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1715: ... I wish particularly to repudiate any idea of attaching the least blame to the French Division for this unfortunate incident. After all the examples our gallant Allies have shown of dogged and tenacious courage in the many trying situations in which they have been placed throughout the course of this campaign it is quite superfluous for me to dwell on this aspect of the incident, and I would only express my firm conviction that, if any troops in the world had been able to hold their trenches in the face of such a treacherous and altogether unexpected onslaught, the French Division would have stood firm.
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The dead were turned black at once. About 15 minutes after letting the gas escape the
Germans got out of their trenches. Some of them were sent on in advance, with masks over their heads, to ascertain if the air had become breathable. Having discovered that they could advance, they arrived in large numbers in the area on which the gas had spread itself some minutes before, and took possession of the arms of the dead men. They made no prisoners. Whenever they saw a soldier whom the fumes had not quite killed they snatched away his rifle and advised him to lie down "to die better."
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night they fought with the terror, running blindly in the gas-cloud, and dropping with breasts heaving in agony and the slow poison of suffocation mantling their dark faces. Hundreds of them fell and died; others lay helpless, froth upon their agonized lips and their racked bodies powerfully sick, with tearing nausea at short intervals. They too would die later—a slow and lingering death of agony unspeakable. The whole air was tainted with the acrid smell of chlorine that caught at the back of men's throats and filled their mouths with its metallic taste.
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poisonous fumes. The French were unable to see what they were doing or what was happening. The
Germans then charged, driving the bewildered French back past their own trenches. Those who were enveloped by the fumes were not able to see each other half a yard apart. I have seen some of the wounded who were overcome by the sulphur fumes, and they were progressing favourably. The effect of the sulphur appears to be only temporary. The after-effects seem to be a bad swelling of the eyes, but the sight is not damaged.
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1603:). The German attack began on 8 May with a bombardment of the 83rd Brigade in trenches on the forward slope of the ridge, but the first and second infantry assaults were repelled by the survivors. The third German assault of the morning pushed the defenders back. Although the neighbouring 80th Brigade repulsed the attack, the 84th Brigade was pushed back; this left a 2 mi (3.2 km) gap in the line. The Germans were prevented from advancing further by the counter-attacks of the
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village. The next day the York and Durham brigades of the
Northumberland Division counter-attacked, failing to secure their objectives but establishing a new line closer to the village. On 26 April the 4, 6 and 7 Battalions of the Northumberland Brigade, the first Territorial brigade to go into action, attacked and gained a foothold in the village but were forced back, having suffered
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1149:. The gas would be released by siphoning liquid chlorine out of cylinders; the gas could not be released directly because the valves would freeze; wind would carry the gas to the enemy lines. 5,730 gas cylinders, the largest weighing 40 kg (88 lb), were carried into the front line. Installation was supervised by Haber,
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magnificent young
Canadian past all hope in the asphyxia of chlorine. I shall never forget the look in his eyes as he turned to me and gasped: I can't die! Is it possible that nothing can be done for me?" Chlorine made the victim cough and therefore limited his intake of the poison. Both sides found that
1666:
7,000 gas casualties were transported in field ambulances and treated in casualty clearing stations. In May and June, 350 British deaths were recorded from gas poisoning. Both sides developed gas weapons and counter-measures, which changed the nature of gas warfare; the French and
British used gas at the
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It produces a flooding of the lungs—it is an equivalent death to drowning only on dry land. The effects are these—a splitting headache and terrific thirst (to drink water is instant death), a knife edge of pain in the lungs and the coughing up of a greenish froth off the stomach and the lungs, ending
1665:
By the end of the battle, British forces had withdrawn to a new line 3 miles closer to Ypres, thereby resulting in a compression of its surrounding salient. The city, bombarded by artillery fire, was demolished. Although poison gas had been used on the
Eastern Front, it surprised the Allies and about
1615:
On 24 May the
Germans released a gas attack that hit Shell Trap Farm and to the area around the north west, which was affected the most by the attack. A report of the event by Captain Thomas Leahy, of the 2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers, shows that their C.O. Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Loveband suspected a
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were suffered during infantry attacks, artillery bombardments and gas discharges. In 2003, Clayton wrote that thousands of men of the 45th and 87th divisions ran from the gas but that the number of casualties was low. The
Germans overran both divisions' artillery but the survivors rallied and held a
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The French soldiers were naturally taken by surprise. Some got away in time, but many, alas! not understanding the new danger, were not so fortunate, and were overcome by the fumes and died poisoned. Among those who escaped nearly all cough and spit blood, the chlorine-attacking the mucous membrane.
1526:
solution and tied across the mouth and nose, until the gas passed. Soldiers found it difficult to fight like this, and attempts were made to develop a better means of protection against gas attacks. By July 1915, soldiers received efficient gas masks and anti-asphyxiation respirators. Private W. Hay
1521:
After the first German chlorine-gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads soaked in urine; it had been discovered that the urea in the pad neutralised the chlorine. The pads were held over the face until the gas dispersed. Other soldiers preferred to use a handkerchief, sock
1517:
Captain
Francis Scrimger of the 2nd Canadian Field Ambulance may have passed the order to use urine to counteract the gas, on the advice of Lieutenant-Colonel George Gallie Nasmith. Soldiers realised they were being gassed and many ran as fast as they could. An hour after the attack began, there was
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We knew there was something was wrong. We started to march towards Ypres but we couldn't get past on the road with refugees coming down the road. We went along the railway line to Ypres and there were people, civilians and soldiers, lying along the roadside in a terrible state. We heard them say it
1489:
On the morning of 24 April, the
Germans released another gas cloud towards the re-formed Canadian line just west of St. Julien. Word was passed to the troops to urinate on their handkerchiefs and place them over their nose and mouth. The countermeasures were insufficient, and German troops took the
1405:
Dusk was falling when from the German trenches in front of the French line rose that strange green cloud of death. The light north-easterly breeze wafted it toward them, and in a moment death had them by the throat. One cannot blame them that they broke and fled. In the gathering dark of that awful
2119:
The order is attributed to a Medical Officer, Capt. F.A.C. Scrimger. Memoirs of two individuals at the battle do not recount this episode (see Nasmith, 1917 and Scott, 1922), though Nasmith, a chemist and bacteriologist who was commissioned in the C.A.M.C. as a laboratory and sanitation officer,
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was gas. We didn't know what the Hell gas was. When we got to Ypres we found a lot of Canadians lying there dead from gas the day before, poor devils, and it was quite a horrible sight for us young men. I was only twenty so it was quite traumatic and I've never forgotten nor ever will forget it.
