965:(ABR) administers professional certification in Diagnostic Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics as well as subspecialty certification in neuroradiology, nuclear radiology, pediatric radiology and vascular and interventional radiology. "Board Certification" in diagnostic radiology requires successful completion of two examinations. The Core Exam is given after 36 months of residency. Although previously taken in Chicago or Tucson, Arizona, beginning in February 2021, the computer test transitioned permanently to a remote format. It encompasses 18 categories. A passing score is 350 or above. A fail on one to five categories was previously a Conditioned exam, however beginning in June 2021, the conditioned category will no longer exist and the test will be graded as a whole. The Certification Exam, can be taken 15 months after completion of the Radiology residency. This computer-based examination consists of five modules and graded pass-fail. It is given twice a year in Chicago and Tucson. Recertification examinations are taken every 10 years, with additional required continuing medical education as outlined in the Maintenance of Certification document.
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of their time interacting with patients. Compared to the healthcare provider who sends the patient to have images interpreted by a diagnostic radiologist, the radiologist usually does not know as much about the patient's clinical status or have as much influence on what action should be taken based on the images. Thus, the diagnostic radiologist reports image findings directly to that healthcare provider and often provides recommendations, who then takes the appropriate next steps for recommendations about medical management. Because radiologists undergo training regarding risks associated with different types of imaging tests and image-guided procedures, radiologists are the healthcare providers who generally educate patients about those risks to enable informed consent, not the healthcare provider requesting the test or procedure.
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682:), shortening exam times, wider, shorter magnet bores and more open magnet designs, have brought some relief for claustrophobic patients. However, for magnets with equivalent field strengths, there is often a trade-off between image quality and open design. MRI has great benefit in imaging the brain, spine, and musculoskeletal system. The use of MRI is currently contraindicated for patients with pacemakers, cochlear implants, some indwelling medication pumps, certain types of cerebral aneurysm clips, metal fragments in the eyes and some metallic hardware due to the powerful magnetic fields and strong fluctuating radio signals to which the body is exposed. Areas of potential advancement include functional imaging, cardiovascular MRI, and MRI-guided therapy.
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examinations after hours of usual operation, at night and on weekends. In these cases, the images can be sent across time zones (e.g. to Spain, Australia, India) with the receiving
Clinician working his normal daylight hours. However, at present, large private teleradiology companies in the U.S. currently provide most after-hours coverage employing night-working radiologists in the U.S. Teleradiology can also be used to obtain consultation with an expert or subspecialist about a complicated or puzzling case. In the U.S., many hospitals outsource their radiology departments to radiologists in India due to the lowered cost and availability of high speed internet access.
1162:(SIR) created a program named "Clinical Pathway in IR", which modified the "Holman Pathway" that was already accepted by the American Board of Radiology to including training in IR; this was accepted by ABR but was not widely adopted. In 2005 SIR proposed and ABR accepted another pathway called "DIRECT (Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Enhanced Clinical Training) Pathway" to help trainees coming from other specialities learn IR; this too was not widely adopted. In 2006 SIR proposed a pathway resulting in certification in IR as a speciality; this was eventually accepted by the ABR in 2007 and was presented to the
1072:, are often trained to undertake many of these opportunities in order to help meet demand. Radiographers often may control a "list" of a particular set of procedures after being approved locally and signed off by a consultant radiologist. Similarly, radiographers may simply operate a list for a radiologist or other physician on their behalf. Most often if a radiographer operates a list autonomously then they are acting as the operator and practitioner under the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000. Radiographers are represented by a variety of bodies; most often this is the
1042:, as well as those who have completed higher training. Recruitment and selection into training post in clinical radiology posts in England, Scotland and Wales is done by an annual nationally coordinated process lasting from November to March. In this process, all applicants are required to pass a Specialty Recruitment Assessment (SRA) test. Those with a test score above a certain threshold are offered a single interview at the London and the South East Recruitment Office. At a later stage, applicants declare what programs they prefer, but may in some cases be placed in a neighbouring region.
752:. The positrons annihilate to produce two opposite traveling gamma rays to be detected coincidentally, thus improving resolution. In PET scanning, a radioactive, biologically active substance, most often F-FDG, is injected into a patient and the radiation emitted by the patient is detected to produce multiplanar images of the body. Metabolically more active tissues, such as cancer, concentrate the active substance more than normal tissues. PET images can be combined (or "fused") with anatomic (CT) imaging, to more accurately localize PET findings and thereby improve diagnostic accuracy.
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866:. On this basis, it is possible to assess the places where bio-materials are implanted into the bone for the purpose of guided bone regeneration. They take an intact bone image sample (region of interest, ROI, reference site) and a sample of the implantation site (second ROI, test site) can be assessed numerically/objectively to what extent the implantation site imitates a healthy bone and how advanced is the process of bone regeneration
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821:. The images provide maps that allow the clinician to guide these instruments through the body to the areas containing disease. By minimizing the physical trauma to the patient, peripheral interventions can reduce infection rates and recovery times, as well as hospital stays. To be a trained interventionalist in the United States, an individual completes a five-year residency in radiology and a one- or two-year fellowship in IR.
