Magnetic resonance imaging

2266: 2618:, there are physical and physiologic limits to the rate of gradient switching. Parallel MRI circumvents these limits by gathering some portion of the data simultaneously, rather than in a traditional sequential fashion. This is accomplished using arrays of radiofrequency (RF) detector coils, each with a different 'view' of the body. A reduced set of gradient steps is applied, and the remaining spatial information is filled in by combining signals from various coils, based on their known spatial sensitivity patterns. The resulting acceleration is limited by the number of coils and by the signal to noise ratio (which decreases with increasing acceleration), but two- to four-fold accelerations may commonly be achieved with suitable coil array configurations, and substantially higher accelerations have been demonstrated with specialized coil arrays. Parallel MRI may be used with most 1768: 2387: 413: 1915: 2031: 1702: 1657: 2606:

been applied to achieve targeting. To enhance the sensitivity of the contrast agents, these targeting moieties are usually linked to high payload MRI contrast agents or MRI contrast agents with high relaxivities. A new class of gene targeting MR contrast agents has been introduced to show gene action of unique mRNA and gene transcription factor proteins. These new contrast agents can trace cells with unique mRNA, microRNA and virus; tissue response to inflammation in living brains. The MR reports change in gene expression with positive correlation to TaqMan analysis, optical and electron microscopy.

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The SENSitivity Encoding (SENSE) and Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA) techniques are the parallel imaging methods in most common use today. The advent of parallel MRI resulted in extensive research and development in image reconstruction and RF coil design, as well as in a rapid expansion of the number of receiver channels available on commercial MR systems. Parallel MRI is now used routinely for MRI examinations in a wide range of body areas and clinical or research applications.

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spaces within the lungs. Injectable solutions containing C or stabilized bubbles of hyperpolarized Xe have been studied as contrast agents for angiography and perfusion imaging. P can potentially provide information on bone density and structure, as well as functional imaging of the brain. Multinuclear imaging holds the potential to chart the distribution of lithium in the human brain, this element finding use as an important drug for those with conditions such as bipolar disorder.

1839: 428: 2373: 1880: 10236: 2392: 2391: 2388: 1797: 2393: 1610: 2133: 2390: 2959: 2177: 2225: 530: 2345: 2320:), but the spectra in each voxel contains information about many metabolites. Because the available signal is used to encode spatial and spectral information, MRSI requires high SNR achievable only at higher field strengths (3 T and above). The high procurement and maintenance costs of MRI with extremely high field strengths inhibit their popularity. However, recent 346:, that are in tissues create a signal that is processed to form an image of the body in terms of the density of those nuclei in a specific region. Given that the protons are affected by fields from other atoms to which they are bonded, it is possible to separate responses from hydrogen in specific compounds. To perform a study, the person is positioned within an 1307: 1381:. Most contrast agents are either paramagnetic (e.g.: gadolinium, manganese, europium), and are used to shorten T1 in the tissue they accumulate in, or super-paramagnetic (SPIONs), and are used to shorten T2 and T2* in healthy tissue reducing its signal intensity (negative contrast agents). The most commonly used intravenous contrast agents are based on 631:. This magnetization along z is defined as the equilibrium magnetization; magnetization is defined as the sum of all magnetic dipoles in a sample. Following the equilibrium magnetization, a 90° radiofrequency (RF) pulse flips the direction of the magnetization vector in the xy-plane, and is then switched off. The initial magnetic field B 56: 2376: 2375: 2833:, that is, an anomaly during visual representation. Many different artifacts can occur during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some affecting the diagnostic quality, while others may be confused with pathology. Artifacts can be classified as patient-related, signal processing-dependent and hardware (machine)-related. 2377: 4521:

Peterson, Bradley S.; Trampush, Joey; Maglione, Margaret; Bolshakova, Maria; Brown, Morah; Rozelle, Mary; Motala, Aneesa; Yagyu, Sachi; Miles, Jeremy; Pakdaman, Sheila; Gastelum, Mario; Nguyen, Bich Thuy (Becky); Tokutomi, Erin; Lee, Esther; Belay, Jerusalem Z.; Schaefer, Coleman; Coughlin, Benjamin;

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Being non-invasive and non-damaging, MRI can be used to study the anatomy of plants, their water transportation processes and water balance. It is also applied to veterinary radiology for diagnostic purposes. Outside this, its use in zoology is limited due to the high cost; but it can be used on many

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of diseased tissue. MR imaging provides a three-dimensional view of the target tissue, allowing for the precise focusing of ultrasound energy. The MR imaging provides quantitative, real-time, thermal images of the treated area. This allows the physician to ensure that the temperature generated during

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announced in a drug safety communication that new warnings were to be included on all gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). The FDA also called for increased patient education and requiring gadolinium contrast vendors to conduct additional animal and clinical studies to assess the safety of these

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Techniques involving phase accumulation (known as phase contrast angiography) can also be used to generate flow velocity maps easily and accurately. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is a similar procedure that is used to image veins. In this method, the tissue is now excited inferiorly, while the

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Most MRI focuses on qualitative interpretation of MR data by acquiring spatial maps of relative variations in signal strength which are "weighted" by certain parameters. Quantitative methods instead attempt to determine spatial maps of accurate tissue relaxometry parameter values or magnetic field,

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American College of Radiology; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; North American Society for Cardiac Imaging; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography Interventions; Society of Interventional Radiology

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After a number of early suggestions for using arrays of detectors to accelerate imaging went largely unremarked in the MRI field, parallel imaging saw widespread development and application following the introduction of the SiMultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics (SMASH) technique in 1996–7.

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Multinuclear imaging is primarily a research technique at present. However, potential applications include functional imaging and imaging of organs poorly seen on H MRI (e.g., lungs and bones) or as alternative contrast agents. Inhaled hyperpolarized He can be used to image the distribution of air

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Moreover, the nucleus of any atom that has a net nuclear spin and that is bonded to a hydrogen atom could potentially be imaged via heteronuclear magnetization transfer MRI that would image the high-gyromagnetic-ratio hydrogen nucleus instead of the low-gyromagnetic-ratio nucleus that is bonded to

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in body tissues, which can be achieved through a variety of single voxel or imaging-based techniques. The MR signal produces a spectrum of resonances that corresponds to different molecular arrangements of the isotope being "excited". This signature is used to diagnose certain metabolic disorders,

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are rare, occurring in approx. 0.03–0.1%. Of particular interest is the lower incidence of nephrotoxicity, compared with iodinated agents, when given at usual doses—this has made contrast-enhanced MRI scanning an option for patients with renal impairment, who would otherwise not be able to undergo

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Swallowing movement of throat and oesophagus can cause motion artifact over the imaged spine. Therefore, a saturation pulse applied over this region the throat and oesophagus can help to avoid this artifact. Motion artifact arising due to pumping of the heart can be reduced by timing the MRI pulse

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with high specificity and high relaxivity (sensitivity) are required. To date, many studies have been devoted to developing targeted-MRI contrast agents to achieve molecular imaging by MRI. Commonly, peptides, antibodies, or small ligands, and small protein domains, such as HER-2 affibodies, have

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Though MRI is used widely in research on mental disabilities, based on a 2024 systematic literature review and meta analysis commissioned by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), available research using MRI scans to diagnose ADHD showed great variability. The authors conclude

4615:(October 2006). "ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group". 2794:

Medical societies issue guidelines for when physicians should use MRI on patients and recommend against overuse. MRI can detect health problems or confirm a diagnosis, but medical societies often recommend that MRI not be the first procedure for creating a plan to diagnose or manage a patient's

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Aivazoglou, LU; Guimarães, JB; Link, TM; Costa, MAF; Cardoso, FN; de Mattos Lombardi Badia, B; Farias, IB; de Rezende Pinto, WBV; de Souza, PVS; Oliveira, ASB; de Siqueira Carvalho, AA; Aihara, AY; da Rocha Corrêa Fernandes, A (21 April 2021). "MR imaging of inherited myopathies: a review and

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Traditional MRI generates poor images of lung tissue because there are fewer water molecules with protons that can be excited by the magnetic field. Using hyperpolarized gas an MRI scan can identify ventilation defects in the lungs. Before the scan, a patient is asked to inhale hyperpolarized

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Quantitative MRI (or qMRI) sometimes more specifically refers to multi-parametric quantitative MRI, the mapping of multiple tissue relaxometry parameters in a single imaging session. Efforts to make multi-parametric quantitative MRI faster have produced sequences which map multiple parameters

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can induce an RF signal in a radio frequency coil and thereby be detected. In other words, the nuclear magnetic spin of protons in the hydrogen nuclei resonates with the RF incident waves and emit coherent radiation with compact direction, energy (frequency) and phase. This coherent amplified

1332:(vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture). MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (called a "run-off"). A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures, such as administration of a 481:

systems, also called 3 Tesla MRIs, have stronger magnets than 1.5 systems and are considered better for images of organs and soft tissue. Whole-body MRI systems for research applications operate in e.g. 9.4T, 10.5T, 11.7T. Even higher field whole-body MRI systems e.g. 14 T and beyond are in

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sequences. Extracellular contrast agents are used widely in liver MRI, and newer hepatobiliary contrast agents also provide the opportunity to perform functional biliary imaging. Anatomical imaging of the bile ducts is achieved by using a heavily T2-weighted sequence in magnetic resonance

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following their perturbation by an oscillating magnetic field (in the form of radiofrequency pulses through the sample). The relaxation rates are a measure of the time it takes for a signal to decay back to an equilibrium state from either the longitudinal or transverse plane.

