1149:, to represent a mutualistic relationship. Wright also considered the concept of saturation, which means that with higher densities, there is a decrease in the benefits of further increases of the mutualist population. Without saturation, depending on the size of parameter α, species densities would increase indefinitely. Because that is not possible due to environmental constraints and carrying capacity, a model that includes saturation would be more accurate. Wright's mathematical theory is based on the premise of a simple two-species mutualism model in which the benefits of mutualism become saturated due to limits posed by handling time. Wright defines handling time as the time needed to process a food item, from the initial interaction to the start of a search for new food items and assumes that processing of food and searching for food are mutually exclusive. Mutualists that display foraging behavior are exposed to the restrictions on handling time. Mutualism can be associated with symbiosis.
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ecosystem stability and may even lead to strong indirect facilitation between pollinators when conditions are harsh. This means that pollinator species together can survive under harsh conditions. But it also means that pollinator species collapse simultaneously when conditions pass a critical point. This simultaneous collapse occurs, because pollinator species depend on each other when surviving under difficult conditions.
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676:, can stay in close proximity and travel along exactly the same routes through the forest for periods of up to 12 hours. These mixed-species groups cannot be explained by the coincidence of sharing the same habitat. Rather, they are created by the active behavioural choice of at least one of the species in question.
558:(which they frequently eat when those are small enough, introducing a resource component to this service-service relationship) and competition from other plants by trimming back vegetation that would shade the acacia. In addition, another service-resource component is present, as the ants regularly feed on
1718:
Mutualistic networks made up out of the interaction between plants and pollinators were found to have a similar structure in very different ecosystems on different continents, consisting of entirely different species. The structure of these mutualistic networks may have large consequences for the way
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Every generation of every organism needs nutrients – and similar nutrients – more than they need particular defensive characteristics, as the fitness benefit of these vary heavily especially by environment. This may be the reason that hosts are more likely to evolve to become dependent on vertically
1918:
There are many examples of mutualism breakdown. For example, plant lineages inhabiting nutrient-rich environments have evolutionarily abandoned mycorrhizal mutualisms many times independently. Evolutionarily, headlice may have been mutualistic as they allow for early immunity to various body-louse
1726:
Such a community-wide collapse, involving many pollinator species, can occur suddenly when increasingly harsh conditions pass a critical point and recovery from such a collapse might not be easy. The improvement in conditions needed for pollinators to recover could be substantially larger than the
1132:
modified for mutualistic interaction. The mutualistic interaction term represents the increase in population growth of one species as a result of the presence of greater numbers of another species. As the mutualistic interactive term β is always positive, this simple model may lead to unrealistic
635:
The term "species group" can be used to describe the manner in which individual organisms group together. In this non-taxonomic context one can refer to "same-species groups" and "mixed-species groups." While same-species groups are the norm, examples of mixed-species groups abound. For example,
414:
is the dispersal of the seeds of plants by animals. This is similar to pollination in that the plant produces food resources (for example, fleshy fruit, overabundance of seeds) for animals that disperse the seeds (service). Plants may advertise these resources using colour and a variety of other
1722:
Mathematical models that examine the consequences of this network structure for the stability of pollinator communities suggest that the specific way in which plant-pollinator networks are organized minimizes competition between pollinators, reduce the spread of indirect effects and thus enhance
631:
sp. tree in the same forests, but in this relationship, the tree has turned the tables on the ants. When the tree is ready to produce flowers, the ant abodes on certain branches begin to wither and shrink, forcing the occupants to flee, leaving the tree's flowers to develop free from ant attack.
224:
A prominent example of pollination mutualism is with bees and flowering plants. Bees use these plants as their food source with pollen and nectar. In turn, they transfer pollen to other nearby flowers, inadvertently allowing for cross-pollination. Cross-pollination has become essential in plant
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generally have a positive decreasing slope, and by and large similar isocline diagrams. Mutualistic interactions are best visualized as positively sloped isoclines, which can be explained by the fact that the saturation of benefits accorded to mutualism or restrictions posed by outside factors
722:
159:
most commonly refers to increases in fitness through within-species (intraspecific) interactions, although it has been used (especially in the past) to refer to mutualistic interactions, and it is sometimes used to refer to mutualistic interactions that are not obligate.
1860:, possesses the metabolic capacity to produce and regulate multiple compounds that reach the circulation and act to influence the function of distal organs and systems. Breakdown of the protective mucosal barrier of the gut can contribute to the development of
1625:
This model is most effectively applied to free-living species that encounter a number of individuals of the mutualist part in the course of their existences. Wright notes that models of biological mutualism tend to be similar qualitatively, in that the featured
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sp. ants, which make their nests in modified leaves. To increase the amount of living space available, the ants will destroy the tree's flower buds. The flowers die and leaves develop instead, providing the ants with more dwellings. Another type of
176:
are not always mutualistic, and mutualistic interactions are not always symbiotic. Despite a different definition between mutualism and symbiosis, they have been largely used interchangeably in the past, and confusion on their use has persisted.
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207:
estimates of tropical rainforest plants with seed dispersal mutualisms with animals range at least from 70% to 93.5%. In addition, mutualism is thought to have driven the evolution of much of the biological diversity we see, such as
1943:. Defining "closeness", however, is also problematic. It can refer to mutual dependency (the species cannot live without one another) or the biological intimacy of the relationship in relation to physical closeness (
225:
reproduction and fruit/seed production. The bees get their nutrients from the plants, and allow for successful fertilization of plants, demonstrating a mutualistic relationship between two seemingly-unlike species.
971:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {dN_{1}}{dt}}&=r_{1}N_{1}-\alpha _{11}N_{1}^{2}+\beta _{12}N_{1}N_{2}\\{\frac {dN_{2}}{dt}}&=r_{2}N_{2}-\alpha _{22}N_{2}^{2}+\beta _{21}N_{1}N_{2}\end{aligned}}}
3382:(2006). "The science behind the Three Sisters mound system: An agronomic assessment of an indigenous agricultural system in the northeast". In Staller, John E.; Tykot, Robert H.; Benz, Bruce F. (eds.).
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that are found in the anemone's tentacles. Therefore, what appears to be a service-service mutualism in fact has a service-resource component. A second example is that of the relationship between some
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transmitted bacterial mutualists which provide nutrients than those providing defensive benefits. This pattern is generalized beyond bacteria by Yamada et al. 2015's demonstration that undernourished
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benefit to the individuals in a mutualistic relationship is not always straightforward, particularly when the individuals can receive benefits from a variety of species, for example most plant-
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Bastolla, U.; Fortuna, M. A.; Pascual-GarcĂa, A.; Ferrera, A.; Luque, B.; Bascompte, J. (2009). "The architecture of mutualistic networks minimizes competition and increases biodiversity".
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Bastolla, U.; Fortuna, M. A.; Pascual-GarcĂa, A.; Ferrera, A.; Luque, B.; Bascompte, J. (2009). "The architecture of mutualistic networks minimizes competition and increases biodiversity".
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coevolved with the human species, and this relationship is considered to be a mutualism that is beneficial both to the human host and the bacteria in the gut population. The
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provide food for humans and are unable to reproduce without human intervention because the leafy sheath does not fall open, and the seedhead (the "corn on the cob") does not
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Werner, Gijsbert D. A.; Cornelissen, Johannes H. C.; Cornwell, William K.; Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A.; Kattge, Jens; West, Stuart A.; Kiers, E. Toby (30 April 2018).
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Ollerton, J. 2006. "Biological Barter": Interactions of
Specialization Compared across Different Mutualisms. pp. 411–435 in: Waser, N.M. & Ollerton, J. (Eds)
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125:, in which one species benefits at the expense of the other. However, mutualism may evolve from interactions that began with imbalanced benefits, such as
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Porat, D.; Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2005). "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: ammonium uptake, zooxanthella content and tissue regeneration".
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Porat, D.; Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2005). "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: ammonium uptake, zooxanthella content and tissue regeneration".
1856:, modify the pH of the intestinal contents, and compete for nutrition to inhibit colonization by pathogens. The gut microbiota, containing trillions of
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Noe, R.; Hammerstein, P. (1994). "Biological markets: supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation, mutualism and mating".
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unbounded growth. So it may be more realistic to include a further term in the formula, representing a saturation mechanism, to avoid this occurring.
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Ollerton, J. (2006). ""Biological Barter": Patterns of
Specialization Compared across Different Mutualisms". In Waser, N.M.; Ollerton, J. (eds.).
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512:), which eat anemones. However, in common with many mutualisms, there is more than one aspect to it: in the anemonefish-anemone mutualism, waste
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Suweis, S.; Simini, F.; Banavar, J; Maritan, A. (2013). "Emergence of structural and dynamical properties of ecological mutualistic networks".
