French protectorate in Morocco

2257: 2676: 1205: 2354: 2318: 1194: 908: 2844:

maintain troops in Morocco during a transitional period of unspecified duration. The outspoken support of the Moroccans and Muhammad V for Algerian independence brought about the rapid collapse of these agreements and the worsening of Franco-Moroccan relations, especially after the Meknès riots of 23–28 November 1956 in the course of which several hundred Moroccans and more than 50 Europeans were killed. From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, and 25,343 in 1990. French-ownership of agricultural land was gradually eliminated following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973. Following unrelenting diplomatic pressure by Morocco, the last French troops were finally withdrawn 1 November 1961.

849: 130: 573: 116: 261: 2507: 2080: 2138: 708: 1242: 867: 7267: 4257: 1896: 602: 1956: 1910: 1131: 27: 2002:, which brought with it a new attitude toward colonial rule. Rejecting the typical French assimilationist approach to culture and education as a liberal fantasy, Morocco's conservative French rulers attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon which the French depended for collaboration. Second, Morocco had a 2301:—despite the fact that the region is prone to drought. After a period of minimal profits and a massive locust swarm in 1930, agricultural production shifted toward irrigated, higher-value crops such as citrus fruits and vegetables. The industrialization of agriculture required capital that many Moroccan farmers didn't have, leading to a 2125:. Historians have called these Moroccan soldiers "heroes without glory" as they are not and have not been given the consideration they merited through valor and sacrifice in the war. Brahim El Kadiri Boutchich identified the participation of Moroccan soldiers in the service of France in WWI as "one of the most important moments in the 2176:, and remind ourselves that in all human society there is a ruling class, born to rule, without which nothing can be done... enlist the ruling class in our service...and the country will be pacified, and at far less cost and with greater certainty than by all the military expeditions we could send there... 2279:, where imprudent land appropriation, as Professor Susan Gilson Miller puts it, "reduced much of the native peasantry to a rootless proletariat," Lyautey solicited a select group of 692 "gentlemen-farmers"—instead of what he called the "riff-raff" of southern Europe—capable of serving as "examples" to 2867:

in which the sultan would exercise an active political role. He acted cautiously, having no intention of permitting more radical elements in the nationalist movement to overthrow the established order. He was also intent on preventing the Istiqlal Party from consolidating its control and establishing

2723:

fired randomly into residential buildings in working-class neighborhoods, killing 180 Moroccan civilians. The conflict was instigated in an attempt to sabotage the Sultan's journey to Tangier, though after having returned to Casablanca to comfort the families of the victims, the Sultan then proceeded

2483:

to limit the Zaians' freedom of movement. They conducted negotiations with Hammou's sons, persuading three of them, along with many of their followers, to submit to the French rule. A split in the Zaian Confederation between those who supported submission and those still opposed led to infighting and

719:

distinguished itself in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to French or British domination. However, in the second part of the nineteenth century, Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to

673:

While the agreements with France had provided for interdependent foreign relations, Franco-Moroccan relations quickly worsened following Mohammed V's outspoken support for Algerian independence including at the United Nations. The number of French settlers declined constantly, especially after their

2648:

The innovative fact about Moroccan nationalists is that they globalized the Moroccan question through transnational activism. This way they created a vibrant and wide global coalition of supporters who advocated their cause. This way they also managed to make their concerns global ones. Among their

2394:

Industry during the early period of the protectorate focused on food processing for local consumption: there were canneries, a sugar refinery (Compagnie Sucriere Marocaine, COSUMA), a brewing company (Société des Brasseries du Maroc, SBM), and flour mills. Manufacturing and heavy industry, however,

2843:

of the March agreement as well the Cooperation Agreement of 28 May 1956, which stipulated among other things that each country should refrain from adopting policies that were incompatible with the interests of the other, constituted an impediment to full independence, as was the right of France to

2855:

on 29 October 1956. The abolition of the Spanish protectorate and the recognition of Moroccan independence by Spain were negotiated separately and made final in the Joint Declaration of 7 April 1956. Through these agreements with Spain in 1956 and 1958, Moroccan control over certain Spanish-ruled

2385:

by a direct rail line. In 1921, 39,000 tons of phosphate were extracted, while almost 2 million tons were extracted in 1930. The Moroccan laborers working in the mines did not benefit from any social protections, were forbidden from unionizing, and earned a tiny fraction of what Europeans earned.

2822:

Facing a united Moroccan demand for the sultan’s return, a rising violence in Morocco, as well as the deteriorating situation in Algeria, Muhammad V returned from exile on 16 November 1955, and declared independence on 18 November 1955. In February 1956 he successfully negotiated with France to

2803:

The general sympathy of the sultan for the nationalists had become evident by the end of the war, although he still hoped to see complete independence achieved gradually. By contrast, the residency, supported by French economic interests and vigorously backed by most of the colonists, adamantly

2546:

of 16 May 1930, crowds gathered in protest and a national network was established to resist the legislation. Dr. Susan Gilson Miller cites this as the "seedbed out of which the embryonic nationalist movement emerged." In December 1934, a small group of nationalists, members of the newly formed

2815:, whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader. By 1955, Ben Aarafa was pressured to abdicate. Consequently, Ben Aarafa fled to Tangier where he formally abdicated. 248: 201: 2184:

monarchy that would work with France and look to France for culture and aid. Unlike in Algeria, where the entire nobility and government had been displaced, the Moroccan nobility was included in Lyautey's plans. He worked with them, offering support and building elite

243: 245: 2909:, to issuing banknotes backed by gold, with a 40-year term. The new state bank was to act as Morocco's Central Bank, but with a strict cap on the spending of the Sherifian Empire, with administrators appointed by the national banks that guaranteed the loans: the 247: 211: 246: 212: 4734: 242: 3008:

The first stamps of the protectorate appeared 1 August 1914, and were just the existing stamps with the additional overprint reading "PROTECTORAT FRANCAIS". The first new designs were in an issue of 1917, consisting of 17 stamps in six designs, denominated in

2529:

in the Rif. Though this rebellion began in the Spanish-controlled area in the north, it reached the French-controlled area. A coalition of France and Spain finally defeated the rebels in 1925. To ensure their own safety, the French moved the court from Fez to

241: 240: 239: 191: 205: 244: 197: 170: 198: 210: 209: 204: 196: 187: 171: 202: 181: 173: 172: 2831:

In late 1955, Muhammad V successfully negotiated the gradual restoration of Moroccan independence within a framework of French-Moroccan interdependence. Further negotiations for full independence culminated in the French-Moroccan Agreement signed in

192: 189: 185: 174: 2256: 1974:

independence. From a legal point of view, the treaty gave the legislative power to France, alongside the control of military defense, foreign policy and jurisdiction. The Moorish government exercised authority solely in Moroccan or Islamic affairs.

207: 203: 199: 194: 183: 182: 180: 179: 177: 176: 169: 208: 200: 190: 188: 186: 175: 669:

but it did not end the French presence in Morocco. France preserved its influence in the country, including a right to station French troops and to have a say in Morocco's foreign policy. French settlers also maintained their rights and property.

184: 178: 2345:) was founded in 30 November 1919 with the goal of accessing "all of Morocco." Its services ran along a new colonial road system planned with the aim of linking all major towns and cities. It continues to offer intercity bus services nationwide. 798:

on 31 March 1905. Kaiser Wilhelm tried to get Morocco's support if they went to war with France or Britain, and gave a speech expressing support for Moroccan independence, which amounted to a provocative challenge to French influence in Morocco.

168: 2934:) which oversaw colonial rule in the protectorate. Under the protectorate, Moroccans were prevented from attending large political gatherings. This was because colonial forces deemed they might "hear things beyond their capacity to understand." 206: 195: 193: 213: 2652:

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, with political and nonviolent efforts proving futile, the Moroccan struggle for independence became increasingly violent, with massacres, bombings, and riots, particularly in the urban and industrial center,

4763: 747:

French activity in Morocco began at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1904, the French government was trying to establish a protectorate over Morocco and had managed to sign two bilateral secret agreements with Britain (8 April 1904, see

2573:, admission of Moroccans to government positions, and establishment of representative councils. The moderate tactics used by the CAM to obtain consideration of reform included petitions, newspaper editorials, and personal appeals to French. 2804:

refused to consider even reforms short of independence. Official intransigence contributed to increased animosity between the nationalists and the colonists and gradually widened the split between the sultan and the resident general.

3057:) gauge networks in Africa with total length of more than 1,700 kilometres. After the treaty of Algeciras, the representatives of Great Powers agreed not to build any standard gauge railway in Morocco until the standard gauge 2071:. Tens of thousands of colonists entered Morocco and bought up large amounts of the rich agricultural land. Interest groups that formed among these elements continually pressured France to increase its control over Morocco. 2675: 238: 2818:

The French executed 6 Moroccan nationalists in Casablanca on 4 January 1955. The aggressions between the colonists and the nationalists increased from 19 August – 5 November 1955, and approximately 1,000 people died

660:

The French protectorate lasted until the dissolution of the Treaty of Fez on 2 March 1956, with the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration. Morocco's independence movement, described in Moroccan historiography as the

6009: 2973:, by opening several post offices throughout the country. This initiative aimed to limit the foreign or local private postal services. After the establishment of the protectorate in 1912, the offices issued 1987:

The Moroccans were unable to take control of the city and were defeated by a French relief force. In late May 1912, Moroccan forces again unsuccessfully attacked the enhanced French garrison at Fez.

167: 2521:'s reign, which lasted from 1912 to 1927, was turbulent and marked with frequent uprisings against Spain and France. The most serious of these was a Berber uprising in the Rif Mountains, led by 236: 2756:—sparked protests in cities around the world and riots in Casablanca from 7–8 December 1952. Approximately 100 people were killed. In the aftermath of the riots, French authorities arrested 2937:

French authorities also forbade Arabic-language newspapers from covering politics, which sparked claims of censorship. Under the French protectorate, entire articles were censored from the

2587:

During World War II, the badly divided nationalist movement became more cohesive, and informed Moroccans dared to consider the real possibility of political change in the post-war era. The

6454: 2886:

The French minted coinage for use in the Protectorate from 1921 until 1956, which continued to circulate until a new currency was introduced. The French minted coins with denomination of

2164:

leanings, who made it his mission to develop Morocco in every sector under French influence. Unlike his compatriots, Lyautey didn't believe that France should directly annex Morocco like

6002: 1998:; they took the latter as the model for their Moroccan policy. There were, however, important differences. First, the protectorate was established only two years before the outbreak of 1204: 4875: 3131: 6908: 3783: 790:

on one side and France, with British support, on the other. Germany took immediate diplomatic action to block the new accord from going into effect, including the dramatic visit of

165: 2325:

The Compagnie franco-espagnole du chemin de fer de Tanger à Fez built a standard gauge railroad connecting Fes and Tangier, while Compagnie des chemins de fer du Maroc (CFM) built

6251: 4596: 1030: 237: 5995: 2969:

as early as 1854. However, the formal beginning of the system was in 1892, when the Sultan of Morocco Hassan established the first organized state owned postal service called

2753: 2479:

in November 1918, significant forces of tribesmen remained opposed to French rule. The French resumed their offensive in the Khénifra area in 1920, establishing a series of

2353: 740:. The first years of the twentieth century witnessed a rush of diplomatic maneuvering through which the European powers, France in particular, furthered their interests in 5516: 806:

was held to settle the dispute. Germany accepted an agreement in which France agreed to yield control of the Moroccan police, but otherwise retained effective control of

2317: 4110: 166: 6447: 4958:"Final Declaration of the International Conference in Tangier and annexed Protocol. Signed at Tangier, on 29 October 1956 [1957] UNTSer 130; 263 UNTS 165" 2484:

the death of Hammou in Spring 1921. The French responded with a strong, three-pronged attack into the Middle Atlas that pacified the area. Some tribesmen, led by

5400: 2329:

railways connecting Casablanca, Kenitra, and Sidi Kacem, and Casablanca and Marrakech, completed in 1928. Compagnie des Chemins de Fer du Maroc Oriental created

2048:

statement, and thus remained a sovereign state, without discontinuity between pre-colonial and modern entities. In fact, the French enjoyed much larger powers.

