covered by the
6594:
4793:
4662:
4558:
1458:
1403:
633:
620:
540:
385:
245:
216:, the use of dangerous chemical agents was outlawed. In spite of this, the
8551:"Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
685:
6771:
Failed because France objected to clauses relating to submarine warfare.
6555:
6061:
5573:
Made in a second instrument of accession submitted on 16 September 1973.
4961:
4480:
4190:
3830:
3790:
3024:
2988:
2013:
1737:
804:
528:
508:
5862:
Does not constitute recognition of, or establishing any relations with,
6633:
6581:
6516:
6490:
6399:
6386:
6360:
6048:
5461:
5027:
3432:
3375:
3103:
2934:
2277:
1710:
1542:
1134:
729:
616:
612:
548:
295:
126:
4269:
Reservation 2 withdrawn in 2003, and reservation 1 withdrawn in 2014.
7257:
On the Battlefields of the Cold War: A Soviet Ambassador's Confession
7213:"Banning Poison Gas and Germ Warfare: Should the United States Agree"
7004:
6767:
Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare
6529:
5488:
4872:
3868:
3579:
3345:
2620:
2442:
1028:
974:
544:
393:
338:
303:
299:
253:
7056:
6910:
1190:
Withdrew the reservations made by the United Kingdom on succession.
496:
protestors in the United States did not breach the Geneva Protocol.
411:
7030:
War Made New: Weapons, Warriors, and the Making of the Modern World
6672:
6568:
6321:
6308:
6217:
6204:
6113:
5084:
5052:
4727:
4689:
4247:
4136:
4004:
3699:
3513:
3486:
2496:
2137:
2111:
1683:
1474:
1461:
that it considered itself bound by the provisions of the Protocol.
1435:
1362:
1171:
608:
604:
572:
229:
7343:"Iraq Chemical Arms Condemned, but West Once Looked the Other Way"
7001:
Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition
6646:
6542:
6425:
6412:
6230:
6165:
6139:
6074:
6035:
5518:
5431:
5308:
5224:
4585:
4315:
3937:
3736:
3645:
3253:
3214:
3187:
2827:
2553:
2523:
2403:
2316:
2206:
2070:
1956:
1899:
1764:
1305:
1210:
1096:
1066:
1001:
858:
831:
281:
241:
9041:"United States of America: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
5948:
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties
771:
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties
7517:
7492:
7400:
6659:
6607:
6282:
6269:
6126:
6087:
5863:
5281:
5251:
4931:
4612:
4402:
4356:
4217:
4070:
3974:
3672:
3618:
3459:
3157:
3066:
2896:
2760:
2373:
2236:
1818:
1501:
1332:
1278:
895:
747:
725:
564:
457:
277:
261:
159:
143:
65:
7096:
5963:
did not accept this and forced them to reapply for membership.
499:
Despite the U.S. having been a proponent of the protocol, the
7929:
7486:
6477:
6464:
6438:
6295:
6243:
5555:
5146:
4991:
4904:
4831:
4288:
3898:
3763:
3540:
3280:
2961:
2866:
2797:
2580:
2346:
1983:
1637:
1596:
1251:
552:
524:
481:
469:
445:
436:
research and development of such weapons, or stockpiling them
416:
333:
from chemical weapons, all belonging to the losing side, the
273:
237:
8801:"Seventh Review Conference of Biological Weapons Convention"
6745:
The Conference added the use of poison or poisoned weapons.
586:
7833:. Government of Switzerland. 15 August 2013. Archived from
6451:
6334:
6152:
5119:
5103:
4163:
3130:
2685:
2658:
2167:
1791:
310:
during the conflict. Tens of thousands or more, along with
26:"Geneva Protocols" redirects here. Not to be confused with
8776:"Russian Federation: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7489:"Syria: international law and the use of chemical weapons"
4773:
Retained the United Kingdom's reservations on succession.
2186:
Retained the United Kingdom's reservations on succession.
8966:"Syrian Arab Republic: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
5562:
5525:
5498:
5493:
5468:
5441:
5436:
5402:
5397:
5357:
5352:
5315:
5288:
5261:
5256:
5231:
5192:
5153:
5126:
5094:
5089:
5059:
5034:
4998:
4971:
4966:
4941:
4936:
4911:
4879:
4841:
4836:
4800:
4761:
4734:
4696:
4669:
4619:
4592:
4565:
4526:
4487:
4448:
4409:
4366:
4361:
4325:
4320:
4295:
4257:
4252:
4227:
4222:
4197:
4170:
4143:
4104:
4077:
4050:
4011:
3984:
3979:
3944:
3905:
3878:
3873:
3837:
3800:
3795:
3770:
3743:
3706:
3679:
3652:
3625:
3586:
3547:
3520:
3493:
3466:
3439:
3412:
3385:
3380:
3355:
3350:
3325:
3287:
3260:
3221:
3194:
3167:
3162:
3137:
3110:
3073:
3031:
2995:
2968:
2941:
2903:
2876:
2871:
2834:
2807:
2802:
2767:
2729:
2692:
2665:
2627:
2590:
2585:
2560:
2533:
2528:
2503:
2476:
2449:
2410:
2383:
2378:
2353:
2326:
2321:
2284:
2246:
2241:
2216:
2211:
2174:
2147:
2142:
2118:
2080:
2075:
2050:
2023:
2018:
1993:
1988:
1963:
1936:
1909:
1904:
1864:
1825:
1798:
1771:
1744:
1717:
1690:
1644:
1606:
1601:
1576:
1549:
1511:
1506:
1481:
1442:
1410:
1372:
1367:
1342:
1337:
1312:
1285:
1258:
1220:
1215:
1178:
1141:
1103:
1076:
1071:
1035:
1008:
981:
939:
902:
865:
838:
811:
641:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
6022:
that have not acceded or succeeded to the Protocol are:
5334:
Succeeded from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
8834:"Article VII: Geneva Protocol Obligations and the BTWC"
9236:
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
8726:"Papua New Guinea: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8013:
Papanicolopulu, Irini; Scovazzi, Tullio, eds. (2006).
8012:
9118:
8891:"Solomon Islands: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
6952:"Disarmament Treaties Database: 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7627:
Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland
7557:"Czech Republic: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
433:
use within a state's own borders in a civil conflict
8832:Sims, Nicholas; Pearson, Graham; Woodward, Angela.
8651:"Netherlands: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7518:Jillian Blake & Aqsa Mahmud (15 October 2013).
7466:"Practice Relating to Rule 75. Riot Control Agents"
7372:. United Nations General Assembly. 16 December 1969
9231:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
7536:
6867:Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of France
600:, and now this is widely accepted to be the case.
8916:"South Africa: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8019:(in Italian). GiuffrΓ¨ Editore. pp. 231β237.