2794:"Individuals from different-looking animal species may group together to confuse shared predators: simulations with artificial neural networks"
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Jahn, G.C.; Beardsley, J.W. (2000). "Interactions of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on pineapple".
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May, R., 1981. Models for Two
Interacting Populations. In: May, R.M., Theoretical Ecology. Principles and Applications, 2nd ed. pp. 78–104.
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Hoeksema, J.D.; Bruna, E.M. (2000). "Pursuing the big questions about interspecific mutualism: a review of theoretical approaches".
3384:
Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary
Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize
2659:
Porat, D.; Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2004). "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: expansion behavior, growth, and survival".
1901:
Mutualisms are not static, and can be lost by evolution. Sachs and Simms (2006) suggest that this can occur via four main pathways:
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Porat, D.; Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2004). "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones:expansion behavior, growth, and survival".
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Strict service-service interactions are very rare, for reasons that are far from clear. One example is the relationship between
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mutualisms. It is therefore common to categorise mutualisms according to the closeness of the association, using terms such as
1919:
borne disease; however, as these diseases became eradicated, the relationship has become less mutualistic and more parasitic.
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ChacĂłn, Jeremy M.; Hammarlund, Sarah P.; Martinson, Jonathan N.V.; Smith, Leno B.; Harcombe, William R. (2 November 2021).
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Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA, Gordon JI (March 2005). "Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine".
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involves two species living in close physical contact over a long period of their existence and may be mutualistic,
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3245:"Ranking of critical species to preserve the functionality of mutualistic networks using the k-core decomposition"
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in which pollinator communities respond to increasingly harsh conditions and on the community carrying capacity.
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Lever, J. J.; Nes, E. H.; Scheffer, M.; Bascompte, J. (2014). "The sudden collapse of pollinator communities".
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Lever, J. J.; Nes, E. H.; Scheffer, M.; Bascompte, J. (2014). "The sudden collapse of pollinator communities".
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1637:
688:, or predator-prey, consumer-resource, interactions. In models of mutualisms, the terms "type I" and "type II"
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DeVries, PJ; Baker, I (1989). "Butterfly exploitation of an ant-plant mutualism: Adding insult of herbivory".
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variable that exists separately from the notion of search time. He then developed an equation for the Type II
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Mathematical treatments of mutualisms, like the study of mutualisms in general, have lagged behind those for
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Wang, B.; Qiu, Y.-L. (6 May 2006). "Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants".
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2014:
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Breton, Lorraine M.; Addicott, John F. (1992). "Density-Dependent
Mutualism in an Aphid-Ant Interaction".
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504:(which cannot tolerate the stings of the anemone's tentacles) and the fish defend the anemones against
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2534:"The cleaning goby mutualism: a system without punishment, partner switching or tactile stimulation"
593:. This selective gardening can be so aggressive that small areas of the rainforest are dominated by
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Wright, David
Hamilton (1989). "A Simple, Stable Model of Mutualism Incorporating Handling Time".
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Wright, David
Hamilton (1989). "A Simple, Stable Model of Mutualism Incorporating Handling Time".
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1971:
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1448:= coefficient measuring negative intraspecific interaction. This is equivalent to inverse of the
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In 1989, David
Hamilton Wright modified the above Lotka–Volterra equations by adding a new term,
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nest inside the plant's thorns. In exchange for shelter, the ants protect acacias from attack by
3721:"Why infest the loved ones – inherent human behaviour indicates former mutualism with head lice"
3331:"Why infest the loved ones – inherent human behaviour indicates former mutualism with head lice"
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animals and plants are to different degrees mutualistic. For example, agricultural varieties of
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3504:"The Role of Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Microbiome Dysbiosis in Colorectal Cancer Development"
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53:
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3777:"Symbiont switching and alternative resource acquisition strategies drive mutualism breakdown"
716:. In this model, the changes in population densities of the two mutualists are quantified as:
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as a trellis, while fixing nitrogen in the soil for the corn, a phenomenon that is used in
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477:
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32:
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Wang, B. (2006). "Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants".
1992:
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In some of these relationships, the cost of the ant's protection can be quite expensive.
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One mutualist shifts to parasitism, and no longer benefits its partner, such as headlice
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improvement needed to return to conditions at which the pollinator community collapsed.
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Paszkowski, U (2006). "Mutualism and parasitism: the yin and yang of plant symbioses".
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This article is about the biological term. For the economic theory and other uses, see
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2852:"Rethinking the logistic approach for population dynamics of mutualistic interactions"
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Tan, K.H.; Nishida, R. (2000). "Mutual reproductive benefits between a wild orchid,
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Clarke G, Stilling RM, Kennedy PJ, Stanton C, Cryan JF, Dinan TG (August 2014).
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5207:
5145:
5123:
4966:
4201:"Why are most rhizobia beneficial to their plant hosts, rather than parasitic?"
3928:
3720:
3693:
2890:
2531:
1841:
585:
563:
509:
342:
91:
6480:
4551:
4514:
4483:
4452:
3885:
3737:
3349:
2717:
2674:
2518:
2401:
2343:"Why are most rhizobia beneficial to their plant hosts, rather than parasitic"
2202:
2167:
649:
8402:
8373:
7349:
7323:
7280:
7270:
7225:
7192:
7084:
6918:
6873:
6677:
6419:
6390:
6368:
6240:
6118:
6077:
5923:
5677:
5345:
5340:
4783:
4501:
4319:"A review of the association of ants with mealybug wilt disease of pineapple"
3893:
3816:
3745:
3635:
3520:
3442:
3401:
3330:
3294:
Sears CL (October 2005). "A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora".
2661:
2591:
2466:
2409:
2284:
2251:
2062:
2009:
1961:
1857:
1781:
1747:
1286:
The equation that incorporates Type II functional response and mutualism is:
1173:
1158:
505:
497:
481:
367:
294:
270:
233:
102:
76:
4662:
3974:
3807:
3477:
3130:"Effect of localization on the stability of mutualistic ecological networks"
2983:
692:
refer to the linear and saturating relationships, respectively, between the
8358:
8343:
8000:
7970:
7915:
7798:
7763:
7640:
7139:
6758:
6732:
6722:
6699:
6580:
6235:
6183:
6128:
5961:
5956:
5550:
5308:
4956:
4723:
4491:
4386:
4280:
4228:
4191:
4030:
3993:
3901:
3834:
3753:
3701:
3643:
3588:
3539:
3485:
3357:
3315:
3280:
3229:
3171:
3106:
3055:
3002:
2898:
2827:
2809:
2417:
2370:
2210:
1886:
1849:
1829:
1824:
1804:
529:
493:
426:
to detect its ripened fruit, extract, consume and then scatter its seeds;
385:
362:
217:
169:
4620:
Boucher, D. G.; James, S.; Keeler, K. (1984). "The ecology of mutualism".
4272:
3424:
2385:
7650:
7197:
7159:
7134:
7124:
7089:
7036:
7016:
6778:
6727:
6568:
6424:
6262:
6133:
5862:
5397:
5227:
5133:
5091:
5000:
4961:
4738:
3570:
1966:
1853:
1832:
in competing over similar habitats was the former's mutualism with dogs.
1166:
590:
489:
349:
334:
282:
258:
213:
197:
156:
80:
69:
42:
28:
5702:
4022:
3417:
The
Invaders: How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction
3153:
3098:
3047:
2568:"Do fruit reflectance properties affect avian frugivory in New Zealand?"
712:
One of the simplest frameworks for modeling species interactions is the
423:
8363:
7940:
7905:
7545:
7497:
7442:
7412:
7318:
7235:
7179:
7056:
7006:
6585:
6563:
6123:
6024:
5946:
5933:
5567:
5367:
5254:
5232:
5185:
5180:
5128:
5096:
5011:
4990:
4853:
4839:
4798:
4763:
4417:
4377:
4077:
3774:
3261:
3243:
Garcia-Algarra, J.; Pasotr, J. M.; Iriondo, J. M.; Galeano, J. (2017).
3220:
3128:
Suweis S, Grilli J, Banavar JR, Allesina S, Maritan A (December 2015).
2771:
2488:
1932:
1774:
574:
555:
394:
381:
290:
237:
165:
126:
122:
4368:
4309:
3211:
589:. Plants in the vicinity that belong to other species are killed with
8268:
8222:
7950:
7394:
7364:
7164:
7119:
7094:
7031:
7021:
6996:
6988:
6933:
6864:
6813:
6453:
6257:
6108:
5717:
5335:
5083:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4251:
2776:
Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
1976:
1763:
1759:
1755:
685:
653:
616:
517:
400:
333:
Service-resource relationships are common. Three important types are
302:
278:
229:
189:
185:
173:
161:
152:
148:
4699:
4435:
Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization
4337:
4069:
4000:
3076:
2613:
van Rheede van Oudtshoorn, Karen; van Rooyen, Margaretha W. (1998).