471: 7748: 5885: 7674: 4448: 3134:

announced that there are approximately 755,400 Moroccan nationals residing in France as of October 2019, representing 20% of France's immigrant population.

752:) and Spain (7 October 1904), which guaranteed the support of the powers in question in this endeavor. That same year, France sponsored the creation of the 6244: 5767: 1150:

and the French prepared to send troops to help suppress the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property. The French dispatched a

2055:

and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy. As pacification proceeded, the French government promoted

7753: 6440: 4764:"Quatre-vingt-seize Marocains poursuivis pour participation à la « tuerie d'Oujda », qui fit trente morts le 16 août 1953, passent en jugement" 2624:

However, the nationalists were disappointed in their belief that the Allied victory in Morocco would pave the way for independence. In January 1944, the

1023: 3102:

had a lasting impact on society, economy, language, culture, and education in Morocco. There are also lingering connections that have been described as

3459:, In Therrien C. (coord), 'La migration des Français au Maroc : entre proximité et ambivalence', La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2016, p. 5–6) 2029:). Thus the northern tenth of the country, with both Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, were excluded from the French-controlled area and treated as a 1828: 5910: 4846: 4682: 2613:, expressing support for Moroccan independence after the war. Nationalist political parties based their arguments for Moroccan independence on such 2021:, in the rights that various nations derived from the Conference of Algeciras, and in the privileges that their diplomatic missions had acquired in 760:. France and Spain secretly partitioned the territory of the sultanate, with Spain receiving concessions in the far north and south of the country. 5964: 5509: 5170: 1052: 674:

agricultural holdings were nationalized. Relations with France were to improve once the last French troops finally left Morocco in November 1961.

6237: 5174: 3289: 2998: 1414: 1162:

besieged the French-occupied city. Approximately one month later, French forces brought the siege to an end. On 5 June 1911 the Spanish occupied

2285:

and imparting French influence in the rural colonization of Morocco from 1917 to 1925. The objective was to secure a steady supply of grain for

129: 5417: 3455:

From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, reaching a low of 25,343 in 1990. Cloé Pellegrini,

3030: 1016: 3405:

Ikeda, Ryo (December 2007). "The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco".

5231: 2970: 1942: 1872: 5276:"French neo-colonial influence on Moroccan language education policy: a study of current status of standard Arabic in science disciplines" 4018:

Bengt Brons, "States: The classification of States", in: International Law: Achievements and Prospects, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1991 (

5502: 3163: 2435: 2142: 1067: 440: 4481:

Emergence of Nationalist Politics in Morocco: The Rise of the Independence Party and the Struggle Against Colonialism After World War II

4029: 7723: 6997: 6730: 4084: 2649:

active international supporters was Robert E. Rodes who fought actively in the US Congress for gaining support for the Moroccan cause.

6698: 4751:في التاسع عشر من ماي 1953 أصدر الباشا الكلاوي بيانا معلنا فيه صداقته وإخلاصه للحماية الفرنسية مطالبا إياها بإبعاد السلطان محمد الخامس 2522: 2501: 5315: 2472:' intelligence and financial support to the Zaian Confederation and continual raids and skirmishes reducing scarce French manpower. 1086: 907: 7052: 5372: 260: 7718: 7312: 3962:

A history of the Jews in North Africa: From the Ottoman conquests to the present time / edited by Eliezer Bashan and Robert Attal

3193: 2629: 1296: 115: 3873:"TRAITÉ conclu entre la France et le Maroc le 30 mars 1912, pour l'Organisation du Protectorat Français dans l'Empire Chérifien" 1757: 1753: 7743: 7397: 3130:

There are approximately 1,514,000 Moroccans in France, representing the largest community of Moroccans outside of Morocco. The

3001:

inscribed "MAROC" (which were never officially issued without the surcharge). In 1911, the Mouflon designs were overprinted in

681:, which was established and dissolved in the same years; its borders consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of 6932: 6373: 5455: 5140: 4656: 3356: 2773: 2217:, a British journalist who wrote extensively on Morocco, commented upon French preservation of traditional Moroccan society: 2200:

and was allowed to remain the religious leader of Morocco; he was further allowed an all-Arab court. Lyautey once said this:

1706: 1193: 662: 7728: 7297: 5957: 5804: 5562: 3380: 3246: 3138: 3026: 2464:

With the outbreak of the First World War, France withdrew troops for service in Europe, and they lost more than 600 in the

1547: 1197: 721: 1990:

In establishing their protectorate over much of Morocco, the French had put behind them the experience of the conquest of

7738: 6876: 6414: 6263: 3872: 41: 5086:

Hoisington, William A. Jr. (1 March 2000). "Designing Morocco's future: France and the Native Policy Council, 1921–25".

2719:, carried out a massacre of working class Moroccans. The massacre lasted for about 24 hours from 7–8 April 1947, as the 2083:

An advertisement for an art exhibition for the benefit of Moroccan troops wounded serving France in WWI. It features an

1111: 7733: 7404: 5215: 4519: 3220:

was put in place by the French as "Mohammed VI" after his predecessor was ousted by them but was not recognized in the

1721: 1572: 870: 5396: 2364: 1701: 892:

on 19 March 1907. In the French press, his death was characterized as an "unprovoked and indefensible attack from the

7646: 7065: 6568: 5474: 5258: 5062: 5005: 4827: 4800: 4631: 4489: 4431: 4396: 4371: 4267: 4157: 4023: 3995: 3970: 3691: 3610: 3583: 3556: 3273: 2026: 3444: 7556: 6558: 2342: 2337: 2196:

Lyautey allowed the Sultan to retain his powers, both nominal and practical: He issued decrees in his own name and

1935: 1618: 1146:

In 1911, a rebellion broke out against Abd al-Hafid. By early April 1911, the Sultan was besieged in his palace in

938: 918: 835: 654: 4456: 848: 7365: 7252: 7201: 6528: 5950: 5541: 3221: 3168: 2007: 1791: 1665: 678: 2863:

In the months that followed independence, Muhammad V proceeded to build a modern governmental structure under a

1983:

after signing the treaty. On 17 April 1912, Moroccan infantrymen mutinied in the French garrison in Fez, in the

7620: 7292: 6903: 6578: 6045: 3856: 3183: 3146: 2330: 2289:

and to transform Morocco once again into the "granary of Rome" by planting cereals primarily in the regions of

2045: 1857: 1660: 1363: 5345: 4597:"Evènements du 7 avril 1947 à Casablanca, un tournant décisif dans la lutte pour la liberté et l'indépendance" 995:). After defeating Abdelaziz in battle in 1908, Abd al-Hafid became the recognized leader of Morocco in 1909. 7475: 6691: 2588: 1567: 1348: 5814: 4971: 4889: 4871: 7435: 7343: 7088: 7045: 6790: 6551: 6304: 3178: 2737: 2126: 913: 753: 702: 5757: 1638: 1241: 7370: 7307: 6871: 6546: 6533: 2761: 2056: 1928: 1867: 1862: 1221: 1159: 2294: 933:

in Casablanca, killing nine European laborers working on the rail line between the port and a quarry in

6216: 5572: 5525: 3158: 2698: 2298: 2118: 2106: 1877: 1694: 1672: 1623: 1188: 1092: 881: 874: 843: 646: 3297: 3263: 2145:

of French Morocco. He represented French colonial interests while also upholding the authority of the

7465: 7392: 7358: 7287: 6795: 6656: 6651: 6419: 5623: 5608: 2956: 2670: 2146: 2110: 2088: 2060: 1843: 1466: 635: 372: 5799: 3513: 7440: 6684: 6638: 6137: 5900: 5875: 5577: 4420:

Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1990).

2560: 2168:, but rather remodel and re-educate Moroccan society. He promised that, in this process, he would: 1251: 4957: 7713: 7566: 7521: 7375: 7266: 7038: 5824: 5567: 5494: 4657:"7–8 décembre 1952: Quand les Casablancais se sont soulevés contre l'assassinat de Ferhat Hached" 3785:

Fikrat al-dustūr fī al-Maghrib: wathāʼiq wa-nuṣūṣ (1901–2011) (Buch, 2017) [WorldCat.org]

2864: 2582: 1784: 1767: 1591: 976: 818:

temporarily solved the First Moroccan Crisis it only worsened international tensions between the

638: 135: 3482: 1429: 7380: 7242: 6610: 6463: 6363: 6353: 6284: 6260: 6018: 5973: 5829: 5676: 5671: 4330: 3627: 3099: 2716: 2709: 2488:, fled to the High Atlas and continued a guerrilla war against the French well into the 1930s. 2476: 2461:. Despite the loss of their base at Khénifra, the Zaians inflicted heavy losses on the French. 2450: 2417: 2326: 2114: 2064: 1527: 975:

and the people of Fes. After the southern aristocrats pledged support to the sultan's brother,

934: 819: 5603: 4995: 4790: 4421: 4361: 4215: 3960: 3573: 2628:, which subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement, released a 1080: 7506: 7455: 7450: 7387: 7222: 6770: 6500: 6294: 5926: 5613: 5248: 5205: 4819:

North Africa (RLE Economy of the Middle East): Contemporary Politics and Economic Development

4817: 4479: 4027: 3846: 3546: 2906: 2788: 2690: 2633: 2606: 2598: 1976: 1596: 980: 779: 769: 666: 429: 403: 285: 5188: 5023:"Les Annales coloniales: organe de la "France coloniale moderne" / directeur: Marcel Ruedel" 3600: 7574: 7275: 7227: 7098: 5890: 2902: 2438: 2214: 1328: 960: 930: 815: 803: 773: 4138:"A History of Modern Morocco" p.90-91 Susan Gilson Miller, Cambridge University Press 2013 2231:] there is little or no visible change from what he and his ancestors saw in the past. 724:

of 1859–1860, Spain obtained the recognition by Morocco of its perpetual sovereignty over

8: 7546: 7531: 7326: 6966: 6289: 6122: 6083: 6027: 5752: 5686: 5557: 5323: 3988:

The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956

3217: 2812: 2701:

to appeal for his country's independence from colonialism and for its territorial unity.