7994:. Biological Weapons Convention Review Conference
7926:"High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Protocol"
7051:
7049:
6715:Brussels Convention on the Law and Customs of War
5373:, and reservations completely withdrawn in 2002.
4116:Retained Australia's reservations on succession.
1886:, which ratified the protocol on 16 August 1938.
9836:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan
9182:
8991:"Thailand: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8676:"New Zealand: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8223:"Bulgaria: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7468:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 2013
7446:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 2013
7059:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 2012
6817:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
6679:
5889:Ceases to be binding in the case of a violation.
204:British troops blinded by poison gas during the
9306:Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
8831:
8751:"Romania: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8351:"Estonia: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8198:"Belgium: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8148:"Bangladesh: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7487:Scott Spence and Meghan Brown (8 August 2012).
7480:
7394:
7388:
6998:
248:was released as part of a German attack at the
9321:Treaties of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
8866:"Slovakia: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8401:"France: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8273:"Canada: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8173:"Barbados: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8098:"Australia: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7949:
7046:
9941:Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
9351:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912β1949)
9066:"Viet Nam: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8941:"Spain: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8626:"Mongolia: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8426:"India: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8298:"Chile: Ratification of 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8248:"Cambodia: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7897:"Seventh BWC Review Conference Briefing Book"
7424:. U.S. Department of State. 25 September 2002
7295:"In Iran, grim reminders of Saddam's arsenal"
7283:, Ivan's War, Faber & Faber: pp. 148β150.
7130:
7092:
7090:
7088:
6957:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
9771:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
9526:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861β1946)
9095:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
9070:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
9045:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
9020:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8995:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8970:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8945:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8920:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8895:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8870:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8780:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8755:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8730:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8705:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8701:"Nigeria: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8680:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8655:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8630:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8605:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8580:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8555:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8530:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8505:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8480:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8476:"Ireland: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8455:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8430:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8405:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8380:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8355:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8330:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8302:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8277:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8252:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8227:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8202:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8177:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8152:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8127:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8123:"Bahrain: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8102:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8077:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8052:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
8048:"Algeria: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7561:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
6915:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
6825:extends prohibition to internal conflicts.)
5987:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
5974:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5926:
1451:Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
733:most recently Colombia on 24 November 2015.
9961:Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)
9486:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
9246:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
9125:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 98β110.
8576:"Kuwait: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8526:"Jordan: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8501:"Israel: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8326:"China: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8073:"Angola: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7783:. Government of Switzerland. 15 August 2013
7322:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
388:, but it failed to enter into force as the
9956:Treaties extended to the Dutch East Indies
9291:Treaties of the People's Republic of Benin
9091:"Yemen: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8601:"Libya: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
8376:"Fiji: Succession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7681:. International Committee of the Red Cross
7543:The Military Law and the Law of War Review
7444:"Practice Relating to Rule 76. Herbicides"
7414:
7085:
666:
593:United Nations General Assembly resolution
8451:"Iraq: Accession to 1925 Geneva Protocol"
7950:Schindler, Dietrich; Toman, JiΕΓ (1988).
7253:
7195:
5989:list, makes any mention of a reservation.
5601: Parties with withdrawn reservations
4645:, which had ratified the protocol as the
701: Parties with withdrawn reservations
587:Subsequent interpretation of the protocol
9341:Treaties of the Central African Republic
8320:
8318:
7645:
7643:
7340:
7027:
6791:Biological and Toxins Weapons Convention
6000:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
5903:
5607: Parties with implicit reservations
4643:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
707: Parties with implicit reservations
684:
646:International Committee of the Red Cross
410:
406:
199:
9826:Treaties of Spain under the Restoration
9266:Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
9122:Chemical warfare: a study in restraints
7673:
7671:
7574:
7397:"The 1925 Geneva Protocol goes digital"
7292:
7097:Eric A. Croddy, James J. Wirtz (2005).
6905:
6903:
6901:
6009:
9951:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
9736:Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
9731:Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
9183:
7247:
7149:
2989:Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
195:
9816:Treaties of the Union of South Africa
9441:Treaties of the French Third Republic
8315:
7640:
7580:
7341:Sciolino, Elaine (13 February 2003),
7254:Israelyan, Victor (1 November 2010).
7137:International Review of the Red Cross
6994:
6992:
6990:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5586:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
4647:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
625:Environmental Modification Convention
9591:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
7668:
7549:
7325:"It's like a knife stabbing into me"
7210:
6976:
6974:
6898:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5626:
415:Rabbit used to check for leaks at a
9931:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
9311:Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
9226:Treaties entered into force in 1928
8016:Quale diritto nei conflitti armati?
7623:"Le traitΓ© international en detail"
7293:Fassihi, Farnaz (27 October 2002),
5211:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
5172:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
4780:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
4545:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
4506:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
4467:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
4387:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
3605:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
3566:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
3240:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
2853:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
2429:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
2303:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
2193:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
1844:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
1197:Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
123:Geneva Protocol to Hague Convention
13:
9831:Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
9746:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
9396:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
9216:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
9112:
6999:D. Hank Ellison (24 August 2007).
6987:
6838:
6758:Prohibited poison gas in Germany.
695: Parties with no reservations
669:) as well as the lack of existing
559:, and in late May 1942 during the
555:in November 1941, following their
214:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
174:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
14:
9977:
9761:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
9461:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
9201:Chemical weapons demilitarization
9157:
8806:. 5 December 2011. Archived from
7808:. Government of Switzerland. 2004
7760:Federation of American Scientists
7705:University of Illinois at Chicago
7655:United States Department of State
7260:. Penn State Press. p. 339.
6971:
6741:2nd Peace Conference at the Hague
6728:1st Peace Conference at the Hague
5972:Listed as 28 October 1997 by the
5883:
5869:
5845:
5727:
5623:
1449:The Protocol was ratified by the
427:use against not-ratifying parties
9426:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
9406:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
6665:
6652:
6639:
6626:
6613:
6600:
6587:
6574:
6561:
6548:
6535:
6522:
6509:
6496:
6483:
6470:
6457:
6444:
6431:
6418:
6405:
6392:
6379:
6366:
6353:
6340:
6327:
6314:
6301:
6288:
6275:
6262:
6249:
6236:
6223:
6210:
6197:
6184:
6179:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6171:
6158:
6145:
6132:
6119:
6106:
6093:
6080:
6067:
6054:
6041:
6028:
5548:
5511:
5481:
5454:
5424:
5385:
5340:
5301:
5274:
5244:
5217:
5178:
5139:
5112:
5077:
5045:
5020:
4984:
4954:
4924:
4897:
4865:
4824:
4786:
4747:
4720:
4682:
4655:
4605:
4578:
4551:
4520:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4512:
4473:
4434:
4395:
4349:
4308:
4281:
4240:
4210:
4183:
4156:
4129:
4090:
4063:
4036:
3997:
3967:
3930:
3891:
3861:
3823:
3783:
3756:
3729:
3692:
3665:
3638:
3611:
3572:
3533:
3506:
3479:
3452:
3425:
3398:
3368:
3338:
3311:
3273:
3246:
3207:
3180:
3150:
3123:
3096:
3059:
3017:
2981:
2954:
2927:
2889:
2859:
2820:
2790:
2753:
2715:
2678:
2651:
2645:Succeeded from the Netherlands.