2329:
Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization to Generalization
60:
where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of
8323:
8252:
7783:
7611:
7290:
7202:
7149:
7104:
6742:
6704:
6436:
6378:
6160:
5362:
4596:
4100:
2935:
2615:"Restriction of Dispersal Due to Reduction of Dispersal Structures"
2612:
2532:
M.C. Soares; I.M. Côté; S.C. Cardoso & R.Bshary (August 2008).
1803:, providing each other with shelter, soil fertility and/or natural
1627:
627:
501:
454:
411:
371:
338:
298:
286:
37:
3242:
3030:
2873:
1165:
the number of food items captured is proportional to the allotted
188:. For example, mutualistic interactions are vital for terrestrial
8313:
8120:
7990:
7985:
7612:
7560:
7220:
6865:
6363:
5545:
5259:
4995:
4985:
4743:
4707:
4700:
3946:
Bascompte, J.; Jordano, P.; Melián, C. J.; Olesen, J. M. (2003).
3502:
Genua F, Raghunathan V, Jenab M, Gallagher WM, Hughes DJ (2021).
2957:
Bascompte, J.; Jordano, P.; Melián, C. J.; Olesen, J. M. (2003).
2232:
Jordano, P. (2000). "Fruits and frugivory". In Fenner, M. (ed.).
513:
480:
live in a mutual service-service symbiosis, the fish driving off
458:
430:
geographical range is thus restricted to that of the aardvark's.
254:
181:
61:
57:
4317:
Jahn, Gary C.; Beardsley, J. W.; González-Hernández, H. (2003).
4085:
Bronstein, JL (1994). "Our current understanding of mutualism".
3672:
Sachs, JL; Simms, EL (2006). "Pathways to mutualism breakdown".
6397:
4316:
3933:"African Tribesmen Can Talk Birds into Helping Them Find Honey"
2103:"Yale researchers show that mutualism can come from parasitism"
1947:, one species living within the tissues of the other species).
1770:
606:
538:
484:
and the anemone's tentacles protecting the fish from predators.
438:
375:
357:
353:
322:
274:
209:
87:
3501:
2438:
1634:
The type II functional response is visualized as the graph of
422:
is buried so deeply that the plant is solely reliant upon the
408:, feed on ectoparasites of their clients while cleaning them.
374:/attractants in a true mutualistic interactions with males of
297:. Metabolite exchange between multiple mutualistic species of
151:
with two other types of ecological phenomena: cooperation and
6639:
5466:
1812:
1785:
1743:
673:
559:
534:
520:
442:
266:
236:) and the colonization of land by plants in association with
201:
98:
3945:
3602:
Biedermann, Peter H.W.; Vega, Fernando E. (7 January 2020).
3552:
3455:
2956:
1754:
Humans are involved in mutualisms with other species: their
1080:= the negative effect of within-species crowding on species
648:) can remain in association during periods of long distance
360:
for the service of pollen dispersal. However, daciniphilous
204:
to provide them with inorganic compounds and trace elements.
6385:
6306:
3555:"Minireview: Gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ"
3127:
1808:
551:
524:
405:
262:
3948:"The nested assembly of plant–animal mutualistic networks"
3015:
2959:"The nested assembly of plant–animal mutualistic networks"
2115:
253:
Mutualistic relationships can be thought of as a form of "
4344:
3189:
2441:"The Ecology and Evolution of Model Microbial Mutualisms"
1908:
One partner abandons the mutualism and lives autonomously
1739:
1044:= the intrinsic growth rate of the population of species
450:
434:
293:
plants (family Fabaceae) in return for energy-containing
101:
become photosynthetic with the help of the microorganism
1161:
performed his classic disc experiment that assumed that
2234:
Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities
1662:
1644:
1372:
1354:
1211:
1196:
597:. These peculiar patches are known by local people as "
1665:
1647:
1375:
1357:
1214:
1199:
232:
events, such as the evolution of the eukaryotic cell (
4645:
The Biology of Mutualism : Ecology and Evolution
4161:
2505:, and Bactrocera fruit flies via a floral synomone".
1640:
1496:
1295:
1192:
1180:, which showed that the feeding rate is equivalent to
1092:
1056:
1023:
990:
725:
500:: the anemones provide the fish with protection from
4529:
4498:
3595:
2695:
2658:
2445:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
3604:"Ecology and Evolution of Insect–Fungus Mutualisms"
3372:
1922:
1822:One researcher has proposed that the key advantage
6824:Task allocation and partitioning of social insects
4619:
3719:
1696:
1581:
1411:
1245:
1116:= the beneficial effect of the density of species
1108:
1072:
1036:
1003:
970:
415:fruit characteristics, e.g., scent. Fruit of the
248:
68:the nutrient exchange between vascular plants and
4437:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 411–435.
4326:Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society
4298:Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society
3768:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
2791:
2566:Lim, Ganges; Burns, Kevin C. (24 November 2021).
2386:"Synergistic interactions in the microbial world"
308:
8400:
1769:have been beneficial for humans by fostering an
464:
449:(a by-product of their mode of feeding on plant
3953:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3927:
3782:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2963:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1884:are heavily dependent on their fungal symbiont
352:, a plant trades food resources in the form of
16:Mutually beneficial interaction between species
4393:
4045:
3718:RÓZSA, LAJOS; APARI, PÉTER (6 February 2012).
3658:
3601:
3378:
3328:
3185:
3183:
3181:
2849:
1136:
7597:
6850:
6322:
5027:
4869:
4685:
4295:
4248:
4238:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
3849:
3713:
3711:
2792:Tosh CR, Jackson AL, Ruxton GD (March 2007).
2323:
2321:
2319:
2152:. United States: Princeton University Press.
2032:
2030:
707:
388:, thereby providing anti-pest service, as in
378:fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae).
301:has also been observed in a process known as
4235:
4198:
4162:Bronstein, JL; Alarcon, R; Geber, M (2006).
4152:Bronstein JL. 2001. The costs of mutualism.
3497:
3495:
3414:
3236:
2340:
1914:A partner may be switched to another species
1773:response that helps to reduce the threat of
3178:
2491:related to synomone; and references therein
2138:, §1.2.2.1 Mutualism versus symbiosis. p. 6
370:precursor or booster components via floral
7818:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
7604:
7590:
6857:
6843:
6329:
6315:
5034:
5020:
4876:
4862:
4692:
4678:
4459:
4164:"The evolution of plant-insect mutualisms"
3717:
3708:
3671:
2767:
2765:
2500:
2316:
2225:
2047:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–19.
2027:
4899:Coloration evidence for natural selection
4376:
4218:
4181:
4143:
4115:
4084:
3983:
3973:
3824:
3806:
3625:
3578:
3529:
3519:
3492:
3322:
3270:
3260:
3219:
3161:
3029:
2992:
2982:
2872:
2817:
2456:
2360:
2135:
2036:
1867:
1697:{\displaystyle {\cfrac {baM}{1+aT_{H}M}}}
1476:= coefficient converting encounters with
196:about 80% of land plants species rely on
7716:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
7355:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
6268:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
5041:
4883:
4623:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
4432:
3293:
2565:
2264:
2236:(2nd ed.). CABI. pp. 125–166.
1835:
1734:
1713:
1246:{\displaystyle {\cfrac {ax}{1+axT_{H}}}}
696:provided to an individual of species 1 (
679:
468:
312:
228:Mutualism has also been linked to major
27:
7748:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
4642:
3855:
2834:
2762:
2231:
2147:
1412:{\displaystyle {\frac {dN}{dt}}=N\left}
656:as a strategy for thwarting predators.
8401:
7556:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
4580:
3386:. Left Coast Press. pp. 529–537.
2919:
2913:
2383:
1896:
1780:Some relationships between humans and
583:makes its nest in special cavities in
7585:
6838:
6432:Patterns of self-organization in ants
6310:
6031:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
5015:
4857:
4673:
3920:
3287:
2843:
2458:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012121-091753
704:of species 2 (independent variable).
64:interaction. Prominent examples are:
7571:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
4568:The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution
2384:Schink, Bernhard (1 December 2002).
2267:The geographic mosaic of coevolution
2180:
2148:Douglas, Angela E. (December 2014).
1872:
1011:= the population density of species
144:to mean "mutual aid among species".
113:, in which each species experiences
45:being a classic example of mutualism
8021:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
4636:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001531
4397:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1746:were among the first animals to be
13:
7774:Ecological effects of biodiversity
6442:symmetry breaking of escaping ants
5436:Evolutionary developmental biology
4613:
3627:10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024910
2620:Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants
2077:"Classify symbiotic relationships"
1631:contribute to a decreasing slope.