2526: 2468:. Over the following four years, the French retained most of their territory despite the 2423: 2396: 2286: 2240: 1762: 1601: 1579: 1562: 1333: 1074: 972: 807: 783: 416: 6785: 5819: 5809: 1532: 40:

Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

7639: 7494: 7470: 7460: 7418: 7338: 7302: 7073: 6631: 6541: 6490: 6396: 6383: 6314: 6112: 6063: 6055: 5633: 5628: 5111: 4570:"زيارة محمد الخامس لطنجة.. أغضبت‭ ‬فرنسا وأشعلت‭ ‬المقاومة" 3941: 3655: 3509: 3422: 3173: 2465: 2382: 2097: 2003: 1796: 1522: 1230: 1059: 811: 733: 5762: 5488: 3106:. As a francophone former colony of France in Africa, Morocco falls into the cadre of 2206: 2059:, particularly the exploitation of Morocco’s mineral wealth, the creation of a modern 7613: 7511: 7445: 7155: 7150: 6913: 6861: 6800: 6605: 6588: 6211: 6206: 5895: 5880: 5666: 5643: 5470: 5451: 5397:

Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés – Insee Références – Édition 2012

5297: 5254: 5211: 5164: 5146: 5136: 5115: 5103: 5068: 5058: 5001: 4823: 4796: 4637: 4627: 4525: 4515: 4485: 4427: 4402: 4392: 4367: 4263: 4153: 4019: 4001: 3991: 3966: 3933: 3852: 3789: 3697: 3687: 3659: 3647: 3606: 3579: 3552: 3426: 3362: 3352: 3269: 2792: 2640:, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered. 2290: 2265: 2068: 1586: 1486: 1481: 1434: 1368: 979:, the people of Fes also pledged their support, though qualified by an unprecedented 964: 942: 926: 716: 359: 349: 6918: 3548:

Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Jewish Communities of Morocco, 1862–1962, The

963:

did virtually nothing in response to French aggressions and occupation of Oujda and

885: 853: 839: 7655: 7596: 7589: 7551: 7541: 7536: 7516: 7480: 7247: 7237: 7232: 7165: 7129: 6952: 6780: 6520: 6485: 6165: 5839: 5701: 5638: 5287: 5095: 4342: 4227: 4216:"Les chemins de fer marocains du protectorat français pendant l'entre-deux-guerres" 3925: 3739: 3639: 3414: 2852: 2618: 2518: 2189:

to which they could send their children; one notable attendee of these schools was

2173: 2157: 2122: 2017:

Morocco was also unique among North African countries in possessing a coast on the

1980: 1838: 1833: 1821: 1689: 1498: 1382: 1311: 749: 391: 328: 323: 219: 6922: 5834: 5022: 4543: 4283: 4189: 4173: 3243:

Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien, vol. 4, no 162, 29 November 1915, p. 838

2506: 2113:, September 1914, and participated in every major battle in the war, including in 2079: 7608: 7601: 7584: 7526: 7430: 7348: 7206: 7175: 7160: 7145: 7119: 6971: 6942: 6707: 6600: 6583: 6117: 6095: 5855: 5783: 5711: 5404: 5129:

Bitton, Simone, (1955– ...)., Réalisateur / Metteur en scène / Directeur (2010),

4033: 3758: 3518: 3327: 3319: 3250: 3002: 2990: 2895: 2869: 2784: 2190: 2137: 2030: 1801: 1746: 1508: 1491: 1399: 1281: 720:

protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. Following the

578: 485: 318: 305: 151: 121: 90: 76: 4707: 3244: 3108: 2051:

Under the protectorate, French civil servants allied themselves with the French

7660: 6958: 6898: 6346: 6337: 6299: 6175: 6100: 6068: 6035: 5747: 5742: 5618: 4569: 3514:"The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble" 3468:

Following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973, Pellegrini, p. 8.

3188: 3142: 3103: 3088: 2982: 2938: 2925: 2914: 2881: 2856:

areas was restored, though attempts to claim other Spanish possessions through

2757: 2694: 2666: 2625: 2469: 2446: 2276: 2186: 2181: 2165: 2153: 2018: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1914: 1900: 1774: 1276: 897: 823: 532: 459: 6892: 6495: 5292: 5275: 5099: 4529: 4111:"Guerre de 1914–18: les soldats marocains "dans toutes les grandes batailles"" 3887: 3643: 3418: 7707: 7689: 7676: 7353: 7191: 7170: 7114: 6947: 6853: 6820: 6740: 6595: 6188: 6105: 6078: 5931: 5905: 5726: 5696: 5301: 5150: 5107: 5072: 4641: 4406: 4308: 4005: 3937: 3793: 3701: 3651: 3366: 2974: 2910: 2748: 2743: 2637: 2602: 2570: 2427: 2101:, as it did in its other colonies in Africa and around the world. Throughout 1967: 1653: 1606: 1503: 1387: 1375: 1209: 1174:. There was an immediate reaction from the French, supported by the British. 1167: 1151: 1004: 866: 707: 642: 526: 498: 4346: 3848:

Currency and Coercion: The Political Economy of International Monetary Power

3743: 2636:

approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general

1008: 983:. France supported Abdelaziz and promoted him in their propaganda newspaper 6626: 6480: 6472: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6073: 5691: 5681: 4997:

Theodore Roosevelt and World Order: Police Power in International Relations

4231: 3479:

Le désengagement militaire français au Maroc au lendemain de l'indépendance

3115: 3062: 2795:

broke out ten days after his "electoral" campaign passed through the city.

2614: 2610: 2543: 2511: 2485: 2442: 2306: 2302: 2037: 1316: 741: 631: 538: 364: 281: 3797: 6810: 6358: 6145: 6017: 5942: 5706: 3730:

Adam, André (1969). "Sur l'action du Galilée à Casablanca en août 1907".

2823:

enforce the independence of Morocco, and in 1957 took the title of King.

2704:

In the days leading up to the sultan's speech, French colonial forces in

2681: 2102: 2084: 1999: 1779: 858: 341: 5716: 2458: 7124: 7093: 7009: 6750: 6745: 6332: 6271: 3820:"جريدة "السعادة" التي كانت لسانا ناطقا باسم الاحتلال الفرنسي في المغرب" 3628:"The 1907 Mauchamp affair and the French civilising mission in Morocco" 3124: 2808: 2705: 2654: 2480: 2453:. The war began well for the French, who quickly took the key towns of 2197: 2011: 1441: 1394: 1323: 1264: 941:

from 5–7 August, and went on to occupy and "pacify" Casablanca and the

791: 686: 6760: 5207:

The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City

4512:

Globalizing Morocco: Transnational Activism and the Postcolonial State

3945: 3913: 2905:

gave concessions to the European bankers, ranging from a newly formed

2357:

An economic map of Morocco produced by the French protectorate in 1928

7015: 5582: 5130: 2994: 2978: 2725: 2660: 2434:

fought a war of opposition against the French between 1914 and 1921.

2413: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2222: 2052: 1677: 1259: 1170:). On 1 July 1911, the German gunboat Panther arrived at the port of 1135: 1098: 889: 6193: 4050: 3457:

Profil démographique et historique de la présence française au Maroc

2221:

At the Moorish court, scarcely a European is to be seen, and to the

7030: 6505: 6322: 4601:

Atlasinfo.fr: l'essentiel de l'actualité de la France et du Maghreb

3929: 2857: 2161: 2105:, a total of 37,300–45,000 Moroccans fought for France, forming a " 2044:- its personality as a state in international law, according to an 1971: 1741: 1736: 1613: 1451: 1118: 985: 954: 157: 6342: 5524: 4876:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)

7061: 7003: 6755: 6391: 6327: 6183: 6127: 5721: 5587: 5467:

French Military Rule in Morocco: Colonialism and Its Consequences

5316:"France summons Italian envoy after Di Maio's comments on Africa" 3819: 3120: 3058: 3010: 2986: 2966: 2943: 2891: 2848: 2497: 2431: 2236: 2160:

of the Protectorate, was an idealistic yet pragmatic leader with

2022: 1682: 1446: 1269: 1163: 1155: 1103: 795: 787: 757: 729: 627: 593: 345: 3575:

The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem, 1865–1925

2724:

to Tangier to deliver the historic speech, in the garden of the

2632:, national reunification, and a democratic constitution. Sultan 2569:) that called for a return to indirect rule as envisaged by the 2010:, though it had been strongly influenced by the civilization of 1212:, which officially established the Protectorate on 30 March 1912 26: 7579: 6368: 6279: 6088: 5448:

Il était une fois le Maroc: témoignages du passé judéo-marocain

5418:"Moroccans Make Up Nearly 20% of France's Immigrant Population" 2261: 1963: 1955: 1171: 763: 6462: 3498:. Washington DC: Foreign Ara Studies: The American University. 3065:

Railway was completed. The French had begun to build military

1130: 945:, marking the beginning of the French invasion from the west. 6510: 6401: 3014: 2887: 2833: 2531: 1139: 968: 901: 725: 690: 650: 295: 5373:"International Francophonie Day: 35% Moroccans Speak French" 1966:

officially established a protectorate over Morocco with the

1959:

Bond of the French protectorate Morocco, issued 1 March 1918

4175:

Compagnie franco-espagnole du chemin de fer de Tanger à Fez

2962: 2894:. This was replaced in 1960 with the reintroduction of the 2679:

The Massacre of April 7, 1947 in Casablanca as reported in

2454: 2132: 737: 682: 6259: 5021:

texte, France coloniale moderne Auteur du (2 March 1922).

2947:

newspaper, which was printed with blocks of missing text.

2243:

against the Franco-Spanish administration and the Sultan.

2180:

Lyautey's vision was ideological: A powerful, pro-French,

689:, including sparse tribal lands. The official capital was 4085:"الجنود المغاربة في الحرب العالمية الأولى: أبطال بلا مجد" 2235:

Lyautey served his post until 1925, in the middle of the

2227: 1147: 873:—distributed to French soldiers that participated in the 3757:

texte, Parti social français Auteur du (6 August 1907).

2872:. In August 1957, Muhammad V assumed the title of king. 2767: 2441:

sought to extend French influence eastwards through the

5274:

Zakhir, Marouane; O’Brien, Jason L. (1 February 2017).

3446:, Relations internationales 2011/2 (n° 146), p. 77–93). 2109:." Moroccan colonial troops first served France in the 3958: 5057:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 124. 5052: 4735:"التهامي الكلاوي.. صفحة سوداء في تاريخ المغرب الحديث" 4391:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 4386: 4152:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 113. 3681: 3484:

Revue Historique des Armées, Paris, 2004 (135) p. 22.