2613:
2573:
2546:
2516:
2489:
2462:
2435:
2396:
2366:
2339:
2309:
2270:
2229:
2199:
2160:
2130:
2104:
2063:
2036:
2006:
1976:
1949:
1922:
1892:
1850:
1811:
1784:
1757:
1730:
1703:
1676:
1630:
1589:
1562:
1535:
1494:
1467:
1428:
1396:
1355:
1325:
1298:
1271:
1244:
1203:
1164:
1127:
1089:
1059:
1021:
994:
967:
925:
888:
851:
824:
797:
741:A number of countries submitted
680:
653:chemical arms control agreements
507:lobbied against it, causing the
284:in the use of chemical weapons.
117:
21:Geneva Protocol (disambiguation)
9881:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
9811:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
9451:Treaties of the Weimar Republic
9251:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
9083:
9058:
9033:
9008:
8983:
8958:
8933:
8908:
8883:
8858:
8825:
8793:
8768:
8743:
8718:
8693:
8668:
8643:
8618:
8593:
8568:
8543:
8518:
8493:
8468:
8443:
8418:
8393:
8368:
8343:
8290:
8265:
8240:
8215:
8190:
8165:
8140:
8115:
8090:
8065:
8040:
8006:
7981:
7943:
7918:
7889:
7852:
7820:
7795:
7773:
7748:
7723:
7693:
7615:
7530:
7511:
7458:
7436:
7395:Angela Woodward (17 May 2012).
7359:
7334:
7323:Paul Hughes (21 January 2003),
7316:
7286:
7274:
7177:
7143:
7133:"The Rif War: A forgotten war?"
7124:
7071:
6935:League of Nations Treaty Series
5992:
5979:
5966:
5961:United Nations General Assembly
5953:
4707:Withdrawn prior to succession.
1875:Withdrawn prior to succession.
736:
368:. Four of the war victors, the
9946:Treaties extended to Greenland
9906:Treaties of the United Kingdom
9381:Treaties of the Czech Republic
7989:"Geneva Protocol reservations"
7150:Noguer, Miquel (2 July 2005).
7103:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 140β142.
7021:
6944:
6928:
6885:
4639:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
689:Parties to the Geneva Protocol
671:international humanitarian law
1:
9911:Treaties of the United States
9416:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
7904:Biological Weapons Convention
6891:Chemical Weapons Convention,
6831:
6680:Chemical weapons prohibitions
5588:on 20 October 1986, prior to
561:Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
518:
513:Biological Weapons Convention
252:. Following this, a chemical
182:Biological Weapons Convention
9966:Treaties concluded in Geneva
9821:Treaties of the Soviet Union
9711:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
7735:United Nations Treaty Series
7228:(2): 375β420. Archived from
7032:. Gotham. pp. 245β250.
7:
9726:Treaties of the Philippines
9671:Treaties of the Netherlands
7537:Anne Lorenzat (2017β2018).
7131:Pascal Daudin (June 2023).
7028:Max Boot (16 August 2007).
6804:Chemical Weapons Convention
1670:succeeded on 13 July 1952.
630:Chemical Weapons Convention
598:customary international law
366:Washington Naval Conference
355:possibly in the Middle East
186:Chemical Weapons Convention
10:
9982:
9511:Treaties of Mandatory Iraq
9386:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
9221:Treaties concluded in 1925
9176:Weapons of War: Poison Gas
7595:Verification Yearbook 2002
4123:Succeeded from Australia.
1668:People's Republic of China
655:stems from the context of
537:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
452:until 1927, Japan against
396:provisions of the treaty.
25:
18:
9596:Treaties of Liechtenstein
9496:Treaties of British India
9476:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
7189:Nuclear Threat Initiative
6982:10.1017/S0002930000030098
961:from the United Kingdom.
505:American Chemical Society
116:
111:
103:
95:
87:
83:Ratification by 65 states
79:
71:
61:
53:
45:
40:
9791:Treaties of Sierra Leone
9776:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
9626:Treaties of the Maldives
9506:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
9481:Treaties of the Holy See
9316:Treaties of Burkina Faso
9211:Human rights instruments
9169:7 September 2013 at the
9164:The text of the protocol
9151:Diplomacy and Statecraft
7592:; Meier, Oliver (eds.).
5393:United States of America
5327:Implicit on succession.
5204:Implicit on succession.
5165:Implicit on succession.
4538:Implicit on succession.
4499:Implicit on succession.
4460:Implicit on succession.
4428:Succeeded from Belgium.
4421:Implicit on succession.
4023:Implicit on succession.
3917:Implicit on succession.
3598:Implicit on succession.
3559:Implicit on succession.
3233:Implicit on succession.
2846:Implicit on succession.
2638:Implicit on succession.
2422:Implicit on succession.
2296:Implicit on succession.
1837:Implicit on succession.
1570:Central African Republic
951:Implicit on succession.
462:Japanese colonial empire
419:production plant in 1970
9936:Treaties of South Yemen
9851:Treaties of Switzerland
9766:Treaties of Saint Lucia
9676:Treaties of New Zealand
9556:Treaties of South Korea
9551:Treaties of North Korea
9411:Treaties of El Salvador
9361:Treaties of Ivory Coast
7329:The Star (South Africa)
5584:. Also ratified by the
3924:Succeeded from France.
1420:Republic of Upper Volta
623:, in warfare. The 1977
347:use of chemical weapons
323:First Austrian Republic
146:prohibiting the use of
9611:Treaties of Madagascar
9606:Treaties of Luxembourg
9446:Treaties of the Gambia
9356:Treaties of Costa Rica
9336:Treaties of Cape Verde
9276:Treaties of Bangladesh
7299:New Jersey Star Ledger
5069:Republic of Tanganyika
4030:Succeeded from India.
721:
474:1988 attack on Halabja
468:, Iraq against ethnic
420:
401:Second Polish Republic
298:in the front but also
250:Battle of Gravenstafel
209:
9921:Treaties of Venezuela
9796:Treaties of Singapore
9681:Treaties of Nicaragua
9636:Treaties of Mauritius
9601:Treaties of Lithuania
9501:Treaties of Indonesia
9471:Treaties of Guatemala
9261:Treaties of Australia
9256:Treaties of Argentina
9206:Arms control treaties
9153:16.3 (2005): 551β569.
7581:Kelly, David (2002).