1582:{\displaystyle {\frac {dN}{dt}}=N}
1265:= the instantaneous discovery rate
285:compounds. Other examples include
14:
8435:
7110:Generalist and specialist species
2004:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1842:microbiota in the human intestine
1433:= densities of the two mutualists
109:Mutualism can be contrasted with
90:seeds to encourage animal aid in
7833:Occupancy–abundance relationship
6479:
6290:
6281:
6280:
4463:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
4183:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01864.x
4145:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00218.x
4118:"The exploitation of mutualisms"
3866:International Mycorrhiza Society
2553:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00489.x
1923:Measuring and defining mutualism
1799:, some plants have mutualist as
1792:to scatter the seeds naturally.
1439:= intrinsic rate of increase of
614:have a kind of partnership with
453:) in return for defense against
7853:Relative abundance distribution
7566:Plant defense against herbivory
7433:Competitive exclusion principle
7145:Mesopredator release hypothesis
6093:Extended evolutionary synthesis
5282:Gene-centered view of evolution
4570:. University of Chicago Press.
4199:Denison, RF; Kiers, ET (2004).
3546:
3449:
3408:
3121:
3070:
3009:
2950:
2850:GarcĂa-Algarra, Javier (2014).
2785:
2732:
2689:
2652:
2606:
2559:
2525:
2494:
2481:
2432:
2377:
2341:Denison, RF; Kiers, ET (2004).
2334:
2291:
2269:. University of Chicago Press.
289:bacteria that fix nitrogen for
249:Resource-resource relationships
86:the ways plants use fruits and
7438:Consumer–resource interactions
6221:Hologenome theory of evolution
6088:History of molecular evolution
5314:Evolutionarily stable strategy
5203:Last universal common ancestor
3308:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001
2860:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2331:. University of Chicago Press.
2258:
2174:
2141:
2129:
2122:Animal Parasites and Messmates
2109:
2095:
2069:
1576:
1573:
1561:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1470:= instantaneous discovery rate
1345:
1330:
424:aardvark's keen sense of smell
309:Service-resource relationships
180:Mutualism plays a key part in
142:Animal Parasites and Messmates
1:
8284:Biological data visualization
8111:Environmental niche modelling
7838:Population viability analysis
6015:Renaissance and Enlightenment
2584:10.1080/0028825X.2021.2001664
2572:New Zealand Journal of Botany
2020:
1984:– has a mutualism with humans
465:Service-service relationships
7769:Density-dependent inhibition
6403:Mixed-species foraging flock
6354:Agent-based model in biology
6336:
6226:Missing heritability problem
5853:Gamete differentiation/sexes
4220:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.08.005
3791:National Academy of Sciences
3419:. Harvard University Press.
3329:Rozsa, L; Apari, P. (2012).
2362:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.08.005
1128:Mutualism is in essence the
1073:{\displaystyle \alpha _{ii}}
7:
8238:Liebig's law of the minimum
8073:Resource selection function
6964:Metabolic theory of ecology
6650:Particle swarm optimization
4647:. Oxford University Press.
4088:Quarterly Review of Biology
3609:Annual Review of Entomology
2629:10.1007/978-3-662-03561-0_6
2507:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2039:"1. The study of mutualism"
1998:Mutualisms and conservation
1950:
1758:is essential for efficient
1137:Type II functional response
1109:{\displaystyle \beta _{ij}}
668:, species of monkey in the
269:, with the plant providing
261:associations between plant
10:
8442:
8138:Niche apportionment models
7858:Relative species abundance
7062:Primary nutritional groups
6959:List of feeding behaviours
6359:Collective animal behavior
5858:Life cycles/nuclear phases
5410:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4769:Behavior-altering parasite
3694:10.1016/j.tree.2006.06.018
2891:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.039
2117:Van Beneden, Pierre-Joseph
1988:Interspecies communication
1911:One partner may go extinct
1848:of the intestine contains
1153:Handling time interactions
708:Type I functional response
220:between groups of species.
21:Mutualism (disambiguation)
18:
8387:
8319:Ecosystem based fisheries
8261:
8161:
8086:
7959:
7931:Interspecific competition
7896:
7823:Minimum viable population
7756:
7681:Maximum sustainable yield
7666:Intraspecific competition
7661:Effective population size
7624:
7541:Anti-predator adaptations
7526:
7405:
7332:
7289:
7211:
7178:
7075:
7052:Photosynthetic efficiency
6987:
6881:
6751:
6713:
6668:
6620:
6488:
6477:
6344:
6276:
6176:
6101:
6005:
5932:
5888:
5743:
5647:
5464:
5423:
5356:Parent–offspring conflict
5292:
5161:Earliest known life forms
5082:
5049:
4939:
4891:
4779:Host–parasite coevolution
4714:
4552:10.1080/10236240500057929
4515:10.1007/s10750-004-2688-y
4484:10.1016/j.pbi.2006.05.008
3886:10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6
3738:10.1017/s0031182012000017
3350:10.1017/s0031182012000017
2718:10.1080/10236240500057929
2675:10.1007/s10750-004-2688-y
2623:. Springer. p. 118.
2203:10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6
1730:
562:-rich food-bodies called
441:, where the aphids trade
138:Pierre-Joseph van Beneden
111:interspecific competition
52:describes the ecological
8309:Ecological stoichiometry
8274:Alternative stable state
6688:Self-propelled particles
6209:Cultural group selection
6073:The eclipse of Darwinism
6045:On the Origin of Species
6020:Transmutation of species
4952:Anti-predator adaptation
4532:Mar. Freshw. Behav. Phys
3521:10.3389/fonc.2021.626349
2698:Mar. Freshw. Behav. Phys
2125:. London: Henry S. King.
2037:Bronstein, J.L. (2015).
2015:Plant–animal interaction
1130:logistic growth equation
714:Lotka–Volterra equations
516:from the fish feeds the
277:in return for primarily
243:
8414:Biological interactions
8153:Ontogenetic niche shift
8016:Ideal free distribution
7926:Ecological facilitation
7676:Malthusian growth model
7646:Consumer-resource model
7503:Paradox of the plankton
7468:Energy systems language
7188:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
7155:Optimal foraging theory
7130:Heterotrophic nutrition
6769:Collective intelligence
6635:Ant colony optimization
6214:Dual inheritance theory
6053:History of paleontology
4926:Paradox of the plankton
4704:biological interactions
4584:The American Naturalist
3975:10.1073/pnas.1633576100
3808:10.1073/pnas.1721629115
3478:10.1126/science.1104816
2984:10.1073/pnas.1633576100
2923:The American Naturalist
2740:"Swollen Thorn Acacias"
2519:10.1023/A:1005477926244
2402:10.1023/A:1020579004534
2390:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
2265:Thompson, J.N. (2005).
1972:Ecological facilitation
1797:traditional agriculture
1777:borne lethal diseases.
625:sp. ant lives with the
580:Myrmelachista schumanni
174:symbiotic relationships
79:of flowering plants by
8299:Ecological forecasting
8243:Marginal value theorem
8041:Landscape epidemiology
7976:Cross-boundary subsidy
7911:Biological interaction
7261:Microbial intelligence
6949:Green world hypothesis
6789:Microbial intelligence
6449:Shoaling and schooling
5902:Punctuated equilibrium
5223:Non-adaptive radiation
5171:Evolutionary arms race
4643:Boucher, D.H. (1985).
4566:Thompson, J. N. 2005.
4206:Microbes and Infection
4116:Bronstein, JL (2001).
2810:10.1098/rspb.2006.3760
2348:Microbes and Infection
1868:Evolution of mutualism
1852:bacteria that produce
1751:
1698:
1583:
1413:
1247:
1110:
1074:
1038:
1005:
972:
665:Cercopithecus ascanius
485:
330:
46:
8304:Ecological humanities
8203:Ecological energetics
8148:Niche differentiation
8011:Habitat fragmentation
7779:Ecological extinction
7726:Small population size
7478:Feed conversion ratio
7458:Ecological succession
7390:San Francisco Estuary
7304:Ecological efficiency
7246:Microbial cooperation
6194:Evolutionary medicine
6068:Mendelian inheritance
5776:Biological complexity
5764:Programmed cell death
5456:Phenotypic plasticity
5176:Evolutionary pressure
5166:Evidence of evolution
5064:Timeline of evolution
4892:Patterns of evolution
4273:10.1007/s004420000496
3425:10.4159/9780674425385
3415:Shipman, Pat (2015).