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The Germans set fire to a chemical product of sulphur chloride which they had placed in front of their own trenches, causing a thick yellow cloud to be blown towards the trenches of the French and Belgians. The cloud of smoke advanced like a yellow low wall, overcoming all those who breathed in
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solution, and occupied the villages of Langemark and Pilkem, where they dug in, even though they might have occupied Ypres almost unopposed. They had taken 2,000 prisoners and 51 guns. Canadian troops defending the southern flank of the break-in identified chlorine because it smelled like their
1501:
The German Army first used chlorine-gas cylinders in April 1915 against the French Army at Ypres, when yellow-green clouds drifted towards the Allied trenches. The gas had a distinctive odour, resembling pineapple and pepper. The French officers, assuming at first that the German infantry were
2155:
which depicts Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry as they fought to halt the German attack on Frezenberg. The original mural hangs in the Senate of the main Parliament Building in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In the battle, 2/3 of the regiment were either killed or wounded and all but two
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Chlorine gas destroyed the respiratory organs of its victims and this led to a slow death by asphyxiation. One nurse described the death of one soldier who had been in the trenches during a chlorine gas attack. "He was sitting on the bed, fighting for breath, his lips plum coloured. He was a
1776:
recorded that by 9 May, there had been more than 35,000 German casualties, 59,275 British between 22 April and 31 May and very many French casualties, 18,000 on 22 April alone. In 2012, Sheldon gave similar figures and in 2014, Greenhalgh wrote that French casualties had been exaggerated by
1670:
in late September. Gas protection was somewhat improved with the issue of improvised respirators made from cotton waste pads impregnated with sodium hyposulphite, sodium bicarbonate and glycerin. The respirators made little difference, however, due to lack of training and the use of local
1386:, the battalions ran into obstacles halfway to their objective. Engaged by small-arms fire from the wood, they began an impromptu bayonet charge. The attack cleared the former oak plantation of Germans at a 75 per cent casualty rate. The British press were confused by the attack:
1291:, facing approximately north, towards the former location of the German trench from which the first gas attack was launched on 22 April 1915. In this area, the German trench system ran approximately from the farmhouse on the left to the group of willow trees on the right.
1745:. The Canadians were employed offensively later in 1915 but not successfully. The battle was the beginning of a long period of analysis and experiment to improve the effectiveness of Canadian infantry weapons, artillery and liaison between infantry and artillery.
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of the 13th Battalion CEF's machine-gun detachment; Fisher went out twice with a handful of men and a Colt machine gun, preventing advancing German troops from passing through St. Julien into the rear of the Canadian front line. He was killed the following day.
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2031:
The Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements Fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War, 1919: Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee as approved by the Army
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a 1,500-yard (1.4 km) gap in the Allied line. Fearing the chlorine, few German soldiers moved forward and the delay enabled Canadian and British troops to retake the position before the Germans could exploit the gap.
1328:...haggard, their overcoats thrown off or opened wide, their scarves pulled off, running like madmen, directionless, shouting for water, spitting blood, some even rolling on the ground making desperate efforts to breathe.
2165:
Another Canadian division joined the British Expeditionary Force in late 1915, joined eventually by two more in 1916. The battle also blooded many commanders, singling out some for praise, such as brigade commander
1228:(1921) to provide a summary of each engagement and the formations involved. In The Battles of Ypres, 1915 six engagements involving the Second Army were recorded, four during the Second Battle (22 April – 25 May).
2980:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan.
2961:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO.
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German forces managed to advance and occupy the British line to north and left of the Battalion. The Battalion was now under heavy fire from the German forces. But with shellfire and the aid from the 9th
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Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande Achter Band Die Operationen des Jahres 1915. Die Ereignisse im Westen im Frühjahr im Sommer und Osten vom Frühjahr bis zum Jahresschluß
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and the north end of the salient was held by two French divisions. The eastern part of the salient was defended by the Canadian Division and two British divisions. The II Corps and V Corps of the
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Greenfield, R. A.; Brown, I. M.; Hutchins, J. B.; Iandolo, J. J.; Jackson, R.; Slater, L. M.; Bronze, M. S. (2002). "Microbiological, Biological, and Chemical Weapons of Warfare and Terrorism".
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finally in insensibility and death. The colour of the skin from white turns a greenish black and yellow, the tongue protrudes and the eyes assume a glassy stare. It is a fiendish death to die.
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The Canadian Division mounted an effective defence but had 5,975 casualties by its withdrawal on 3 May. The division was unprepared for the warfare prevailing on the Western Front, where
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worsened tactical difficulties. The Canadian Division received several thousand replacements shortly after the battle. At Second Ypres, the smallest tactical unit in the infantry was a
1478:) was in the rear of the 1st Canadian Division until the poison-gas attack of 22 April, when it became the front line. Some of the first fighting in the village involved the stand of
1643:, in small parties, finally occupied Battalion line by 2.30pm. Shelling ceased but rifle and M.G. fire remained accurate and constant, whenever a target presented itself, until dusk.
1502:
advancing behind a smoke screen, alerted the troops. When the gas reached the front Allied trenches, soldiers began to complain of chest pains and a burning sensation in the throat.
559:
2944:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (1st ed.). London: Macmillan.
5208:
3122:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (online ed.). London: HMSO.
1161:. Twice cylinders were breached by shell fire, the second time three men were killed and fifty wounded. Some of the Germans were protected by miners' oxygen breathing apparatus.
1114:
officer responsible for liaison with scientists, that they could empty the opposing trenches by a surprise attack with tear gas. Observing a field test of this idea, the chemist
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participated without respite in the battles at Frezenberg and Bellewaarde. On 24 April the battalion, subjected to a German gas attack near St. Julien, was nearly annihilated.
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1813:
took place south of Ypres with the 20th Division (XIV Corps) and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Canadian divisions of the Canadian Corps. The Third Battle of Ypres, also known as the
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was more effective, since only a small amount was needed to make it impossible for the soldier to keep fighting. It also killed its victim within 48 hours of the attack.
1802:
The First Attack on Bellewaarde was conducted by the 3rd Division of V Corps on 16 June 1915 and the Second Attack on Bellewaarde, a larger operation, was conducted from
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A 6 km (4 mi) gap in the French front was left undefended. German infantry followed well behind the cloud, breathing through cotton pads soaked with sodium
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contraptions and poorly made items imported from Britain. The "P helmet" (or "Tube Helmet") soaked in sodium phenate was issued by December 1915, and the
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Military Operations on land: The Operations of 1915. The events in the West in the Spring and Summer, in the East from the Summer to the Year's End
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3387:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War (2nd corr. online ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery.
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was selected for the attack. It followed the canal, bulging eastward around the town. North of the salient, the Belgian army held the line of the
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1607:(PPCLI) and a night move by the 10th Brigade. The PPCLI had a costly success their 700-men were reduced to 150, who were in no shape to fight..
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Medical Services General History: The Medical Services on the Western Front, and during the Operations in France and Belgium in 1914 and 1915
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The city of Ypres before (left), and after (right) the Second Battle of Ypres. Bombarded by artillery fire, most of the city was demolished.
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gas attack and had warned all company officers. Later the Germans threw up red lights over their trench, which would signal a gas release.
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to counter the effects of the gas by urinating into a cloth and breathing through it. Both sides set about developing more effective
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and G. C. Wynne recorded British losses of 59,275 casualties, the French about 18,000 casualties on 22 April and another 3,973 from
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The Germans moved field artillery forward, placing three army corps opposite the 27th and 28th Divisions on the Frezenberg ridge (
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The Germans reported that they treated 200 gas casualties, 12 of whom died. The Allies reported 5,000 killed and 15,000 wounded.
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1316:(Moroccan and Algerian troops) of the French 45th and 87th divisions. The French troops in the path of the gas cloud suffered
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recognised the gas on sight as chlorine and the following day began work on devising an effective way to counteract the gas.
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Canadian casualties from 22 April to 3 May were 5,975, of whom about 1,000 men were killed. The worst day was 24 April, when
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drinking water. The Germans released more chlorine gas at them the following day. Casualties were especially heavy for the
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of the 2nd Canadian Brigade was ordered to counter-attack in the gap created by the gas attack. They formed up after
590:
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officers were killed or wounded in the battle. By the end of the battle, the regiment was commanded by a lieutenant.