3346: 929:

led a revolt against the application of terms of the

3686:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. 4982:(878). Department of State: 667–668. 23 April 1956. 4900:(873). Department of State: 466–467. 19 March 1956. 4816:Lawless, Richard I.; Findlay, Allan (15 May 2015). 3119:. In 2019, 35% of Moroccans speak French—more than 2095:France recruited infantry from Morocco to join its 3914:"The Development of Nationalism in French Morocco" 2811:in January 1954. His replacement by the unpopular 2661:Tangier Speech and Casablanca Tirailleurs Massacre 1182: 711:The Maghreb in the second half of the 19th century 4363:The French Foreign Legion: An Illustrated History 3441:Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962) 2791:with the support of the French protectorate. The 2742:The assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist 7705: 5346:"50 years later, Françafrique is alive and well" 4449:"Manifeste de l'indépendance du 11 Janvier 1944" 3732:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 3407:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 2006:of independence and had never been subjected to 4514:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 2787:attempted to orchestrate a coup against Sultan 2402: 634:was officially established 30 March 1912, when 5526:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934) 5236:. Essex Publishing Company. 1914. p. 336. 4815: 3952: 3145:and completed in 1924, is now the seat of the 3035:Morocco had from 1912–1935 one of the largest 3031:Narrow gauge railways in former French Morocco 2807:Muhammad V and his family were transferred to 2534:, which has served as the capital ever since. 2395:were not embraced for fears of competing with 2204:In Morocco, there is only one government, the 1158:gave approval for the occupation of the city. 967:As a result, there was growing pressure for a 677:The French protectorate existed alongside the 7749:States and territories disestablished in 1956 7046: 6692: 6448: 6245: 6003: 5958: 5510: 5273: 4360:Lepage, Jean-Denis G. G. (27 November 2007). 4134: 4132: 3602:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism 1936: 1038: 1024: 5169:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4220:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine 3990:. Lincoln, Neb.: Nebraska University Press. 3290:"National Holidays & Religious Holidays" 2929: 2764:, and join the armed resistance in the Rif. 2643: 2592: 2564: 2554: 2548: 2362: 2280: 990: 764:First Moroccan Crisis: March 1905 – May 1906 626:, was the period of French colonial rule in 224: 82: 68: 6842: 5485:History of French Colonial Policy 1870–1925 5371:Koundouno, Tamba François (20 March 2019). 4423:Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880–1935 4262:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. 3717:Histoire de Casablanca: des origines à 1914 3164:List of French residents-general in Morocco 2989:, at a 1–1 ratio with the denominations in 2798: 2268:, published 15 August 1917 in the magazine 786:of the great powers, in this case, between 715:Despite the weakness of its authority, the 7754:States and territories established in 1912 7053: 7039: 6699: 6685: 6455: 6441: 6252: 6238: 6010: 5996: 5972: 5965: 5951: 5517: 5503: 5464: 5445: 5173:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5085: 4792:Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 4505: 4503: 4501: 4129: 3851:. Princeton University Press. p. 83. 2778: 2731: 1943: 1929: 1031: 1017: 649:of Morocco had begun with the invasion of 16:1912–1956 protectorate in northwest Africa 6719: 5370: 5291: 5203: 4621: 4594: 4477: 3605:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. 2851:was reintegrated with the signing of the 2760:, who would eventually escape, found the 2449:. This was opposed by the Zaians, led by 971:in defense of Morocco, particularly from 5246: 5210:. Indiana University Press. p. 85. 4654: 4190:"La Terre marocaine: revue illustrée..." 3911: 3844: 3351:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2674: 2505: 2352: 2316: 2255: 2246: 2136: 2133:Lyautey and the Protectorate (1912–1925) 2078: 1970:, ending what remained of the country's 1954: 1203: 1192: 1129: 906: 900:seized his death as a pretext to invade 865: 847: 706: 5415: 4624:Revisiting the Colonial Past in Morocco 4509: 4498: 4478:Zisenwine, Daniel (30 September 2010). 3985: 3880:Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien 3545:Laskier, Michael M. (1 February 2012). 3544: 3519:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 3508: 3194:List of French possessions and colonies 2928:established the Native Policy Council ( 7706: 5253:. New Holland Publishers. p. 12. 5128: 4993: 4419: 4359: 4328: 4255: 4213: 4147: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3493: 3262:Miller, Susan Gilson (15 April 2013). 3261: 2597:) was emboldened by overtures made by 2537: 2502:Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi 7034: 6841: 6718: 6680: 6436: 6233: 5991: 5946: 5498: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5020: 4841: 4839: 4788: 4447:الاستقلال, Istiqlal Maroc Parti-حزب. 4446: 4256:Miller, Susan Gilson (8 April 2013). 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4045: 4043: 4041: 3756: 3598: 3404: 2774:Revolution of the King and the People 2768:Revolution of the King and the People 2630:manifesto demanding full independence 1707:Revolution of the King and the People 1012: 925:In the summer of 1907, tribes of the 663:Revolution of the King and the People 7060: 5573:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12) 5193:. Collectors Club. 1948. p. 23. 5088:The Journal of North African Studies 4789:Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). 4453:Portail du Parti de l'Istiqlal Maroc 3729: 3714: 3632:The Journal of North African Studies 3625: 3571: 3342: 3340: 3204: 3141:, designed for Lyautey by architect 3027:History of rail transport in Morocco 2826: 2348: 2225:who arrives at the Capital [ 2210:government, protected by the French. 2127:shared history of Morocco and France 1198:French Protectorate Residence, Rabat 937:. The French responded with a naval 20: 6706: 6415:French colonization of the Americas 5000:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 199. 4756: 4732: 3750: 3666: 3331: 2593: 2565: 2549: 2338:La Compagnie de Transports au Maroc 1979:abdicated in favour of his brother 991: 882:French military conquest of Morocco 630:that lasted from 1912 to 1956. The 225: 98:Al-himaya al-faransia fi al-maghrib 83: 13: 5439: 5416:Hekking, Morgan (9 October 2019). 5308: 5041: 4836: 4626:. London: Routledge. p. 151. 4238: 4082: 4069: 4038: 3381:"Indépendance du Maroc, 1956, MJP" 2875: 2752:—the clandestine militant wing of 2172:...offend no tradition, change no 2063:, and the development of a modern 1087:South-Oranese Campaign (1897–1903) 921:August 1907, printed on a postcard 829: 14: 7765: 7724:1956 disestablishments in Morocco 5322:. 21 January 2019. Archived from 3578:. Psychology Press. p. 166. 3337: 3222:Spanish-protected part of Morocco 2950: 2312: 1301:(8th century BC – 7th century AD) 1068:Second French colonial empire era 38:about Moroccan National Movement. 7557:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 7265: 5624:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912) 5609:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 5558:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844) 4994:Holmes, James R. (29 May 2017). 3296:. 4 October 2013. Archived from 2961:A French postal agency had sent 1908: 1894: 1619:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 1240: 1053:First French colonial empire era 998: 871:1909 Morocco commemorative medal 836:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 600: 571: 265:The French conquest of Morocco, 259: 253:(traditional, instrumental only) 234: 163: 128: 114: 25: 6909:French domains of the Holy Land 5542:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 5409: 5390: 5364: 5338: 5267: 5240: 5224: 5197: 5190:The Collectors Club Philatelist 5181: 5122: 5079: 5014: 4987: 4964: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4882: 4864: 4847:"6. French Morocco (1912–1956)" 4809: 4782: 4726: 4700: 4683:"6. French Morocco (1912–1956)" 4675: 4648: 4615: 4588: 4562: 4536: 4471: 4440: 4413: 4380: 4353: 4322: 4301: 4276: 4207: 4182: 4166: 4141: 4103: 4012: 3979: 3959:H. Z(J. W.) Hirschberg (1981). 3905: 3886:(1). Rabat: 1–2. Archived from 3865: 3838: 3812: 3776: 3723: 3708: 3626:Katz, Jonathan (January 2001). 3619: 3592: 3565: 3538: 3502: 3487: 3471: 3462: 3449: 3169:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 2576: 2365:Office Chérifien des Phosphates 1994:and of their protectorate over 1183:French protectorate (1912–1956) 1041:Franco–Moroccan conflicts 736:as well as of the territory of 7719:1912 establishments in Morocco 6904:French domains of Saint Helena 6021:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 5563:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) 5537:French protectorate in Morocco 5132:Ben Barka l'équation marocaine 5053:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 4972:"Spanish-Moroccan Declaration" 4622:Maghraoui, Driss, ed. (2013). 4387:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 4331:"Les industries de Casablanca" 3682:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 3433: 3398: 3373: 3347:Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). 3312: 3282: 3268:. Cambridge University Press. 3255: 3237: 3211: 3184:French protectorate of Tunisia 2890:, which were divided into 100 2847:The internationalized city of 2542:Amid the backlash against the 2373:) was created in 1920 to mine 2251: 2074: 2046:International Court of Justice 1702:Opposition to European control 620:French protectorate in Morocco 65:French protectorate in Morocco 1: 7744:French colonisation in Africa 4890:"French-Moroccan Declaration" 4770:(in French). 30 November 1954 4714:(in French). 12 November 2012 4148:Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). 3324:Protectorat français au Maroc 3199: 3147:Moroccan Ministry of Interior 2931:Conseil de politique indigène 2920: 2589:Moroccan Nationalist Movement 2525:, who managed to establish a 2381:, which was connected to the 2275:Learning from experiences in 1568:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 1154:at the end of April 1911 and 1093:Conquest of Morocco (1907–34) 266: 70:Protectorat français au Maroc 6639:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 5911:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912) 5614:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909) 4976:Department of State Bulletin 4894:Department of State Bulletin 4117:(in French). 1 November 2018 4051:"Exhibition of Moroccan Art" 3986:Segalla, Spencer D. (2009). 3599:Olson, James Stuart (1991). 3230: 2898:Morocco's current currency. 