7211:Bunn, George (1969).
6504:SΓ£o TomΓ© and PrΓncipe
6192:Republic of the Congo
4442:Saint Kitts and Nevis
758:in 1990 prior to its
688:
464:) in 1930 during the
456:indigenous rebels in
414:
407:Historical assessment
390:French Third Republic
203:
138:, usually called the
9866:Treaties of Thailand
9861:Treaties of Tanzania
9841:Treaties of Eswatini
9806:Treaties of Slovenia
9801:Treaties of Slovakia
9716:Treaties of Paraguay
9701:Treaties of Pakistan
9656:Treaties of Mongolia
9621:Treaties of Malaysia
9326:Treaties of Cameroon
9281:Treaties of Barbados
8846:on 23 September 2015
8813:on 24 September 2015
7960:. pp. 115β127.
7499:on 26 September 2013
7281:Merridale, Catherine
7221:Wisconsin Law Review
7007:. pp. 567β570.
6754:Treaty of Versailles
6702:Strasbourg Agreement
6621:United Arab Emirates
6010:Non-signatory states
1655:Made on succession.
490:the Syrian civil war
319:Treaty of Versailles
107:Government of France
19:For other uses, see
9926:Treaties of Vietnam
9916:Treaties of Uruguay
9901:Treaties of Ukraine
9886:Treaties of Tunisia
9781:Treaties of Senegal
9691:Treaties of Nigeria
9661:Treaties of Morocco
9646:Treaties of Moldova
9586:Treaties of Liberia
9581:Treaties of Lesotho
9576:Treaties of Lebanon
9531:Treaties of Jamaica
9516:Treaties of Ireland
9491:Treaties of Iceland
9466:Treaties of Grenada
9436:Treaties of Finland
9421:Treaties of Estonia
9401:Treaties of Ecuador
9391:Treaties of Denmark
9366:Treaties of Croatia
9301:Treaties of Bolivia
9286:Treaties of Belgium
9271:Treaties of Bahrain
9241:Treaties of Algeria
9143:65.1 (1970): 253+.
7305:on 13 December 2007
5582:Yemen Arab Republic
5186:Trinidad and Tobago
4853:Withdrawn in 1992.
4812:Withdrawn in 1996.
4378:Withdrawn in 2001.
4337:Withdrawn in 1991.
3849:Withdrawn in 1989.
3811:Withdrawn in 1995.
3717:Withdrawn in 1990.
2741:Withdrawn in 1972.
2258:Withdrawn in 1996.
2092:Withdrawn in 1999.
1618:Withdrawn in 1991.
1455:Kingdom of Cambodia
1384:Withdrawn in 1991.
1232:Withdrawn in 1997.
1047:Withdrawn in 1986.
933:Antigua and Barbuda
577:Adzhimushkay quarry
557:capture of the city
384:, gave consent for
327:Kingdom of Bulgaria
308:civilian casualties
196:Negotiation history
184:(BWC) and the 1993
158:. It was signed at
37:
9896:Treaties of Uganda
9891:Treaties of Turkey
9846:Treaties of Sweden
9786:Treaties of Serbia
9756:Treaties of Rwanda
9751:Treaties of Russia
9706:Treaties of Panama
9696:Treaties of Norway
9651:Treaties of Monaco
9641:Treaties of Mexico
9616:Treaties of Malawi
9571:Treaties of Latvia
9561:Treaties of Kuwait
9541:Treaties of Jordan
9521:Treaties of Israel
9376:Treaties of Cyprus
9331:Treaties of Canada
9296:Treaties of Bhutan
9191:Biological warfare
7348:The New York Times
6939:vol. 94, pp. 66β74
6873:on 2 December 2008
5590:Yemeni unification
4889:Dominion of Ceylon
4649:on 12 April 1929.
3761:
3025:Korea, Republic of
1930:Dominican Republic
722:
675:Geneva Conventions
494:Black Lives Matter
460:(then part of the
421:
331:Kingdom of Hungary
312:military personnel
210:
206:Battle of Estaires
152:biological weapons
35:
28:Geneva Conventions
9876:Treaties of Tonga
9856:Treaties of Syria
9741:Treaties of Qatar
9686:Treaties of Niger
9666:Treaties of Nepal
9631:Treaties of Malta
9546:Treaties of Kenya
9536:Treaties of Japan
9456:Treaties of Ghana
9346:Treaties of Chile
7875:League of Nations
7873:(1, 2, 3 and 4).
7608:978-1-899548-35-4
7039:978-1-5924-0315-8
7014:978-0-8493-1434-6
6829:
6828:
5998:According to the
5946:According to the
5596:
5595:
5577:
5576:
5540:
5539:
5416:
5415:
5377:
5376:
5331:
5330:
5208:
5207:
5169:
5168:
5012:
5011:
4857:
4856:
4816:
4815:
4777:
4776:
4711:
4710:
4637:Succeeded as the
4634:
4633:
4542:
4541:
4503:
4502:
4464:
4463:
4425:
4424:
4382:
4381:
4341:
4340:
4296:16 September 1976
4273:
4272:
4120:
4119:
4027:
4026:
3959:
3958:
3921:
3920:
3853:
3852:
3815:
3814:
3721:
3720:
3602:
3601:
3563:
3562:
3303:
3302:
3237:
3236:
3088:
3087:
3051:
3050:
3009:
3008:
2919:
2918:
2850:
2849:
2782:
2781:
2745:
2744:
2707:
2706:
2642:
2641:
2605:
2604:
2426:
2425:
2300:
2299:
2262:
2261:
2190:
2189:
2096:
2095:
2044:Equatorial Guinea
1964:10 September 1970
1879:
1878:
1865:19 September 1993
1841:
1840:
1772:25 September 2006
1666:, from which the
1664:Republic of China
1659:
1658:
1622:
1621:
1527:
1526:
1388:
1387:
1236:
1235:
1194:
1193:
1156:
1155:
1119:
1118:
1051:
1050:
955:
954:
917:
916:
880:
879:
769:According to the
764:President Yeltsin
719: Non-parties
486:Syrian opposition
472:civilians in the
351:Russian Civil War
165:League of Nations
154:in international
132:
131:
9973:
9871:Treaties of Togo
9721:Treaties of Peru
9566:Treaties of Laos
9431:Treaties of Fiji
9371:Treaties of Cuba
9196:Chemical warfare
9136:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9012:
9006:
9005:
9003:
9001:
8987:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8976:
8962:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8912:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8876:
8862:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8845:
8839:. Archived from
8838:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8812:
8805:
8797:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8747:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8736:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8672:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8647:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8447:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8347:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8322:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8294:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8010:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7993:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7958:Brill Publishers
7947:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7901:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7864:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7839:
7832:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7807:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7707:. Archived from
7697:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7675:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7647:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7600:
7587:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7495:. Archived from
7484:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7379:
7377:
7371:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7351:, archived from
7338:
7332:
7331:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7301:, archived from
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7234:
7217:
7208:
7193:
7192:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7094:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7053:
7044:
7043:
7025:
7019:
7018:
6996:
6985:
6978:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6948:
6942:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6907:
6896:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6869:. Archived from
6859:
6779:Geneva Protocol
6684:
6683:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6348:Marshall Islands
6346:
6344:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6016:UN member states
6003:
5996:
5990:
5983:
5977:
5970:
5964:
5957:
5951:
5944:
5890:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5867:
5860:
5843:
5840:
5725:
5722:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5580:Ratified as the
5568:
5567:
5564:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:15 December 1980
5517:
5515:
5514:
5500:
5495:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5470:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5443:
5438:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5354:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:24 November 1970
5184:
5182:
5181:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5128:
5127:18 November 1970
5118:
5116:
5115:
5096:
5091:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5067:Ratified as the
5061:
5060:28 February 1963
5051:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5035:15 November 2019
5026:
5024:
5023:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:17 December 1968
4990:
4988:
4987:
4973:
4968:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4943:
4938:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4913:
4912:17 December 1980
4903:
4901:
4900:
4887:Ratified as the
4881:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4671:
4670:20 February 1967
4661:
4659:
4658:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:21 December 1988
4479:
4477:
4476:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4385:Ratified as the
4372:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4229:
4224:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:2 September 1980
4098:Papua New Guinea
4096:
4094:
4093:
4079:
4078:26 November 1970
4069:
4067:
4066:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3986:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3880:
3875:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:18 November 1968
3698:
3696:
3695:
3681:
3680:15 December 1966
3671:
3669:
3668:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:23 December 1970
3578:
3576:
3575:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3522:
3521:27 December 1966
3512:
3510:
3509:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3468:
3467:4 September 1970
3458:
3456:
3455:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3387:
3386:1 September 1936
3382:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:21 December 1971
3279:
3277:
3276:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:15 December 1971
3065:
3063:
3062:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:29 December 1988
3023:
3021:
3020:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:22 December 1988
2987:
2985:
2984:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2878:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2840:
2839:
2836:
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839:12 December 1989
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812:2 September 1986
803:
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694:
533:Ethiopian Empire
392:objected to the
378:Kingdom of Italy
289:hydrogen cyanide
256:began, with the
222:chemical warfare
220:saw large-scale
121:
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34:
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9171:Wayback Machine
9160:
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9113:Further reading
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7711:on 7 April 2015
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7590:Findlay, Trevor
7585:
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7554:
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7535:
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7524:UCLA Law Review
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7081:. 17 June 2015.
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5608:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5549:
5547:
5534:
5512:
5510:
5499:8 February 1928
5482:
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5423:
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5341:
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4880:20 January 1954
4866:
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4823:
4809:
4787:
4785:
4770:
4755:Solomon Islands
4748:
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4683:
4681:
4656:
4654:
4620:20 January 2003
4606:
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4579:
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4566:27 January 1971
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4449:26 October 1989
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4266:
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4228:4 February 1929
4211:
4209:
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4157:
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4144:22 October 1933
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4051:19 January 2018
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3838:22 January 1930
3824:
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3801:31 October 1930
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3653:14 January 2011
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3505:
3494:7 December 1970
3480:
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3426:
3424:
3406:North Macedonia
3399:
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3138:16 January 1989
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2904:20 January 1977
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2679:
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2628:14 January 1971
2614:
2612:
2599:
2574:
2572:
2547:
2545:
2534:11 October 1952
2517:
2515:
2504:12 October 1966
2490:
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2434:
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2397:
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2367:
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2340:
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2293:
2285:5 November 1966
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2255:
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2200:
2198:
2183:
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2159:
2131:
2129:
2105:
2103:
2089:
2064:
2062:
2037:
2035:
2024:12 January 2010
2007:
2005:
1994:6 December 1928
1977:
1975:
1950:
1948:
1937:4 December 1970
1923:
1921:
1893:
1891:
1882:Succeeded from
1851:
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1397:
1395:
1381:
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1354:
1326:
1324:
1313:14 January 1985
1299:
1297:
1272:
1270:
1259:4 December 1986
1245:
1243:
1229:
1221:4 December 1928
1204:
1202:
1187:
1165:
1163:
1150:
1128:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1104:9 November 1988
1090:
1088:
1060:
1058:
1044:
1036:22 January 1930
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995:
993:
968:
966:
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940:1 February 1989
926:
924:
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903:30 October 1990
889:
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874:
866:14 January 1992
852:
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739:
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698:
696:
692:
690:
683:
589:
521:
409:
382:Empire of Japan
266:Austria-Hungary
218:First World War
198:
156:armed conflicts
140:Geneva Protocol
118:
75:8 February 1928
36:Geneva Protocol
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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9198:
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9179:
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9173:
9159:
9158:External links
9156:
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9147:
9137:
9131:
9114:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9082:
9057:
9032:
9007:
8982:
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8932:
8907:
8882:
8857:
8824:
8792:
8767:
8742:
8717:
8692:
8667:
8642:
8617:
8592:
8567:
8542:
8517:
8492:
8467:
8442:
8417:
8392:
8367:
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8314:
8289:
8264:
8239:
8214:
8189:
8164:
8139:
8114:
8089:
8064:
8039:
8025:
8005:
7980:
7966:
7942:
7917:
7888:
7851:
7840:on 23 May 2018
7819:
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7692:
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7614:
7607:
7573:
7548:
7529:
7510:
7479:
7457:
7435:
7413:
7387:
7358:
7355:on 27 May 2013
7333:
7315:
7285:
7273:
7267:978-0271047737
7266:
7246:
7235:on 2 July 2014
7194:
7176:
7158:(in Spanish).