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requiring an onsite reporting
Clinician. Laws and regulations concerning the use of teleradiology vary among the states, with some requiring a license to practice medicine in the state sending the radiologic exam. In the U.S., some states require the teleradiology report to be preliminary with the official report issued by a hospital staff radiologist. Lastly, a benefit of teleradiology is that it might be automated with modern
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1190:, whose aim is to support teaching, science, research and clinical practice in the field by hosting meetings, educational workshops and promoting patient safety initiatives. Furthermore, the Society provides an examination, the European Board of Interventional Radiology (EBIR), which is a highly valuable qualification in interventional radiology based on the European Curriculum and Syllabus for IR.
579:. The progression of pregnancies can be thoroughly evaluated with less concern about damage from the techniques employed, allowing early detection and diagnosis of many fetal anomalies. Growth can be assessed over time, important in patients with chronic disease or pregnancy-induced disease, and in multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.). Color-flow Doppler ultrasound measures the severity of
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317:, is a specially trained healthcare professional that uses sophisticated technology and positioning techniques to produce medical images for the radiologist to interpret. Depending on the individual's training and country of practice, the radiographer may specialize in one of the above-mentioned imaging modalities or have expanded roles in image reporting.
1050:(FRCR) exam. This comprises a medical physics and anatomy examination. Following completion of their part 1 exam, they are then required to pass six written exams (part 2A), which cover all the subspecialities. Successful completion of these allows them to complete the FRCR by completing part 2B, which includes rapid reporting, and a long case discussion.
1170:(DR) training. The proposal was reworked, at the same time that overall DR training was being revamped, and a new proposal that would lead to a dual DR/IR specialization was presented to the ABMS and was accepted in 2012 and eventually was implemented in 2014. By 2016 the field had determined that the old IR fellowships would be terminated by 2020.
372:) are produced by transmitting X-rays through a patient. The X-rays are projected through the body onto a detector; an image is formed based on which rays pass through (and are detected) versus those that are absorbed or scattered in the patient (and thus are not detected). Röntgen discovered X-rays on November 8, 1895, and received the first
790:, with the most minimally invasive technique possible. Minimally invasive procedures are currently performed more than ever before. These procedures are often performed with the patient fully awake, with little or no sedation required. Interventional radiologists and interventional radiographers diagnose and treat several disorders, including
851:. The resultant image only contains the time-dependent differences between the two examined radiographs. The advantage of this technique is the precise determination of the dynamics of density changes and the place of their occurrence. However, beforehand the geometrical adjustment and general alignment of optical density should be done
463:) is given orally or rectally for evaluation of the GI tract. Iodine, in multiple proprietary forms, is given by oral, rectal, vaginal, intra-arterial or intravenous routes. These radiocontrast agents strongly absorb or scatter X-rays, and in conjunction with the real-time imaging, allow demonstration of dynamic processes, such as
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scans, MR scans and other digital-based imaging, there are many disease entities in which the classic diagnosis is obtained by plain radiographs. Examples include various types of arthritis and pneumonia, bone tumors (especially benign bone tumors), fractures, congenital skeletal anomalies, and certain kidney stones.
479:) more conspicuous. Additionally, in specific circumstances, air can be used as a contrast agent for the gastrointestinal system and carbon dioxide can be used as a contrast agent in the venous system; in these cases, the contrast agent attenuates the X-ray radiation less than the surrounding tissues.
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UK radiology registrars are represented by the
Society of Radiologists in Training (SRT), which was founded in 1993 under the auspices of the Royal College of Radiologists. The society is a nonprofit organisation, run by radiology registrars specifically to promote radiology training and education in
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fusion, largely practiced in academic and research settings, could potentially play a crucial role in fine detail of brain imaging, breast cancer screening, and small joint imaging of the foot. The technology recently blossomed after passing the technical hurdle of altered positron movement in strong
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and the PET Scanner, which detect the radiation emitted by the tracer in the body and display it as an image. With computer processing, the information can be displayed as axial, coronal and sagittal images (single-photon emission computed tomography - SPECT or
Positron-emission tomography - PET). In
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was often the only way to obtain a definitive diagnosis of the cause of severe abdominal pain which could not be otherwise ascertained from external observation. Continuing improvements in CT technology, including faster scanning times and improved resolution, have dramatically increased the accuracy
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The modern practice of radiology involves a team of several different healthcare professionals. A radiologist, who is a medical doctor with specialized post-graduate training, interprets medical images, communicates these findings to other physicians through reports or verbal communication, and uses
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Some radiologists, like teleradiologists, have no interaction with patients. Other radiologists, like interventional radiologists, primarily interact with patients and spend less time analyzing images. Diagnostic radiologists tend to spend the majority of their time analyzing images and a minority
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and multiple oblique planes with equal ease. MRI scans give the best soft tissue contrast of all the imaging modalities. With advances in scanning speed and spatial resolution, and improvements in computer 3D algorithms and hardware, MRI has become an important tool in musculoskeletal radiology and
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absorbs more of the sound waves. This results in fewer sound waves penetrating to organs and reflecting back to the transducer, resulting in loss of information and a poorer quality image. Ultrasound is also limited by its inability to image through air pockets (lungs, bowel loops) or bone. Its use
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In India a medical graduate must obtain a bachelors degree which requires 4.5 year of training along with 1 year internship followed by NEET PG examination which is one of the hardest examination in India. Then on the merit basis one must get into Radio diagnosis. Previous rank data shows only top
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Radiology is a field in medicine that has expanded rapidly after 2000 due to advances in computer technology, which is closely linked to modern imaging techniques. Applying for residency positions in radiology has become highly competitive. Applicants are often near the top of their medical school
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are passed through a digitizing machine before transmission, while CT, MRI, ultrasound and nuclear medicine scans can be sent directly, as they are already digital data. The computer at the receiving end will need to have a high-quality display screen that has been tested and cleared for clinical
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The basic technique is optical density evaluation (i.e. histogram analysis). It is then described that a region has a different optical density, e.g. a cancer metastasis to bone can cause radiolucency. The development of this is the digital radiological subtraction. It consists in overlapping two
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Spiral multidetector CT uses 16, 64, 254 or more detectors during continuous motion of the patient through the radiation beam to obtain fine detail images in a short exam time. With rapid administration of intravenous contrast during the CT scan, these fine detail images can be reconstructed into
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Veterinary radiologists are veterinarians who specialize in the use of X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging or treatment of disease in animals. They are certified in either diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology by the
American College of Veterinary Radiology.