2738:Casablanca Uprisings of 1952 2407: 2403:Opposition to French control 2305:as many headed to find work 754:Moroccan Debt Administration 7: 7729:Colonial history of Morocco 6879: and Antarctic Lands 5901:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911) 5891:Algeciras Conference (1906) 5568:First Melilla War (1893–94) 5233:The New England Philatelist 5055:A history of modern Morocco 4455:(in French). Archived from 4389:A history of modern Morocco 4259:A History of Modern Morocco 4150:A history of modern Morocco 3912:Mitchell, Harriett (1955). 3845:Kirshner, Jonathan (1997). 3684:A history of modern Morocco 3510:Furlong, Charles Wellington 3349:A history of modern Morocco 3265:A History of Modern Morocco 3152: 3020: 2839:However, provisions in the 2547:Moroccan Action Committee ( 2389: 1754:Coup d'état attempt in 1971 1552:(beginning 19th century AD) 1471:(beginning 11th century AD) 1297:Classical to Late Antiquity 948: 10: 7770: 7739:Former countries in Africa 5815:Manuel Fernández Silvestre 5604:Bombardment of Salé (1851) 5465:Gershovich, Moshe (2000). 5446:Bensoussan, David (2012). 5247:Rogerson, Barnaby (2000). 4795:. Routledge. p. 558. 4708:"L'assassinat de Messaâdi" 4595:Atlasinfo (6 April 2016). 4484:. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. 4366:. McFarland. p. 125. 3719:. Aix-en-Provence: Ophrys. 3551:. SUNY Press. p. 41. 3332:الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب 3159:French conquest of Morocco 3024: 2954: 2879: 2771: 2735: 2699:Tangier International Zone 2664: 2580: 2495: 2491: 2411: 2321:Roadmap of Morocco in 1919 1695:Tangier International Zone 1624:French conquest of Morocco 1189:French conquest of Morocco 1186: 1177: 1081:Bombardment of Salé (1851) 1075:Franco-Moroccan War (1844) 1002: 952: 884:began in the aftermath of 875:French invasion of Morocco 844:French conquest of Morocco 833: 767: 700: 696: 84:الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب 7734:Former colonies in Africa 7633: 7565: 7502: 7493: 7426: 7417: 7334: 7325: 7298:Prefectures and provinces 7283: 7274: 7263: 7215: 7184: 7138: 7107: 7081: 7072: 6992: 6931: 6887: 6870: 6852: 6848: 6837: 6809: 6796:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6769: 6729: 6725: 6714: 6673: 6657:French East India Company 6647: 6619: 6567: 6519: 6471: 6432: 6420:French West India Company 6410: 6382: 6313: 6270: 6229: 6202: 6174: 6136: 6054: 6026: 5987: 5980: 5919: 5868: 5848: 5792: 5776: 5758:Joseph-François Poeymirau 5735: 5659: 5652: 5634:Battle of El Herri (1914) 5629:Battle of El Ksiba (1913) 5619:Bloody Days of Fes (1912) 5596: 5578:Second Melilla War (1909) 5550: 5532: 5293:10.1007/s10993-015-9398-3 5204:Gottreich, Emily (2007). 5100:10.1080/13629380008718388 4822:. Routledge. p. 67. 4576:(in Arabic). 31 July 2013 3644:10.1080/13629380108718426 3419:10.1080/03086530701667526 3278:– via Google Books. 3094: 3017:, and inscribed "MAROC". 2957:Postal history of Morocco 2671:Massacre of April 7, 1947 2644:Struggle for independence 2566:برنامج الإصلاحات المغربية 2556:Comité d’Action Marocaine 2111:First Battle of the Marne 1415:Territorial fragmentation 1060:Larache expedition (1765) 1048: 939:bombardment of Casablanca 919:Bombardment of Casablanca 655:bombardment of Casablanca 550: 522: 518: 508: 495: 491: 481: 477: 465: 455:• 1912–1925 (first) 453: 449: 439: 435: 423: 409: 397: 385: 381: 371: 355: 337: 311: 301: 291: 277: 258: 144: 110: 105: 63: 6935: the Indian Ocean 5927:Tangier Crisis (1905–06) 5896:Pact of Cartagena (1907) 5881:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860) 5876:Treaty of Tangier (1844) 5644:Alhucemas Landing (1925) 4984:(unofficial translation) 4902:(unofficial translation) 3826:(in Arabic). 15 May 2015 3496:Morocco, a Country Study 3179:France–Morocco relations 2997:issues, and after 1902, 2799:Exile of Sultan Muhammad 2762:Moroccan Liberation Army 1516:other political entities 931:1906 Treaty of Algeciras 782:took place owing to the 703:France–Morocco relations 467:• 1955–1956 (last) 6843:Uninhabited territories 6354:Saint Kitts & Nevis 5805:Arsenio Martínez-Campos 5639:Battle of Annual (1921) 5403:13 January 2016 at the 4510:Stenner, David (2019). 4426:. Currey. p. 268. 4347:10.3406/caoum.1951.1718 4335:Les Cahiers d'Outre-Mer 4083:الأشرف, الرباط ــ حسن. 4032:1 November 2022 at the 3744:10.3406/remmm.1969.1002 3494:Nelson, Harold (1985). 3087:) gauge lines in their 2865:constitutional monarchy 2779:Glaoui's attempted coup 2732:Murder of Farhat Hached 2594:الحركة الوطنية المغربية 2583:Morocco in World War II 2333:railroads east of Fes. 2260:A farmer in a field of 2141:Marshal Lyautey, first 2004:thousand-year tradition 1785:Western Sahara conflict 1112:Post-colonial conflicts 365:colonial administration 302:Official languages 7125:Barghawata Confederacy 6773: collectivities 6611:Sanjak of Alexandretta 6464:Former French colonies 6261:Former French colonies 6019:Former French colonies 5974:French overseas empire 5830:Miguel Primo de Rivera 5800:Juan García y Margallo 5677:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani 5672:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni 5135:, L'Harmattan vidéo , 4920:Essemlali p. 13, 19-21 4329:Vassal, Serge (1951). 4232:10.3406/rhmc.1987.1417 4214:Allain, J.-C. (1987). 3965:. BRILL. p. 318. 3323: 2930: 2860:were less successful. 2717:French colonial empire 2686: 2555: 2515: 2477:Armistice with Germany 2451:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani 2418:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani 2363: 2358: 2322: 2281: 2272: 2233: 2212: 2205: 2178: 2150: 2092: 1960: 1528:Principality of Debdou 1419:(10th–11th century AD) 1213: 1201: 1143: 922: 877: 863: 814:affairs. Although the 712: 665:, restored the exiled 69: 36:is missing information 7405:Western Sahara status 7185:European protectorate 7094:Kingdom of Mauretania 6720:Inhabited territories 6652:France–Asia relations 6207:Somaliland (Djibouti) 5250:Marrakesh, Fez, Rabat 4872:"Déclaration commune" 2907:State Bank of Morocco 2697:in what was then the 2678: 2599:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2509: 2356: 2320: 2259: 2247:Economic exploitation 2219: 2202: 2170: 2140: 2082: 2061:transportation system 2036:Although being under 1958: 1395:Barghwata confederacy 1353:(8th–10th century AD) 1207: 1196: 1133: 910: 869: 852:The assassination of 851: 780:First Moroccan Crisis 770:First Moroccan Crisis 710: 701:Further information: 312:Common languages 7313:World Heritage Sites 7202:Spanish Protectorate 7099:Mauretania Tingitana 6998:overseas departments 6933:Scattered Islands in 6814: collectivity 6272:French North America 5932:Agadir Crisis (1911) 5906:Treaty of Fes (1912) 5886:Treaty of Fes (1894) 5483:Roberts, Stephen A. 3715:Adam, André (1968). 3300:on 27 September 2017 3249:1 March 2014 at the 2917:, France and Spain. 2903:Algeciras Conference 2728:palace, on 9 April. 2617:declarations as the 2607:1943 Anfa Conference 2439:Louis-Hubert Lyautey 2215:Walter Burton Harris 2089:Joseph de La Nézière 2057:economic development 2040:, Morocco retained - 2031:Spanish protectorate 1666:Spanish protectorate 1573:Hispano-Moroccan War 1430:Caliphate of Córdoba 1388:Emirate of Sijilmasa 1329:Mauretania Tingitana 888:'s assassination in 856:in Marrakesh, taken 816:Algeciras Conference 804:Algeciras Conference 774:Algeciras Conference 722:Hispano-Moroccan War 679:Spanish protectorate 645:, though the French 580:Sultanate of Morocco 510:• Independence 7686: / 7197:French Protectorate 6967:Juan de Nova Island 6854:North Pacific Ocean 6466:in Asia and Oceania 5753:Paul Prosper Henrys 5583:Zaian War (1914–21) 4929:Pellegrini p. 5, 6. 3572:Lowe, John (1994). 3218:Mohammed Ben Aarafa 2813:Mohammed Ben Aarafa 2754:French intelligence 2693:planned to deliver 2559:– CAM), proposed a 2538:Nationalist parties 2424:Zaian confederation 2397:Metropolitan France 2287:Metropolitan France 2241:Republic of the Rif 1763:Moulay Bouazza plot 1661:French protectorate 1602:Treaty of Algeciras 1563:Franco-Moroccan War 1334:Exarchate of Africa 1099:Zaian War (1914–21) 973:Muhammad al-Kattani 911:The French cruiser 647:military occupation 7476:Telecommunications 6872:Overseas territory 6397:France Antarctique 6384:Equinoctial France 6347:Dominican Republic 5825:José Millán-Astray 5768:Henry de Bournazel 5697:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba 5491:, pp. 545–90. 5422:Morocco World News 5377:Morocco World News 5352:. 16 February 2010 5326:on 24 January 2019 3759:"Le Petit journal" 3512:(September 1911). 3439:Mounya Essemlali, 3174:History of Morocco 3100:French colonialism 2687: 2516: 2466:Battle of El Herri 2445:mountains towards 2383:Port of Casablanca 2359: 2323: 2273: 2151: 2098:troupes coloniales 2093: 2065:agriculture sector 1961: 1915:History portal 1901:Morocco portal 1797:Hirak Rif Movement 1792:2011–2012 protests 1214: 1202: 1166:and Alcazaquibir ( 1144: 1119:Ifni War (1957–58) 981:Conditional Bay'ah 923: 878: 864: 808:Moroccan political 784:imperial rivalries 734:Chafarinas Islands 713: 595:Kingdom of Morocco 472:André Louis Dubois 7669: 7668: 7629: 7628: 7489: 7488: 7413: 7412: 7344:Foreign relations 7321: 7320: 7261: 7260: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7023: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6923:Amsterdam Islands 6914:Kerguelen Islands 6862:Clipperton Island 6833: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6801:Wallis and Futuna 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6569:Mandate for Syria 6559:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 6521:Indochinese Union 6428: 6427: 6225: 6224: 6138:Equatorial Africa 5940: 5939: 5864: 5863: 5667:Mohammed Ameziane 5588:Rif War (1921–26) 5457:978-1-4759-2608-8 5142:978-2-296-10925-4 4739:www.aljazeera.net 4459:on 1 October 2020 4195:. 1 December 1928 3788:. 11 April 2020. 3358:978-1-139-62469-5 3205:Explanatory notes 3139:Residence-general 2993:, using both the 2836:on 2 March 1956. 2827:1956 independence 2793:1953 Oujda revolt 2550:كتلة العمل الوطني 2349:Natural resources 1977:Sultan Abdelhafid 1953: 1952: 1587:Treaty of Wad Ras 1518: 1435:Fatimid Caliphate 1369:Umayyad Caliphate 1127: 1126: 1104:Rif War (1921–26) 894:barbarous natives 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 586: 585: 425:• 1955–1956 411:• 1953–1955 399:• 1927–1953 387:• 1912–1927 360:Absolute monarchy 350:Roman Catholicism 249: 214: 100: 59: 58: 7761: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7649: 7642: 7590:Hassaniya Arabic 7500: 7499: 7424: 7423: 7366:Sûreté Nationale 7332: 7331: 7281: 7280: 7269: 7253:2011–12 protests 7130:Kingdom of Nekor 7079: 7078: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7032: 7031: 6953:Glorioso Islands 6934: 6885: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6850: 6849: 6839: 6838: 6813: 6786:Saint Barthélemy 6781:French Polynesia 6772: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6716: 6715: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6678: 6677: 6486:Coromandel Coast 6457: 6450: 6443: 6434: 6433: 6315:French Caribbean 6295:Terre Neuve 6254: 6247: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5840:Francisco Franco 5820:Dámaso Berenguer 5810:José Marina Vega 5687:Mhand n'Ifrutant 5657: 5656: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5487:(2 vols., 1929) 5480: 5461: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5413: 5407: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5295: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5050: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4938:Pellegrini p. 8. 