2389: 2471:, in which an MRI is used in surgery. Some specialized MRI systems allow imaging concurrent with the surgical procedure. More typically, the surgical procedure is temporarily interrupted so that MRI can assess the success of the procedure or guide subsequent surgical work. 60: 5386: 2349: 2348: 1639:

Low signal for fat − Note that this only applies to standard Spin Echo (SE) sequences and not the more modern Fast Spin Echo (FSE) sequence (also referred to as Turbo Spin Echo, TSE), which is the most commonly used technique today. In FSE/TSE, fat will have a high

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scanner approved by the FDA in 2020. Recently, MRI has been demonstrated also at ultra-low fields, i.e., in the microtesla-to-millitesla range, where sufficient signal quality is made possible by prepolarization (on the order of 10–100 mT) and by measuring the

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when either modality could yield the same information. Some patients experience claustrophobia and may require sedation or shorter MRI protocols. Amplitude and rapid switching of gradient coils during image acquisition may cause peripheral nerve stimulation.

2351: 2562:-water) that hyperpolarization is not a necessity. Using helium or xenon has the advantage of reduced background noise, and therefore increased contrast for the image itself, because these elements are not normally present in biological tissues. 333:

Schematic of a cylindrical superconducting MR scanner. Top: cross section of the cylinder with primary coil, gradient coils and RF transmit coilsBottom: longitudinal section of the cylinder and table, showing the same coils and the RF receive

59: 2902:, followed by the picture of a living animal, a clam, and in 1974 by the image of the thoracic cavity of a mouse. Lauterbur called his imaging method zeugmatography, a term which was replaced by (N)MR imaging. In the late 1970s, physicists 2347: 408:

of the main magnetic field, the gradient system which is used to localize the region to be scanned and the RF system, which excites the sample and detects the resulting NMR signal. The whole system is controlled by one or more computers.

1144:. Since many images are taken milliseconds apart, it shows how the brain responds to different stimuli, enabling researchers to study both the functional and structural brain abnormalities in psychological disorders. MRI also is used in 2315:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) combines both spectroscopic and imaging methods to produce spatially localized spectra from within the sample or patient. The spatial resolution is much lower (limited by the available

5390: 2594:, a typical field strength for clinical MRI, the difference between high and low energy states is approximately 9 molecules per 2 million. Improvements to increase MR sensitivity include increasing magnetic field strength and 446: 218:

or abdomen. However, it may be perceived as less comfortable by patients, due to the usually longer and louder measurements with the subject in a long, confining tube, although "open" MRI designs mostly relieve this. Additionally,

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to 10 mol/L, which, compared to other types of imaging, can be very limiting. This problem stems from the fact that the population difference between the nuclear spin states is very small at room temperature. For example, at 1.5

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Sakr, HM; Fahmy, N; Elsayed, NS; Abdulhady, H; El-Sobky, TA; Saadawy, AM; Beroud, C; Udd, B (1 July 2021). "Whole-body muscle MRI characteristics of LAMA2-related congenital muscular dystrophy children: An emerging pattern".

1298:. MR enterography provides non-invasive assessment of inflammatory bowel disease and small bowel tumors. MR-colonography may play a role in the detection of large polyps in patients at increased risk of colorectal cancer. 635:, however, is still applied. Thus, the spin magnetization vector will slowly return from the xy-plane back to the equilibrium state. The time it takes for the magnetization vector to return to its equilibrium value, M 2584:

MRI has the advantages of having very high spatial resolution and is very adept at morphological imaging and functional imaging. MRI does have several disadvantages though. First, MRI has a sensitivity of around 10

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MRI for imaging anatomical structures or blood flow do not require contrast agents since the varying properties of the tissues or blood provide natural contrasts. However, for more specific types of imaging,

2378: 378:. As these coils are rapidly switched during the excitation and response to perform a moving line scan, they create the characteristic repetitive noise of an MRI scan as the windings move slightly due to 1340:) or using a technique known as "flow-related enhancement" (e.g., 2D and 3D time-of-flight sequences), where most of the signal on an image is due to blood that recently moved into that plane (see also 573:(TR). This image weighting is useful for assessing the cerebral cortex, identifying fatty tissue, characterizing focal liver lesions, and in general, obtaining morphological information, as well as for 5257:

Thomsen HS, Morcos SK, Dawson P (November 2006). "Is there a causal relation between the administration of gadolinium based contrast media and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF)?".

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and around 50,000 scanners are estimated to be in use worldwide. MRI affects diagnosis and treatment in many specialties although the effect on improved health outcomes is disputed in certain cases.

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Heilbrun MP, Sunderland PM, McDonald PR, Wells TH, Cosman E, Ganz E (1987). "Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame modifications to accomplish magnetic resonance imaging guidance in three planes".

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values are dependent on the chemical environment of the sample; hence their utility in MRI. Soft tissue and muscle tissue relax at different rates, yielding the image contrast in a typical scan.

4137:"PEOPLE: PatiEnt prOstate samPLes for rEsearch, a tissue collection pathway utilizing magnetic resonance imaging data to target tumor and benign tissue in fresh radical prostatectomy specimens" 3309: 298:

extend the utility of MRI to capture neuronal tracts and blood flow respectively in the nervous system, in addition to detailed spatial images. The sustained increase in demand for MRI within

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technique is also used, for example, to measure the ratio between water and fat in foods, monitoring of flow of corrosive fluids in pipes, or to study molecular structures such as catalysts.

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The record for the highest spatial resolution of a whole intact brain (postmortem) is 100 microns, from Massachusetts General Hospital. The data was published in NATURE on 30 October 2019.

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applied magnetic field gradients in all three dimensions and a back-projection technique to create NMR images. He published the first images of two tubes of water in 1973 in the journal

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Uyanik I, Lindner P, Tsiamyrtzis P, Shah D, Tsekos NV, Pavlidis IT (2013). "Applying a Level Set Method for Resolving Physiologic Motions in Free-Breathing and Non-gated Cardiac MRI".

445: 2420:(real-time) yields a temporal resolution of 20 to 30 milliseconds for images with an in-plane resolution of 1.5 to 2.0 mm. Real-time MRI adds information about diseases of the 362:

frequency. Scanning with X and Y gradient coils causes a selected region of the patient to experience the exact magnetic field required for the energy to be absorbed. The atoms are

58: 2412:(RT-MRI) refers to the continuous monitoring of moving objects in real time. Traditionally, real-time MRI was possible only with low image quality or low temporal resolution. An 2346: 1456:

In Europe, where more gadolinium-containing agents are available, a classification of agents according to potential risks has been released. In 2008, a new contrast agent named

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to move at great speeds, posing a projectile risk, and may cause fatal accidents. However, as millions of MRIs are performed globally each year, fatalities are extremely rare.

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Landheer K, Schulte RF, Treacy MS, Swanberg KM, Juchem C (April 2020). "Theoretical description of modern H in Vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic pulse sequences".

3334: 6611:(2010a) Real-time cardiovascular magnetic resonance at high temporal resolution: radial FLASH with nonlinear inverse reconstruction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 12, 39, 2492:

each cycle of ultrasound energy is sufficient to cause thermal ablation within the desired tissue and if not, to adapt the parameters to ensure effective treatment.

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via optical pumping or dynamic nuclear polarization. There are also a variety of signal amplification schemes based on chemical exchange that increase sensitivity.

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Recommendations for Cross-Sectional Imaging in Cancer Management: Computed Tomography – CT Magnetic Resonance Imaging – MRI Positron Emission Tomography – PET-CT

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simultaneously, either by building separate encoding methods for each parameter into the sequence, or by fitting MR signal evolution to a multi-parameter model.

2271: 374:. The RF signal may be processed to deduce position information by looking at the changes in RF level and phase caused by varying the local magnetic field using 10195: 1417:

is occupied by a water molecule which exchanges rapidly with water molecules in the reagent molecule's immediate environment, affecting the magnetic resonance

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Brown RA, Venters RA, Tang PP, Spicer LD (1995). "A Test for Scaler Coupling between Heteronuclei Using Gradient-Enhanced Proton-Detected HMQC Spectroscopy".

8189:"Investigating cardiac stimulation limits of MRI gradient coils using electromagnetic and electrophysiological simulations in human and canine body models" 2483:(HIFU) beams are focused on a tissue, that are controlled using MR thermal imaging. Due to the high energy at the focus, the temperature rises to above 65 2428:. In many cases MRI examinations become easier and more comfortable for patients, especially for the patients who cannot calm their breathing or who have 2437:

gives better image contrast between the blood pool and myocardium than FLASH MRI, at the cost of severe banding artifact when B0 inhomogeneity is strong.