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The major advantage of teleradiology is the ability to use different time zones to provide real-time emergency radiology services around-the-clock. The disadvantages include higher costs, limited contact between the referrer and the reporting
Clinician, and the inability to cover for procedures
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One disadvantage is the patient has to hold still for long periods of time in a noisy, cramped space while the imaging is performed. Claustrophobia (fear of closed spaces) severe enough to terminate the MRI exam is reported in up to 5% of patients. Recent improvements in magnet design including
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The introduction of computed tomography in the early 1970s revolutionized diagnostic radiology by providing front-line clinicians with detailed images of anatomic structures in three dimensions. CT scanning has become the test of choice in diagnosing some urgent and emergent conditions, such as
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Plain radiography was the only imaging modality available during the first 50 years of radiology. Due to its availability, speed, and lower costs compared to other modalities, radiography is often the first-line test of choice in radiologic diagnosis. Also despite the large amount of data in CT
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In Europe the field followed its own pathway; for example in
Germany the parallel interventional society began to break free of the DR society in 2008. In the UK, interventional radiology was approved as a sub-specialty of clinical radiology in 2010. While many countries have an interventional
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The training programme lasts for a total of five years. During this time, doctors rotate into different subspecialities, such as paediatrics, musculoskeletal or neuroradiology, and breast imaging. During the first year of training, radiology trainees are expected to pass the first part of the
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plane, with coronal and sagittal images produced by computer reconstruction. Radiocontrast agents are often used with CT for enhanced delineation of anatomy. Although radiographs provide higher spatial resolution, CT can detect more subtle variations in attenuation of X-rays (higher contrast
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Teleradiology is the transmission of radiographic images from one location to another for interpretation by an appropriately trained professional, usually a radiologist or reporting radiographer. It is most often used to allow rapid interpretation of emergency room, ICU and other emergent
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Nuclear medicine imaging involves the administration into the patient of radiopharmaceuticals consisting of substances with affinity for certain body tissues labeled with radioactive tracer. The most commonly used tracers are technetium-99m, iodine-123, iodine-131, gallium-67, indium-111,
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Following completion of residency training, radiologists may either begin practicing as a general diagnostic radiologist or enter into subspecialty training programs known as fellowships. Examples of subspeciality training in radiology include abdominal imaging, thoracic imaging,
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1057:(CCT), many fellowship posts exist in specialities such as neurointervention and vascular intervention, which would allow the doctor to work as an Interventional radiologist. In some cases, the CCT date can be deferred by a year to include these fellowship programmes.
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Interventional radiology (IR or sometimes VIR for vascular and interventional radiology) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. Some of these procedures are done for purely diagnostic purposes (e.g.,
383:, to reduce scatter, and strike an undeveloped film, which is held tightly to a screen of light-emitting phosphors in a light-tight cassette. The film is then developed chemically and an image appears on the film. Film-screen radiography is being replaced by
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After finishing a six-year study of medicine and passing the emergency medicine internship, MDs can apply for radiology residency. Radiology is a five-year post-graduate programme that involves all fields of radiology with final board exam.
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in medical imaging has developed mostly within the last 30 years. The first ultrasound images were static and two-dimensional (2D), but with modern ultrasonography, 3D reconstructions can be observed in real time, effectively becoming "4D".
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to image the body. In CT, an X-ray tube opposite an X-ray detector (or detectors) in a ring-shaped apparatus rotate around a patient, producing a computer-generated cross-sectional image (tomogram). CT is acquired in the
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signal generated as the nuclei return to their baseline states. The radio signals are collected by small antennae, called coils, placed near the area of interest. An advantage of MRI is its ability to produce images in
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rankers take radiology which means if one‘s score is less, one might get other branches but not radiology. The radiology training course is a post graduate 3-year program (MD/DNB Radiology) or a 2-year diploma (DMRD).