4936: 4930: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4843: 4834: 4833: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4733:البطيوي, توفيق. 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4661:www.yabiladi.com 4652: 4646: 4645: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4507: 4496: 4495: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4253: 4236: 4235: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4080: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4036: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3877: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3800:on 11 April 2020 3796:. Archived from 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3679: 3664: 3663: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3477:Amina Aouchard, 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3385:mjp.univ-perp.fr 3377: 3371: 3370: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3259: 3253: 3241: 3224: 3215: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3068: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3038: 2939:Istiqlal Party's 2933: 2853:Tangier Protocol 2841:protocole annexe 2689:In 1947, Sultan 2619:Atlantic Charter 2596: 2595: 2568: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2436:Resident-General 2368: 2284: 2158:Resident-General 2143:resident general 2107:Moroccan Brigade 1945: 1938: 1931: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1851:History by topic 1728: 1727: 1690:Tangier Protocol 1645: 1644: 1592:Treaty of Madrid 1554: 1553: 1533:Republic of Salé 1515: 1473: 1472: 1421: 1420: 1383:Emirate of Nekor 1355: 1354: 1303: 1302: 1244: 1234: 1216: 1215: 1043: 1042: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1010: 1009: 994: 993: 750:Entente cordiale 622:, also known as 604: 603: 596: 590: 589: 581: 575: 574: 568: 567: 552: 551: 441:Resident-General 419: 329:Berber languages 324:Hassaniya Arabic 271: 268: 263: 251: 250: 232: 228: 227: 220:Cherifian Anthem 216: 215: 132: 118: 96: 94: 86: 85: 80: 72: 61: 60: 54: 51: 45: 29: 21: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7704: 7703: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7665: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7625: 7609:Moroccan people 7585:Moroccan Arabic 7561: 7485: 7431:Bank Al-Maghrib 7409: 7317: 7270: 7257: 7211: 7207:Operation Torch 7180: 7134: 7120:Idrisid dynasty 7103: 7068: 7059: 7029: 7020: 7002:Claimed by the 6976: 6972:Tromelin Island 6943:Bassas da India 6927: 6877:French Southern 6866: 6844: 6825: 6805: 6765: 6733: regions 6721: 6710: 6708:Overseas France 6705: 6661: 6643: 6615: 6601:Greater Lebanon 6571:and the Lebanon 6570: 6563: 6515: 6467: 6461: 6424: 6406: 6378: 6309: 6266: 6264:in the Americas 6258: 6221: 6198: 6170: 6132: 6050: 6022: 6016: 5976: 5971: 5941: 5936: 5915: 5860: 5856:Mohamed Meziane 5844: 5788: 5784:Thami El Glaoui 5772: 5763:Philippe Pétain 5731: 5712:Assou Oubasslam 5648: 5592: 5546: 5528: 5523: 5477: 5458: 5442: 5440:Further reading 5437: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5414: 5410: 5405:Wayback Machine 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5280:Language Policy 5272: 5268: 5261: 5245: 5241: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5202: 5198: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5162: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5143: 5127: 5123: 5084: 5080: 5065: 5051: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5019: 5015: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4878:. 2 March 1956. 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4744: 4742: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4653: 4649: 4634: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4522: 4508: 4499: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4418: 4414: 4399: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4358: 4354: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4309:"History – GBM" 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4254: 4239: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4081: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4039: 4034:Wayback Machine 4017: 4013: 3998: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3893:on 2 April 2015 3890: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3755: 3751: 3728: 3724: 3713: 3709: 3694: 3680: 3667: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3507: 3503: 3492: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3438: 3434: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3359: 3345: 3338: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3251:Wayback Machine 3242: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3155: 3097: 3089:part of Morocco 3081: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3071:1 ft 3070: 3066: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3041:1 ft 3040: 3036: 3033: 3025:Main articles: 3023: 2991:French currency 2981:with values in 2959: 2953: 2923: 2884: 2878: 2876:Monetary policy 2870:one-party state 2858:military action 2829: 2801: 2785:Thami El Glaoui 2781: 2776: 2770: 2740: 2734: 2708:, specifically 2673: 2665:Main articles: 2663: 2646: 2585: 2579: 2561:Plan of Reforms 2540: 2504: 2496:Main articles: 2494: 2420: 2412:Main articles: 2410: 2405: 2392: 2351: 2315: 2254: 2249: 2191:Thami El Glaoui 2187:private schools 2135: 2077: 2027:French legation 1949: 1920: 1909: 1907: 1895: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1878:Imperial cities 1823: 1816: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1802:Abraham Accords 1747:Moroccanization 1731: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1673:French Conquest 1648: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1523:Zawiya Dila'iya 1517: 1511: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1400:Idrisid dynasty 1364:Muslim conquest 1358: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1254: 1232: 1225: 1200:, 1929 postcard 1191: 1185: 1180: 1160:Moroccan forces 1128: 1123: 1108: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1064: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1007: 1001: 957: 951: 904:from the east. 846: 834:Main articles: 832: 830:French invasion 820:Triple Alliance 776: 768:Main articles: 766: 705: 699: 601: 594: 579: 572: 541: 537: 535: 531: 529: 511: 501: 486:Interwar period 468: 456: 426: 415: 412: 400: 388: 362: 348: 344: 333: 319:Moroccan Arabic 273: 269: 254: 252: 235: 233: 230: 223: 217: 164: 162: 152:La Marseillaise 140: 139: 138: 133: 125: 124: 122:Merchant Ensign 119: 101: 95: 88: 81: 74: 66: 55: 49: 46: 39: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7767: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7714:French Morocco 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7621:Western Sahara 7618: 7617: 7616: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7571: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7466:Western Sahara 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7393:Prime Minister 7390: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7308:Western Sahara 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7085: 7083: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6996:Also known as 6993: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6959:Banc du Geyser 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6899:Crozet Islands 6896: 6888: 6882: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6723: 6722: 6712: 6711: 6704: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6681: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6606:Jabal al-Druze 6603: 6598: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6579:State of Syria 6575: 6573: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6460: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6374:Virgin Islands 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6338:Saint-Domingue 6335: 6333:The Grenadines 6330: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6300:French Florida 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6257: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6217:Isle de France 6214: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5849:Spanish allies 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5748:Hubert Lyautey 5745: 5743:Charles Mangin 5739: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5727:Beni Ouryaghel 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5522: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5481: 5475: 5462: 5456: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5408: 5389: 5363: 5337: 5307: 5266: 5259: 5239: 5223: 5217:978-0253218636 5216: 5196: 5180: 5141: 5121: 5078: 5063: 5040: 5013: 5006: 4986: 4963: 4949: 4947:Aouchar p. 22. 4940: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4911:Essemlali p. 2 4904: 4881: 4863: 4835: 4828: 4808: 4801: 4781: 4755: 4725: 4699: 4674: 4655:Yabiladi.com. 4647: 4632: 4614: 4587: 4561: 4550:. 9 April 1947 4535: 4521:978-1503608993 4520: 4497: 4490: 4470: 4439: 4432: 4412: 4397: 4379: 4372: 4352: 4321: 4300: 4275: 4268: 4237: 4226:(3): 427–452. 4206: 4181: 4165: 4158: 4140: 4128: 4102: 4068: 4037: 4011: 3996: 3978: 3971: 3951: 3930:10.2307/272660 3924:(4): 427–434. 3904: 3864: 3857: 3837: 3811: 3775: 3749: 3722: 3707: 3692: 3665: 3638:(1): 143–166. 3618: 3611: 3591: 3584: 3564: 3557: 3537: 3501: 3486: 3470: 3461: 3448: 3432: 3413:(4): 569–592. 