196:, and cooperation. Its a selfish behavior, working together towards solving a problem, because it yields success to engage cooperatively, typically this means work in effort towards solving a problem can often only ever be solved by a cooperative effort, for example for most individuals working cooperatively but especially within families has made cooperation behaviors be generally aggregated together to accomplish major problem solving for survival, like migration and success, particularly familial success. Democracy for instance was created because of three key traits; social comparison, engagement with collaboration, and wanting to be someone who
41:
229:, these are aspects of cooperation that alone cannot be done. To avoid the problem of starvation we had to band together like our distant ancestors if we wish to continue existing. However primates largely lived on large salad bowls so they avoided such pressure, narrowing what they need as a evolutionary strategy. We had to not only cooperate to eat, we also readily need to learn other important life skills to be able continue this strategy and had to raise our children that couldn't survive without
304:. Researchers evaluated the consequences of red wolves' decisions to stay with their packs for extended periods of time after birth. It was found that this "delayed dispersal," while it involved helping other wolves rear their offspring, extended male wolves' life spans. These findings suggest that kin selection may not only benefit an individual in the long-term in terms of increased fitness but in the short-term as well through enhanced chance of survival.
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The prisoner's dilemma is a model that demonstrates how, in certain conditions, members of a group will not cooperate even though cooperation would mutually benefit them all. It makes clear that collective self-interest is insufficient to achieving cooperative behavior, at least when an uncooperative
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in the role of the responder. They received offers from other human partners and from a computer partner. Responders refused unfair offers from human partners at a significantly higher rate than those from a computer partner. The experiment also suggested that altruistic punishment is associated with
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Individual action on behalf of a larger system may be coerced (forced), voluntary (freely chosen), or even unintentional, and consequently individuals and groups might act in concert even though they have almost nothing in common as regards interests or goals. Examples of that can be found in market
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Some researchers assert that cooperation is more complex than this. They maintain that helpers may receive more direct, and less indirect, gains from assisting others than is commonly reported. Furthermore, they insist that cooperation may not solely be an interaction between two individuals but may
215:
When clients are watching and see the current interaction reacting badly, then sometimes everyone else who is waiting will stop watching or go elsewhere, thus they may provide a better service when a client can be made aware of their ability to exhibit cooperative behavior. This has been observed in
220:
behavior among people, and among cleaner fish, and its an example of costly behavior that engages in that is about a future underlying benefit that one can gain by gaining those clients, for human beings its particularly the case that unconditional generosity is a particular response which suggests
271:
Cooperation is common in non-human animals. Besides cooperation with an immediate benefit for both actors, this behavior appears to occur mostly between relatives. Spending time and resources assisting a related individual may reduce an organism's chances of survival, but because relatives share
224:
Every human achievements are actually reliant on the cooperation efforts that have been created by others, from the cursory to the truly magnificent, whether its a mundane achievement or the greatest achievements, it relies on cooperation. We're biologically geared to ensuring survival by social
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Different theories explaining kin selection have been proposed, including the "pay-to-stay" and "territory inheritance" hypotheses. The "pay-to-stay" theory suggests that individuals help others rear offspring in order to return the favor of the breeders allowing them to live on their land. The
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work together to achieve the global properties. In other words, individual components that appear to be "selfish" and independent work together to create a highly complex, greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts system. The phenomenon is generally known as 'emergence' and is considered an outcome of
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Some research even suggests that certain species provide more help to the individuals with which they are more closely related. This phenomenon is known as kin discrimination. In their meta-analysis, researchers compiled data on kin selection as mediated by genetic relatedness in 18 species,
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including the
Western bluebird, Pied kingfisher, Australian magpie, and Dwarf Mongoose. They found that different species exhibited varying degrees of kin discrimination, with the largest frequencies occurring among those who have the most to gain from cooperative interactions.
383:, would seem to dictate. While economic experiments require subjects to make relatively abstract decisions for small stakes, evidence from natural experiments for high stakes support the claim that humans act more cooperatively than strict self-interest would dictate.
243:
theory is defined as a reproductive strategy that favors the success of an organism's relatives, even when it is not in an organism's own best interest, it's highly relevant to human social behavior, relationships and cooperation.
390:), it allows non-cooperation to be punished more, and cooperation to be rewarded more, than the single-shot version of the problem would suggest. It has been suggested that this is one reason for the evolution of complex
401:
In evolutionary biology, five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation have been suggested: (i) kin selection, (ii) direct reciprocity, (iii) indirect reciprocity, (iv) spatial structure, and (v) group selection.
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is an experimental design used to assess if and under which conditions animals cooperate. It involves two or more animals pulling rewards towards themselves via an apparatus they can not successfully operate alone.
297:"territory inheritance" theory contends that individuals help in order to have improved access to breeding areas once the breeders depart. These two hypotheses both appear to be valid, at least in cichlid fish.
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as a complex of physical, biological, personal and social components which are in a specific systematic relationship by reason of the cooperation of two or more persons for at least one definite end.