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is involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam and the patient's body size. Examinations of larger,
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395:. In the two latest systems, the X-rays strike sensors that converts the signals generated into digital information, which is transmitted and converted into an image displayed on a computer screen. In
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Because ultrasound imaging techniques do not employ ionizing radiation to generate images (unlike radiography, and CT scans), they are generally considered safer and are therefore more common in
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Thrall JH, Li X, Li Q, Cruz C, Do S, Dreyer K, Brink J (March 2018). "Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning in Radiology: Opportunities, Challenges, Pitfalls, and Criteria for Success".
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Bittersohl B, Freitas J, Zaps D, Schmitz MR, Bomar JD, Muhamad AR, Hosalkar HS (May 2013). "EOS imaging of the human pelvis: reliability, validity, and controlled comparison with radiography".
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imaging, in which a fluorescent screen and image intensifier tube is connected to a closed-circuit television system. This allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a
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In film-screen radiography, an X-ray tube generates a beam of X-rays, which is aimed at the patient. The X-rays that pass through the patient are filtered through a device called a grid or
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Currently, a shortage of radiologists in the UK has created opportunities in all specialities, and with the increased reliance on imaging, demand is expected to increase in the future.
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is involved in the care of patients before and after imaging or procedures, including administration of medications, monitoring of vital signs and monitoring of sedated patients. The
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function. The excretory function of the kidneys, iodine-concentrating ability of the thyroid, blood flow to heart muscle, etc. can be measured. The principal imaging devices are the
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interventions. Radiographic images, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound modalities are used for guidance, and the primary instruments used during the procedure are specialized needles and
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in the digestive tract or blood flow in arteries and veins. Iodine contrast may also be concentrated in abnormal areas more or less than in normal tissues and make abnormalities (
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Comparison of changes in dental and bone radiographic densities in the presence of different soft-tissue simulators using pixel intensity and digital subtraction analyses
958:), one year of internship, and four years of residency training. After residency, most radiologists pursue one or two years of additional specialty fellowship training.
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1015:, the Uniformed Services University, and the University of South Carolina School of Medicine offer an introduction to radiology during their respective MD programs.
599:, embedded deep in one of the inner veins of the legs, can be found via ultrasound before it dislodges and travels to the lungs, resulting in a potentially fatal
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Radiology is an extremely competitive speciality in the UK, attracting applicants from a broad range of backgrounds. Applicants are welcomed directly from the
1000:, nuclear medicine, emergency radiology, breast imaging and women's imaging. Fellowship training programs in radiology are usually one or two years in length.
950:(board) examination scores. Diagnostic radiologists must complete prerequisite undergraduate education, four years of medical school to earn a medical degree (
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and then a five-year residency program. Some radiologists may elect to complete a one or two-year fellowship for further sub-specialization in fields such as
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Kaufman JA, Reekers JA, Burnes JP, Al-Kutoubi A, Lewis CA, Hardy BW, Kuribayashi S (August 2010). "Global statement defining interventional radiology".
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Teleradiology requires a sending station, a high-speed internet connection, and a high-quality receiving station. At the transmission station, plain
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are usually administered by swallowing or injecting into the body of the patient to delineate anatomy and functioning of the blood vessels, the
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After obtaining medical licensure, German radiologists complete a five-year residency, culminating with a board examination (known as
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Medical ultrasonography uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No
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Kaufman JA (November 2014). "The interventional radiology/diagnostic radiology certificate and interventional radiology residency".
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the sensors shape a plate, but in the EOS system, which is a slot-scanning system, a linear sensor vertically scans the patient.
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New Oral
Surgery Materials for Bone Reconstruction—A Comparison of Five Bone Substitute Materials for Dentoalveolar Augmentation
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Noise in subtraction images made from pairs of intraoral radiographs: a comparison between four methods of geometric alignment
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and any internal organ damage. Extensive internal bleeding or injury to the major organs may require surgery and repair.
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Some medical schools in the US have started to incorporate a basic radiology introduction into their core MD training.
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Fast-Versus Slow-Resorbable
Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Materials—Texture Analysis after 12 Months of Observation
1076:. Collaboration with nurses is also common, where a list may be jointly organised between the nurse and radiographer.
855:. Another possibility of radiographic image analysis is to study second order features, e.g. digital texture analysis
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the most modern devices, nuclear medicine images can be fused with a CT scan taken quasisimultaneously, so the
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2248:"The new Interventional Radiology/Diagnostic Radiology dual certificate: "higher standards, better education""
1026:. Qualifications for radiographers vary by country, but many radiographers now are required to hold a degree.
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Basic research Textural entropy as a potential feature for quantitative assessment of jaw bone healing process
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1220:: the science of preventing people and the environment from suffering harmful effects from ionizing radiation
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information can be overlaid or coregistered with the anatomical structures to improve diagnostic accuracy.
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Using fractal dimension to evaluate alveolar bone defects treated with various bone substitute materials
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1997:"A Pilot Study of Comprehensive Ultrasound Education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine"
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Italian radiologists complete a four-year residency program after completing the six-year MD program.
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Radiologists in Singapore complete a five-year undergraduate medicine degree followed by a one-year
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Dutch radiologists complete a five-year residency program after completing the six-year MD program.
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and usefulness of CT scanning, which may partially account for increased use in medical diagnosis.
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and is used by cardiologists for dynamic evaluation of the heart, heart valves and major vessels.