2299:"Mutualism (biology)"
1957:Arbuscular mycorrhiza
1836:Intestinal microbiota
1817:Three Sisters farming
1738:
1714:Structure of networks
1699:
1584:
1414:
1248:
1111:
1075:
1039:
1037:{\displaystyle r_{i}}
1006:
1004:{\displaystyle N_{i}}
973:
680:Mathematical modeling
645:Connochaetes taurinus
478:Ritter's sea anemones
472:
420:(Cucumis humifructus)
366:orchid species trade
316:
212:forms (important for
31:
8329:Evolutionary ecology
8294:Ecological footprint
8289:Ecological economics
8213:Ecological threshold
8208:Ecological indicator
8078:Source–sink dynamics
8031:Land change modeling
8026:Insular biogeography
7878:Species distribution
7617:Modelling ecosystems
7276:Microbial metabolism
7115:Intraguild predation
6904:Biogeochemical cycle
6870:Modelling ecosystems
6809:Spatial organization
6774:Decentralised system
6612:Sea turtle migration
6466:Swarming (honey bee)
6168:Teleology in biology
6063:Blending inheritance
5441:Genetic assimilation
5304:Artificial selection
5043:Evolutionary biology
4904:Convergent evolution
4885:Evolutionary ecology
4794:Parasitic castration
4734:Deception in animals
3571:10.1210/me.2014-1108
3380:Mount Pleasant, Jane
1927:Measuring the exact
1638:
1494:
1293:
1190:
1090:
1054:
1021:
988:
723:
690:functional responses
612:Amazonian rainforest
56:between two or more
33:Hummingbird hawkmoth
8409:Mutualism (biology)
8379:Theoretical ecology
8354:Natural environment
8218:Ecosystem diversity
8188:Ecological collapse
8178:Bateman's principle
8133:Limiting similarity
8046:Landscape limnology
7868:Species homogeneity
7706:Population modeling
7701:Population dynamics
7518:Trophic state index
6784:Group size measures
6346:Biological swarming
6231:Molecular evolution
6189:Ecological genetics
6058:Transitional fossil
5848:Sexual reproduction
5688:endomembrane system
5617:pollinator-mediated
5573:dolphins and whales
5351:Parental investment
4977:Distraction display
4921:Divergent evolution
4544:2005MFBP...38...43P
4476:2006COPB....9..364P
4410:1994BEcoS..35....1N
4361:2014EcolL..17..350L
4265:2000Oecol.125..321H
4136:2001EcolL...4..277B
4062:1992Ecol...73.2175B
4023:10.1038/nature07950
4015:2009Natur.458.1018B
3966:2003PNAS..100.9383B
3878:2006Mycor..16..299W
3799:2018PNAS..115.5229W
3686:2006TEcoE..21..585S
3470:2005Sci...307.1915B
3204:2014EcolL..17..350L
3154:10.1038/ncomms10179
3146:2015NatCo...610179S
3099:10.1038/nature07950
3091:2009Natur.458.1018B
3048:10.1038/nature12438
3040:2013Natur.500..449S
2975:2003PNAS..100.9383B
2883:2014JThBi.363..332G
2710:2005MFBP...38...43P
2503:Bulbophyllum patens
2195:2006Mycor..16..299W
2150:The Symbiotic Habit
1897:Mutualism breakdown
1664:
1646:
1374:
1356:
1271:= food item density
1213:
1198:
1178:functional response
930:
811:
659:Cercopithecus mitis
474:Ocellaris clownfish
384:feed (resource) on
319:red-billed oxpecker
200:relationships with
147:Mutualism is often
8390:Outline of ecology
8339:Industrial ecology
8334:Functional ecology
8198:Ecological deficit
8143:Niche construction
8106:Ecosystem engineer
7883:Species–area curve
7804:Introduced species
7619:: Other components
7551:Deimatic behaviour
7453:Ecological network
7385:North Pacific Gyre
7370:hydrothermal vents
7309:Ecological pyramid
7256:Microbial food web
7067:Primary production
7012:Foundation species
6799:Predator satiation
6660:Swarm (simulation)
6655:Swarm intelligence
6630:Agent-based models
6461:Swarming behaviour
6204:Cultural evolution
5319:Fisher's principle
5248:Handicap principle
5238:Parallel evolution
5102:Adaptive radiation
4972:Deimatic behaviour
4931:Predator satiation
4916:Parallel evolution
4833:Cleaning symbiosis
4418:10.1007/bf00167053
4155:American Zoologist
3938:The New York Times
3921:Further references
3262:10.7717/peerj.3321
2541:Journal of Zoology
2105:. 6 February 2018.
1982:Greater honeyguide
1762:. Infestations of
1752:
1694:
1690:
1659:
1579:
1487:or, equivalently,
1409:
1400:
1369:
1243:
1239:
1208:
1106:
1070:
1034:
1001:
968:
966:
916:
797:
698:dependent variable
642:) and wildebeest (
486:
390:cleaning symbiosis
331:
327:cleaning symbiosis
321:eats ticks on the
136:was introduced by
47:
8396:
8395:
8279:Balance of nature
8036:Landscape ecology
7921:Community ecology
7863:Species diversity
7799:Indicator species
7794:Gradient analysis
7671:Logistic function
7579:
7578:
7536:Animal coloration
7513:Trophic mutualism
7251:Microbial ecology
7042:Photoheterotrophs
7027:Myco-heterotrophy
6939:Ecosystem ecology
6924:Carrying capacity
6889:Abiotic component
6832:
6831:
6819:Military swarming
6764:Animal navigation
6683:Collective motion
6670:Collective motion
6537:reverse migration
6471:Swarming motility
6304:
6303:
5920:Uniformitarianism
5873:Sex-determination
5378:Sexual dimorphism
5373:Natural selection
5277:Unit of selection
5243:Signalling theory
5009:
5008:
4947:Signalling theory
4851:
4850:
4576:978-0-226-79762-5
4444:978-0-226-87400-5
4369:10.1111/ele.12236
4158:41 (4): 825-839 S
4009:(7241): 1018–20.
3464:(5717): 1915–20.
3434:978-0-674-42538-5
3393:978-1-59874-782-9
3212:10.1111/ele.12236
3085:(7241): 1018–20.
3024:(7463): 449–452.
2638:978-3-540-64886-4
2276:978-0-226-11869-7
2243:978-0-85199-947-0
2159:978-0-691-11342-5
2081:7th grade science
2054:978-0-19-166319-2
1993:MĂĽllerian mimicry
1893:for amino acids.
1873:Evolution by type
1692:
1663:
1645:
1515:
1462:logistic equation
1450:carrying capacity
1402:
1373:
1355:
1314:
1241:
1212:
1197:
874:
755:
610:sp. trees in the
533:and trees in the
417:aardvark cucumber
140:in his 1876 book
70:mycorrhizal fungi
8431:
8096:Ecological niche
8068:selection theory
7888:Umbrella species
7873:Species richness
7809:Invasive species
7789:Flagship species
7696:Population cycle
7691:Overexploitation
7656:Ecological yield
7606:
7599:
7592:
7583:
7582:
7488:Mesotrophic soil
7428:Climax community
7360:Marine food webs
7299:Biomagnification
7100:Chemoorganotroph
6954:Keystone species
6914:Biotic component
6859:
6852:
6845:
6836:
6835:
6645:Crowd simulation
6622:Swarm algorithms
6593:Insect migration
6498:Animal migration
6490:Animal migration
6483:
6408:Mobbing behavior
6331:
6324:
6317:
6308:
6307:
6294:
6284:
6283:
6083:Modern synthesis
5843:Multicellularity
5838:Mosaic evolution
5723:auditory ossicle
5405:Social selection
5388:Flowering plants
5383:Sexual selection
5036:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5012:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4842:
4835:
4821:
4814:
4789:Kleptoparasitism
4774:Brood parasitism
4694:
4687:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4639:
4608:
4563:
4526:
4509:(1–3): 513–520.
4495:
4456:
4429:
4390:
4380:
4341:
4323:
4313:
4292:
4245:
4232:
4222:
4195:
4185:
4149:
4147:
4112:
4081:
4042:
3997:
3987:
3977:
3942:
3931:(22 July 2016).
3914:
3913:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3828:
3810:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3723:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3629:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3523:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3033:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2876:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2804:(1611): 827–32.
2789:
2783:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2746:. Archived from
2744:www2.palomar.edu
2736:
2730:
2729:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2669:(1–3): 513–520.