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Filograna L, Pugliese L, Muto M, Tatulli D, Guglielmi G, Thali MJ, Floris R (February 2019). "A Practical Guide to Virtual Autopsy: Why, When and How".

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Ziegler A, Kunth M, Mueller S, Bock C, Pohmann R, Schröder L, Faber C, Giribet G (2011-10-13). "Application of magnetic resonance imaging in zoology".

5515: 4565:"Reference ranges for cardiac structure and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in Caucasians from the UK Biobank population cohort" 1348:

signal is gathered in the plane immediately superior to the excitation plane—thus imaging the venous blood that recently moved from the excited plane.

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the hydrogen atom. In principle, heteronuclear magnetization transfer MRI could be used to detect the presence or absence of specific chemical bonds.

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Chakeres DW, Abduljalil AM, Novak P, Novak V (2002). "Comparison of 1.5 and 8 tesla high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of lacunar infarcts".

4222: 2876:. All that being said, MRI is more expensive, and more time-consuming to utilize. Moreover, the quality of MR imaging deteriorates below 10 °C. 2102:

Magnetic labeling of arterial blood below the imaging slab, which subsequently enters the region of interest. It does not need gadolinium contrast.

1413:(log K > 20) so that, in use, the concentration of the un-complexed Gd ions should be below the toxicity limit. The 9th place in the metal ion's 8786: 7977: 7906: 7843: 7780: 4092: 1133: 6011:

Chua TC, Wen W, Slavin MJ, Sachdev PS (February 2008). "Diffusion tensor imaging in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a review".

10602: 5934:"Signal evolution and infarction risk for apparent diffusion coefficient lesions in acute ischemic stroke are both time- and perfusion-dependent" 4490: 1064:

and has a role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of other tumors, as well as for determining areas of tissue for sampling in biobanking.

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to keep them at low temperatures. Lower field strengths can be achieved with permanent magnets, which are often used in "open" MRI scanners for

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Sasaki M, Ehara S, Nakasato T, Tamakawa Y, Kuboya Y, Sugisawa M, Sato T (April 1990). "MR of the shoulder with a 0.2-T permanent-magnet unit".

1389:, which is highly paramagnetic. In general, these agents have proved safer than the iodinated contrast agents used in X-ray radiography or CT. 5237:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns that gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are retained in the body; requires new class warnings" 3178:"Use of diagnostic imaging studies and associated radiation exposure for patients enrolled in large integrated health care systems, 1996-2010" 2172:

Localizing brain activity from performing an assigned task (e.g. talking, moving fingers) before surgery, also used in research of cognition.

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according to heart cycles. Blood vessels flow artifacts can be reduced by applying saturation pulses above and below the region of interest.

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Mervak BM, Altun E, McGinty KA, Hyslop WB, Semelka RC, Burke LM (March 2019). "MRI in pregnancy: Indications and practical considerations".

7684: 2434: 9724: 8132:"Minimizing table time in patients with claustrophobia using focused ferumoxytol-enhanced MR angiography ( f -FEMRA): a feasibility study" 5318: 10272: 9736: 7255:"Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging reversal by gene knockdown of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activities in live animal brains" 6866: 1155:

for treatment of intracranial tumors, arteriovenous malformations, and other surgically treatable conditions using a device known as the

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Celosse, Karin; Molakalapalli, Sreya; Shaw, Brittany; Sazmin, Tanzina; Onyekwuluje, Anne N.; Tolentino, Danica; Hempel, Susanne (2024).

1460:, brand name Eovist (US) or Primovist (EU), was approved for diagnostic use: This has the theoretical benefit of a dual excretion path. 282:

Since its development in the 1970s and 1980s, MRI has proven to be a versatile imaging technique. While MRI is most prominently used in

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Two gradients with equal magnitude, but opposite direction, are used to encode a phase shift, which is proportional to the velocity of

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Reduced T2 weighting by taking multiple conventional DWI images with different DWI weighting, and the change corresponds to diffusion.

375: 7599:"T2-mapping MRI evaluation of patellofemoral cartilage in patients submitted to intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections" 7418: 7401: 9336: 2464: 2447: 2232: 7106:"Design of a novel class of protein-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for the molecular imaging of cancer biomarkers" 10172: 6555:

Abeida H, Zhang Q, Li J, Merabtine N (2013). "Iterative Sparse Asymptotic Minimum Variance Based Approaches for Array Processing".

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and other non-removable metal in the body can pose a risk and may exclude some patients from undergoing an MRI examination safely.

9293: 4523: 4019: 3158: 1767: 9702: 9256: 7020:"White matter microstructural properties in bipolar disorder in relationship to the spatial distribution of lithium in the brain" 3680:

Zotev VS, Matlashov AN, Volegov PL, Urbaitis AV, Espy MA, Kraus RH (2007). "SQUID-based instrumentation for ultralow-field MRI".

2738: 2300: 2295: 2291: 1445:, but other agents have been linked too. Although a causal link has not been definitively established, current guidelines in the 1073: 215: 196: 4066: 8424:"Intact plant MRI for the study of cell water relations, membrane permeability, cell-to-cell and long distance water transport" 8347: 8330: 2745:

if done without contrast agents. Since MRI does not use any ionizing radiation, its use is generally favored in preference to

267:. For this reason, most MRI scans essentially map the location of water and fat in the body. Pulses of radio waves excite the 9707: 9226: 9205: 9184: 9075: 9056: 8998: 8979: 8960: 8941: 8922: 8860: 8841: 8822: 8516:

Giovannetti G, Guerrini A, Salvadori PA (July 2016). "Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging for the study of fossils".

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It takes time to gather MRI data using sequential applications of magnetic field gradients. Even for the most streamlined of

2140: 1160: 324: 295: 5293:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: New warnings for using gadolinium-based contrast agents in patients with kidney dysfunction" 3046: 2699:

mixed with a buffer gas of helium or nitrogen. The resulting lung images are much higher quality than with traditional MRI.

10694: 10432: 10310: 9283: 3444:"MRI and MRS of the human brain at magnetic fields of 14T to 20T: Technical feasibility, safety, and neuroscience horizons" 3033: 2973: 2708: 1715: 8069: 2713:

MRI is, in general, a safe technique, although injuries may occur as a result of failed safety procedures or human error.

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LAUTERBUR, P. C. (1973). "Image Formation by Induced Local Interactions: Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance".

4989:"Magnetic resonance (MR) colonography in the detection of colorectal lesions: a systematic review of prospective studies" 2993: 2652: 2550:. Na and P are naturally abundant in the body, so they can be imaged directly. Gaseous isotopes such as He or Xe must be 1846: 495: 1785:

Spoiled gradient recalled echo (GRE), fully flow compensated, long echo time, combines phase image with magnitude image

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Shahrouki, Puja; Nguyen, Kim-Lien; Moriarty, John M.; Plotnik, Adam N.; Yoshida, Takegawa; Finn, J. Paul (2021-09-01).

2803:, for example, recommends against imaging (including MRI) as unlikely to result in a positive outcome for the patient. 2643: 1729: 1183: 255:

are most often used to generate a macroscopic polarized radiation that is detected by the antennas. Hydrogen atoms are

4504: 10630: 9558: 8766: 7702: 7524: 6758: 4223:"ACR-ASNR Practice Guideline for the Performance and Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain" 3501:"Key designs of a short-bore and cryogen-free high temperature superconducting magnet system for 14 T whole-body MRI" 2480: 271:

energy transition, and magnetic field gradients localize the polarization in space. By varying the parameters of the

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Lee SC, Kim K, Kim J, Lee S, Han Yi J, Kim SW, et al. (June 2001). "One micrometer resolution NMR microscopy".

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Hurd RE, John BK (1991). "Gradient-enhanced proton-detected heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence spectroscopy".

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agents. Although gadolinium agents have proved useful for patients with kidney impairment, in patients with severe

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MRI is the investigative tool of choice for neurological cancers over CT, as it offers better visualization of the

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Spatially Resolved Magnetic Resonance: Methods, Materials, Medicine, Biology, Rheology, Geology, Ecology, Hardware

10547: 10265: 9623: 9606: 9308: 6963:"Measurement of the degree of coupled isotopic enrichment of different positions in an antibiotic peptide by NMR" 6774:

Cline HE, Schenck JF, Hynynen K, Watkins RD, Souza SP, Jolesz FA (1992). "MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery".

3735:"Hybrid ultra-low-field MRI and magnetoencephalography system based on a commercial whole-head neuromagnetometer" 3028: 2983: 2665: 2048: 1796: 1775: 1497: 819: 6186: 1478:

is a particular setting of radiofrequency pulses and gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance. The

184: 10330: 10300: 9984: 9831: 9731: 9714: 4186:"Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking" 4051: 4000: 2988: 2800: 2184: 1963: 1315: 1208:. It can be used to assess the structure and the function of the heart. Its applications include assessment of 9927: 6212:

Turnbull LW (January 2009). "Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer".