3397: 3372: 3357: 3336: 3311: 3281: 3274: 3254: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3189:French Algeria 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3143:Albert Laprade 3096: 3093: 3022: 3019: 2975:postage stamps 2955:Main article: 2952: 2951:Postal history 2949: 2926:Hubert Lyautey 2922: 2919: 2915:United Kingdom 2882:Moroccan franc 2880:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2828: 2825: 2800: 2797: 2780: 2777: 2772:Main article: 2769: 2766: 2758:Abbas Messaadi 2736:Main article: 2733: 2730: 2667:Tangier Speech 2662: 2659: 2645: 2642: 2626:Istiqlal Party 2581:Main article: 2578: 2575: 2539: 2536: 2493: 2490: 2470:Central Powers 2447:French Algeria 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2391: 2388: 2350: 2347: 2327:standard gauge 2314: 2313:Infrastructure 2311: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2166:French Algeria 2154:Hubert Lyautey 2134: 2131: 2076: 2073: 2067:geared to the 1985:1912 Fes riots 1951: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1904: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1822:Morocco in the 1818: 1817: 1815:Related topics 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1775:Madrid Accords 1771: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1726:(1956–present) 1720: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1597:Tangier Crisis 1594: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1580:Protégé system 1576: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1277:Iberomaurusian 1273: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1013: 1003:Main article: 1000: 997: 953:Main article: 950: 947: 898:Hubert Lyautey 886:Émile Mauchamp 854:Emile Mauchamp 840:Émile Mauchamp 831: 828: 824:Triple Entente 765: 762: 717:'Alawi dynasty 698: 695: 624:French Morocco 614: 613: 610: 609: 606: 605: 598: 587: 584: 583: 576: 564: 563: 558: 548: 547: 533:Moroccan franc 524: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 509: 506: 505: 502: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 483: 482:Historical era 479: 478: 475: 474: 469: 466: 463: 462: 460:Hubert Lyautey 457: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 437: 436: 433: 432: 427: 424: 421: 420: 413: 410: 407: 406: 401: 398: 395: 394: 389: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 369: 368: 357: 353: 352: 339: 335: 334: 332: 331: 326: 321: 315: 313: 309: 308: 303: 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 279: 275: 274: 264: 256: 255: 149: 142: 141: 134: 127: 126: 120: 113: 112: 111: 108: 107: 103: 102: 67: 64: 57: 56: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7766: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7702: 7699: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7354:Alawi dynasty 7352: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7268: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:Treaty of Fez 7190: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:Berber Revolt 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108:Early Islamic 7106: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7042: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:Europa Island 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6836: 6822: 6821:New Caledonia 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6741:French Guiana 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6697: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6596:Alawite State 6594: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6446: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364:Saint Vincent 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6189:Grande Comore 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6106:Four Communes 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6089:Arguin Island 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6064:Côte d'Ivoire 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5963: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:José Sanjurjo 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777:French allies 5775: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Ma al-'Aynayn 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5476:0-7146-4949-X 5472: 5469:. Routledge. 5468: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450:. iUniverse. 5449: 5444: 5443: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5399:, Insee 2012 5398: 5393: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5260:9781860119736 5256: 5252: 5251: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5200: 5192: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5094:(1): 63–108. 5093: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5064:9781139624695 5060: 5056: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5007:9781574888836 5003: 4999: 4998: 4990: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4959: 4953: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4877: 4874:(in French). 4873: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4831: 4829:9781317592983 4825: 4821: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4802:9781134264902 4798: 4794: 4793: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4752: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4633:9780415638470 4629: 4625: 4618: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4549: 4545: 4544:"France-soir" 4539: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4491:9780857718532 4487: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4433:9780852550977 4429: 4425: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4398:9781139624695 4394: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4373:9780786462537 4369: 4365: 4364: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4341:(13): 61–79. 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4310: 4304: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4271: 4269:9781139619110 4265: 4261: 4260: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4159:9780521008990 4155: 4151: 4144: 4135: 4133: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4026:), p.51 §.31 4025: 4024:9789231027161 4021: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3997:9780803217782 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3972:90-04-06295-5 3968: 3964: 3963: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3889: 3885: 3882:(in French). 3881: 3874: 3868: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3693:9781139624695 3689: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3612:9780313262579 3608: 3604: 3603: 3595: 3587: 3585:9780415104449 3581: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3560: 3558:9781438410166 3554: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3526:: 14988–14999 3525: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3277: 3275:9780521810708 3271: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3064: 3060: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2999:Mouflon issue 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971:Sharifan post 2968: 2964: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2911:German Empire 2908: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2749:La Main Rouge 2745: 2744:Farhat Hached 2739: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2641: 2639: 2638:Gabriel Puaux 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:United States 2600: 2590: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2571:Treaty of Fes 2562: 2557: 2545: 2544:Berber Decree 2535: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2400: 2398: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2282:les indigènes 2278: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2237:failed revolt 2232: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2069:French market 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2025:(including a 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2012:Muslim Iberia 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1968:Treaty of Fes 1965: 1957: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768:Years of lead 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654:Treaty of Fez 1652: 1651: 1646: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607:Agadir Crisis 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1543: 1542: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1462: 1461: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376:Berber Revolt 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1349:Early Islamic 1344: 1343: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1210:Treaty of Fes 1206: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1168:Ksar-el-Kebir 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152:flying column 1149: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1005:Agadir Crisis 999:Agadir Crisis 996: 988: 987: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 956: 946: 944: 943:Chaouia plain 940: 936: 935:Roches Noires 932: 928: 920: 916: 915: 909: 905: 903: 899: 896:of Morocco." 895: 891: 887: 883: 876: 872: 868: 861: 860: 855: 850: 845: 841: 837: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 802:In 1906, the 800: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 775: 771: 761: 759: 755: 751: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 709: 704: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 671: 668: 664: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643:Treaty of Fez 640: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 599: 597: 592: 591: 588: 582: 577: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 559: 557: 554: 553: 549: 545: 540: 534: 528: 527:Moroccan rial 525: 521: 517: 513: 507: 504:30 March 1912 503: 500: 499:Treaty of Fes 494: 490: 487: 484: 480: 476: 473: 470: 464: 461: 458: 452: 448: 444: 442: 438: 434: 431: 428: 422: 418: 414: 408: 405: 402: 396: 393: 390: 384: 380: 376: 374: 370: 366: 361: 358: 354: 351: 347: 343: 340: 336: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 314: 310: 307: 304: 300: 297: 294: 290: 287: 283: 280: 276: 262: 257: 226:النشيد الشريف 222: 221: 160: 159: 154: 153: 147: 143: 137: 131: 123: 117: 109: 104: 99: 92: 78: 71: 62: 53: 43: 37: 34:This article 32: 28: 23: 22: 19: 7671: 7567:Demographics 7522:Coat of arms 7507:Architecture 7376:Human rights 7196: 6957: 6891: 6791:Saint Martin 6627:New Hebrides 6481:Chandernagor 6473:French India 6305:French Texas 6161:Ubangi-Shari 6156:Middle Congo 6123:James Island 6040: 6028:North Africa 5692:Ali Amhaouch 5682:Moha ou Said 5536: 5484: 5466: 5447: 5425:. Retrieved 5421: 5411: 5392: 5380:. Retrieved 5376: 5366: 5354:. Retrieved 5349: 5340: 5328:. Retrieved 5324:the original 5319: 5310: 5286:(1): 39–58. 