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1929:"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging — School of Medicine at the University of Virginia"
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the UK. Annual meetings are held by which trainees across the country are encouraged to attend.
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resolution). CT exposes the patient to significantly more ionizing radiation than a radiograph.
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Siragusa DA, Cardella JF, Hieb RA, Kaufman JA, Kim HS, Nikolic B, et al. (November 2013).
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medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
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are two applications of low energy projectional radiography, used for the evaluation for
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and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with
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magnetic field thus affecting the resolution of PET images and attenuation correction.
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459:(GI tract). Two radiocontrast agents are presently in common use. Barium sulfate (BaSO
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Influence of General Mineral Condition on Collagen-Guided Alveolar Crest Augmentation
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Comparative Analysis of Three Bone Substitute Materials Based on Co-Occurrence Matrix
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The fusion technology has gone further to combine PET and MRI similar to PET and CT.
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1343:"Radiographic image interpretation by Australian radiographers: a systematic review"
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2536:
2455:
1464:
1426:
1275:
657:
616:
326:
250:
20:
1850:
1689:
1503:
1019:
also integrates imaging material into their curriculum early in the first year.
519:
three-dimensional (3D) images of carotid, cerebral, coronary or other arteries.
4156:
3114:
3068:
2881:
2811:
2630:
2211:
1793:
1723:"Radiological images and machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects"
1650:
989:
670:
646:
536:
448:
169:
2263:
1466:
Fundamentals of Computerized Tomography: Image Reconstruction from Projections
1268:
1237:: equipment that uses x-rays to produce an image feed displayed on a TV screen
847:
radiographs of the same examined region and subtracting the optical densities
4243:
3788:
3757:
3745:
3740:
3498:
3393:
3197:
2986:
2981:
2843:
2783:
2686:
2450:
1244:
886:
729:
detail is limited in these studies, nuclear medicine is useful in displaying
666:
608:
444:
414:
310:
51:
2172:
1597:
1214:: the use of ionizing electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays, in medicine
863:
4171:
4024:
4019:
3926:
3750:
3735:
3669:
3202:
3187:
3013:
2738:
2588:
2573:
2519:
2396:
2347:
2281:
2229:
2180:
2145:
1862:
1801:
1766:
1707:
1658:
1515:
1411:
1376:
1327:
1065:
1023:
749:
734:
679:
532:
476:
418:
380:
306:
2338:
2321:
1208:: improving access to radiology resources in poor and developing countries
856:
786:
The basic concept behind interventional radiology is to diagnose or treat
309:, also known as a "radiologic technologist" in some countries such as the
4094:
3649:
3481:
3471:
3451:
3441:
3383:
3378:
3347:
3061:
3006:
2903:
2758:
2733:
2551:
1403:
1250:
1151:
Training for interventional radiology occurs in the residency portion of
896:
803:
780:
722:
464:
436:
430:
406:
361:
278:
258:
47:
are imaging techniques that use X-rays, gamma rays, or similar radiation.
40:
852:
848:
3730:
3493:
3488:
3456:
3149:
3034:
3001:
2773:
2723:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2681:
2671:
1887:"USMLE Scores and Residency Applicant Data, 2009: Diagnostic Radiology"
739:
730:
564:
1542:
The Sorcerer's Apprentice: How Medical Imaging Is Changing Health Care
748:(PET) scanning deals with positrons instead of gamma rays detected by
4057:
3993:
3446:
3222:
2964:
2959:
2823:
2676:
2640:
1578:
1358:
874:
870:
867:
787:
776:
637:
506:
262:
1166:(ABMS) in 2009, which rejected it because it did not include enough
900:
purposes. Reports are then transmitted to the requesting clinician.
4080:
2728:
2505:
1739:
919:
818:
650:
620:
607:
to minimize damage to surrounding tissues and in drainages such as
584:
157:
103:
3303:
1141:
364:(originally called roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of
4109:
3512:
3207:
2667:
2635:
2528:
2112:"The training and practice of radiology in India: current trends"
807:
756:
726:
710:
254:
1611:. UKRC & Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham. Archived from
1545:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–85.
1188:
Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe
493:
4104:
2469:
810:
653:
619:
wards by non-invasively assessing for the presence of internal
604:
592:
468:
350:
314:
161:
1636:
342:
4131:
3342:
1069:
814:
718:
714:
702:
472:
440:
365:
302:
301:
imaging to perform minimally invasive medical procedures The
1389:
1173:
A handful of programs have offered interventional radiology
2474:
2193:
2084:
1579:"Magnetic Resonance, a critical peer-reviewed introduction"
706:
236:
230:
212:
233:
224:
410:
218:
972:(AOBR) and the American Board of Physician Specialties.
2319:
2196:"Requirements for training in interventional radiology"
1931:. Healthsystem.virginia.edu. 2012-02-17. Archived from
1341:
Murphy A, Ekpo E, Steffens T, Neep MJ (December 2019).
779:), while others are done for treatment purposes (e.g.,
567:
patients may have a decrease in image quality as their
2363:"Radiology training in United Kingdom: current status"
1392:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1340:
1314:
Blevins SJ (1994). "The role of the radiology nurse".
2322:"White Paper: Curriculum in Interventional Radiology"
2320:
Mahnken AH, Bücker A, Hohl C, Berlis A (April 2017).