6159: 3418: 10671: 10523: 10467: 10442: 10110: 9964: 9563: 9438: 9430: 9329: 3041: 3013: 1438: 1294:

cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Functional imaging of the pancreas is performed following administration of

1290: 412: 256: 8782: 477:– and while the majority of systems operate at 1.5 T, commercial systems are available between 0.2 and 7 T. 10740: 10573: 10502: 10221: 10155: 10087: 10077: 10055: 9826: 9794: 9425: 5773: 4272:

Rowayda AS (February 2013). "Regional atrophy analysis of MRI for early detection of alzheimer's disease".

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radiation is easily detected by RF antenas close to the subject being examined. It is a process similar to

180: 2456:, where the images produced by an MRI scanner guide minimally invasive procedures. Such procedures use no 2030: 1084: 549:

Each tissue returns to its equilibrium state after excitation by the independent relaxation processes of T

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Magnetic Resonance Microscopy: Methods and Applications in Materials Science, Agriculture and Biomedicine

7859:"IR TrueFISP with a golden-ratio-based radial readout: fast quantification of T1, T2, and proton density" 7597:

Cobianchi Bellisari, F; De Marino, L; Arrigoni, F; Mariani, S; Bruno, F; Palumbo, P; et al. (2021).

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MRI was originally called NMRI (nuclear magnetic resonance imaging), but "nuclear" was dropped to avoid

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should be performed as soon as possible after the scan to remove the agent from the body promptly.

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fields at about 100 microtesla with highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference devices (

473:

to a few parts per million across the scan volume. The field strength of the magnet is measured in

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technology were crucial to the development of practical MRI, which requires a large amount of

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in MRI because it is present in biological tissues in great abundance, and because its high

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Faster Gd contrast uptake along with other features is suggestive of malignancy (pictured).

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and biomedical research, it also may be used to form images of non-living objects, such as

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are that dialysis patients should only receive gadolinium agents where essential and that

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in the sample will, on average, align with the z-axis summing to a total magnetization M

10760: 10676: 10427: 10387: 10150: 9999: 9994: 9895: 9778: 9633: 9384: 9195: 9161: 8679: 8623: 8598: 8579: 8498: 8368: 8311: 8213: 8188: 8164: 8131: 8051: 8008: 7954: 7921: 7888: 7825: 7796:"Rapid magnetic resonance quantification on the brain: Optimization for clinical usage" 7757: 7730: 7625: 7598: 7579: 7530: 7515: 7482: 7431: 7382: 7330: 7303: 7279: 7254: 7230: 7203: 7179: 7154: 7130: 7105: 7046: 7019: 7000: 6867:"Hyperpolarized Noble Gas MRI Laboratory: Hyperpolarized Xenon MR Imaging of the Brain" 6843: 6818: 6799: 6722: 6686: 6590: 6564: 6523: 6480: 6432: 6405: 6386: 6237: 6109: 6082: 6036: 5958: 5933: 5698: 5673: 5616: 5589: 5387:"Response to the FDA's May 23, 2007, Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Update1 — Radiology" 5067: 5013: 4988: 4894: 4869: 4838: 4798: 4771: 4747: 4720: 4701: 4591: 4564: 4472: 4383: 4358: 4334: 4307: 4161: 4136: 3808: 3783: 3764: 3715: 3689: 3594: 3536: 3481: 3399: 3202: 3177: 2940: 2511: 2468: 2321: 1907: 1864: 1598: 1359: 574: 220: 172: 9106: 8896: 8871: 8108: 4930: 3831: 3711: 3657: 3622: 2586: 541: 10452: 10281: 9989: 9954: 9949: 9890: 9638: 9487: 9300: 9222: 9201: 9180: 9165: 9153: 9110: 9071: 9052: 9046: 9033: 8994: 8975: 8956: 8937: 8918: 8901: 8856: 8837: 8818: 8762: 8671: 8628: 8571: 8533: 8490: 8445: 8360: 8352: 8303: 8218: 8169: 8151: 8112: 8043: 7959: 7880: 7817: 7762: 7698: 7630: 7571: 7535: 7520: 7474: 7423: 7374: 7335: 7284: 7235: 7184: 7135: 7086: 7051: 6992: 6912: 6848: 6791: 6787: 6754: 6727: 6678: 6668: 6515: 6511: 6472: 6437: 6390: 6378: 6229: 6114: 6083:"Magnetic resonance diffusion-perfusion mismatch in acute ischemic stroke: An update" 6028: 5963: 5703: 5621: 5540: 5292: 5274: 5216: 5152: 5090: 5059: 5018: 4969: 4934: 4899: 4850: 4842: 4803: 4752: 4705: 4693: 4655: 4632: 4596: 4539: 4476: 4464: 4423: 4388: 4339: 4203: 4166: 4101: 3813: 3756: 3719: 3662: 3571: 3540: 3528: 3473: 3465: 3460: 3443: 3391: 3363: 3265: 3237: 3207: 3173: 3122: 2714: 2579: 2452:

The lack of harmful effects on the patient and the operator make MRI well-suited for

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This article is about magnetic resonance imaging. For X-ray tomographic imaging, see

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that MRI cannot be reliably used to assist in making a clinical diagnosis of ADHD.

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from the Institute for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Education, and Research (IMRSER)

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of MR images and interpretations, but has historically require longer scan times.

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Maintenance of a steady, residual transverse magnetisation over successive cycles.

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A short extract of a 20-minute scanning session, recorded outside the above unit

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Spoiled gradient recalled echo (GRE) with a long echo time and small flip angle

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Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), magnetic resonance tomography (MRT)

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is essential for anyone inside the MRI scanner room during the examination.

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A Short History of Magnetic Resonance Imaging from a European Point of View

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alterations, whereas MR imaging gives better representation of soft tissue

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To achieve molecular imaging of disease biomarkers using MRI, targeted MRI

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The standard display of MR images is to represent fluid characteristics in

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European Magnetic Resonance Forum (EMRF)/The Round Table Foundation (TRTF)

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especially those affecting the brain, and to provide information on tumor

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Measures changes over time in susceptibility-induced signal loss due to

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conceptual proposal or in engineering design. Most clinical magnets are

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magnetic field is temporarily applied to the patient at the appropriate

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MRI is used industrially mainly for routine analysis of chemicals. The

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Real-time MRI of a human heart (2-chamber view) at 22 ms resolution

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to generate images of the organs in the body. MRI does not involve

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requiring dialysis there is a risk of a rare but serious illness,

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Cardiac MRI is complementary to other imaging techniques, such as

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In palaeontology it is used to examine the structure of fossils.

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have decreased perfusion and delayed contrast arrival (pictured).

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builds up along the z-axis in the presence of a magnetic field, B

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Patient being positioned for MR study of the head and abdomen

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complaint. A common case is to use MRI to seek a cause of

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could potentially be imaged with MRI. Such nuclei include

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appears to be safe, at least during the second and third

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gives a strong signal. However, any nucleus with a net

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Standard foundation and comparison for other sequences

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Standard foundation and comparison for other sequences

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MRI is the investigation of choice in the preoperative

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of water molecules in the directions of nerve fibers.

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MRI requires a magnetic field that is both strong and

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A mobile MRI unit visiting Glebefields Health Centre,

393:

may be given to the person to make the image clearer.

9172: 8384: 8382: 7794:

Warntjes JB, Leinhard OD, West J, Lundberg P (2008).

5539:(6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 292. 5299:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 23 December 2010 4505:"Team publishes on highest resolution brain MRI scan" 4005:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 3852:. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 73–80. 3590:"Guildford company gets FDA approval for bedside MRI" 2435:

Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging

1273:

MR is used to detect and characterize lesions of the

1116:

makes MRI the best choice for many conditions of the

755:

images, where different tissues turn out as follows:

698: 649: 8235: 8186: 6056:"Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion" 6010: 4910: 3117:

McRobbie DW, Moore EA, Graves MJ, Prince MR (2007).

2954: 2943:

chip. Mansfield and Lauterbur were awarded the 2003

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or to measure the size of certain spatial features.