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1944:
1934:
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After the war, German casualties from 21 April to 30 May were recorded as 34,933 by the official historians of the
1006:
1355:(CEF), which was enveloped on three sides and had over-extended its left flank after the Algerian Division broke.
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2174:. The inadequacies of training and doctrine in the early CEF was made obvious by the antique tactics used at
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Although many French troops ran for their lives, others stood their ground and waited for the cloud to pass.
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Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)
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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1915: Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres
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rifles and machine guns. The Canadian field artillery had been effective but the deficiencies of the
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had been fought the previous autumn. The Second Battle of Ypres was the first mass use by Germany of
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Night photograph of German barrage on Allied trenches at Ypres (probably the Second Battle of Ypres)
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1513:, advised a Canadian field ambulance officer to pass the order to use urine to counteract the gas.
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3052:]. Vol. VIII (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn.
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A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918
2552:"Jeremy Banning – Military Historian – First World War Research – School Workshops – Lectures"
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propaganda against German "frightfulness" and that in 1998, Olivier Lepick had estimated that
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Germany's Western Front, 1915: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War
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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Battles of Aubers Ridge, Festubert, and Loos
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Weapons of Mass Destruction: an Encyclopaedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology and History
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of the Royal Scots arrived in Ypres just after the chlorine-gas attack on 22 April 1915:
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of the 3rd Brigade arriving to support the advance. Both battalions attacked with over
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An artist's interpretation of the Second Battle of Ypres from the Allied perspective
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new line further back. In 2010, Humphries and Maker, in their translated edition of
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agreed to try the new weapon but intended to use it in a diversionary attack by the
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for control of the tactically important high ground to the east and south of the
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Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Guide for the Concerned Citizen
3076:. Vol. II (1st ed.). Waterloo, Ont: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
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Canadian participation during the Second Battle of Ypres is commemorated at the
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4224:
4128:
4111:
1927:
1825:
1667:
1479:
1383:
1146:
1103:
762:
632:
242:
169:
5824:
5595:
4883:
4877:
4313:
4230:
4141:
3581:
3546:
3504:
3470:
3392:
3057:
2178:
and St. Julien, though tactics in the British Armies would be slow to evolve.
2171:
2167:
2098:
2085:
2060:
2047:
1979:
1891:
1837:
1640:
1590:
1577:
1465:
1452:
1334:
1165:
644:
361:
327:
279:
110:
97:
62:
3127:
2998:
A Strange and Formidable Weapon: British Responses to World War I Poison Gas
2949:
1845:
Canadian participation in the Battle of Gravenstafel is commemorated on the
5045:
4472:
3522:
3461:
3434:
3363:
3298:
1871:
1620:
We had only just time to get our respirators on before the gas was over us.
1444:
1158:
1154:
5256:
5161:
4859:
4287:
3708:
1853:
1343:
1115:
1087:
458:
197:
3565:
2027:
A record of the Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders
1947:(Canadian Army Medical Service), 14th Battalion, Royal Montreal Regiment
1951:
1734:
67:
German diagram showing the new front line after the 2nd Battle of Ypres
3435:"The Action of Chlorine upon Urea Whereby a Dichloro Urea is Produced"
3165:
Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914–1918
3095:(repr. London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
2704:
1806:
by the 3rd Division of V Corps and the 14th Division of VI Corps. The
448:
Ypres, a Belgian municipality in the Flemish province of West Flanders
5051:
4818:
3478:
1672:
1505:
1432:
1150:
1107:
504:
5311:
2617:
2139:
2125:
1898:
1788:
Lance Sergeant Elmer Cotton described the effects of chlorine gas,
1308:
and Gravenstafel on the Allied line held by French Territorial and
1301:
1091:
1052:
2507:
2505:
1304:
gas on a 6.5-kilometre (4.0 mi) front between the hamlets of
1257:
1099:
1060:
346:
261:
249:
237:
3218:
Hell in Flanders Fields: Canadians at the Second Battle of Ypres
2656:
1711:, Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, wrote,
1275:
depicting the German gas attack on French and Canadian soldiers
1090:, a German chemist who proposed the use of the heavier-than-air
537:
2529:
2502:
2490:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2340:
2328:
1118:
instead proposed using chlorine gas that was heavier-than-air.
334:
322:
183:
3677:
3605:(Supplement). No. 29225. 9 July 1915. pp. 6787–6796.
3597:"Dispatch by General French to the Secretary of State for War"
3276:
2837:
2835:
2381:
2379:
2280:
2268:
2256:
1860:" in the voice of those who perished in the war. Published in
1083:
5886:
Military operations of World War I involving chemical weapons
5479:
2692:
2605:
2581:
2200:"Fritz Haber, the Monster Who Made the Modern World Possible"
1106:, who in 1914 was as a volunteer driver, proposed to Colonel
1056:
88:
3316:
The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War
2242:(1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 29.
1129:. Falkenhayn wanted to use the gas to cover the transfer of
516:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2646:
2644:
2593:
2517:
2478:
2391:
2376:
2316:
2292:
2121:
1226:
The Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements....
1169:
2744:
1438:
1509:
George Nasmith, the head of the field laboratory for the
2641:
2629:
2304:
1675:(effective against phosgene) was issued in early 1916.
2546:
2544:
1300:, the 4th Army released 171 t (168 long tons) of
526:
146:
British withdraw to a new line 3 miles closer to Ypres
2680:
2668:
2732:
2720:
2569:
1969:
1610:
521:
5856:
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
3661:
4th Territorial Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers
2541:
2217:
2008:
List of Canadian battles during the First World War
1849:in the village. During the Second Battle of Ypres,
3236:
3162:
3144:A World Undone: A Story of the Great War 1914-1918
1856:, Medical Officer of the 1st Brigade CFA, wrote "
1559:
1494:Despite hundreds of casualties, the 2nd Battalion
3639:Historical film documents on the Battles of Ypres
3067:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek.
5822:
3358:. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild & Stewart.
2191:
1635:they managed to hold their trenches to the end.
1287:: Photograph taken from a position just west of
203:
4654:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1817:, was fought from 31 July to 10 November 1917.
1258:Battle of Gravenstafel Ridge (22–23 April 1915)
5851:Battles of World War I involving British India
3071:
2698:
2623:
1866:8 December 1915, the poem is still recited on
1729:were ineffective against attackers armed with
3693:
2151:The battle was immortalized in a painting by
553:
474:
2975:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2826:
2814:
2662:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2397:
2385:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2286:
2274:
2262:
1916:, 13th Battalion Royal Highlanders of Canada
1877:
1754:
1439:Battle of St. Julien (24 April – 5 May)
1349:13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada)
1309:
1094:gas as a weapon to break the trench deadlock
5144:
3257:
2788:
2128:, neutralising it by forming dichlorourea..
1605:Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
1324:fatalities. Troops fled in all directions,
5861:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
3700:
3686:
3109:
3022:
2714:
2611:
2587:
2310:
2298:
1894:, 7th Battalion, British Columbia Regiment
560:
546:
488:
481:
467:
3554:
3512:
3485:
3460:
3432:
3377:
3186:The German Army on the Western Front 1915
3027:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2352:
5841:Battles of World War I involving Belgium
5836:Battles of World War I involving Germany
4943:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
3595:
3566:"The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915"
2197:
1836:
1824:
1797:
1563:
1504:
1427:Within days the British were advised by
1278:
1263:
1082:
219:
30:For a list of the Battles of Ypres, see
5846:Battles of World War I involving France
5831:Battles of World War I involving Canada
5320:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
3351:
3183:
3169:. London: University of Toronto Press.