955:
Balshine-Earn, S., Neat, F.C., Reid, H., & Taborsky, M. (1998). "Paying to stay or paying to breed? Field evidence for direct benefits of helping behavior in a cooperatively breeding fish".
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Understanding the mechanisms that create cooperating agents in a system is one of the most important and least well understood phenomena in nature, though there has not been a lack of effort.
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trade, military wars, families, workplaces, schools and prisons, and more generally any institution or organization of which individuals are part (out of own choice, by law, or forced).
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Language allows humans to cooperate on a very large scale. Certain studies have suggested that fairness affects human cooperation; individuals are willing to punish at their own cost (
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perception of a sexual role advantage as underlining such behavioral choices amongst men when undergoing competitively this way in the presence of attractive females or online.
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Sparkman, A. M., Adams, J. R., Steury, T. D., Waits, L. P., & Murray, D. L. (2011). "Direct fitness benefits of delayed dispersal in the cooperatively breeding red wolf (
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behavior in situations where direct reciprocity is unlikely. This implies that in situations where reputation and status are involved, humans tend to cooperate more.
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Humans cooperate for the same reasons as other animals: immediate benefit, genetic relatedness, and reciprocity, but also for particularly human reasons, such as
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and has been the subject of much theoretical and experimental research. The first extensive experimental studies were conducted in the early 1960s by
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Rapoport, A., & Chammah, A. M. (1965). Prisoner’s
Dilemma: A study of conflict and cooperation. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
200:, which all stems from the desire to not monopolize all resources but to gradually accept the divvying up of resources of collaboration (
149:) if they believe that they are being treated unfairly. Sanfey, et al. conducted an experiment where 19 individuals were scanned using
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Studies conducted on red wolves support previous researchers' contention that helpers obtain both immediate and long-term gains from
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It has been observed that image scoring, where a participant learns of their counterpart's prior behavior or reputation, promotes
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Griffin, A. S., & West, S. A. (2003). "Kin
Discrimination and the Benefit of Helping in Cooperatively Breeding Vertebrates".
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1203:"Neural processing of iterated prisoner's dilemma outcomes indicates next-round choice and speed to reciprocate cooperation"
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251:, a definition of social instinct is; an innate drive for cooperation is what invariably leads individuals to inculcate
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Neurons create thought and consciousness, other cells work together and communicate to produce multicellular organisms.
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individual who "cheats" can exploit cooperating group members. The prisoner's dilemma formalizing this problem using
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genes, may increase the likelihood that the helper's genetic traits will be passed on to future generations. The
1162:
Harrington, Olsen, and
Siegelmann (2011). "Communicated Somatic Markers Benefit the Individual and the Species".
293:, which can be defined as animals helping to rear a relative's offspring in order to enhance their own fitness.
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cooperate both with other members of their own species and with members of other species with whom they have (
64:(which cannot tolerate the stings of the sea anemone's tentacles), while the fish defend the anemones against
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Clutton-Brock, T. (2002). "Breeding together: Kin selection and mutualism in cooperative vertebrates".
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Cervantes
Constantino, Garat, Nicolaisen, Paz, Martínez-Montes, Kessel, Cabana, and Gradin (2021).
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signals that relate the speed with which players reciprocate cooperation at subsequent rounds.
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Many organisms other than apes, such as fish, birds, and insects exhibit cooperative behavior:
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1121:"Conspecific Emotional Cooperation Biases Population Dynamics: A Cellular Automata Approach"
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Moral
Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life
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show that humans often act more cooperatively than strict self-interest, modeled as the
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works or acts together for a collective benefit to the group as opposed to working in
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in higher life forms. Playing the iterated version of the game leads to a cascade of
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A book about cooperation and the benefits of this path, as opposed to working alone.
1499:, fourth edition, 2005 – treats cooperation as a set of skills that can be improved.
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The Seven
Challenges: A Workbook and Reader About Communicating More Cooperatively
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to solve problems. The author
Nichola Raihani argues that Earth is a history of
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1461:, second edition – includes two chapters about the evolution of cooperation,
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de Waal, Frans (2016). "Are We Smart Enough To Know How Smart
Animals Are?"
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One reason may be that if the prisoner's dilemma situation is repeated (the
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1404:, Philosophical Studies Series, Vol. 82 Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000,
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209:
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30:
185:
900:
Hamilton, W.D. (1964). "The
Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour".
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115:
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631:"The Neural Basis of Economic Decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game"
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The Cooperation Project: Objectives, Accomplishments, and Proposals
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Atoms cooperate in a simple way, by combining to make up molecules.
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negative emotions that are generated in unfair situations by the
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1504:"Split or Steal? Cooperative Behavior When the Stakes are Large"
60:. The anemones provide the clownfish with protection from their
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instincts like much of the food early human beings ate were
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1565:, Cooperation platform for transport research (scientific)
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M.J. van den Assem, D. van Dolder and R.H. Thaler (2010).
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A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution
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The components in a cell work together to keep it living.