2117:

Measures changes over time in the shortening of the

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The information from MRI scans comes in the form of

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The major components of an MRI scanner are the main

354:

around the area to be imaged. First, energy from an

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A Guided Tour of MRI: An introduction for laypeople

7641: 7155:"Imaging cerebral gene transcripts in live animals" 5791: 5667: 5665: 5256: 5128: 4284: 1242:Applications in the musculoskeletal system include 585:(TE). This image weighting is useful for detecting 494:patients. Lower field strengths are also used in a 8379: 6960: 6749:The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health 6746: 6629:M Uecker, S Zhang, D Voit, A Karaus, KD Merboldt, 5979: 5977: 4945: 4575:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 18. 4363:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 4134: 3047:Nobel Prize controversies – Physiology or medicine 2753:MRI uses powerful magnets and can therefore cause 2285: 1482:weighting can also be described as MRI sequences. 725: 676: 608:based on differences in the rate of relaxation of 191:(NMR) which can also be used for imaging in other 75:(nose and forehead appear at the back of the head) 9085:Pykett IL (May 1982). 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Archived from 7682: 7011: 5974: 5873: 5297:Information on Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents 5035: 2760:MRI machines can produce loud noise, up to 120 9044: 8690: 8094: 7552:"Cardiac MRI evaluation of myocardial disease" 7202:Liu CH, Ren J, Liu CM, Liu PK (January 2014). 7062: 6961:Miller AF, Egan LA, Townsend CA (March 1997). 6403: 6187:"Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion" 5931: 5879: 5198: 4980: 4951: 4290: 2843:Nuclear magnetic resonance § Applications 10266: 9330: 9289:How MRI works explained simply using diagrams 9246:"MRI: A Peer-Reviewed, Critical Introduction" 8869: 8590: 8544: 7913: 7850: 7787: 7722: 7648:Gaillard, Frank; Knipe, Henry (13 Oct 2021). 7647: 7590: 7543: 7301: 7295: 7246: 7195: 7146: 5825: 5431: 2864:imaging provides graphic documentation of an 2336:without requiring such high field strengths. 2280: 2013:Evaluating white matter deformation by tumors 1265: 684:. Similarly, the time in which it takes for M 9193: 9007: 8434:(4). 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For other uses, see 9173:Schmitt F, Stehling MK, Turner R (1998). 9065: 8936:. Springer Science & Business Media. 8931: 8895: 8645: 8622: 8484: 8439: 8406: 8346: 8297: 8212: 8163: 7953: 7874: 7811: 7756: 7746: 7661: 7624: 7614: 7534: 7514: 7486: 7468: 7435: 7417: 7353:Sodickson DK, Manning WJ (October 1997). 7329: 7319: 7278: 7229: 7219: 7178: 7129: 7068: 7045: 7035: 6986: 6842: 6721: 6568: 6431: 6421: 6108: 6098: 5957: 5909:"MRI Physics: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging" 5697: 5637: 5635: 5615: 5605: 5410: 5146: 5053: 5012: 4893: 4797: 4787: 4746: 4736: 4590: 4580: 4458: 4382: 4333: 4323: 4197: 4160: 4037: 3856: 3807: 3750: 3693: 3656: 3646: 3459: 3201: 3121:. 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Archived from 3351:from the original on Mar 22, 2023. 2836: 2644:cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 1353: 1231: 1184:Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 726:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T2}}=R2} 677:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T1}}=R1} 426: 400:, which polarizes the sample, the 342:nuclei, which consist solely of a 25: 10772: 9243: 9237: 9121: 9107:10.1038/scientificamerican0582-78 8955:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. 8789:from the original on 18 July 2007 5726:"Susceptibility weighted imaging" 5089:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. 4931:10.2214/ajr.195.3_supplement.0s42 4676:proposal of imaging algorithms". 4306:Brown RA, Nelson JA (June 2016). 4190:Journal of Visualized Experiments 4100:. 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The contrast provided between 1088:MRI diffusion tensor imaging of 460:Problems playing this file? See 442: 251:. 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Clarendon Press. 8711:1975PhRvB..12.3618M 8660:1973Natur.242..190L 8290:John Wiley and Sons 8239:(30 January 2018). 7946:10.1038/nature11971 7938:2013Natur.495..187M 6979:1997JMagR.125..120M 6940:1995JMagR.113..117B 6905:1991JMagR..91..648H 6579:2013ITSP...61..933A 5984:Smith D, Bashir U. 5778:Radiology Assistant 4652:Musculoskeletal MRI 4293:Abnormal Psychology 3848:McHale, J. (2017). 3704:2007SuScT..20S.367Z 3639:2004PNAS..101.7857M 3517:2021SuScT..34l5005L 3380:2018Natur.563...24N 3057:Robinson oscillator 2933:computational power 2912:echo-planar imaging 2479:In guided therapy, 2397:Real-time MRI of a 2355:Real-time MRI of a 2123:gadolinium contrast 2072:cerebral infarction 2060:gadolinium contrast 1978:cerebral infarction 1949:cerebral infarction 1897:cerebrospinal fluid 1804:Inversion recovery 1599:MRI contrast agents 1415:coordination sphere 1320:Magnetic resonance 1138:Alzheimer's disease 1134:infectious diseases 784:Subacute hemorrhage 284:diagnostic medicine 234:are able to absorb 185:medical application 177:computed tomography 10731:1973 introductions 10388:Andreev reflection 10383:Abrikosov vortices 10151:Optical tomography 10000:Dacryoscintigraphy 9995:Immunoscintigraphy 9634:Whole body imaging 9385:Dental radiography 9215:Sprawls P (2000). 8993:. Academic Press. 8851:Blümich B (2000). 8738:The New York Times 8609:(1036): 20130567. 8441:10.1093/jxb/erl157 8299:10.1002/jmri.25055 8142:(1125): 20210430. 8076:on 3 February 2014 8040:10.1002/jmri.26317 7663:10.53347/rID-37401 7071:Clinical Radiology 6375:10.1002/jmri.26846 6214:NMR in Biomedicine 5882:"Ischaemic stroke" 5774:"Stress fractures" 5345:Drug Safety Update 5259:Clinical Radiology 5055:10.1002/jmri.23641 4993:European Radiology 4886:10.1002/jmri.22833 4725:Skeletal Radiology 4678:European Radiology 4325:10.7759/cureus.642 4153:10.1002/pros.23782 4091:Husband J (2008). 4072:on 15 January 2013 3800:10.1002/jmri.24787 3595:New Haven Register 3423:CEA/English Portal 3417:CEA (2021-10-07). 2941:integrated circuit 2823: 2778:hearing protection 2755:magnetic materials 2723:cardiac pacemakers 2512:gyromagnetic ratio 2469:intraoperative MRI 2465:interventional MRI 2442:Interventional MRI 2407: 2384: 2361: 2322:compressed sensing 2121:(T1) induced by a 2039:Perfusion weighted 1923:Diffusion weighted 1908:multiple sclerosis 1861:lacunar infarction 1732:videos (pictured). 1682:(to minimize T2). 1360:MRI contrast agent 1312: 1287:diffusion-weighted 1252:soft tissue tumors 1194: 1094: 1050: 1032: 1008:Protein-rich fluid 982:material, such as 792:Protein-rich fluid 723: 674: 547: 539: 527: 432: 422: 336: 304:cost effectiveness 173:ionizing radiation 143:technique used in 10713: 10712: 10631:quantum computing 10597: 10596: 10453:superdiamagnetism 10282:Superconductivity 10248: 10247: 10210:Target conditions 10133: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10049: 10048: 9990:Bone scintigraphy 9955:Scintimammography 9950:Cholescintigraphy 9795:contrast-enhanced 9689: 9688: 9649: 9648: 9639:Full-body CT scan 9539:General operation 9518: 9517: 9488:Angiocardiography 9263:The Basics of MRI 9228:978-0-944838-97-6 9207:978-0-9619243-1-7 9186:978-3-540-63194-1 9077:978-0-323-15406-2 9058:978-0-7803-4723-6 9000:978-0-08-053570-8 8981:978-0-8493-9693-9 8962:978-0-471-35128-3 8943:978-0-88318-609-1 8924:978-0-85404-340-8 8862:978-0-19-850683-6 8843:978-3-527-28403-0 8824:978-3-527-29637-8 8699:Physical Review B 8205:10.1002/mrm.28472 7876:10.1002/mrm.24225 7813:10.1002/mrm.21635 7470:10.1002/mrm.10171 7122:10.1002/wnan.1205 6674:978-3-642-38898-9 6469:10.1159/000077983 6410:Neurotherapeutics 5853:Lee M, Bashir U. 5546:978-0-7020-4614-8 5222:978-3-11-068570-1 5110:Rinck PA (2014). 5096:978-0-471-35128-3 4684:(11): 8498–8512. 4661:978-1-4160-5534-1 4420:10.1159/000100700 4107:978-1-905034-13-0 3752:10.1002/mrm.24413 3271:978-0-521-68384-5 3243:978-92-64-07555-9 3172:Smith-Bindman R, 3128:978-1-139-45719-4 2914:(EPI) technique. 2776:, so appropriate 2764:. This can cause 2719:cochlear implants 2715:Contraindications 2596:hyperpolarization 2580:Molecular imaging 2394: 2379: 2352: 2278: 2277: 2163:oxygen saturation 1691:High signal from 1547:by using a short 1409:. The complex is 1379:intra-articularly 1100:, containing the 1036:medical diagnosis 1014: 1013: 712: 663: 501:Larmor precession 447: 384:equilibrium state 244:spin polarization 204:medical diagnosis 130: 129: 61: 16:(Redirected from 10768: 10662:bilayer graphene 10636:Rutherford cable 10548:room temperature 10543:high temperature 10473: 10472: 10433:proximity effect 10408:Josephson effect 10352:coherence length 10275: 10268: 10261: 10252: 10251: 10238: 10237: 10061: 10060: 9943: 9942: 9933: 9932: 9817:Echocardiography 9676:Hounsfield scale 9529: 9528: 9448:Cholecystography 9373: 9372: 9364: 9363: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9316: 9315: 9253: 9244:Rinck PA (ed.). 9232: 9211: 9190: 9169: 9131: 9122:Rinck PA (ed.). 9118: 9081: 9062: 9041: 9004: 8985: 8966: 8947: 8928: 8909: 8899: 8882:(7453): 1387–8. 8866: 8847: 8828: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8668:10.1038/242190a0 8643: 8637: 8636: 8626: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8551: 8542: 8541: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8488: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8443: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8386: 8377: 8376: 8350: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8301: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8216: 8199:(2): 1047–1061. 