3160:
3025:The French Army and the First World War
2956:
2936:
2917:
2750:
2710:
2686:
2674:
2650:
2635:
2599:
188:
14:
5823:
3529:
3381:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919
3332:
3234:
3215:
3146:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 94.
3041:
2994:
2976:Edmonds, J. E.; Wynne, G. C. (1995) .
2726:
2223:
1522:or flannel body-belt, dampened with a
5273:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
4609:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
3681:
3406:
3313:
3141:
3090:
2738:
2575:
541:
462:
5677:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
3563:
3535:Canadian Medical Association Journal
3492:Canadian Medical Association Journal
3188:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military.
3072:Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J. (2010).
2170:, and others for criticism, such as
1907:57th Wilde's Rifles (Frontier Force)
1269:The First German Gas Attack at Ypres
5881:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade
5606:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
4400:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1903:55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)
1781:were killed by gas in April out of
1759:. In the British Official History,
1378:in waves of two companies each, at
1234:Thursday 22 April – Friday 23 April
24:
4339:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
3440:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
3204:
1372:16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish)
25:
5907:
3610:
3532:"Colonel F. A. C. Scrimger, V.C."
3488:"Captain F. A. C. Scrimger, V.C."
3258:Croddy, E.; Wirtz, J. J. (2005).
2198:Elhassan, Khalid (17 July 2019).
1639:Germans advancing under cover of
1633:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
1611:Battle of Bellewaarde (24–25 May)
1537:Private W. Hay of the Royal Scots
567:
4702:Second Battle of the Piave River
4324:Russian invasion of East Prussia
3355:On the Fringe of the Great Fight
3291:10.1097/00000441-200206000-00005
3001:. University of Nebraska Press.
1972:
1945:Francis Alexander Caron Scrimger
1935:William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse
1923:, 8th Battalion, Winnipeg Rifles
1820:
1691:
1682:
1043:During the First World War, the
428:
421:
360:
345:
333:
321:
308:
295:
272:
260:
248:
236:
221:
205:
190:
176:
162:
61:
5773:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
4973:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
3707:
3627:Second Battle of Ypres Overview
2782:
2756:
2433:
2403:
2367:
2252:– via Archive Foundation.
2159:
2145:
2131:
2113:
1993:Chemical weapons in World War I
1560:Battle of Frezenberg (8–13 May)
1443:The village of St. Julien (now
1222:A record of the Engagements....
5596:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
5455:Deportations from East Prussia
5252:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
3617:Spencer Jones Battles of Ypres
3042:Häften, Hans von, ed. (1932).
3023:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2014).
2764:"John McCrae (from Historica)"
2229:
2075:
2037:
2020:
13:
1:
5507:Ukrainian Canadian internment
3378:Nicholson, G. W. L. (1964) .
2910:
2789:David Evans (15 March 2016).
1748:
1709:Field Marshal Sir John French
1289:Langemark German war cemetery
1078:
429:
403:French: 2,000–3,000 to 21,973
131:
27:Battle of the First World War
5662:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
4961:Estonian War of Independence
4629:Southern Palestine offensive
2766:. Histori.ca. Archived from
2185:
1655:
1511:Canadian Expeditionary Force
1353:Canadian Expeditionary Force
7:
5616:USA against Austria-Hungary
5015:Turkish War of Independence
4967:Latvian War of Independence
4692:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
4283:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
3318:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2373:Van der Kloot 2004, p. 152.
1965:
1961:, 1st Bedfordshire Regiment
1887:, London Rifle Brigade (TF)
1660:
1049:22 April – 25 May 1915
1030:Western Front tactics, 1917
10:
5912:
5699:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
5247:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
4707:Second Battle of the Marne
4594:Second battle of the Aisne
4463:Second Battle of Champagne
4304:German invasion of Belgium
2699:Humphries & Maker 2010
2124:in urine would react with
1930:, 2nd Lancashire Fusiliers
1741:; by 1917 it would be the
1360:action at Kitcheners' Wood
1296:On 22 April 1915 at about
1188:Cavalry Divisions and the
29:
5805:
5764:
5685:
5624:
5586:
5530:
5519:
5480:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
5423:
5395:
5343:
5265:
5239:
5191:
5084:
5077:
5009:Irish War of Independence
4905:
4787:
4752:Armistice of Villa Giusti
4737:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
4662:
4564:
4491:
4392:
4349:First Battle of the Marne
4296:
4258:
4193:
4184:
4127:
4001:
3990:
3956:
3928:
3890:
3842:
3795:
3788:
3715:
3622:Kitchener's Wood Memorial
3486:Chattaway, F. D. (1916).
3433:Chattaway, F. D. (1908).
3410:The Great War as I Saw It
2795:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1954:, 1st Manchester Regiment
1878:Victoria Cross recipients
1240:Saturday 24 April – 4 May
1224:(1923) E. A. James used
1215:
577:
500:
416:
394:
372:
285:
154:
71:
60:
48:
43:
5632:Constantinople Agreement
4925:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
4788:Co-belligerent conflicts
4757:Second Romanian campaign
4727:Third Transjordan attack
4438:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
4344:Battle of Grand Couronné
2957:Edmonds, J. E. (1991) .
2902:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2890:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2878:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2866:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2854:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2842:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2827:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2815:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2663:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2536:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2524:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2512:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2497:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2485:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2473:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2461:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2449:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2398:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2386:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2347:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2335:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2323:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2287:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2275:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2263:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
2013:
1232:Battle of Gravenstafel:
1143:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
5695:Modus vivendi of Acroma
5647:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
4955:Greater Poland Uprising
4855:National Protection War
4732:Meuse–Argonne offensive
4682:German spring offensive
4677:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
4453:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
4428:Second Battle of Artois
4309:Battle of the Frontiers
3352:Nasmith, G. G. (1917).
2995:Girard, Marion (2008).
2364:, Spartacus Educational
2236:Robson, Stuart (2007).
2003:Battle of Passchendaele
1919:Company Sergeant-Major
1815:Battle of Passchendaele
1804:25 to 26 September 1915
1337:, 90th Infantry Brigade
1318:2,000–3,000 casualties,
1250:Battle of Bellewaarde:
918:German spring offensive
367:Albrecht of Württemberg
5720:Paris Peace Conference
5708:Ukraine–Central Powers
5502:Massacres of Albanians
5470:Late Ottoman genocides
5277:Bulgarian occupations
4985:Third Anglo-Afghan War
4949:Hungarian–Romanian War
4767:Naval Victory Bulletin
4762:Armistice with Germany
4712:Hundred Days Offensive
4639:Battle of La Malmaison
4589:Second battle of Arras
4556:Battle of Transylvania
4410:Second Battle of Ypres
4278:Sarajevo assassination
4167:South African Republic
3673:Legion Magazine Online
3530:Howell, W. B. (1938).
3462:10.1098/rspa.1908.0094
3216:Cassar, G. H. (2010).
3091:James, E. A. (1990) .