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2460:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2034:
1801:companion plants
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1660:
1658:
1642:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1560:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1480:to new units of
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1209:
1207:
1194:
1172:that there is a
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1000:
999:
977:
975:
974:
969:
967:
963:
962:
953:
952:
943:
942:
929:
924:
915:
914:
902:
901:
892:
891:
875:
873:
865:
864:
863:
850:
844:
843:
834:
833:
824:
823:
810:
805:
796:
795:
783:
782:
773:
772:
756:
754:
746:
745:
744:
731:
566:that are on the
433:Another type is
428:C. humifructus's
216:mutualisms) and
8441:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8428:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8383:
8369:Systems ecology
8257:
8228:Extinction debt
8193:Ecological debt
8183:Bioluminescence
8164:
8157:
8126:marine habitats
8101:Ecological trap
8082:
7962:
7955:
7898:
7892:
7848:Rapoport's rule
7843:Priority effect
7784:Endemic species
7752:
7711:Population size
7627:
7620:
7610:
7580:
7575:
7528:
7522:
7508:Trophic cascade
7418:Bioaccumulation
7401:
7328:
7285:
7207:
7174:
7071:
6983:
6944:Ecosystem model
6877:
6863:
6833:
6828:
6747:
6709:
6664:
6616:
6484:
6475:
6340:
6335:
6305:
6300:
6272:
6199:Group selection
6172:
6097:
6001:
5928:
5890:Tempo and modes
5884:
5739:
5643:
5460:
5419:
5295:
5288:
5265:Species complex
5078:
5069:History of life
5045:
5040:
5010:
5005:
4935:
4887:
4882:
4852:
4847:
4838:
4831:
4817:
4810:
4710:
4698:
4655:
4616:
4614:Further reading
4611:
4445:
4348:Ecology Letters
4321:
4169:New Phytologist
4123:Ecology Letters
4070:10.2307/1941465
3929:Angier, Natalie
3923:
3918:
3917:
3854:
3850:
3773:
3769:
3716:
3709:
3680:(10): 585–592.
3670:
3659:
3600:
3596:
3551:
3547:
3500:
3493:
3454:
3450:
3435:
3413:
3409:
3394:
3377:
3373:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3292:
3288:
3241:
3237:
3192:Ecology Letters
3188:
3179:
3126:
3122:
3075:
3071:
3014:
3010:
2955:
2951:
2918:
2914:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2798:Proc. Biol. Sci
2790:
2786:
2780:Greenwood Press
2770:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2750:on 27 June 2018
2738:
2737:
2733:
2694:
2690:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2611:
2607:
2564:
2560:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2437:
2433:
2382:
2378:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2277:
2263:
2259:
2244:
2230:
2226:
2179:
2175:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2055:
2035:
2028:
2023:
1953:
1925:
1899:
1875:
1870:
1838:
1807:. For example,
1733:
1716:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1621:
1605:
1556:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1326:
1322:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1282:= handling time
1281:
1232:
1228:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1139:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
995:
991:
989:
986:
985:
965:
964:
958:
954:
948:
944:
938:
934:
925:
920:
910:
906:
897:
893:
887:
883:
876:
866:
859:
855:
851:
849:
846:
845:
839:
835:
829:
825:
819:
815:
806:
801:
791:
787:
778:
774:
768:
764:
757:
747:
740:
736:
732:
730:
726:
724:
721:
720:
710:
682:
670:Kakamega Forest
639:Equus burchelli
599:devil's gardens
548:bullhorn acacia
544:whistling thorn
467:
341:symbiosis, and
311:
251:
246:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8439:
8438:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8349:Microecosystem
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8265:
8263:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8248:Thorson's rule
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8173:Assembly rules
8169:
8167:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8092:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8058:
8056:Patch dynamics
8053:
8051:Metapopulation
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7967:
7965:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7946:Storage effect
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7902:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7828:Neutral theory
7825:
7820:
7815:
7813:Native species
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7686:Overpopulation
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7632:
7630:
7622:
7621:
7609:
7608:
7601:
7594:
7586:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7532:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7493:Nutrient cycle
7490:
7485:
7483:Feeding frenzy
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7463:Energy quality
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7423:Cascade effect
7420:
7415:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7336:
7334:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7295:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7266:Microbial loop
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7231:Lithoautotroph
7228:
7223:
7217:
7215:
7213:Microorganisms
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7184:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7170:Prey switching
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7081:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7047:Photosynthesis
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
7002:Chemosynthesis
6999:
6993:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6894:Abiotic stress
6891:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6862:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6839:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6804:Quorum sensing
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6755:
6753:
6752:Related topics
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6738:Swarm robotics
6735:
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6715:Swarm robotics
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6549:Fish migration
6546:
6544:Cell migration
6541:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6527:Bird migration
6524:
6523:
6522:
6520:coded wire tag
6517:
6516:
6515:
6505:
6494:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6413:feeding frenzy
6405:
6400:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6334:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6311:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6288:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6039:Charles Darwin
6036:
6035:
6034:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5977:Non-ecological
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5917:
5908:
5894:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5750:
5748:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5728:nervous system
5725:
5720:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5548:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5228:Origin of life
5225:
5220:
5215:
5213:Microevolution
5210:
5208:Macroevolution
5205:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5146:Common descent
5143:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5126:
5124:Baldwin effect
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:Apparent death
4964:
4959:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4653:
4640:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4597:10.1086/285003
4578:
4564:
4527:
4496:
4470:(4): 364–370.
4457:
4443:
4430:
4391:
4342:
4314:
4293:
4259:(3): 321–330.
4246:
4233:
4213:(13): 1235–9.
4196:
4159:
4150:
4130:(3): 277–287.
4113:
4101:10.1086/418432
4082:
4056:(6): 2175–80.
4043:
3998:
3960:(16): 9383–7.
3943:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3848:
3767:
3732:(6): 696–700.
3707:
3657:
3618:Annual Reviews
3594:
3565:(8): 1221–38.
3559:Mol Endocrinol
3545:
3491:
3448:
3433:
3407:
3392:
3371:
3344:(6): 696–700.
3321:
3286:
3235:
3177:
3120:
3069:
3008:
2969:(16): 9383–7.
2949:
2936:10.1086/285003
2912:
2842:
2833:
2784:
2761:
2731:
2688:
2651:
2637:
2605:
2578:(3): 319–329.
2558:
2547:(3): 306–312.
2524:
2513:(2): 533–546.
2493:
2480:
2451:(1): 363–384.
2431:
2396:(1): 257–261.
2376:
2355:(13): 1235–9.
2333:
2315:
2305:, 13 June 2024
2290:
2275:
2257:
2242:
2224:
2189:(5): 299–363.
2173:
2158:
2140:
2136:Bronstein 2015
2128:
2108:
2094:
2083:. IXL Learning
2068:
2053:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1858:microorganisms
1837:
1834:
1732:
1729:
1715:
1712:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1606:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1485:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1443:
1434:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1206:
1203:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1167:searching time
1155:
1154:
1138:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1085:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1049:
1031:
1027:
1016:
998:
994:
979:
978:
961:
957:
951:
947:
941:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
913:
909:
905:
900:
896:
890:
886:
882:
879:
877:
872:
869:
862:
858:
854:
848:
847:
842:
838:
832:
828:
822:
818:
814:
809:
804:
800:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
771:
767:
763:
760:
758:
753:
750:
743:
739:
735:
729:
728:
709:
706:
681:
678:
595:Duroia hirsute
586:Duroia hirsute
564:Beltian bodies
542:, such as the
510:Chaetodontidae
496:in the family
466:
463:
437:protection of
325:'s coat, in a
310:
307:
250:
247:
245:
242:
222:
221:
205:
107:
106:
95:
92:seed dispersal
84:
73:
35:drinking from
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8437:
8436:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8391:
8386:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8374:Urban ecology
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8233:Kleiber's law
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8085:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8006:Foster's rule
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7623:
7618:
7614:
7607:
7602:
7600:
7595:
7593:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7324:Trophic level
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7281:Phage ecology
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7271:Microbial mat
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7226:Bacteriophage
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7193:Decomposition
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7140:Mesopredators
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7085:Apex predator
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6919:Biotic stress
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6860:
6855:
6853:
6848:
6846:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6678:Active matter
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6554:diel vertical
6552:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6391:herd behavior
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6320:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6287:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6241:Phylogenetics
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6144:Structuralism
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6119:Catastrophism
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Neo-Darwinism
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Reinforcement
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5924:Catastrophism
5921:
5918:
5916:
5915:Macromutation
5912:
5911:Micromutation
5909:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5818:Immune system
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5742:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5678:symbiogenesis
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5346:Kin selection
5344:
5342:
5341:Genetic drift
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4867:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Hyperparasite
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:Inter-species
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4654:0-7099-3238-3
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4502:Hydrobiologia
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4244:(3): 332–340.
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4176:(3): 412–28.
4175:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3712:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3302:(5): 247–51.