7142:
7123:
7110:978-1851094905
7109:
7084:
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7013:
6986:
6970:
6943:
6927:
6897:
6884:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6823:2010 amendment
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6746:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6662:
6649:
6636:
6623:
6610:
6597:
6584:
6571:
6558:
6545:
6532:
6519:
6506:
6493:
6480:
6467:
6454:
6441:
6428:
6415:
6402:
6389:
6376:
6363:
6350:
6337:
6324:
6311:
6298:
6285:
6272:
6259:
6246:
6233:
6220:
6207:
6194:
6181:
6168:
6155:
6142:
6129:
6116:
6103:
6090:
6077:
6064:
6051:
6038:
6024:
6014:The remaining
6011:
6008:
6005:
6004:
5991:
5978:
5965:
5952:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5882:
5868:
5844:
5726:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:5 October 2020
5466:
5464:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5348:United Kingdom
5336:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5284:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:5 October 1929
5259:
5254:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5229:
5227:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5149:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5108:
5107:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4909:
4907:
4893:
4892:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4844:
4842:22 August 1929
4839:
4834:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4803:
4798:
4796:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4699:
4694:
4692:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4651:
4650:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4328:
4326:23 August 1929
4323:
4318:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4007:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3947:
3945:9 October 1968
3942:
3940:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:5 October 1990
3876:
3871:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:7 October 1970
3741:
3739:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3550:
3548:9 October 1970
3545:
3543:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:20 August 2015
3410:
3408:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2732:
2730:18 August 1930
2727:
2725:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2695:
2693:18 August 1931
2690:
2688:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2411:3 January 1989
2408:
2406:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:7 October 1935
2145:
2140:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2081:28 August 1931
2078:
2073:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1888:
1887:
1884:Czechoslovakia
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:Czech Republic
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1463:
1462:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:28 August 1970
1340:
1335:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1004:
990:
989:
987:
984:
979:
977:
963:
962:
956:
953:
952:
949:
942:
937:
935:
921:
920:
918:
915:
914:
912:
905:
900:
898:
884:
883:
881:
878:
877:
875:
868:
863:
861:
847:
846:
844:
841:
836:
834:
820:
819:
817:
814:
809:
807:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
756:Czechoslovakia
738:
735:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
682:
679:
588:
585:
520:
517:
488:forces during
466:Musha Incident
438:
437:
434:
431:
428:
408:
405:
374:United Kingdom
345:continued the
335:Central powers
258:United Kingdom
244:in 1915, when
197:
194:
130:
129:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9978:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9152:
9148:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9132:1-4128-0495-7
9128:
9124:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9096:
9092:
9086:
9071:
9067:
9061:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9021:
9017:
9011:
8996:
8992:
8986:
8971:
8967:
8961:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8921:
8917:
8911:
8896:
8892:
8886:
8871:
8867:
8861:
8842:
8835:
8828:
8809:
8802:
8796:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8731:
8727:
8721:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8681:
8677:
8671:
8656:
8652:
8646:
8631:
8627:
8621:
8606:
8602:
8596:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8556:
8552:
8546:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8506:
8502:
8496:
8481:
8477:
8471:
8456:
8452:
8446:
8431:
8427:
8421:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8381:
8377:
8371:
8356:
8352:
8346:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8319:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8178:
8174:
8168:
8153:
8149:
8143:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8078:
8074:
8068:
8053:
8049:
8043:
8028:
8026:9788814130625
8022:
8018:
8017:
8009:
7990:
7984:
7969:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7954:
7946:
7931:
7927:
7921:
7905:
7898:
7892:
7877:: 65β74. 1929
7876:
7872:
7868:
7861:
7855:
7836:
7829:
7823:
7804:
7798:
7782:
7776:
7761:
7757:
7751:
7736:
7732:
7726:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7696:
7680:
7674:
7672:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7610:
7604:
7597:
7596:
7591:
7584:
7577:
7562:
7558:
7552:
7544:
7540:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7483:
7467:
7461:
7445:
7439:
7423:
7417:
7402:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7368:
7362:
7354:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7337:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7277:
7269:
7263:
7259:
7258:
7250:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7214:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7146:
7138:
7134:
7127:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7080:
7074:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6983:
6977:
6975:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6947:
6940:
6936:
6931:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6894:
6888:
6872:
6868:
6865:(in French).
6864:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6837:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6674:
6663:
6661:
6650:
6648:
6637:
6635:
6624:
6622:
6611:
6609:
6598:
6596:
6585:
6583:
6572:
6570:
6559:
6557:
6546:
6544:
6533:
6531:
6520:
6518:
6507:
6505:
6494:
6492:
6481:
6479:
6468:
6466:
6455:
6453:
6442:
6440:
6429:
6427:
6416:
6414:
6403:
6401:
6390:
6388:
6377:
6375:
6364:
6362:
6351:
6349:
6338:
6336:
6325:
6323:
6312:
6310:
6299:
6297:
6286:
6284:
6273:
6271:
6260:
6258:
6247:
6245:
6234:
6232:
6221:
6219:
6208:
6206:
6195:
6193:
6182:
6180:
6169:
6167:
6156:
6154:
6143:
6141:
6130:
6128:
6117:
6115:
6104:
6102:
6091:
6089:
6078:
6076:
6065:
6063:
6052:
6050:
6039:
6037:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6001:
5995:
5988:
5982:
5975:
5969:
5962:
5956:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5886:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5563:11 March 1971
5561:
5559:
5557:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:12 April 1977
5440:
5435:
5433:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5403:10 April 1975
5401:
5396:
5394:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5316:7 August 2003
5314:
5312:
5310:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:25 April 1930
4940:
4935:
4933:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4527:23 April 1999
4525:
4523:
4521:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4410:21 March 1964
4408:
4406:
4404:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4012:15 April 1960
4010:
4008:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:28 March 1932
3624:
3622:
3620:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:2 August 1967
3438:
3436:
3434:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3319:Liechtenstein
3309:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3222:10 March 1972
3220:
3218:
3216:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:15 April 1969
3193:
3191:
3189:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:20 April 2020
2940:
2938:
2936:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2470:Guinea-Bissau
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:25 April 1929
2325:
2320:
2318:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:21 March 1973
2173:
2171:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1738:CΓ΄te d'Ivoire
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:7 August 1929
1643:
1641:
1639:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:21 April 1989
1480:
1478:
1476:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:15 March 1983
1441:
1439:
1437:
1426:
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1009:13 March 2018
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788:Reservations
787:
784:
781:
778:
777:
774:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
751:
749:
744:
734:
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681:State parties
678:
676:
673:(such as the
672:
668:
664:
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501:U.S. military
497:
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492:, nor use on
491:
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478:IranβIraq War
475:
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270:United States
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231:
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177:
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169:
168:Treaty Series
166:
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8841:the original
8827:
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8795:
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8770:
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8670:
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8092:
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8042:
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7870:
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7835:the original
7822:
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7750:
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7725:
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7709:the original
7695:
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7630:. Retrieved
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7551:
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7482:
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7460:
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7438:
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7416:
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7390:
7381:
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7346:
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7230:the original
7225:
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7179:
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7155:
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7126:
7114:. Retrieved
7099:
7073:
7061:. Retrieved
7029:
7023:
7000:
6961:. Retrieved
6955:
6946:
6934:
6930:
6918:. Retrieved
6887:
6875:. Retrieved
6871:the original
6595:Turkmenistan
6020:UN observers
6013:
5994:
5981:
5968:
5955:
5885:
5617:Reservations
5494:17 June 1925
5437:17 June 1925
5398:17 June 1925
5358:9 April 1930
5353:17 June 1925
5289:2 April 1965
5257:17 June 1925
5232:12 July 1967
5154:19 July 1971
5102:Ratified as
5090:17 June 1925
4972:12 July 1932
4967:17 June 1925
4959:
4937:17 June 1925
4837:17 June 1925
4794:South Africa
4735:8 April 2008
4663:Sierra Leone
4593:15 June 1977
4559:Saudi Arabia
4367:5 April 1928
4362:17 June 1925
4321:17 June 1925
4253:17 June 1925
4223:17 June 1925
3985:27 July 1932
3980:17 June 1925
3906:5 April 1967
3874:17 June 1925
3796:17 June 1925
3381:17 June 1925
3356:15 June 1933
3351:17 June 1925
3261:2 April 1927
3163:17 June 1925
3111:29 June 2020
2969:17 June 1970
2872:17 June 1925
2835:28 July 1970
2808:3 April 1928
2803:17 June 1925
2591:9 April 1930
2586:17 June 1925
2529:17 June 1925
2379:17 June 1925
2322:17 June 1925
2242:17 June 1925
2217:26 June 1929
2212:17 June 1925
2143:17 June 1925
2119:10 July 1991
2076:17 June 1925
2019:17 June 1925
1989:17 June 1925
1905:17 June 1925
1745:27 July 1970
1718:17 June 2009
1602:17 June 1925
1577:30 July 1970
1507:17 June 1925
1459:note verbale
1457:stated in a
1411:1 March 1971
1404:Burkina Faso
1373:7 March 1934
1368:17 June 1925
1338:17 June 1925
1286:12 June 1978
1216:17 June 1925
1179:16 July 1976
1072:17 June 1925
768:
752:
743:reservations
740:
737:Reservations
723:
667:stated above
662:opinio juris
661:
656:
650:
638:
634:riot control
621:Agent Orange
602:
590:
581:
541:World War II
531:against the
522:
498:
443:
439:
422:
398:
386:ratification
359:
316:
293:
286:
246:chlorine gas
211:
190:
178:
163:
139:
135:
133:
57:17 June 1925
49:17 June 1925
32:
8817:10 November
7910:17 November
6582:Timor-Leste
6556:South Sudan
5095:6 June 1931
4962:Switzerland
4801:24 May 1930
4762:1 June 1981
4697:1 July 1997
4481:Saint Lucia
4258:1 July 1930
4198:29 May 1973
4191:Philippines
4171:5 June 1985
3831:New Zealand
3791:Netherlands
3326:16 May 1991
3168:3 June 1931
2877:21 May 1970
2666:4 July 1929
2477:20 May 1989
2384:30 May 1931
2247:10 May 1926
2051:16 May 1989
2014:El Salvador
1799:24 May 1966
1607:2 July 1935
1550:20 May 1991
1142:20 May 1989
805:Afghanistan
760:dissolution
563:in eastern
529:mustard gas
509:U.S. Senate
476:during the
450:the Rif War
88:Signatories
9185:Categories
7967:9024733065
6963:9 February
6893:Article 21
6832:References
6634:Uzbekistan
6517:Seychelles
6491:San Marino
6400:Mozambique
6387:Montenegro
6374:Micronesia
6361:Mauritania
6049:Azerbaijan
5462:Uzbekistan
5028:Tajikistan
3771:7 May 1969
3433:Madagascar
3376:Luxembourg
3104:Kyrgyzstan
2935:Kazakhstan
2450:3 May 1983
2354:2 May 1967
1910:5 May 1930
1711:Costa Rica
1543:Cape Verde
1512:6 May 1930
1135:Bangladesh
1077:9 May 1928
982:8 May 1969
785:Deposited
730:depositary
619:, such as
617:herbicides
613:defoliants
549:Sevastopol
519:Violations
339:bolsheviks
337:. Russian
329:, and the
296:combatants
127:Wikisource
104:Depositary
8850:10 August
8560:29 August
7503:26 August
7472:24 August
7450:24 August
7428:24 August
7406:26 August
7376:24 August
7169:6 January
7164:1134-6582
7005:CRC Press
6984:. p., 277
6530:Singapore
5592:in 1990.
5489:Venezuela
4873:Sri Lanka
4641:from the
4044:Palestine
3869:Nicaragua
3580:Mauritius
3346:Lithuania
2621:Indonesia
2443:Guatemala
1029:Australia
975:Argentina
959:Succeeded
591:In 1966,
545:Black Sea
394:submarine
357:in 1920.
304:gas masks
300:civilians
254:arms race
112:Full text
80:Condition
72:Effective
9167:Archived
8032:5 August
7998:5 August
7973:5 August
7935:5 August
7765:5 August
7740:5 August
7715:5 August
7239:5 August
7116:28 April
7063:30 April
6673:Zimbabwe
6569:Suriname
6322:Kiribati
6309:Honduras
6218:Dominica
6205:Djibouti
6114:Botswana
5085:Thailand
5053:Tanzania
4728:Slovenia
4690:Slovakia
4248:Portugal
4137:Paraguay
4005:Pakistan
3700:Mongolia
3514:Maldives
3487:Malaysia
2497:Holy See
2138:Ethiopia
2112:Eswatini
1684:Colombia
1475:Cameroon
1436:Cambodia
1363:Bulgaria
1172:Barbados
609:tear gas
605:adamsite
573:Red Army
380:and the
276:joining
230:tear gas
148:chemical
62:Location
9100:31 July
9075:31 July
9050:31 July
9025:31 July
9000:31 July
8975:31 July
8950:31 July
8925:31 July
8900:31 July
8875:31 July
8785:31 July
8760:31 July
8735:31 July
8710:29 July
8685:29 July
8660:28 July
8635:28 July
8610:28 July
8585:28 July
8535:28 July
8510:28 July
8485:28 July
8460:28 July
8435:28 July
8410:28 July
8385:28 July
8360:28 July
8335:28 July
8307:28 July
8282:28 July
8257:28 July
8232:28 July
8207:27 July
8182:27 July
8157:27 July
8132:27 July
8082:27 July
8057:27 July
7881:28 July
7844:13 July
7812:13 July
7787:13 July
7685:31 July
7660:31 July
7566:26 July
7309:27 July
7156:El PaΓs
6920:24 July
6877:23 July
6693:Effect
6647:Vanuatu
6543:Somalia
6426:Namibia
6413:Myanmar
6257:Georgia
6231:Eritrea
6166:Comoros
6140:Burundi
6075:Belarus
6062:Bahamas
6036:Andorra
5519:Vietnam
5432:Uruguay
5309:Ukraine
5225:Tunisia
4586:Senegal
4316:Romania
3938:Nigeria
3737:Morocco
3646:Moldova
3254:Liberia
3215:Lesotho
3188:Lebanon
2828:Jamaica
2723:Ireland
2554:Iceland
2524:Hungary
2404:Grenada
2317:Germany
2207:Finland
2071:Estonia
1957:Ecuador
1900:Denmark
1765:Croatia
1306:Bolivia
1211:Belgium
1097:Bahrain
1067:Austria
1002:Armenia
859:Algeria
832:Albania
782:Signed
535:in the
470:Kurdish
349:in the
343:Britain
282:Germany
242:Belgium
212:In the
188:(CWC).