1921:Frederick William Hall
1842:
1834:
1795:
1755:
1723:
1653:
1628:
1569:
1557:
1540:
1514:
1496:Royal Dublin Fusiliers
1422:
1402:
1370:on 22 April, with the
1340:
1310:
1293:
1276:
1244:Battle of Frezenberg:
1238:Battle of St. Julien:
1095:
1045:Second Battle of Ypres
492:Battles of Ypres, 1915
286:Commanders and leaders
79:22 April – 25 May 1915
44:Second Battle of Ypres
18:Battle of Gravenstafel
5730:Treaty of St. Germain
5703:Russia–Central Powers
5657:Sykes–Picot Agreement
5485:Pontic Greek genocide
5460:Destruction of Kalisz
5436:Eastern Mediterranean
4997:Polish–Lithuanian War
4779:Armistice of Belgrade
4742:Armistice of Salonica
4672:Operation Faustschlag
4619:Third Battle of Oituz
4541:Baranovichi offensive
4509:Lake Naroch offensive
4483:Battle of Robat Karim
4458:Vistula–Bug offensive
4433:Battles of the Isonzo
4364:First Battle of Ypres
3632:16 April 2019 at the
3407:Scott, F. G. (1922).
3314:Haber, L. F. (1986).
3142:Meyer, G.J. (2015) .
2626:, pp. 6787–6789.
2362:"2nd Battle of Ypres"
2153:William Barnes Wollen
1998:Saint Julien Memorial
1988:First Battle of Ypres
1847:Saint Julien Memorial
1840:
1831:Saint Julien Memorial
1828:
1808:Battle of Mont Sorrel
1798:Subsequent operations
1790:
1713:
1637:
1618:
1567:
1541:
1529:
1508:
1413:Alfred Oliver Pollard
1403:
1388:
1326:
1285:Langemark-Poelkapelle
1282:
1267:
1121:The German commander
1086:
1065:First Battle of Ypres
395:Casualties and losses
5725:Treaty of Versailles
5441:Mount Lebanon famine
5356:in the United States
5324:Russian occupations
5038:Turkish–Armenian War
4979:Polish–Ukrainian War
4919:Ukrainian–Soviet War
4866:Central Asian Revolt
4649:Armistice of Focșani
4379:Battle of Sarikamish
4329:Battle of Tannenberg
3725:Military engagements
3666:4 March 2021 at the
3649:8 March 2021 at the
3413:. Toronto: Goodchild
3243:. Copernicus Books.
3184:Sheldon, J. (2012).
3161:Rawling, B. (1992).
2918:Clayton, A. (2003).
2665:, pp. 359, 284.
2602:, pp. 150, 178.
2029:, 1914–1918 (1923 )
1625:Captain Thomas Leahy
1131:Imperial German Army
1123:Erich von Falkenhayn
1112:German general staff
1025:French Army mutinies
1020:1914 Christmas truce
790:Hohenzollern Redoubt
444:class=notpageimage|
302:Horace Smith-Dorrien
111:50.89944°N 2.94056°E
5792:They shall not pass
5715:Treaty of Bucharest
5672:Treaty of Bucharest
5611:USA against Germany
5588:Declarations of war
5292:German occupations
5205:British casualties
5064:Soviet–Georgian War
4991:Egyptian Revolution
4931:Armeno-Georgian War
4795:Somaliland campaign
4747:Armistice of Mudros
4624:Battle of Caporetto
4614:Battle of Mărășești
4584:Zimmermann telegram
4579:February Revolution
4524:Battle of the Somme
4448:Bug-Narew Offensive
4423:Battle of Gallipoli
4415:Sinking of the RMS
4207:Scramble for Africa
4201:Franco-Prussian War
3857:Sinai and Palestine
3453:1908RSPSA..81..381C
3335:Essential Militaria
3333:Hobbes, N. (2003).
3235:Croddy, E. (2002).
2922:. London: Cassell.
2753:, pp. 124–386.
2624:London Gazette 1915
2614:, pp. 274–277.
2590:, pp. 271–274.
2556:jeremybanning.co.uk
2538:, pp. 311–326.
2514:, pp. 217–218.
2499:, pp. 220–225.
2475:, pp. 262–263.
2463:, pp. 240–255.
2451:, pp. 214–239.
2421:on 23 November 2005
2349:, pp. 185–187.
2337:, pp. 178–185.
2289:, pp. 176–178.
2277:, pp. 370–374.
2265:, pp. 375–376.
2239:The First World War
2095: /
2057: /
1587: /
1551:The Daily Chronicle
1462: /
1417:The Memoirs of a VC
1137:to assist its ally
1014:Associated articles
731:Hartmannswillerkopf
591:Invasion of Belgium
384:6 British divisions
107: /
5752:Treaty of Lausanne
5667:Paris Economy Pact
5601:UK against Germany
5531:Entry into the war
5497:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
5216:Ottoman casualties
5026:Franco-Turkish War
4906:Post-War conflicts
4890:Russian Revolution
4872:Invasion of Darfur
4837:Kelantan rebellion
4825:Kurdish rebellions
4801:Mexican Revolution
4634:October Revolution
4599:Kerensky offensive
4574:Capture of Baghdad
4551:Monastir offensive
4536:Brusilov offensive
4374:Battle of Kolubara
4213:Russo-Japanese War
3602:The London Gazette
3337:. Atlantic Books.
2415:legionmagazine.com
2204:History Collection
1939:No. 2 Squadron RFC
1858:In Flanders Fields
1851:Lieutenant colonel
1843:
1835:
1783:2,000–3,000 French
1570:
1524:sodium bicarbonate
1515:
1429:John Scott Haldane
1312:Troupes coloniales
1294:
1277:
1096:
505:Gravenstafel Ridge
381:2 French divisions
352:Armand De Ceuninck
340:Henri Gabriel Putz
5891:April 1915 events
5871:Conflicts in 1915
5818:
5817:
5801:
5800:
5785:The Golden Virgin
5779:Mutilated victory
5760:
5759:
5740:Treaty of Trianon
5735:Treaty of Neuilly
5642:Damascus Protocol
5515:
5514:
5475:Armenian genocide
5432:Allied blockades
5404:Belgian refugees
5187:
5186:
5097:Strategic bombing
5073:
5072:
5058:Franco-Syrian War
5032:Greco-Turkish War
5020:Anglo-Turkish War
5003:Polish–Soviet War
4937:German Revolution
4913:Russian Civil War
4896:Finnish Civil War
4722:Battle of Megiddo
4697:Battle of Goychay
4644:Battle of Cambrai
4604:Battle of Mărăști
4519:Battle of Jutland
4499:Erzurum offensive
4354:Siege of Przemyśl
4334:Siege of Tsingtao
4319:Battle of Galicia
4249:Second Balkan War
4237:Italo-Turkish War
4194:Pre-War conflicts
4180:
4179:
4070:Portuguese Empire
3986:
3985:
3948:German New Guinea
3930:Asian and Pacific
3564:Love, D. (1996).
3344:978-1-84354-229-2
3325:978-0-19-858142-0
3269:978-1-85109-490-5
3250:978-0-387-95076-1
3227:978-1-55488-728-6
3220:. Dundurn Press.
3195:978-1-84884-466-7
3176:978-0-8020-6002-0
3153:978-0-553-38240-2
3111:Macpherson, W. G.
3102:978-0-948130-18-2
3034:978-1-107-60568-8
3008:978-0-8032-2223-6
2987:978-0-89839-218-0
2968:978-0-89839-166-4
2929:978-0-304-35949-3
2653:, pp. 35–36.
2638:, pp. 29–41.
2411:"Legion Magazine"
2301:, pp. 89–91.
2249:978-1-4058-2471-2
1492:1,954 casualties.