3301:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2662:Hydrobiologia
2655:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Symbiogenesis
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Co-adaptation
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1632:
1629:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1204:
1201:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:handling time
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:C. S. Holling
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1047:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1014:
996:
992:
984:
983:
982:
959:
955:
949:
945:
939:
935:
931:
926:
921:
917:
911:
907:
903:
898:
894:
888:
884:
880:
878:
870:
867:
860:
856:
852:
840:
836:
830:
826:
820:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
792:
788:
784:
779:
775:
769:
765:
761:
759:
751:
748:
741:
737:
733:
719:
718:
717:
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
660:
655:
651:
647:
646:
641:
640:
633:
630:
629:
624:
619:
618:
613:
609:
608:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
582:
581:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:
536:
532:
531:
527:in the genus
526:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:butterflyfish
503:
499:
498:Pomacentridae
495:
491:
483:
482:butterflyfish
479:
475:
471:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
418:
413:
409:
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:
391:
387:
386:ectoparasites
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
368:sex pheromone
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
328:
324:
320:
315:
306:
304:
303:cross-feeding
300:
296:
295:carbohydrates
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:carbohydrates
268:
264:
260:
256:
241:
239:
235:
234:symbiogenesis
231:
226:
219:
215:
211:
206:
203:
199:
195:
194:
193:
192:function as:
191:
187:
183:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
117:fitness, and
116:
112:
104:
103:zooxanthellae
100:
96:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
77:fertilization
74:
71:
67:
66:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
8359:Regime shift
8344:Macroecology
8065:
8061:
8001:Edge effects
7971:Biogeography
7935:
7916:Commensalism
7764:Biodiversity
7641:Allee effect
7380:kelp forests
7333:Example webs
7198:Detritivores
7037:Organotrophs
7017:Kinetotrophs
6969:Productivity
6793:
6759:Allee effect
6733:Nanorobotics
6723:Ant robotics
6700:Vicsek model
6253:Polymorphism
6236:Astrobiology
6184:Biogeography
6139:Saltationism
6129:Orthogenesis
6114:Alternatives
6043:
6029:
5962:Cospeciation
5957:Cladogenesis
5906:Saltationism
5863:Mating types
5786:Color vision
5771:Avian flight
5693:mitochondria
5431:Canalisation
5309:Biodiversity
5138:
5054:Introduction
4957:Alarm signal
4748:
4724:Commensalism
4644:
4627:
4621:
4591:(4): 664–7.
4588:
4582:
4567:
4538:(1): 43–51.
4535:
4531:
4506:
4500:
4467:
4461:
4434:
4401:
4395:
4355:(3): 350–9.
4352:
4346:
4329:
4325:
4301:
4297:
4256:
4250:
4241:
4237:
4210:
4204:
4173:
4167:
4153:
4127:
4121:
4095:(1): 31–51.
4092:
4086:
4053:
4047:
4006:
4002:
3957:
3951:
3936:
3872:): 299–363.
3861:
3857:
3851:
3786:
3780:
3770:
3729:
3726:Parasitology
3725:
3677:
3673:
3613:
3607:
3597:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3511:
3507:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3416:
3410:
3383:
3374:
3341:
3338:Parasitology
3337:
3324:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3198:(3): 350–9.
3195:
3191:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3021:
3017:
3011:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2930:(4): 664–7.
2927:
2921:
2915:
2864:
2858:
2845:
2836:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2775:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:the original
2743:
2734:
2704:(1): 43–51.
2701:
2697:
2691:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2619:
2608:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2483:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2328:
2307:, retrieved
2302:
2293:
2266:
2260:
2233:
2227:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2149:
2143:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2043:
2002:
1944:
1926:
1917:
1900:
1887:Issatchenkia
1885:
1879:
1876:
1862:colon cancer
1854:bacteriocins
1846:mucous layer
1839:
1830:Neanderthals
1825:Homo sapiens
1823:
1821:
1811:may grow up
1805:pest control
1794:
1782:domesticated
1779:
1766:
1753:
1748:domesticated
1725:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1704:
1633:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1156:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1081:
1045:
1012:
980:
711:
701:
693:
683:
663:
657:
643:
637:
634:
626:
622:
615:
605:
603:
594:
584:
578:
572:
567:
537:
530:Pseudomyrmex
528:
494:anemone fish
490:sea anemones
487:
432:
427:
419:
410:
404:, genera of
399:
393:
380:
363:Bulbophyllum
361:
347:
332:
252:
230:evolutionary
227:
223:
218:co-evolution
179:
146:
141:
133:
131:
119:exploitation
114:
108:
49:
48:
36:
25:
7996:Disturbance
7899:interaction
7721:Recruitment
7651:Depensation
7443:Copiotrophs
7314:Energy flow
7236:Lithotrophy
7180:Decomposers
7160:Planktivore
7135:Insectivore
7125:Heterotroph
7090:Bacterivore
7057:Phototrophs
7007:Chemotrophs
6979:Restoration
6929:Competition
6779:Eusociality
6728:Microbotics
6598:butterflies
6569:sardine run
6503:altitudinal
6425:pack hunter
6263:Systematics
6134:Mutationism
5952:Catagenesis
5880:Snake venom
5813:Eusociality
5791:in primates
5781:Cooperation
5709:In animals
5529:butterflies
5502:Cephalopods
5492:Brachiopods
5424:Development
5398:Mate choice
5151:Convergence
5134:Coevolution
5092:Abiogenesis
5001:Unkenreflex
4962:Aposematism
4759:Synnecrosis
4739:Inquilinism
4729:Competition
4630:: 315–347.
4404:(1): 1–11.
4378:10261/91808
3793:: 5229–34.
3620:: 431–455.
3508:Front Oncol
3221:10261/91808
2867:: 332–343.
2772:Piper, Ross
2754:22 February
1967:Coevolution
1941:facultative
1120:on species
652:across the
591:formic acid
382:Phagophiles
350:pollination
335:pollination
283:nitrogenous
259:mycorrhizal
257:barter" in
238:mycorrhizal
214:pollination
198:mycorrhizal
157:Cooperation
121:, and with
81:pollinators
54:interaction
43:pollination
8403:Categories
8364:Sexecology
7941:Parasitism
7906:Antibiosis
7741:Resistance
7736:Resilience
7626:Population
7546:Camouflage
7498:Oligotroph
7413:Ascendency
7375:intertidal
7365:cold seeps
7319:Food chain
7120:Herbivores
7095:Carnivores
7022:Mixotrophs
6997:Autotrophs
6876:components
6693:clustering
6586:philopatry
6564:salmon run
6559:Lessepsian
6124:Lamarckism
6102:Philosophy
6025:David Hume
5987:Peripatric
5982:Parapatric
5967:Ecological
5947:Anagenesis
5942:Allopatric
5934:Speciation
5898:Gradualism
5823:Metabolism
5683:chromosome
5673:Eukaryotes
5451:Modularity
5368:Population
5294:Population
5255:Speciation
5233:Panspermia
5186:Extinction
5181:Exaptation
5156:Divergence
5129:Cladistics
5117:Reciprocal
5097:Adaptation
4991:Camouflage
4840:Mycorrhiza
4819:Intraguild
4799:Parasitoid
4764:Parasitism
4754:Neutralism
4719:Amensalism
4453:1109234356
4310:10125/8370
3858:Mycorrhiza
3514:: 626349.
3134:Nat Commun
2644:28 January
2489:Attractant
2183:Mycorrhiza
2168:1277051994
2087:4 December
2021:References
1933:pollinator
1890:orientalis
1881:Drosophila
1813:cornstalks
1775:body louse
700:) and the
577:, the ant
575:neotropics
556:herbivores
395:Elacatinus
291:leguminous
255:biological
127:parasitism
123:parasitism
62:ecological
8419:Symbiosis
8269:Allometry
8223:Emergence
7951:Symbiosis
7936:Mutualism
7731:Stability
7636:Abundance
7448:Dominance
7406:Processes
7395:tide pool
7291:Food webs
7165:Predation
7150:Omnivores
7077:Consumers
7032:Mycotroph
6989:Producers
6934:Ecosystem
6899:Behaviour
6814:Stigmergy
6794:Mutualism
6454:bait ball
6258:Protocell
6109:Darwinism
5997:Sympatric
5746:processes
5634:Tetrapods
5583:Kangaroos
5509:Dinosaurs
5446:Inversion
5415:Variation
5336:Gene flow
5329:Inclusive
5139:Mutualism
5084:Evolution
4827:Symbiosis
4812:Carnivore
4806:Predation
4749:Mutualism
4304:: 181–5.
4252:Oecologia
3894:0940-6360
3817:0027-8424
3762:206247019
3746:0031-1820
3652:204704243
3636:0066-4170
3443:898113099
3402:785782398
3366:206247019
3255:: e3321.
3140:: 10179.