2298:. The Society for Pediatric Radiology. Archived from
1177:
that focus on training in the treatment of children.
505:
CT imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing
245:
206:
833:
A radiologist interprets medical images on a modern
227:
215:
209:
1202:: use of a computer to produce images of the breast
1186:radiology society, there is also the European-wide
221:
2411:"Guidance on Training in Interventional Radiology"
1017:Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine
2296:"Pediatric Interventional Training Opportunities"
841:
611:. Small, portable ultrasound devices now replace
331:
4241:
2245:
2200:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
1999:. Jultrasoundmed.org. 2008-05-01. Archived from
1639:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
1538:
837:(PACS) workstation. San Diego, California, 2010.
603:. Ultrasound is useful as a guide to performing
320:
1857:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1510:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1424:
1142:Specialty training for interventional radiology
261:(which is why its name has a root referring to
2241:
2239:
1779:
1606:"Intervention as an Extended Role: My Journey"
1539:Hillman, Bruce J.; Goldsmith, Jeff C. (2011).
1532:
1289:"Radiology — Diagnostic Specialty Description"
3319:
2490:
2360:
1848:
1278:. Webpage of the American Board of Radiology.
626:
2367:Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery
2116:Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery
1851:"Radiology Patient Safety and Communication"
1782:Journal of the American College of Radiology
1501:
1022:Radiographic exams are usually performed by
968:Certification may also be obtained from the
2236:
1849:Emmerson, Benjamin; Young, Michael (2023),
1720:
1671:
1307:
763:
3326:
3312:
2779:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2497:
2483:
1956:. New York Medical College. Archived from
1431:(5th ed.). Harvard University Press.
835:picture archiving and communication system
346:Radiography of the knee using a DR machine
3120:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2386:
2337:
2271:
2246:Di Marco L, Anderson MB (February 2016).
2219:
2135:
2085:"The Society of Radiologists in Training"
1972:"Integrated ultrasound curriculum (iUSC)"
1756:
1738:
1697:
1366:
1009:Wayne State University School of Medicine
645:MRI uses strong magnetic fields to align
141:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
135:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4162:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
2459:) is being considered for deletion. See
2050:
2048:
1839:|date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2023-11-24
935:
910:
828:
636:
492:
349:
341:
179:
168:
2361:Kassamali RH, Hoey ET (December 2014).
2158:
2087:. Society of Radiologists in Training.
1502:Hermena, Shady; Young, Michael (2022),
1313:
970:American Osteopathic Board of Radiology
591:may be a warning sign for an impending
4242:
1462:
1418:
1164:American Board of Medical Specialities
926:
527:(clots in the arteries of the lungs),
482:
273:), as well as others that do, such as
3307:
2478:
2109:
2045:
1585:from the original on 8 September 2013
1581:. European Magnetic Resonance Forum.
1559:from the original on 24 November 2023
1504:"CT-scan Image Production Procedures"
1347:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
1155:, and has gone through developments.
1055:certificate of completion of training
824:
249:) is the medical specialty that uses
3258:
3019:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1904:"A Day in the Life of a Radiologist"
1295:from the original on 26 October 2020
1074:Society and College of Radiographers
3333:
3268:
2379:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.10.10
2128:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.11.04
2091:from the original on 15 August 2015
1721:Zhang Z, Sejdić E (February 2019).
1456:
1160:Society of Interventional Radiology
685:
13:
3969:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
3155:Medical Scientist Training Program
1603:
1428:Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology
1146:
1099:
14:
4271:
2463:to help reach a consensus. ›
2442:
1727:Computers in Biology and Medicine
1033:
4224:
4223:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3257:
3248:
3247:
1749:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.02.017
1674:"Machine learning and radiology"
1672:Wang S, Summers RM (July 2012).
1483:from the original on 29 May 2024
1425:Novelline RA, Squire LF (1997).
1291:. American Medical Association.
940:
880:
202:
33:For industrial application, see
3726:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
3288:
2403:
2354:
2313:
2288:
2187:
2152:
2103:
2077:
2014:
1989:
1978:from the original on 2012-03-13
1964:
1946:
1921:
1910:from the original on 2018-04-14
1896:
1879:
1869:from the original on 2024-05-28
1842:
1830:from the original on 2024-03-31
1816:
1773:
1714:
1665:
1630:
1571:
1522:from the original on 2024-02-28
1445:from the original on 2024-05-29
1269:The American Board of Radiology
3974:Radioactive iodine uptake test
3145:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2579:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2056:"Vacancy / Clinical Radiology"
1974:. SpringerImages. 2011-03-25.
1495:
1383:
1334:
1281:
1262:
1241:International Day of Radiology
918:of a hand with calculation of
842:Plain, or general, radiography
531:(tearing of the aortic wall),
424:
332:Projection (plain) radiography
293:is the performance of usually
129:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
1:
3954:Radionuclide ventriculography
3428:Lower gastrointestinal series
3420:Upper gastrointestinal series
2448:
2418:Royal College of Radiologists
2027:Royal College of Radiologists
1256:
1048:Royal College of Radiologists
994:interventional neuroradiology
547:
321:Diagnostic imaging modalities
4145:Optical coherence tomography
4067:Myocardial perfusion imaging
3655:Dental panoramic radiography
3125:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2892:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2504:
1224:Radiologists Without Borders
1116:
976:cross-sectional/ultrasound,
746:Positron emission tomography
678:stronger magnetic fields (3
439:are special applications of
287:positron emission tomography
7:
1690:10.1016/j.media.2012.02.005
1193:
963:American Board of Radiology
792:peripheral vascular disease
581:peripheral vascular disease
376:for his discovery in 1901.