1038:
1037:
864:Nivelle offensive
638:Trouée de Charmes
535:
534:
457:
456:
150:
149:
116:50.89944; 2.94056
16:(Redirected from
5903:
5745:Treaty of Sèvres
5637:Treaty of London
5528:
5527:
5306:Northeast France
5237:
5236:
5209:Parliamentarians
5142:
5141:
5104:Chemical weapons
5082:
5081:
4843:Senussi campaign
4813:Muscat rebellion
4807:Maritz rebellion
4775:
4717:Vardar offensive
4546:Battle of Romani
4514:Battle of Asiago
4504:Battle of Verdun
4468:Kosovo offensive
4243:First Balkan War
4191:
4190:
4090:Russian Republic
3999:
3998:
3793:
3792:
3735:Economic history
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3656:Chlorine, Ucc.ie
3606:
3585:
3560:
3558:
3526:
3516:
3482:
3464:
3447:(549): 381–388.
3422:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3386:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3348:
3329:
3310:
3273:
3254:
3242:
3231:
3199:
3180:
3168:
3157:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3121:
3106:
3087:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3038:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2991:
2972:
2953:
2933:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2439:Chattaway (1908)
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2417:. Archived from
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2179:
2176:Kitcheners' Wood
2163:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:50.891°N 2.979°E
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:50.917°N 2.917°E
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2024:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1914:Frederick Fisher
1812:
1811:(2–13 June 1916)
1805:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1769:3,058 casualties
1766:
1758:
1721:
1695:
1686:
1651:
1626:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:50.868°N 2.950°E
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1555:
1538:
1493:
1483:Frederick Fisher
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:50.890°N 2.937°E
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1420:
1400:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1338:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1299:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1050:
1047:was fought from
977:St Quentin Canal
572:
562:
555:
548:
539:
538:
510:Kitcheners' Wood
495:
493:
483:
476:
469:
460:
459:
432:
431:
425:
365:
364:
350:
349:
338:
337:
326:
325:
313:
312:
300:
299:
278:
276:
275:
265:
264:
253:
252:
241:
240:
231:
227:
225:
224:
215:
211:
209:
208:
200:
196:
194:
193:
182:
180:
179:
168:
166:
165:
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
73:
72:
65:
41:
40:
21:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5896:May 1915 events
5876:1915 in Belgium
5821:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5797:
5756:
5688:
5681:
5652:Treaty of Darin
5620:
5582:
5538:Austria-Hungary
5524:
5511:
5492:Rape of Belgium
5419:
5391:
5339:
5333:Western Armenia
5328:Eastern Galicia
5261:
5235:
5199:
5198:Civilian impact
5197:
5183:
5140:
5069:
4901:
4831:Ovambo Uprising
4783:
4769:
4658:
4560:
4487:
4405:Battle of Łomża
4388:
4384:Christmas truce
4359:Race to the Sea
4292:
4254:
4176:
4147:Austria-Hungary
4123:
4058:Empire of Japan
3995:
3993:
3982:
3966:U-boat campaign
3952:
3924:
3886:
3838:
3784:
3765:Popular culture
3711:
3706:
3668:Wayback Machine
3651:Wayback Machine
3644:Order of Battle
3634:Wayback Machine
3613:
3416:
3414:
3397:
3395:
3384:
3368:
3366:
3345:
3326:
3279:Am. J. Med. Sci
3270:
3251:
3228:
3207:
3205:Further reading
3202:
3196:
3177:
3154:
3132:
3130:
3119:
3103:
3084:
3062:
3060:
3035:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2988:
2969:
2930:
2913:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2741:, pp. 8–9.
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2715:Greenhalgh 2014
2713:, p. 116;
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2612:Macpherson 1923
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2588:Macpherson 1923
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2311:Greenhalgh 2014
2309:
2305:
2299:Greenhalgh 2014
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2118:
2114:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2016:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1933:2nd Lieutenant
1912:Lance Corporal
1885:Douglas Belcher
1883:Lance Sergeant
1880:
1868:Remembrance Day
1823:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1765:26 to 29 April.
1764:
1751:
1722:
1719:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1627:
1624:
1613:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1554:(26 April 1915)
1548:
1539:
1536:
1491:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1421:
1410:
1401:
1399:(26 April 1915)
1395:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1339:
1332:
1321:
1317:
1297:
1292:
1273:William Roberts
1260:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1139:Austria-Hungary
1081:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1011:
815:Vimy Ridge 1916
692:Race to the Sea
660:1st St. Quentin
582:
573:
568:
566:
536:
531:
496:
491:
489:
487:
453:
452:
451:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
438:
437:
433:
409:
406:British: 59,275
387:
359:
356:
344:
332:
320:
307:
294:
273:
271:
259:
247:
235:
222:
220:
206:
204:
191:
189:
177:
175:
163:
161:
142:
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
92:
66:
55:First World War
35:
32:Battle of Ypres
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5776:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5687:Peace treaties
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5573:United Kingdom
5570:
5565:
5563:Ottoman Empire
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5525:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5467:
5465:Sack of Dinant
5462:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5413:United Kingdom
5410:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5373:
5367:POW locations
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5202:
5200:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5167:United Kingdom
5164:
5162:Ottoman Empire
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5139:
5138:
5136:Trench warfare
5133:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5088:
5086:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4852:
4849:Volta-Bani War
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4687:Zeebrugge Raid
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4478:Battle of Loos
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:Black Sea raid
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4271:Historiography
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4225:Bosnian Crisis
4222:
4219:Tangier Crisis
4216:
4210:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Ottoman Empire
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4129:Central Powers
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:British Empire
4107:United Kingdom
4104:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4085:Russian Empire
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
4003:Entente Powers
3996:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3971:North Atlantic
3962:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3882:Central Arabia
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3844:Middle Eastern
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Historiography
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3658:
3653:
3641:
3636:
3624:
3619:
3612:
3611:External links
3609:
3608:
3607:
3587:
3586:
3561:
3541:(3): 279–281.
3527:
3499:(4): 334–336.
3483:
3424:
3423:
3404:
3375:
3349:
3343:
3330:
3324:
3311:
3285:(6): 326–340.
3274:
3268:
3255:
3249:
3232:
3226:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3181:
3175:
3158:
3152:
3139:
3107:
3101:
3088:
3082:
3069:
3039:
3033:
3020:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2973:
2967:
2954:
2938:Edmonds, J. E.
2934:
2928:
2920:Paths of Glory
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2904:, p. 289.
2894:
2892:, p. 252.
2882:
2880:, p. 265.
2870:
2868:, p. 290.
2858:
2856:, p. 227.
2846:
2844:, p. 260.
2831:
2829:, p. 221.
2819:
2817:, p. 333.
2807:
2781:
2770:on 9 June 2011
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2703:
2701:, p. 168.
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2578:, p. 299.
2568:
2540:
2528:
2526:, p. 310.
2516:
2501:
2489:
2487:, p. 219.
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2432:
2402:
2400:, p. 195.
2390:
2388:, p. 178.
2375:
2366:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2325:, p. 183.