3031:1308.4807
2874:1305.5411
2600:244683146
2592:0028-825X
2487:See also
2475:239694099
2467:1543-592X
2410:1572-9699
2303:Knowledge
2285:646854337
2252:228171397
2063:913513762
2044:Mutualism
1977:Frugivore
1850:commensal
1828:had over
1764:head lice
1760:digestion
1756:gut flora
1628:isoclines
1551:β
1536:−
1460:, in the
1337:−
1157:In 1959,
1095:β
1059:α
936:β
908:α
904:−
817:β
789:α
785:−
686:predation
654:Serengeti
650:migration
623:Allomerus
617:Allomerus
518:symbiotic
502:predators
455:predators
401:Gobiosoma
372:synomones
281:but also
279:phosphate
190:ecosystem
186:evolution
170:commensal
166:parasitic
162:Symbiosis
153:symbiosis
149:conflated
134:mutualism
132:The term
50:Mutualism
8424:Ethology
8324:Endolith
8253:Xerosere
8165:networks
7981:Ecocline
7527:Defense,
7203:Detritus
7105:Foraging
6974:Resource
6743:Symbrion
6705:BIO-LGCA
6508:tracking
6437:ant mill
6379:sort sol
6374:flocking
6338:Swarming
6286:Category
6161:Vitalism
6156:Theistic
6149:Spandrel
5833:Morality
5828:Monogamy
5703:plastids
5668:Flagella
5624:Reptiles
5605:sea cows
5588:primates
5497:Molluscs
5475:Bacteria
5363:Mutation
5296:genetics
5272:Taxonomy
5218:Mismatch
5198:Homology
5112:Cheating
5107:Altruism
4909:examples
4663:11971241
4605:83502337
4560:53051081
4492:16713732
4426:37085820
4387:24386999
4338:10125/95
4332:: 9–28.
4289:22756212
4281:28547326
4229:15488744
4192:17083673
4109:85294431
4031:19396144
3994:12881488
3910:30468942
3902:16845554
3870:Springer
3843:14055644
3835:29712857
3754:22309598
3702:16828927
3644:31610133
3589:24892638
3540:33937029
3486:15790844
3358:22309598
3316:16701579
3296:Anaerobe
3281:28533969
3230:24386999
3172:26674106
3107:19396144
3056:23969462
3003:12881488
2944:83502337
2907:15940333
2899:25173080
2828:17251090
2774:(2007),
2726:53051081
2418:12448724
2371:15488744
2219:30468942
2211:16845554
2119:(1876).
1951:See also
1937:obligate
628:Hirtella
508:(family
459:ladybugs
457:such as
447:honeydew
412:Zoochory
343:zoochory
339:cleaning
299:bacteria
287:rhizobia
97:the way
38:Dianthus
8314:Ecopath
8121:Habitat
7991:Ecotype
7986:Ecotone
7963:ecology
7961:Spatial
7897:Species
7757:Species
7628:ecology
7613:Ecology
7561:Mimicry
7529:counter
7473:f-ratio
7221:Archaea
6909:Biomass
6882:General
6874:Trophic
6866:Ecology
6603:monarch
6532:flyways
6513:history
6364:Droving
6177:Related
6007:History
5868:Meiosis
5803:Empathy
5798:Emotion
5698:nucleus
5639:Viruses
5629:Spiders
5541:Mammals
5524:Insects
5324:Fitness
5260:Species
5059:Outline
4996:Mimicry
4986:Crypsis
4940:Signals
4744:Mimicry
4708:ecology
4540:Bibcode
4523:2251533
4472:Bibcode
4406:Bibcode
4357:Bibcode
4261:Bibcode
4132:Bibcode
4078:1941465
4058:Bibcode
4049:Ecology
4039:4395634
4011:Bibcode
3962:Bibcode
3874:Bibcode
3826:5960305
3795:Bibcode
3682:Bibcode
3580:5414803
3531:8082020
3466:Bibcode
3458:Science
3272:5438587
3200:Bibcode
3163:4703855
3142:Bibcode
3115:4395634
3087:Bibcode
3064:4412384
3036:Bibcode
2971:Bibcode
2879:Bibcode
2819:2093981
2706:Bibcode
2683:2251533
2426:9310406
2309:14 June
2191:Bibcode
1929:fitness
1790:shatter
702:density
694:benefit
636:zebra (
573:In the
570:plant.
514:ammonia
273:to the
240:fungi.
182:ecology
115:reduced
58:species
41:, with
7345:Rivers
7241:Marine
6576:Homing
6398:Locust
6296:Portal
5972:Hybrid
5808:Ethics
5650:organs
5612:Plants
5598:lemurs
5593:humans
5578:horses
5568:hyenas
5556:wolves
5551:canids
5485:origin
4661:
4651:
4603:
4574:
4558:
4521:
4490:
4451:
4441:
4424:
4385:
4287:
4279:
4227:
4190:
4107:
4076:
4037:
4029:
4003:Nature
3992:
3985:170927
3982:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3841:
3833:
3823:
3815:
3789:(20).
3760:
3752:
3744:
3700:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3587:
3577:
3538:
3528:
3484:
3441:
3431:
3400:
3390:
3364:
3356:
3314:
3279:
3269:
3228:
3170:
3160:
3113:
3105:
3079:Nature
3062:
3054:
3018:Nature
3001:
2994:170927
2991:
2942:
2905:
2897:
2826:
2816:
2724:
2681:
2635:
2598:
2590:
2473:
2465:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2369:
2283:
2273:
2250:
2240:
2217:
2209:
2166:
2156:
2061:
2051:
1771:immune
1731:Humans
1592:where
1422:where
1258:where
981:where
607:Cordia
568:Acacia
550:. The
539:Acacia
445:-rich
439:aphids
406:gobies
376:Dacini
358:pollen
354:nectar
323:impala
275:fungus
210:flower
99:corals
88:edible
8262:Other
8163:Other
8116:Guild
8088:Niche
7340:Lakes
6640:Boids
6581:natal
6369:Flock
5759:Death
5754:Aging
5733:brain
5519:Fungi
5480:Birds
5393:Fungi
5191:Event
5074:Index
4601:S2CID
4556:S2CID
4519:S2CID
4422:S2CID
4322:(PDF)
4285:S2CID
4105:S2CID
4074:JSTOR
4035:S2CID
3906:S2CID
3864:(5).
3839:S2CID
3758:S2CID
3648:S2CID
3616:(1).
3362:S2CID
3334:(PDF)
3249:PeerJ
3111:S2CID
3060:S2CID
3026:arXiv
2940:S2CID
2903:S2CID
2869:arXiv
2855:(PDF)
2722:S2CID
2679:S2CID
2596:S2CID
2537:(PDF)
2471:S2CID
2422:S2CID
2215:S2CID
1809:beans
1786:maize
1767:might
1744:sheep
1456:, of
1169:; and
674:Kenya
560:lipid
535:genus
521:algae
443:sugar
267:fungi
263:roots
244:Types
202:fungi
172:, so
168:, or
94:, and
7350:Soil
6420:Pack
6386:Herd
6246:Tree
5718:hair
5658:Cell
5561:dogs
5546:cats
5536:Life
5514:Fish
5467:taxa
4659:OCLC
4649:ISBN
4572:ISBN
4488:PMID
4449:OCLC
4439:ISBN
4383:PMID
4277:PMID
4225:PMID
4188:PMID
4027:PMID
3990:PMID
3898:PMID
3890:ISSN
3831:PMID
3813:ISSN
3750:PMID
3742:ISSN
3698:PMID
3674:TREE
3640:PMID
3632:ISSN
3585:PMID
3536:PMID
3482:PMID
3439:OCLC
3429:ISBN
3398:OCLC
3388:ISBN
3354:PMID
3312:PMID
3277:PMID
3226:PMID
3168:PMID
3103:PMID
3052:PMID
2999:PMID
2895:PMID
2824:PMID
2756:2019
2646:2023
2633:ISBN
2588:ISSN
2463:ISSN
2414:PMID
2406:ISSN
2367:PMID
2311:2024
2281:OCLC
2271:ISBN
2248:OCLC
2238:ISBN
2207:PMID
2164:OCLC
2154:ISBN
2089:2023
2059:OCLC
2049:ISBN
1945:e.g.
1939:and
1840:The
1742:and
1740:Dogs
1599:= 1/
1452:, 1/
1429:and
662:and
552:ants
546:and
525:ants
492:and
476:and
398:and
317:The
265:and
184:and
75:the
5744:Of
5713:eye
5663:DNA
5648:Of
5465:Of
4706:in
4632:doi
4593:doi
4589:134
4548:doi
4511:doi
4507:530
4480:doi
4414:doi
4373:hdl
4365:doi
4334:hdl
4306:hdl
4269:doi
4257:125
4215:doi
4178:doi
4174:172
4140:doi
4097:doi
4066:doi
4019:doi
4007:458
3980:PMC
3970:doi
3958:100
3882:doi
3821:PMC
3803:doi
3787:115
3734:doi
3730:139
3690:doi
3622:doi
3575:PMC
3567:doi
3526:PMC
3516:doi
3474:doi
3462:307
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