5283: 5279: 5269: 5249: 5242: 5232: 5226: 5206: 5199: 5189: 5183: 5154:, retrieved 5131: 5124: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5054: 5031:. Retrieved 5026: 5016: 4996: 4989: 4979: 4975: 4966: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4916: 4907: 4897: 4893: 4884: 4866: 4854:. Retrieved 4850: 4818: 4811: 4791: 4784: 4774:28 September 4772:. Retrieved 4767: 4758: 4750: 4745:28 September 4743:. Retrieved 4738: 4728: 4716:. Retrieved 4711: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4686: 4677: 4665:. Retrieved 4660: 4650: 4623: 4617: 4605:. Retrieved 4600: 4590: 4578:. Retrieved 4573: 4564: 4552:. Retrieved 4547: 4538: 4511: 4480: 4473: 4461:. Retrieved 4457:the original 4452: 4442: 4422: 4415: 4388: 4382: 4362: 4355: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4312:. Retrieved 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4287: 4278: 4258: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4197:. Retrieved 4192: 4184: 4174: 4168: 4149: 4143: 4119:. Retrieved 4114: 4105: 4093:. Retrieved 4088: 4059:. Retrieved 4054: 4014: 3987: 3981: 3961: 3954: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3895:. Retrieved 3888:the original 3883: 3879: 3867: 3847: 3840: 3828:. Retrieved 3823: 3814: 3802:. Retrieved 3798:the original 3784: 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3762: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3683: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3601: 3594: 3574: 3567: 3547: 3540: 3528:. Retrieved 3523: 3517: 3504: 3495: 3489: 3478: 3473: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3440: 3435: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3388:. Retrieved 3384: 3375: 3348: 3314: 3302:. Retrieved 3298:the original 3293: 3284: 3264: 3257: 3239: 3213: 3136: 3129: 3123:at 33%, and 3116:Francophonie 3113: 3109:Françafrique 3107: 3098: 3034: 3007: 2960: 2942: 2936: 2924: 2900: 2885: 2862: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2821: 2817: 2806: 2802: 2782: 2747: 2741: 2720: 2715:serving the 2711: 2703: 2688: 2680: 2651: 2647: 2623: 2615:World War II 2611:World War II 2586: 2577:World War II 2541: 2519:Sultan Yusef 2517: 2512:Rif Republic 2510:Flag of the 2486:Moha ou Said 2474: 2463: 2443:Middle Atlas 2421: 2393: 2360: 2336: 2335: 2331:narrow-gauge 2324: 2303:rural exodus 2274: 2270:France-Maroc 2269: 2234: 2226: 2220: 2213: 2203: 2195: 2179: 2171: 2156:, the first 2152: 2096: 2094: 2087:painting by 2050: 2041: 2038:protectorate 2035: 2016: 2008:Ottoman rule 1989: 1962: 1906: 1892: 1850: 1756: / 1639:Protectorate 1514: 1312:Carthaginian 1145: 984: 977:Abd al-Hafid 958: 924: 912: 893: 879: 857: 801: 777: 746: 742:North Africa 714: 676: 672: 659: 639:Abd al-Hafid 632:protectorate 623: 619: 617: 561:Succeeded by 560: 555: 543: 539:French franc 514:7 April 1956 282:Protectorate 218: 156: 150: 145: 136:Coat of arms 97: 50:January 2020 47: 35: 18: 7693: / 7381:LGBT rights 7293:Earthquakes 7243:Mohammed VI 7014:Claimed by 7008:Claimed by 6893:Adélie Land 6811:Sui generis 6542:Cochinchina 6359:Saint Lucia 6113:Upper Volta 6056:West Africa 5707:Abd el-Krim 5029:(in French) 4768:Le Monde.fr 4741:(in Arabic) 4663:(in French) 4603:(in French) 4115:LExpress.fr 4091:(in Arabic) 4055:www.wdl.org 3738:(1): 9–21. 3137:The former 3104:neocolonial 3067:600 mm 3037:600 mm 2721:tirailleurs 2712:Tirailleurs 2710:Senegalese 2685:on April 9. 2682:France-Soir 2605:during the 2523:Abd el-Krim 2514:(1921–1926) 2481:blockhouses 2307:in the city 2252:Agriculture 2182:Westernized 2103:World War I 2085:orientalist 2075:World War I 2000:World War I 1780:Green March 1231:History of 859:casus belli 641:signed the 556:Preceded by 536:(1921–1956) 530:(1912–1921) 417:Mohammed VI 342:Sunni Islam 270: 1907 7708:Categories 7532:Literature 7456:Casablanca 7451:Investment 7388:Parliament 7223:Mohammed V 7151:Almoravids 7089:Prehistory 7010:Madagascar 6919:Saint Paul 6751:Martinique 6746:Guadeloupe 6501:Pondichéry 6212:Madagascar 6084:Mauritania 5653:Key people 5427:10 October 5382:10 October 5356:10 October 4718:7 November 4554:31 January 4530:1048942756 4463:12 January 3858:0691016267 3200:References 3125:Mauritania 2979:surcharged 2977:of France 2921:Repression 2809:Madagascar 2789:Muhammad V 2706:Casablanca 2691:Muhammad V 2655:Casablanca 2634:Muhammad V 2430:tribes in 2375:phosphates 1482:Almoravids 1324:Mauretania 1265:Mousterian 1252:Prehistory 1187:See also: 792:Wilhelm II 687:Draa River 667:Mohammed V 430:Mohammed V 404:Mohammed V 356:Government 7575:Languages 7436:Companies 7276:Geography 7228:Hassan II 7166:Wattasids 7016:Mauritius 6875: ( 6285:Louisiana 6166:Cameroons 5793:Spaniards 5660:Moroccans 5302:1573-1863 5151:690860373 5116:143725817 5108:1362-9387 5073:855022840 4642:793224528 4580:29 August 4407:855022840 4284:"HISTORY" 4121:3 January 4095:3 January 4061:3 January 4006:244246686 3938:0885-6818 3824:هوية بريس 3794:994641823 3702:855022840 3660:143563901 3652:1362-9387 3427:153965067 3367:855022840 3231:Citations 2995:Type Sage 2783:In 1953, 2726:Mendoubia 2414:Zaian War 2408:Zaian War 2379:Khouribga 2207:sharifian 2119:Champagne 2053:colonists 1678:Zaian War 1643:(1912–56) 1499:Wattasids 1452:Maghrawas 1260:Acheulean 1136:artillery 961:Abdelaziz 890:Marrakesh 862:by France 812:financial 657:in 1907. 546:official) 338:Religion 106:1912–1956 42:talk page 7690:32°N 6°W 7656:Category 7614:diaspora 7547:Religion 7371:Military 7327:Politics 7161:Marinids 7156:Almohads 7146:Idrisids 7066:articles 6771:Overseas 6731:Overseas 6589:Damascus 6538:Vietnam 6529:Cambodia 6506:Karaikal 6323:Dominica 6118:Togoland 5869:Treaties 5717:Aït Atta 5401:Archived 5165:citation 4856:21 March 4692:21 March 4667:16 March 4607:16 March 4574:Hespress 4314:23 March 4293:23 March 4199:23 March 4030:Archived 3897:20 March 3294:Maroc.ma 3247:Archived 3153:See also 3127:at 13%. 3085: in 3055: in 3021:Railways 3011:centimes 2987:centimos 2892:centimes 2695:a speech 2601:and the 2527:republic 2459:Khénifra 2390:Industry 2162:royalist 2019:Atlantic 1972:de facto 1868:Military 1863:Economic 1742:Sand War 1737:Ifni War 1614:Hafidiya 1492:Marinids 1487:Almohads 1447:Miknasas 1442:Ifranids 1222:a series 1220:Part of 986:Es-Saada 965:Chaouia. 955:Hafidiya 949:Hafidiya 822:and the 732:and the 685:and the 653:and the 544:de facto 523:Currency 231:(Arabic) 158:de facto 7640:Outline 7517:Cuisine 7495:Culture 7471:Tourism 7461:Tangier 7419:Economy 7339:Cabinet 7303:Regions 7176:'Alawis 7082:Ancient 7074:History 7062:Morocco 7004:Comoros 6761:Réunion 6756:Mayotte 6674:Present 6632:Vanuatu 6620:Oceania 6392:Berbice 6328:Grenada 6184:Anjouan 6176:Comoros 6128:Albreda 6101:Senegal 6069:Dahomey 6046:Tunisia 6041:Morocco 6036:Algeria 5722:Zayanes 5597:Battles 5330:17 July 5320:Reuters 5033:25 June 5027:Gallica 4960:. 1956. 4851:uca.edu 4687:uca.edu 4548:Gallica 4288:Cosumar 4193:Gallica 4178:. 1914. 4089:alaraby 3830:24 June 3804:22 June 3768:19 July 3763:Gallica 3530:10 July 3390:3 March 3304:24 June 3121:Algeria 3080:⁄ 3059:Tangier 3050:⁄ 2983:pesetas 2967:Tangier 2944:Al-Alam 2941:Arabic 2849:Tangier 2609:during 2498:Rif War 2492:Rif War 2432:Morocco 2377:out of 2291:Chaouia 2277:Algeria 2266:Chaouia 2264:in the 2239:of the 2042:de jure 2023:Tangier 1996:Tunisia 1992:Algeria 1758:in 1972 1683:Rif War 1548:Decline 1282:Capsian 1270:Aterian 1233:Morocco 1178:History 1164:Larache 1156:Germany 1142:in 1911 1134:French 992:السعادة 959:Sultan 927:Chaouia 917:in the 796:Tangier 788:Germany 758:Tangier 730:Melilla 697:Prelude 628:Morocco 497:• 363:(under 346:Judaism 292:Capital 146:Anthem: 7695:32; -6 7661:Portal 7602:French 7597:Berber 7580:Arabic 7512:Cinema 7446:Health 7441:Energy 7288:Cities 7216:Modern 7171:Saadis 7139:Empire 7064: 6584:Aleppo 6552:Tonkin 6511:Yanaon 6491:Madras 6369:Tobago 6290:Canada 6280:Acadia 6194:Mohéli 6079:Guinea 5981:Former 5920:Crises 5736:French 5489:vol. 2 5473: 5454: 5300: 5257: 5214: 5156:6 July 5149: 5139: 5114: 5106: 5071: 5061: 5004: 4826: 4799: 4712:Zamane 4640: 4630: 4528: 4518: 4488: 4430: 4405: 4395: 4370: 4266: 4156: 4057:. 1917 4022: 4004: 3994: 3969: 3946:272660 3944: 3936: 3918:Phylon 3855: 3792: 3700: 3690: 3658: 3650: 3609: 3582: 3555: 3425: 3365: 3355: 3328:Arabic 3320:French 3272: 3095:Legacy 3015:francs 3003:Arabic 2896:dirham 2888:francs 2475:After 2428:Berber 2297:, and 2262:barley 2223:native 2174:custom 2147:sultan 2123:Verdun 2121:, and 2115:Artois 1964:France 1873:Postal 1858:Jewish 1722:Modern 1509:Alawis 1504:Saadis 1467:Empire 1224:on the 1172:Agadir 914:Gloire 842:, and 636:Sultan 445: 377: 373:Sultan 306:French 286:France 278:Status 229: 148: 91:Arabic 87: 77:French 73: 7647:Index 7552:Sport 7542:Music 7537:Media 7481:Trade 7248:2000s 7238:1990s 7233:1970s 6547:Annam 6402:Inini 6343:Haïti 6151:Gabon 6096:Niger 6074:Sudan 5112:S2CID 4980:XXXIV 4898:XXXIV 3942:JSTOR 3891:(PDF) 3876:(PDF) 3656:S2CID 3423:S2CID 3132:INSEE 2965:from 2834:Paris 2532:Rabat 2295:Gharb 1981:Yusef 1844:2010s 1839:2000s 1834:1990s 1829:1980s 1824:1970s 1317:Roman 1140:Rabat 969:jihad 902:Oujda 726:Ceuta 691:Rabat 651:Oujda 392:Yusef 296:Rabat 272:–1927 7678:32°N 7527:Flag 7398:list 7359:list 7349:King 6921:and 6534:Laos 6496:Mahé 6146:Chad 5551:Wars 5471:ISBN 5452:ISBN 5429:2019 5384:2019 5358:2019 5332:2019 5298:ISSN 5255:ISBN 5212:ISBN 5175:link 5171:link 5158:2021 5147:OCLC 5137:ISBN 5104:ISSN 5069:OCLC 5059:ISBN 5035:2019 5002:ISBN 4858:2020 4824:ISBN 4797:ISBN 4776:2022 4747:2022 4720:2019 4694:2020 4669:2019 4638:OCLC 4628:ISBN 4609:2019 4582:2019 4556:2023 4526:OCLC 4516:ISBN 4486:ISBN 4465:2020 4428:ISBN 4403:OCLC 4393:ISBN 4368:ISBN 4316:2020 4295:2020 4264:ISBN 4201:2020 4154:ISBN 4123:2020 4097:2020 4063:2020 4020:ISBN 4002:OCLC 3992:ISBN 3967:ISBN 3934:ISSN 3899:2015 3853:ISBN 3832:2019 3806:2020 3790:OCLC 3770:2019 3698:OCLC 3688:ISBN 3648:ISSN 3607:ISBN 3580:ISBN 3553:ISBN 3532:2009 3524:XXII 3392:2020 3363:OCLC 3353:ISBN 3306:2016 3270:ISBN 3112:and 3029:and 3013:and 2985:and 2963:mail 2901:The 2669:and 2500:and 2457:and 2455:Taza 2422:The 2416:and 2361:The 2299:Hawz 2198:seal 1208:The 880:The 810:and 778:The 772:and 738:Ifni 683:Taza 618:The 7681:6°W 5350:RFI 5288:doi 5096:doi 4343:doi 4228:doi 3926:doi 3740:doi 3640:doi 3415:doi 3114:la 3063:Fez 2746:by 2426:of 2371:OCP 2343:CTM 2228:sic 2129:." 1148:Fez 1138:at 794:to 756:in 284:of 7710:: 6345:, 5420:. 5375:. 5348:. 5318:. 5296:. 5284:16 5282:. 5278:. 5167:}} 5163:{{ 5145:, 5110:. 5102:. 5090:. 5067:. 5043:^ 5025:. 4978:. 4974:. 4896:. 4892:. 4849:. 4838:^ 4766:. 4749:. 4737:. 4710:. 4685:. 4659:. 4636:. 4599:. 4572:. 4546:. 4524:. 4500:^ 4451:. 4401:. 4337:. 4333:. 4286:. 4240:^ 4224:34 4222:. 4218:. 4131:^ 4113:. 4087:. 4071:^ 4053:. 4040:^ 4000:. 3940:. 3932:. 3922:16 3920:. 3916:. 3878:. 3822:. 3761:. 3734:. 3696:. 3668:^ 3654:. 3646:. 3634:. 3630:. 3522:. 3516:. 3481:, 3443:, 3421:. 3411:35 3409:. 3383:. 3361:. 3339:^ 3330:: 3326:; 3322:: 3292:. 3149:. 3091:. 3073:11 3043:11 3005:. 2913:, 2868:a 2657:. 2621:. 2553:, 2399:. 2309:. 2293:, 2193:. 2117:, 2033:. 2014:. 838:, 826:. 744:. 728:, 693:. 267:c. 7054:e 7047:t 7040:v 6881:) 6700:e 6693:t 6686:v 6456:e 6449:t 6442:v 6253:e 6246:t 6239:v 6011:e 6004:t 5997:v 5966:e 5959:t 5952:v 5518:e 5511:t 5504:v 5479:. 5460:. 5431:. 5386:. 5360:. 5334:. 5304:. 5290:: 5263:. 5220:. 5177:) 5118:. 5098:: 5092:5 5075:. 5037:. 5010:. 4860:. 4832:. 4805:. 4778:. 4722:. 4696:. 4671:. 4644:. 4611:. 4584:. 4558:. 4532:. 4494:. 4467:. 4436:. 4409:. 4376:. 4349:. 4345:: 4339:4 4318:. 4297:. 4272:. 4234:. 4230:: 4203:. 4162:. 4125:. 4099:. 4065:. 4008:. 3975:. 3948:. 3928:: 3901:. 3884:1 3861:. 3834:. 3808:. 3772:. 3746:. 3742:: 3736:6 3704:. 3662:. 3642:: 3636:6 3615:. 3588:. 3561:. 3534:. 3429:. 3417:: 3394:. 3369:. 3334:) 3318:( 3308:. 3082:8 3078:5 3075:+ 3069:( 3061:– 3052:8 3048:5 3045:+ 3039:( 2591:( 2563:( 2369:( 2341:( 2149:. 2091:. 1944:e 1937:t 1930:v 1032:e 1025:t 1018:v 989:( 542:( 367:) 161:) 155:( 93:) 89:( 79:) 75:( 52:) 48:( 44:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.