8184: 8178: 8177: 8167: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8023: 8017: 8016: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7975: 7967: 7957: 7932:(7440): 187–92. 7917: 7911: 7910: 7904: 7896: 7878: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7841: 7833: 7815: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7770: 7760: 7750: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7707:. 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724: 713: 711: 700: 692:, with the rate 683: 681: 680: 675: 664: 662: 651: 625:magnetic dipoles 623:, such that the 517:Relaxation (NMR) 449: 448: 429: 380:magnetostriction 197:NMR spectroscopy 193:NMR applications 126: 112: 63: 62: 46: 45: 21: 10776: 10775: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10709: 10680: 10650: 10593: 10552: 10539:low temperature 10528: 10507: 10462: 10418:Meissner effect 10371: 10367:Silsbee current 10340: 10306:Ginzburg–Landau 10284: 10279: 10249: 10244: 10226: 10205: 10177: 10125: 10111:PET mammography 10082: 10045: 10031:Gallium-67 scan 10026:Octreotide scan 10014: 9922: 9773: 9685: 9645: 9568: 9549:High-resolution 9514: 9478:Skeletal survey 9444:Cholangiography 9357: 9348: 9346:Medical imaging 9343: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9208: 9187: 9078: 9059: 9001: 8982: 8963: 8944: 8925: 8863: 8844: 8825: 8808: 8806:Further reading 8803: 8802: 8792: 8790: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8769: 8761:. p. 127. 8749: 8745: 8730: 8726: 8695: 8691: 8644: 8640: 8595: 8591: 8552: 8545: 8514: 8510: 8461: 8457: 8420: 8416: 8387: 8380: 8327: 8323: 8274: 8270: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8234: 8230: 8185: 8181: 8128: 8124: 8093: 8089: 8079: 8077: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8024: 8020: 7989: 7985: 7969: 7968: 7918: 7914: 7898: 7897: 7855: 7851: 7835: 7834: 7792: 7788: 7772: 7771: 7727: 7723: 7714: 7712: 7705: 7681: 7677: 7668: 7666: 7646: 7642: 7595: 7591: 7562:(18): 1429–35. 7548: 7544: 7527: 7503: 7496: 7449: 7445: 7398: 7394: 7351: 7347: 7300: 7296: 7265:(11): 3508–17. 7251: 7247: 7200: 7196: 7151: 7147: 7102: 7098: 7067: 7063: 7016: 7012: 6959: 6955: 6924: 6920: 6889: 6885: 6876: 6874: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6815: 6811: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6743: 6739: 6702: 6698: 6675: 6653: 6646: 6628: 6624: 6606: 6602: 6553: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6496: 6492: 6453: 6449: 6402: 6398: 6359: 6355: 6346: 6344: 6332: 6328: 6319: 6317: 6307: 6306: 6299: 6290: 6288: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6210: 6206: 6197: 6195: 6183: 6179: 6170: 6168: 6156: 6152: 6143: 6141: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6079: 6075: 6066: 6064: 6052: 6048: 6009: 6005: 5996: 5994: 5982: 5975: 5930: 5926: 5917: 5915: 5905: 5901: 5892: 5890: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5851: 5847: 5838: 5836: 5824: 5817: 5808: 5806: 5804:radiopaedia.org 5796: 5792: 5783: 5781: 5770: 5766: 5757: 5755: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5722: 5715: 5670: 5663: 5654: 5652: 5640: 5633: 5586: 5582: 5573: 5571: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5533: 5529: 5520: 5518: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5496: 5494: 5479: 5468: 5459: 5457: 5444: 5443: 5432: 5423: 5421: 5409: 5405: 5396: 5394: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5255: 5251: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5182: 5171:"ACR guideline" 5169: 5168: 5164: 5127: 5123: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5083: 5079: 5034: 5030: 4985: 4981: 4950: 4946: 4915: 4911: 4866: 4862: 4819: 4815: 4768: 4764: 4717: 4713: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4648: 4644: 4612: 4608: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4519: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4493:. 10 July 2019. 4489: 4488: 4484: 4439: 4435: 4414:(1–6): 143–52. 4404: 4400: 4355: 4351: 4304: 4300: 4289: 4285: 4270: 4266: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4182: 4178: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063:High Value Care 4058: 4045: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4016:ABIM Foundation 4014:. presented by 4012:Choosing Wisely 4007: 3994: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3952:"MRI sequences" 3948: 3941: 3930: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3875: 3874: 3857: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3780: 3776: 3745:(6): 1795–804. 3731: 3727: 3688:(11): S367–73. 3678: 3674: 3633:(21): 7857–61. 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3602:on 3 April 2020 3588: 3587: 3583: 3552: 3548: 3497: 3493: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3415: 3411: 3374:(7729): 24–26. 3360: 3356: 3348: 3342:snf.ieeecsc.org 3337: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3316: 3314:www.tesla.co.uk 3308: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3170: 3166: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3115: 3111: 3098: 3090: 3081: 3076: 3071: 2965:Medicine portal 2963: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2904:Peter Mansfield 2888: 2882: 2845: 2839: 2837:Non-medical use 2831:visual artifact 2815: 2809: 2792: 2786: 2729:, and metallic 2711: 2705: 2692: 2686: 2674:reproducibility 2632: 2612: 2603:contrast agents 2582: 2576: 2504: 2498: 2477: 2450: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2386: 2372: 2369: 2344: 2342: 2298: 2290:Main articles: 2288: 2283: 2269: 2006:Brownian motion 1942:Brownian motion 1906:High signal of 1859:High signal in 1828:stress fracture 1822:High signal in 1746: 1643:Low signal for 1549:repetition time 1495: 1488: 1472: 1466: 1419:relaxation time 1407:gadolinium(III) 1362: 1356: 1354:Contrast agents 1318: 1304: 1268: 1240: 1234: 1232:Musculoskeletal 1186: 1180: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1062:prostate cancer 1024: 1019: 984:deoxyhemoglobin 854:Extracellularly 753:black-and-white 747: 743: 735:Bloch equations 704: 699: 697: 694: 693: 691: 687: 655: 650: 648: 645: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 622: 606:image contrasts 580: 571:repetition time 568: 560: 552: 519: 513: 484:superconducting 467: 466: 458: 456: 455: 454: 453: 450: 443: 440: 438:Audio recording 433: 427: 391:contrast agents 327: 321: 316: 236:radio frequency 161:magnetic fields 141:medical imaging 122: 108: 76: 55: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10774: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10658: 10656: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10616:electromagnets 10613: 10607: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10560: 10558: 10557:By composition 10554: 10553: 10551: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10524:unconventional 10521: 10515: 10513: 10512:By explanation 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10479: 10477: 10470: 10468:Classification 10464: 10463: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10379: 10377: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10357:critical field 10354: 10348: 10346: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10326:Mattis–Bardeen 10323: 10318: 10313: 10311:Kohn–Luttinger 10308: 10303: 10298: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10285: 10278: 10277: 10270: 10263: 10255: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10187: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10168:Endomicroscopy 10165: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10147: 10145: 10135: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10097: 10095: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10074: 10072: 10058: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9783: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9717: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9699: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9614: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9535: 9533: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9441: 9428: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9361: 9350: 9349: 9342: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9319: 9313: 9312: 9297: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9270: 9260: 9254: 9239: 9238:External links 9236: 9234: 9233: 9227: 9212: 9206: 9191: 9185: 9170: 9144:(9): 814–823. 9132: 9119: 9082: 9076: 9063: 9057: 9042: 9005: 8999: 8986: 8980: 8967: 8961: 8948: 8942: 8929: 8923: 8910: 8867: 8861: 8848: 8842: 8829: 8823: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8774: 8767: 8743: 8724: 8705:(9): 3618–34. 8689: 8638: 8589: 8543: 8508: 8455: 8414: 8378: 8341:(2): 288–293. 8321: 8268: 8250: 8228: 8179: 8122: 8087: 8061: 8034:(3): 621–631. 8018: 7983: 7912: 7863:Magn Reson Med 7849: 7800:Magn Reson Med 7786: 7721: 7703: 7675: 7640: 7589: 7542: 7525: 7494: 7463:(6): 1202–10. 7443: 7392: 7365:(4): 591–603. 7345: 7294: 7245: 7194: 7145: 7096: 7061: 7010: 6953: 6918: 6883: 6858: 6809: 6766: 6759: 6737: 6696: 6673: 6644: 6622: 6600: 6547: 6533: 6490: 6447: 6396: 6353: 6326: 6297: 6270: 6247: 6204: 6177: 6150: 6124: 6073: 6046: 6003: 5973: 5944:(5): 1276–81. 5924: 5899: 5872: 5845: 5815: 5790: 5764: 5737: 5713: 5684:(5): 1433–49. 5661: 5631: 5580: 5553: 5545: 5527: 5503: 5466: 5430: 5403: 5378: 5354: 5332: 5329:on 2006-09-28. 5310: 5284: 5249: 5228: 5221: 5191: 5162: 5121: 5102: 5095: 5077: 5028: 4999:(5): 1031–46. 4979: 4944: 4909: 4880:(3): 492–511. 4860: 4813: 4762: 4711: 4667: 4660: 4642: 4623:(10): 751–71. 4606: 4555: 4510: 4496: 4482: 4453:(2): 205–212. 4433: 4398: 4349: 4298: 4283: 4264: 4245: 4213: 4176: 4147:(7): 768–777. 4127: 4106: 4083: 4054:(April 2012). 4036: 3985: 3963: 3939: 3897: 3855: 3840: 3823: 3794:(3): 545–565. 3774: 3725: 3672: 3613: 3581: 3546: 3511:(12): 125005. 3491: 3434: 3409: 3354: 3325: 3301: 3277: 3270: 3249: 3242: 3217: 3188:(22): 2400–9. 