173:A radiologist interpreting
10:
4276:
3949:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3424:Small-bowel follow-through
2212:10.1016/j.jvir.2013.08.002
1794:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.12.026
1651:10.1016/j.jvir.2010.05.006
1469:(2nd ed.). Springer.
1463:Herman GT (14 July 2009).
1079:
884:
767:
689:
633:Magnetic resonance imaging
630:
627:Magnetic resonance imaging
551:
486:
428:
385:phosphor plate radiography
335:
324:
271:magnetic resonance imaging
191:Dr. Macintyre's X-Ray Film
175:magnetic resonance imaging
49:
39:
32:
18:
4219:
4198:
4190:Dynamic angiothermography
4170:
4126:
4075:
4052:
4042:
4007:
3934:
3924:
3915:
3858:Abdominal ultrasonography
3766:
3682:
3642:
3561:
3520:
3511:
3364:
3355:
3341:
3243:
3165:
3103:
2864:
2792:
2747:
2656:
2527:
2512:
2264:10.1007/s13244-015-0450-9
2110:Arora R (December 2014).
1180:
489:X-ray computed tomography
149:
114:
109:
97:
85:
67:
62:
4180:Non-contact thermography
3959:Radionuclide angiography
3811:Doppler echocardiography
3079:Transplantation medicine
2970:Clinical neurophysiology
2887:Obstetric anesthesiology
2807:Interventional radiology
2567:Digestive system surgery
2461:templates for discussion
1127:interventional radiology
1107:
1091:
1005:New York Medical College
986:interventional radiology
770:Interventional radiology
764:Interventional radiology
338:Projectional radiography
291:Interventional radiology
50:Not to be confused with
3964:Radioisotope renography
2950:Intensive care medicine
2924:Mass gathering medicine
2769:Maternal–fetal medicine
2173:10.1148/radiol.14141263
2022:"Specialty recruitment"
1235:X-ray image intensifier
554:Medical ultrasonography
355:Projectional radiograph
3999:Gastric emptying study
2542:Cardiothoracic surgery
1678:Medical Image Analysis
1068:, and less frequently
1013:Weill Cornell Medicine
923:
838:
642:
587:, for example, of the
502:
457:gastrointestinal tract
374:Nobel Prize in Physics
370:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
358:
347:
194:
177:
45:industrial CT scanning
35:Nondestructive testing
3660:X-ray motion analysis
3543:X-ray microtomography
3462:Hysterosalpingography
3369:Pneumoencephalography
3193:Personalized medicine
3052:Reproductive medicine
2977:Occupational medicine
2931:Evolutionary medicine
2339:10.1055/s-0043-104773
2252:Insights into Imaging
936:Professional training
914:
862:or fractal dimension
832:
796:renal artery stenosis
640:
523:cerebral hemorrhage,
496:
387:but more recently by
353:
345:
189:
172:
4185:Contact thermography
3895:Emergency ultrasound
3833:Transcranial Doppler
3584:Abdominal and pelvis
3213:Traditional medicine
3173:Alternative medicine
3040:Addiction psychiatry
2854:Transfusion medicine
2849:Medical microbiology
2764:Gynecologic oncology
2616:Reproductive surgery
1954:"School of Medicine"
1404:10.2106/JBJS.K.01591
1316:Radiology Management
1218:Radiation protection
1168:diagnostic radiology
1040:Foundation Programme
998:paediatric radiology
453:genitourinary system
4152:Confocal microscopy
4030:Indium-111 WBC scan
3853:Echoencephalography
3589:Virtual colonoscopy
3235:History of medicine
3218:Veterinary medicine
3025:Preventive medicine
2877:Adolescent medicine
2719:Infectious diseases
1788:(3 Pt B): 504–508.