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2248:
2228:
2216:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2158:
2144:
2130:
2112:
2074:
2036:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1822:
1819:
1799:
1796:
1750:
1747:
1727:linear tactics
1717:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1668:Battle of Loos
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1645:
1622:
1612:
1609:
1561:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1480:lance corporal
1440:
1437:
1408:
1397:The Daily Mail
1393:
1384:reconnaissance
1364:10th Battalion
1330:
1283:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1217:
1214:
1176:comprised the
1147:Russian Empire
1104:Walther Nernst
1080:
1077:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1010:
1009:
1007:Lys and Escaut
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
861:
854:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
776:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
754:
753:
743:
738:
736:Neuve Chapelle
733:
728:
717:
716:
711:
709:Winter actions
706:
705:
704:
699:
689:
684:
679:
674:
672:Grand Couronné
669:
664:
663:
662:
657:
652:
642:
641:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
610:
609:
608:
603:
598:
588:
578:
575:
574:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
533:
532:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
513:
512:
501:
498:
497:
486:
485:
478:
471:
463:
455:
454:
447:
442:
441:
435:
434:
427:
426:
420:
419:
418:
417:
414:
413:
410:
408:
407:
404:
400:
397:
396:
392:
391:
388:
386:
385:
382:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
357:
355:
354:
342:
330:
318:
315:Herbert Plumer
305:
291:
288:
287:
283:
282:
269:
258:
257:
245:
217:
216:
213:United Kingdom
201:
186:
170:British Empire
157:
156:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
128:
124:
123:
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
58:
57:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5908:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:Ypres Salient
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5578:United States
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5518:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5190:
5180:
5179:United States
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5129:Convoy system
5127:
5126:
5125:
5124:Naval warfare
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4884:Kaocen revolt
4882:
4879:
4878:Easter Rising
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Great Retreat
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Battle of Cer
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4231:Agadir Crisis
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:United States
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4036:French Empire
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3989:
3979:
3978:Mediterranean
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3958:Naval warfare
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3834:Italian Front
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:Eastern Front
3820:
3818:
3817:Western Front
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Puppet states
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3083:9781554580514
3079:
3075:
3070:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2796:
2792:
2791:"John McCrae"
2785:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2729:, p. 13.
2728:
2723:
2717:, p. 91.
2716:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2689:, p. 68.
2688:
2683:
2677:, p. 35.
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2313:, p. 91.
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2226:, p. 41.
2225:
2220:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2172:Garnet Hughes
2169:
2168:Arthur Currie
2162:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:50.891; 2.979
2078:
2070:
2066:50.917; 2.917
2040:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:Canada portal
1970:
1960:
1959:Edward Warner
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:Edward Bellew
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1821:Commemoration
1818:
1816:
1809:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1779:800–1,400 men
1775:
1774:Der Weltkrieg
1762:
1761:J. E. Edmonds
1757:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1650:
1649:The War Diary
1644:
1642:
1641:enfilade fire
1636:
1634:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1596:50.868; 2.950
1566:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1471:50.890; 2.937
1446:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1335:Henri Mordacq
1329:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:Ypres salient
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Eastern Front
1133:units to the
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1073:Western Front
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:Meuse-Argonne
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
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921:
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899:
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896:Passchendaele
894:
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867:
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769:
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764:
761:
759:
758:2nd Champagne
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:1st Champagne
724:
723:
722:
721:
715:
712:
710:
707:
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700:
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693:
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675:
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658:
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651:
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647:
646:
645:Great Retreat
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
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624:
621:
619:
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615:
614:
611:
607:
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589:
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584:
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581:
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571:
570:Western Front
563:
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528:
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523:
520:
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511:
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377:
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371:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
341:
336:
331:
329:
328:Arthur Currie
324:
319:
317:(6 May 1915~)
316:
311:
306:
304:(replaced by)
303:
298:
293:
292:
290:
289:
284:
281:
280:German Empire
270:
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263:
256:
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187:
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90:
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64:
59:
56:
52:
51:Western Front
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5790:
5783:
5771:
5378: /
5310:
5145:Conscription
5109:Cryptography
5046:Iraqi Revolt
4473:Siege of Kut
4416:
4409:
3994:participants
3943:German Samoa
3877:South Arabia
3600:
3589:
3588:
3573:
3569:
3538:
3534:
3496:
3490:
3444:
3438:
3426:
3425:
3415:. Retrieved
3409:
3396:. Retrieved
3380:
3367:. Retrieved
3354:
3334:
3315:
3282:
3278:
3262:. ABC-CLIO.
3259:
3238:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3185:
3164:
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3115:
3092:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3049:
3044:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
2997:
2977:
2958:
2941:
2919:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2822:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:the original
2758:
2751:Edmonds 1991
2746:
2734:
2722:
2711:Sheldon 2012
2706:
2694:
2687:Clayton 2003
2682:
2675:Rawling 1992
2670:
2658:
2651:Rawling 1992
2636:Rawling 1992
2631:
2619:
2607:
2600:Edmonds 1928
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:
2531:
2519:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2414:
2405:
2393:
2369:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2238:
2231:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:
2193:
2161:
2147:
2133:
2115:
2077:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2022:
1872:Memorial Day
1861:
1844:
1801:
1791:
1787:
1785:casualties.
1773:
1756:Reichsarchiv
1752:
1724:
1714:
1706:
1664:
1648:
1638:
1629:
1619:
1614:
1571:
1549:
1542:
1530:
1520:
1516:
1500:
1488:
1445:Sint-Juliaan
1442:
1426:
1423:
1416:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1357:
1341:
1327:
1322:800 to 1,400
1295:
1268:
1261:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1210:1st Canadian
1202:Northumbrian
1163:
1159:Gustav Hertz
1155:James Franck
1145:against the
1120:
1097:
1044:
1042:
1013:
1012:
972:Saint-Mihiel
940:Belleau Wood
923:
911:
910:
901:La Malmaison
857:
845:
844:
810:Kink Salient
778:
777:
773:Gas: Wieltje
740:
719:
718:
579:
490:
218:
160:
155:Belligerents
132:
49:Part of the
36:
5408:Netherlands
5385:Switzerland
5266:Occupations
5257:Spanish flu
5034:(1919–1922)
5028:(1918–1921)
5022:(1918–1923)
5011:(1919–1921)
5005:(1919–1921)
4999:(1919–1920)
4975:(1918–1920)
4969:(1918–1920)
4963:(1918–1920)
4945:(1918–1920)
4927:(1918–1920)
4921:(1917–1921)
4915:(1917–1921)
4862:(1916-1918)
4860:Arab Revolt
4851:(1915–1917)
4845:(1915–1917)
4833:(1914-1917)
4827:(1914–1917)
4821:(1914–1921)
4815:(1913–1920)
4803:(1910–1920)
4797:(1900–1920)
4770: [
4288:July Crisis
4209:(1880–1914)
3872:Mesopotamia
3750:Home fronts
3709:World War I
3133:19 November
3063:25 November
2727:Girard 2008
2561:21 November
2425:21 November
2224:Häften 1932
2102: /
2064: /
1854:John McCrae
1594: /
1469: /
1344:thiosulfate
1212:divisions.
1174:Second Army
1116:Fritz Haber
1088:Fritz Haber
1059:in western
992:2nd Cambrai
830:Boar's Head
820:Mont Sorrel
527:Bellewaarde
390:7 divisions
141:Territorial
114: /
5825:Categories
5625:Agreements
5425:War crimes
5301:Luxembourg
5194:Casualties
4065:Montenegro
3900:South West
3780:Technology
3770:Propaganda
3760:Opposition
3590:Newspapers
3570:Sabretache
2911:References
2739:James 1990
2576:Meyer 2015
2087:50°53′28″N
1952:Issy Smith
1905:(attached
1749:Casualties
1735:Ross rifle
1579:50°52′05″N
1454:50°53′24″N
1380:11:46 p.m.
1368:11:00 p.m.