3174:Miglioretti DL 3164: 3153:(5): 277–297. 3134: 3127: 3109: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2952: 2949: 2908:Paul Lauterbur 2896:Paul Lauterbur 2884:Main article: 2881: 2878: 2841:Main article: 2838: 2835: 2811:Main article: 2808: 2805: 2785: 2782: 2731:foreign bodies 2707:Main article: 2704: 2701: 2688:Main article: 2685: 2682: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2631: 2628: 2611: 2608: 2578:Main article: 2575: 2572: 2552:hyperpolarized 2497: 2494: 2476: 2473: 2446:Main article: 2443: 2440: 2370: 2362: 2341: 2338: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2262: 2247: 2240: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2194:Time-of-flight 2192: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2141:Functional MRI 2137: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2014: 2009: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1820: 1817:inversion time 1813: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1693:meniscus tears 1683: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1591: 1585: 1556: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1487: 1486:Overview table 1484: 1468:Main article: 1465: 1462: 1435:kidney failure 1358:Main article: 1355: 1352: 1314:Main article: 1303: 1300: 1267: 1264: 1244:spinal imaging 1236:Main article: 1233: 1230: 1182:Main article: 1179: 1178:Cardiovascular 1176: 1072:Main article: 1069: 1066: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1006: 977: 967: 962: 955: 954: 953: 949:density as in 943: 917: 914: 909: 906: 901: 895: 894: 885: 876: 870: 869: 868: 867: 864: 861: 851: 827: 826: 825: 822: 817: 796: 793: 790: 785: 782: 775: 769: 768: 765: 762: 745: 741: 722: 719: 716: 710: 707: 703: 689: 685: 673: 670: 667: 661: 658: 654: 640: 636: 632: 628: 620: 578: 566: 558: 550: 512: 509: 492:claustrophobic 457: 451: 441: 436: 435: 434: 425: 424: 423: 376:gradient coils 372:receiving coil 352:magnetic field 323:Main article: 320: 317: 315: 312: 300:health systems 296:functional MRI 273:pulse sequence 253:hydrogen atoms 240:magnetic field 171:or the use of 128: 127: 120: 114: 113: 106: 100: 99: 94: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 64: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10773: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10600: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10574:heavy fermion 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10503:ferromagnetic 10501: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10448:supercurrents 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10276: 10271: 10269: 10264: 10262: 10257: 10256: 10253: 10241: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10052: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10036:Ga-68-DOTATOC 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9849:Intravascular 9847: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9769:Synthetic MRI 9767: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9559:Electron beam 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9511: 9510:Orbital x-ray 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9405:Bronchography 9403: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9335: 9333: 9328: 9326: 9321: 9320: 9317: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9258: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9242: 9241: 9230: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9199: 9198: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9178: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9079: 9073: 9069: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9016:(2): 207–13. 9015: 9011: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8992: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8974:. CRC Press. 8973: 8968: 8964: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8935: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8916: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8868: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8820: 8817:. Wiley-VCH. 8816: 8811: 8810: 8788: 8784: 8778: 8770: 8768:9780199792955 8764: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8747: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8550: 8548: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8465:Zoomorphology 8459: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8383: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7979: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7908: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7845: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7782: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7725: 7711:on 2022-03-05 7710: 7706: 7704:9783527696017 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7679: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7526:9780128170571 7522: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7499: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7412:(5): 952–62. 7411: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7314:(2): 712–24. 7313: 7309: 7308:FASEB Journal 7305: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7214:(1): 464–73. 7213: 7209: 7208:FASEB Journal 7205: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7165:(3): 713–22. 7164: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7116:(2): 163–79. 7115: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7077:(7): 557–66. 7076: 7072: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6973:(1): 120–31. 6972: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6934:(1): 117–19. 6933: 6929: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6899:(3): 648–53. 6898: 6894: 6887: 6873:on 2018-09-20 6872: 6868: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6782:(6): 956–65. 6781: 6777: 6770: 6762: 6760:9781414498881 6756: 6751: 6750: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6716:(5): 735–48. 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6563:(4): 933–44. 6562: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6506:(4): 628–32. 6505: 6501: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6416:(3): 330–45. 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6330: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6181: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6154: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5978: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5822: 5820: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5727: 5720: 5718: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5678:Radiographics 5675: 5668: 5666: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5636: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5493:on 2016-03-05 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5456:on 2017-05-10 5455: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5393:on 2012-07-19 5392: 5388: 5382: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5265:(11): 905–6. 5264: 5260: 5253: 5246:. 2018-05-16. 5245: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5224: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5181:on 2006-09-29 5180: 5176: 5175:guideline.gov 5172: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4960:(2): 333–48. 4959: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827:RadioGraphics 4824: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4500: 4492: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4235:on 2017-07-12 4231: 4224: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4199:10.3791/60216 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4117:on 2012-09-07 4113: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3973: 3967: 3953: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3887:on 2017-05-10 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3851: 3844: 3833: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3139: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2955: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929:semiconductor 2925: 2923: 2920:'s work into 2919: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2797:low back pain 2791: 2790:Overdiagnosis 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2691: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2620:MRI sequences 2617: 2616:MRI sequences 2607: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2460:instruments. 2459: 2458:ferromagnetic 2455: 2449: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2400: 2367: 2366:Real-time MRI 2358: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249:Detection of 2248: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209:Detection of 2208: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2020:may indicate 2019: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745:Effective T2 1743: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1710:Gradient echo 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1686:Joint disease 1684: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1470:MRI sequences 1461: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1447:United States 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1430:United States 1428:(FDA) in the 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405:complexes of 1404: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:intravenously 1368: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:Hepatobiliary 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1250:disease, and 1249: 1245: 1239: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1222:iron overload 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1185: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1028: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:methemoglobin 985: 981: 978: 976: 972: 971:calcification 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 956: 952: 