142:, is a
96:Parties
46:Drafted
9145:online
9129:
8023:
7964:
7906:. 2011
7632:21 May
7605:
7493:VERTIC
7401:VERTIC
7264:
7162:
7107:
7036:
7011:
6670:
6660:Zambia
6657:
6644:
6631:
6618:
6608:Tuvalu
6605:
6592:
6579:
6566:
6553:
6540:
6527:
6514:
6501:
6488:
6475:
6462:
6449:
6436:
6423:
6410:
6397:
6384:
6371:
6358:
6345:
6332:
6319:
6306:
6293:
6283:Guyana
6280:
6270:Guinea
6267:
6254:
6241:
6228:
6215:
6202:
6189:
6176:
6163:
6150:
6137:
6127:Brunei
6124:
6111:
6101:Bosnia
6098:
6088:Belize
6085:
6072:
6059:
6046:
6033:
5864:Israel
5611:
5605:
5599:
5553:
5516:
5486:
5459:
5429:
5390:
5345:
5306:
5282:Uganda
5279:
5252:Turkey
5249:
5222:
5183:
5144:
5117:
5082:
5050:
5025:
4989:
4932:Sweden
4929:
4902:
4870:
4829:
4791:
4752:
4725:
4687:
4660:
4613:Serbia
4610:
4583:
4556:
4517:
4478:
4439:
4403:Rwanda
4400:
4357:Russia
4354:
4313:
4286:
4245:
4218:Poland
4215:
4188:
4161:
4134:
4095:
4071:Panama
4068:
4041:
4002:
3975:Norway
3972:
3935:
3896:
3866:
3828:
3788:
3734:
3697:
3673:Monaco
3670:
3643:
3619:Mexico
3616:
3577:
3538:
3511:
3484:
3460:Malawi
3457:
3430:
3403:
3373:
3343:
3316:
3278:
3251:
3212:
3185:
3158:Latvia
3155:
3128:
3101:
3067:Kuwait
3064:
3022:
2986:
2959:
2932:
2897:Jordan
2894:
2864:
2825:
2795:
2761:Israel
2758:
2720:
2683:
2656:
2618:
2578:
2551:
2521:
2494:
2467:
2440:
2401:
2374:Greece
2371:
2344:
2314:
2278:Gambia
2275:
2237:France
2234:
2204:
2165:
2135:
2109:
2068:
2041:
2011:
1981:
1954:
1927:
1897:
1855:
1819:Cyprus
1816:
1789:
1762:
1735:
1708:
1681:
1635:
1594:
1567:
1540:
1502:Canada
1499:
1472:
1433:
1401:
1360:
1333:Brazil
1330:
1303:
1279:Bhutan
1276:
1249:
1208:
1169:
1132:
1094:
1064:
1026:
999:
972:
930:
896:Angola
893:
856:
829:
802:
791:Notes
779:Party
748:Israel
726:France
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
611:, and
565:Crimea
480:, and
458:Taiwan
454:Seediq
376:, the
372:, the
325:, the
278:France
272:, and
268:, the
262:Russia
226:France
208:, 1918
160:Geneva
144:treaty
66:Geneva
54:Signed
8844:(PDF)
8837:(PDF)
8811:(PDF)
8804:(PDF)
7992:(PDF)
7930:SIPRI
7900:(PDF)
7863:(PDF)
7838:(PDF)
7831:(PDF)
7806:(PDF)
7599:(PDF)
7588:. In
7586:(PDF)
7370:(PDF)
7233:(PDF)
7216:(PDF)
6813:1998
6800:1993
6787:1972
6776:1925
6763:1922
6750:1919
6737:1907
6724:1899
6711:1874
6698:1675
6690:Name
6687:Year
6478:Samoa
6465:Palau
6439:Nauru
6296:Haiti
6244:Gabon
5897:Notes
5556:Yemen
5147:Tonga
4992:Syria
4905:Sudan
4832:Spain
4289:Qatar
3899:Niger
3764:Nepal
3541:Malta
3281:Libya
2962:Kenya
2867:Japan
2798:Italy
2581:India
2347:Ghana
1984:Egypt
1638:China
1597:Chile
1252:Benin
728:(the
553:Odesa
539:. In
527:used
525:Italy
482:Syria
446:Spain
417:sarin
274:Italy
238:Ypres
228:used
9127:ISBN
9102:2013
9077:2013
9052:2013
9027:2013
9002:2013
8977:2013
8952:2013
8927:2013
8902:2013
8877:2013
8852:2013
8819:2013
8787:2013
8762:2013
8737:2013
8712:2013
8687:2013
8662:2013
8637:2013
8612:2013
8587:2013
8562:2017
8537:2013
8512:2013
8487:2013
8462:2013
8437:2013
8412:2013
8387:2013
8362:2013
8337:2013
8309:2013
8284:2013
8259:2013
8234:2013
8209:2013
8184:2013
8159:2013
8134:2013
8109:2014
8084:2013
8059:2013
8034:2013
8021:ISBN
8000:2013
7975:2013
7962:ISBN
7937:2013
7912:2014
7883:2013
7871:XCIV
7846:2014
7814:2014
7789:2014
7767:2013
7742:2013
7717:2013
7687:2013
7662:2013
7634:2018
7603:ISBN
7568:2014
7505:2013
7474:2013
7452:2013
7430:2013
7408:2013
7378:2013
7311:2023
7262:ISBN
7241:2013
7226:1969
7171:2023
7160:ISSN
7118:2013
7105:ISBN
7065:2013
7034:ISBN
7009:ISBN
6965:2021
6922:2013
6879:2013
6452:Oman
6335:Mali
6153:Chad
6018:and
5120:Togo
5104:Siam
4164:Peru
3131:Laos
2686:Iraq
2659:Iran
2168:Fiji
1792:Cuba
615:and
607:and
503:and
353:and
341:and
317:The
280:and
150:and
134:The
5371:BWC
3045:BWC
484:or
448:in
236:in
125:at
99:146
9187::
9093:.
9068:.
9043:.
9018:.
8993:.
8968:.
8943:.
8918:.
8893:.
8868:.
8778:.
8753:.
8728:.
8703:.
8678:.
8653:.
8628:.
8603:.
8578:.
8553:.
8528:.
8503:.
8478:.
8453:.
8428:.
8403:.
8378:.
8353:.
8328:.
8317:^
8300:.
8275:.
8250:.
8225:.
8200:.
8175:.
8150:.
8125:.
8100:.
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