150:
751:"The Social Instinct: How Cooperation Shaped the World"
1555:
1361:"Why People Cooperate: The Role of Social Motivations"
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Cooperation is a process by which the components of a
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be part of the broader goal of unifying populations.
1474:, Samuel Bowles, Robert T. Boyd, Ernst Fehr (eds.),
1072:? Cooperative Behavior when the Stakes are Large".
1017:
Principles of Systems Science, Chapter 8: Emergence
1478:(Economic Learning and Social Evolution). MIT 2005
1033:
694:Wedekind, Claus; Milinski, Manfred (5 May 2000).
334:People form families, tribes, cities and nations.
44:Many animal species cooperate with each other in
21:This article is about cooperation as used in the
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873:"APA Dictionary of Psychology - Social Instinct"
693:
1068:van den Assem, van Dolder, and Thaler (2012). "
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622:
620:
289:One specific form of cooperation in animals is
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1264:"Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation"
696:"Cooperation Through Image Scoring in Humans"
1247:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
831:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1040:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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775:Raihani, Smith, Nicholas J., Sarah (2015).
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1119:Olsen, Harrington, and Siegelmann (2010).
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331:Organisms form food chains and ecosystems.
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1186:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1147:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1104:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
848:"The Social Instinct, by Nichola Raihani"
777:"). Competitive helping in online giving"
566:(6868). Macmillan Magazines Ltd: 137–40.
530:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 19.
355:
348:A cooperative system has been defined in
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527:No Contest: The Case Against Competition
499:"coöperation - Accent marks in English?"
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1015:Mobus, G.E. & Kalton, M.C. (2015).
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629:Sanfey, Alan G.; et al. (2003).
503:groups.google.com - alt.usage.english
83:and, with a varied usage along time,
25:. For co-operation in evolution, see
1363:, Princeton University Press, 2011,
1339:, Princeton University Press, 2011,
1262:Nowak, Martin A. (8 December 2006).
879:. American Psychological Association
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138:, and for reasons having to do with
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13:
1548:. Howard Rheingold's project with
1402:"Cooperation, a philosophic study"
134:signaling (indirect reciprocity),
14:
1620:
1514:
846:Beilby, Max (17 September 2021).
553:"Altruistic punishment in humans"
478:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
375:and Albert Chammah. Results from
16:Groups working or acting together
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1484:, "How Competition Goes Wrong."
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247:In the individual psychology of
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87:) takes place when a group of
29:. For the economic model, see
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1486:Journal of Applied Philosophy
1420:The Complexity of Cooperation
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1219:10.1080/17470919.2020.1859410
321:self-organization. Examples:
1439:The Evolution of Cooperation
720:10.1126/science.288.5467.850
471:The Evolution of Cooperation
274:cooperative pulling paradigm
216:generosity 'tournaments' or
35:Cooperation (disambiguation)
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1533:An Operation of Cooperation
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388:iterated prisoner's dilemma
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852:www.darwinianbusiness.com
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52:, which dwells among the
1550:Institute for the Future
1423:, Princeton Paperbacks,
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136:cultural group selection
27:Co-operation (evolution)
1288:10.1126/science.1133755
1005:10.1126/science.1089402
755:www.nextbigideaclub.com
658:10.1126/science.1082976
99:individual benefit. In
1175:Cite journal requires
1136:Cite journal requires
1093:Cite journal requires
877:www.dictionary.apa.org
448:Management cybernetics
377:experimental economics
356:The prisoner's dilemma
69:
33:. For other uses, see
1561:11 March 2021 at the
1488:, 8(2): 200–10, 1991.
999:, 302(5645), 634–36.
982:10.1093/beheco/arq194
259:to help them achieve
147:altruistic punishment
48:. One example is the
43:
1529:at Wikimedia Commons
1493:NewConversations.net
1019:, Springer, New York
939:, 296(5565), 69–72.
605:on 29 September 2011
551:Fehr, Ernst (2002).
524:Kohn, Alfie (1992).
428:Cooperative gameplay
350:organization studies
302:cooperative breeding
68:(which eat anemones)
58:Ritteri sea anemones
1392:The Montreal Review
1350:The Montreal Review
1280:2006Sci...314.1560N
1274:(5805): 1560–1563.
1207:Social Neuroscience
1030:Barnard, Chester I.
712:2000Sci...288..850W
650:2003Sci...300.1755S
572:2002Natur.415..137F
424:(personality trait)
312:Cooperative systems
267:Among other animals
50:ocellaris clownfish
976:, 22(1), 199–205.
974:Behavioral Ecology
957:Behavioral Ecology
749:Raihani, Nichola.
362:Prisoner's dilemma
227:hunted or gathered
140:cultural evolution
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1599:Management theory
1525:Media related to
1410:978-94-015-9594-0
1388:978-0-262-01359-8
1374:Michael Tomasello
1369:978-1-4008-3666-6
1333:, Samuel Bowles,
919:978-1-78378-305-2
706:(5467): 850–852.
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511:alt.usage.english
241:inclusive fitness
194:collective action
153:while playing an
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