1079:Background
1069:poison gas
805:Wulverghem
768:3rd Artois
746:2nd Artois
714:1st Artois
522:Frezenberg
517:St. Julien
102:02°56′26″E
99:50°53′58″N
5522:Diplomacy
5229:Olympians
5152:Australia
5119:Logistics
5052:Vlora War
4981:(1918–19)
4957:(1918–19)
4951:(1918–19)
4939:(1918–19)
4886:(1916–17)
4868:(1916–17)
4819:Zaian War
4809:(1914–15)
4529:first day
4417:Lusitania
4245:(1912–13)
4239:(1911–12)
4227:(1908–09)
4221:(1905–06)
4203:(1870–71)
3992:Principal
3852:Gallipoli
3755:Memorials
3740:Geography
3730:Aftermath
3582:0048-8933
3547:0820-3946
3505:0820-3946
3471:0962-8452
3398:7 January
3393:557523890
3058:838300036
2800:22 August
2186:Footnotes
2090:2°58′44″E
1950:Corporal
1928:John Lynn
1673:PH helmet
1656:Aftermath
1582:2°57′00″E
1457:2°56′13″E
1433:gas masks
1306:Langemark
1298:5:00 p.m.
1252:24–25 May
1151:Otto Hahn
1141:with the
1108:Max Bauer
987:5th Ypres
967:2nd Somme
945:2nd Marne
935:3rd Aisne
884:The Hills
879:2nd Aisne
840:Fromelles
835:1st Somme
785:The Bluff
751:Hébuterne
741:2nd Ypres
702:1st Ypres
682:1st Aisne
677:1st Marne
650:Le Cateau
628:Charleroi
613:Frontiers
91:, Belgium
5810:Category
5397:Refugees
5363:Italians
5352:Germans
5312:Ober Ost
5092:Aviation
4186:Timeline
4157:Bulgaria
3938:Tsingtao
3915:Togoland
3862:Caucasus
3797:European
3789:Theatres
3664:Archived
3647:Archived
3630:Archived
3523:20310777
3427:Journals
3417:24 March
3369:24 March
3307:24483093
3299:12074487
3128:83853880
3113:(1923).
2950:58962526
2940:(1928).
2209:30 April
2140:phosgene
2126:chlorine
1966:See also
1957:Private
1943:Captain
1926:Private
1899:Mir Dast
1897:Jemadar
1890:Captain
1731:magazine
1718:—
1661:Analysis
1646:—
1623:—
1547:—
1535:—
1411:Captain
1409:—
1394:—
1382:Without
1376:800 men,
1333:Colonel
1331:—
1302:chlorine
1246:8–13 May
1127:4th Army
1102:chemist
1092:chlorine
1055:town of
997:Courtrai
952:Soissons
891:Messines
858:Alberich
667:Maubeuge
623:Ardennes
618:Lorraine
586:Moresnet
373:Strength
133:Analysis
84:Location
5548:Germany
5448:Germany
5376:Germany
5296:Belgium
5281:Albania
5240:Disease
5220:Sports
5172:Ireland
5085:Warfare
5078:Aspects
4266:Origins
4259:Prelude
4162:Senussi
4142:Germany
4137:Leaders
4075:Romania
4016:Belgium
4011:Leaders
3910:Kamerun
3892:African
3827:Romania
3805:Balkans
3720:Outline
3514:1584589
3449:Bibcode
3364:5298462
2052:02°55′E
2049:50°55′N
2032:Council
1743:section
1739:company
1351:of the
1071:on the
1061:Belgium
1053:Flemish
962:Ailette
930:The Lys
924:Michael
906:Cambrai
800:Hulluch
795:St Eloi
687:Antwerp
412:35,000+
267:Belgium
255:Morocco
243:Algeria
143:changes
136:section
53:of the
5568:Russia
5543:France
5371:Canada
5286:Serbia
5157:Canada
5114:Horses
5066:(1921)
5060:(1920)
5054:(1920)
5048:(1920)
5040:(1920)
4993:(1919)
4987:(1919)
4933:(1918)
4898:(1918)
4892:(1917)
4880:(1916)
4874:(1916)
4839:(1915)
4251:(1913)
4233:(1911)
4215:(1905)
4172:Darfur
4097:Serbia
4080:Russia
4043:Greece
4031:France
4021:Brazil
3867:Persia
3810:Serbia
3580:
3556:536406
3553:
3545:
3521:
3511:
3503:
3477:
3469:
3391:
3362:
3341:
3322:
3305:
3297:
3266:
3247:
3224:
3192:
3173:
3150:
3126:
3099:
3080:
3056:
3031:
3014:26 May
3005:
2984:
2965:
2948:
2926:
2774:26 May
2246:
2034:(1921)
1720:French
1419:(1932)
1362:, the
1358:In an
1216:Battle
1206:Lahore
1110:, the
1100:German
1063:. The
1002:Sambre
957:Amiens
825:Verdun
655:Étreux
601:Dinant
277:
229:France
226:
210:
195:
184:Canada
181:
167:
127:Result
5765:Other
5558:Japan
5553:Italy
5380:camps
5224:Rugby
4774:]
4053:Japan
4048:Italy
4026:China
3920:North
3576:(4).
3479:93011
3475:JSTOR
3385:(PDF)
3303:S2CID
3210:Books
3120:(pdf)
3048:[
2014:Notes
1863:Punch
1320:with
1057:Ypres
869:Arras
852:Ancre
606:Namur
596:Liège
436:Ypres
198:India
89:Ypres
5345:POWs
4664:1918
4566:1917
4492:1916
4393:1915
4297:1914
4102:Siam
3905:East
3578:ISSN
3543:ISSN
3519:PMID
3501:ISSN
3467:ISSN
3419:2014
3400:2018
3389:OCLC
3371:2014
3360:OCLC
3339:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3295:PMID
3264:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3222:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3171:ISBN
3148:ISBN
3135:2019
3124:OCLC
3097:ISBN
3078:ISBN
3065:2013
3054:OCLC
3029:ISBN
3016:2011
3003:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2963:ISBN
2946:OCLC
2924:ISBN
2802:2019
2776:2011
2563:2017
2427:2017
2244:ISBN
2211:2021
2122:Urea
1870:and
1208:and
1198:28th
1194:27th
1184:and
1170:Yser
1164:The
1157:and
1098:The
912:1918
874:Vimy
846:1917
779:1916
763:Loos
720:1915
697:Yser
633:Mons
580:1914
130:See
76:Date
3551:PMC
3509:PMC
3457:doi
3287:doi
3283:323
1271:by
1220:In
1190:4th
1186:3rd
1182:2nd
1178:1st
5827::
4772:It
3599:.
3574:26
3572:.
3568:.
3549:.
3539:38
3537:.
3517:.
3507:.
3495:.
3473:.
3465:.
3455:.
3445:81
3443:.
3437:.
3301:.
3293:.
3281:.
2834:^
2793:.
2643:^
2554:.
2543:^
2504:^
2413:.
2378:^
2354:^
2202:.
1937:,
1909:)
1901:,
1874:.
1447:;
1435:.
1415:,
1204:,
1200:,
1196:,
1192:,
1180:,
1153:,
1075:.
5196:/
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3584:.
3559:.
3525:.
3497:6
3481:.
3459::
3451::
3421:.
3402:.
3373:.
3347:.
3328:.
3309:.
3289::
3272:.
3253:.
3230:.
3198:.
3179:.
3156:.
3137:.
3105:.
3086:.
3037:.
3018:.
2990:.
2971:.
2952:.
2932:.
2804:.
2778:.
2565:.
2429:.
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1833:.
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34:.
20:)
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