951:calcification 948: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 915: 913: 910: 907: 904: 903: 902: 900: 897: 896: 893: 889: 886: 884: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 865: 862: 859: 858:methemoglobin 855: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829: 828: 823: 821: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 797: 794: 791: 789: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 776: 774: 771: 770: 766: 763: 760: 759: 756: 754: 749: 738: 736: 720: 717: 714: 708: 705: 701: 671: 668: 665: 659: 656: 652: 626: 618: 617:Magnetization 614: 611: 610:nuclear spins 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 576: 575:post-contrast 572: 564: 556: 543: 536: 531: 523: 518: 508: 506: 502: 497: 493: 489: 488:liquid helium 485: 480: 476: 472: 465: 463: 439: 419: 414: 410: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 331: 326: 311: 309: 308:overdiagnosis 305: 301: 297: 293: 292:Diffusion MRI 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232:atomic nuclei 229: 224: 222: 217: 213: 209: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 153:physiological 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 125: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 105: 101: 98: 95: 93: 89: 85: 83: 79: 74: 71: 67: 66:Para-sagittal 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 10746:Biomagnetics 10620: 10584:oxypnictides 10519:conventional 10458:superstripes 10403:flux pumping 10398:flux pinning 10393:Cooper pairs 10217:Acute stroke 10183:Thermography 9938:scintigraphy 9928:Radionuclide 9916:pre-hospital 9762:Tractography 9694: 9681:Radiodensity 9583:calcium scan 9544:Quantitative 9266: 9249: 9217: 9196: 9175: 9141: 9137: 9127: 9093:(5): 78–88. 9090: 9086: 9070:. Elsevier. 9067: 9047: 9013: 9009: 8990: 8971: 8970:Jin (1998). 8952: 8933: 8914: 8879: 8875: 8852: 8833: 8814: 8791:. Retrieved 8777: 8753: 8746: 8737: 8727: 8702: 8698: 8692: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8562:(1): 56–66. 8559: 8555: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8398: 8394: 8338: 8334: 8324: 8292:: 998–1007. 8285: 8281: 8271: 8253: 8245:The Guardian 8244: 8231: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8078:. Retrieved 8074:the original 8064: 8031: 8027: 8021: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7972:cite journal 7929: 7925: 7915: 7901:cite journal 7869:(1): 71–81. 7866: 7862: 7852: 7838:cite journal 7806:(2): 320–9. 7803: 7799: 7789: 7775:cite journal 7738: 7735:Front Neurol 7734: 7724: 7713:. Retrieved 7709:the original 7685: 7678: 7667:. Retrieved 7653: 7643: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7506: 7460: 7456: 7446: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7311: 7307: 7297: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7162: 7158: 7148: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7027: 7023: 7013: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6875:. Retrieved 6871:the original 6861: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6748: 6740: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6656: 6625: 6603: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6536: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6463:(3): 304–9. 6460: 6456: 6450: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6345:. Retrieved 6339: 6329: 6318:. Retrieved 6312: 6289:. Retrieved 6283: 6273: 6261:. Retrieved 6250: 6220:(1): 28–39. 6217: 6213: 6207: 6196:. Retrieved 6190: 6185:Gaillard F. 6180: 6169:. Retrieved 6163: 6158:Gaillard F. 6153: 6142:. Retrieved 6136: 6127: 6093:(3): 63–74. 6090: 6086: 6076: 6065:. Retrieved 6059: 6054:Gaillard F. 6049: 6019:(1): 83–92. 6016: 6012: 6006: 5995:. Retrieved 5989: 5941: 5937: 5927: 5916:. Retrieved 5912: 5902: 5891:. Retrieved 5885: 5875: 5864:. Retrieved 5858: 5848: 5837:. Retrieved 5831: 5807:. Retrieved 5803: 5793: 5782:. Retrieved 5777: 5767: 5756:. Retrieved 5750: 5740: 5729:. Retrieved 5681: 5677: 5653:. Retrieved 5647: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5572:. Retrieved 5566: 5556: 5536: 5530: 5519:. Retrieved 5506: 5495:. Retrieved 5491:the original 5481:Johnson KA. 5458:. Retrieved 5454:the original 5422:. Retrieved 5416: 5406: 5395:. Retrieved 5391:the original 5381: 5370:. Retrieved 5357: 5348: 5344: 5335: 5327:the original 5322: 5313: 5301:. Retrieved 5296: 5287: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5240: 5231: 5204: 5194: 5183:. Retrieved 5179:the original 5174: 5165: 5141:(4): 847–9. 5138: 5134: 5124: 5115: 5105: 5086: 5080: 5045: 5041: 5031: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4925:(1): 42–53. 4922: 4918: 4912: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4654:. Saunders. 4651: 4645: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4547:. Retrieved 4527: 4499: 4485: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4292: 4286: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4237:. Retrieved 4230:the original 4216: 4189: 4179: 4144: 4141:The Prostate 4140: 4130: 4119:. Retrieved 4112:the original 4093: 4086: 4074:. Retrieved 4067:the original 4062: 4027:. Retrieved 4020:the original 4011: 3976:. Retrieved 3966: 3955:. Retrieved 3932:Johnson KA. 3889:. Retrieved 3885:the original 3849: 3843: 3826: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3604:. Retrieved 3600:the original 3593: 3584: 3562:(4): 777–8. 3559: 3555: 3549: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3426:. Retrieved 3422: 3412: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3341: 3328: 3317:. Retrieved 3313: 3304: 3293:. Retrieved 3289: 3280: 3261: 3225: 3220: 3185: 3181: 3167: 3150: 3146: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3093: 3034: 2939:on a single 2927:Advances in 2926: 2916: 2899: 2889: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2827:MRI artifact 2824: 2813:MRI artifact 2793: 2766:hearing loss 2759: 2752: 2712: 2693: 2678: 2671: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2613: 2610:Parallel MRI 2600: 2583: 2568: 2564: 2516:nuclear spin 2505: 2478: 2462: 2451: 2408: 2325: 2314: 2299: 2261:(pictured). 2237: 2197: 2188: 2156: 2144: 2112: 2097: 2053: 2042: 2002:tractography 1995: 1980:(pictured). 1968: 1951:(pictured). 1935: 1932:Conventional 1926: 1901:white matter 1890: 1851: 1832:Shin splints 1810: 1780: 1751: 1747:or "T2-star" 1728:Creation of 1720: 1695:. (pictured) 1688:and injury. 1669: 1650: 1645:paramagnetic 1622: 1603: 1595:paramagnetic 1574:inflammation 1538: 1489: 1476:MRI sequence 1473: 1455: 1423: 1400: 1363: 1350: 1346: 1334:paramagnetic 1319: 1269: 1260: 1241: 1195: 1172: 1169: 1165:neuroimaging 1153:radiosurgery 1120:, including 1114:white matter 1095: 1090:white matter 1080:Neuroimaging 1068:Neuroimaging 1051: 1033: 980:Paramagnetic 933:inflammation 898: 890:darker than 888:White matter 883:white matter 881:darker than 874:Intermediate 873: 845:inflammation 799:Paramagnetic 772: 767:T2-weighted 750: 739: 615: 603: 555:spin-lattice 548: 496:portable MRI 478: 468: 459: 395: 337: 281: 269:nuclear spin 225: 201: 157:MRI scanners 136: 132: 131: 43: 10443:SU(2) color 10423:Homes's law 10106:Cardiac PET 9879:renal tract 9854:Gynecologic 9786:Techniques 9757:restriction 9732:Angiography 9715:Neurography 9661:Fluoroscopy 9607:Angiography 9588:angiography 9532:Techniques: 9493:Aortography 9483:Angiography 9463:Cystography 9453:Mammography 9395:Myelography 9390:Sialography 9359:radiography 8080:10 November 7654:Radiopaedia 7030:: 224–231. 6341:Radiopaedia 6285:Radiopaedia 6192:Radiopaedia 6165:Radiopaedia 6061:Radiopaedia 5991:Radiopaedia 5913:XRayPhysics 5887:Radiopaedia 5860:Radiopaedia 5833:Radiopaedia 5752:Radiopaedia 5649:Radiopaedia 5600:: 8329296. 5568:Radiopaedia 5418:Radiopaedia 4369:(1): 14–8. 4318:(6): e642. 4280:(1): 49–53. 3978:17 November 3454:: 509–531. 2937:transistors 2890:In 1971 at 2870:parenchymal 2774:hyperacusis 2399:vocal tract 2357:human heart 2305:metabolites 2161:Changes in 2062:injection. 1940:Measure of 1875:(pictured). 1761:hemosiderin 1730:cardiac MRI 1618:T2 weighted 1534:T1 weighted 1443:gadodiamide 1411:very stable 1403:octadentate 1322:angiography 1302:Angiography 1238:Spinal fMRI 1218:myocarditis 1157:N-localizer 1046:Radiologist 1017:Diagnostics 1000:hemosiderin 892:grey matter 879:Gray matter 803:diamagnetic 764:T1-weighted 535:PD-weighted 406:homogeneity 356:oscillating 348:MRI scanner 165:radio waves 159:use strong 118:MedlinePlus 10751:Cryogenics 10720:Categories 10579:iron-based 10438:reentrance 10019:Full body: 9805:endoscopic 9779:Ultrasound 9708:functional 9505:Lymphogram 9500:Venography 9468:Arthrogram 7741:: 640239. 7715:2022-03-06 7669:2021-11-24 7603:Radiol Med 6877:2017-07-26 6570:1802.03070 6347:2017-10-15 6320:2017-10-15 6291:2017-10-16 6198:2017-10-15 6171:2017-10-15 6144:2017-10-27 6067:2017-10-14 5997:2017-10-13 5918:2017-10-15 5907:Hammer M. 5893:2017-10-15 5866:2017-10-13 5839:2017-10-13 5809:2015-12-03 5784:2017-10-13 5758:2017-10-13 5731:2017-10-15 5655:2017-10-13 5574:2017-01-13 5521:2021-05-18 5497:2016-03-14 5460:2016-03-14 5424:2017-10-15 5397:2010-08-02 5372:2010-08-02 5185:2006-11-22 4549:2024-06-19 4239:2013-11-10 4121:2014-05-29 4076:August 14, 4029:August 14, 3957:2016-03-14 3891:2016-03-14 3448:NeuroImage 3428:2022-08-16 3319:2022-08-16 3295:2024-09-16 3290:Cancer.gov 3074:References 3062:Sodium MRI 3052:Rabi cycle 2788:See also: 2743:trimesters 2649:T2-mapping 2544:phosphorus 2500:See also: 2430:arrhythmia 2310:metabolism 2259:dissection 2219:dissection 2167:hemoglobin 1873:meningitis 1647:substances 1627:Measuring 1582:hemorrhage 1570:infarction 1543:Measuring 1458:gadoxetate 1387:gadolinium 1338:gadolinium 1283:bile ducts 1202:cardiac CT 1106:cerebellum 1078:See also: 941:hemorrhage 929:infarction 841:infarction 807:gadolinium 462:media help 402:shim coils 277:relaxation 230:. 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