1247:for medical imaging
1212:Medical radiography
1200:Digital mammography
946:classes, with high
927:Patient Interaction
699:fludeoxyglucose (F)
577:obstetrical imaging
541:exploratory surgery
483:Computed tomography
397:digital radiography
389:digital radiography
275:computed tomography
59:
29:Radiology (journal)
4140:Optical tomography
3989:Dacryoscintigraphy
3984:Immunoscintigraphy
3623:Whole body imaging
3374:Dental radiography
3183:Molecular oncology
3140:Doctor of Medicine
3130:Master of Medicine
3047:Radiation oncology
2919:Emergency medicine
2872:Addiction medicine
2839:Clinical chemistry
2834:Clinical pathology
2626:Transplant surgery
2584:Orthopedic surgery
2562:Colorectal surgery
1618:on August 29, 2022
1274:2018-10-17 at the
1053:After achieving a
1046:Fellowship of the
924:
839:
825:Analysis of images
802:filter placement,
800:inferior vena cava
643:
601:pulmonary embolism
560:ionizing radiation
525:pulmonary embolism
503:
359:
348:
295:minimally invasive
195:
178:
123:Doctor of Medicine
116:Education required
57:
16:Branch of medicine
4237:
4236:
4199:Target conditions
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4038:
4037:
3979:Bone scintigraphy
3944:Scintimammography
3939:Cholescintigraphy
3784:contrast-enhanced
3678:
3677:
3638:
3637:
3628:Full-body CT scan
3528:General operation
3507:
3506:
3477:Angiocardiography
3301:
3300:
3135:Master of Surgery
3099:
3098:
3084:Tropical medicine
3030:Prison healthcare
2945:Hospital medicine
2909:Disaster medicine
2899:Aviation medicine
2714:Hospital medicine
2621:Surgical oncology
2606:Pediatric surgery
2600:
2547:Endocrine surgery
1476:978-1-84628-723-7
1438:978-0-674-01279-0
1153:medical education
806:tube placements,
697:thallium-201 and
613:peritoneal lavage
529:aortic dissection
246:rey-dee-ol-uh-jee
187:
167:
166:
25:radiation therapy
4267:
4227:
4226:
4050:
4049:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3806:Echocardiography
3665:Hounsfield scale
3518:
3517:
3437:Cholecystography
3362:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3251:
3250:
2955:Medical genetics
2940:General practice
2817:Nuclear medicine
2692:Gastroenterology
2648:Vascular surgery
2598:
2525:
2524:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2427:on 6 August 2020
2426:
2420:. Archived from
2415:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2062:. Archived from
2052:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2030:. Archived from
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1742:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1359:10.1002/jmrs.356
1338:
1332:
1331:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1229:Radiosensitivity
1206:Global radiology
906:machine learning
692:Nuclear medicine
686:Nuclear medicine
674:neuroradiology.
589:carotid arteries
569:subcutaneous fat
435:Fluoroscopy and
421:, respectively.
283:nuclear medicine
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
188:
99:Activity sectors
60:
56:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4260:Medical physics
4255:Medical imaging
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4215:
4194:
4166:
4114:
4100:PET mammography
4071:
4034:
4020:Gallium-67 scan
4015:Octreotide scan
4003:
3911:
3762:
3674:
3634:
3557:
3538:High-resolution
3503:
3467:Skeletal survey
3433:Cholangiography
3346:
3337:
3335:Medical imaging
3332:
3302:
3297:
3239:
3228:Chief physician
3161:
3106:
3095:
3089:Travel medicine
3074:Sports medicine
3057:Sexual medicine
2997:Palliative care
2992:Pain management
2936:Family medicine
2914:Diving medicine
2860:
2788:
2750:
2743:
2659:
2652:
2611:Plastic surgery
2557:General surgery
2537:Cardiac surgery
2518:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2464:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2359:
2355:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2244:
2237:
2206:(11): 1609–12.
2192:
2188:
2157:
2153:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1870:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1778:
1774:
1719:
1715:
1670:
1666:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1461:
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1308:
1298:
1296:
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1276:Wayback Machine
1267:
1263:
1259:
1196:
1183:
1149:
1144:
1119:
1110:
1102:
1100:The Netherlands
1094:
1086:Facharztprüfung
1082:
1036:
982:musculoskeletal
943:
938:
929:
889:
883:
844:
827:
772:
766:
694:
688:
658:radio frequency
641:MRI of the knee
635:
629:
556:
550:
491:
485:
462:
449:contrast agents
433:
427:
340:
334:
329:
327:Medical imaging
323:
267:ultrasonography
251:medical imaging
205:
201:
180:
154:
152:
117:
100:
88:
87:Occupation type
79:Roentgenologist
55:
48:
38:
31:
21:medical imaging
17:
12:
11:
5:
4273:
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4187:
4182:
4176:
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4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4157:Endomicroscopy
4154:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4136:
4134:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
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4009:
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3991:
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3981:
3976:
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3439:
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3359:
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3323:
3316:
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3299:
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3275:
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3244:
3241:
3240:
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3237:
3232:
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3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3166:Related topics
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Medical school
3111:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:Sleep medicine
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2957:
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2947:
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2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2882:Anesthesiology
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
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2821:
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2814:
2812:Neuroradiology
2809:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:Obstetrics and
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
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2689:
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2679:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2631:Trauma surgery
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2594:Otolaryngology
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2520:subspecialties
2510:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2444:
2443:External links
2441:
2439:
2438:
2402:
2353:
2332:(4): 309–311.
2312:
2287:
2235:
2186:
2151:
2102:
2076:
2044:
2013:
1988:
1963:
1960:on 2010-05-28.
1945:
1920:
1906:. 2017-12-28.
1895:
1878:
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1629:
1596:
1570:
1551:
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1494:
1475:
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1437:
1417:
1398:(9): e58–1–9.
1382:
1353:(4): 269–283.
1333:
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1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1035:
1034:United Kingdom
1032:
990:neuroradiology
942:
939:
937:
934:
928:
925:
885:Main article:
882:
879:
843:
840:
826:
823:
768:Main article:
765:
762:
690:Main article:
687:
684:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
552:Main article:
549:
546:
537:diverticulitis
487:Main article:
484:
481:
460:
429:Main article:
426:
423:
336:Main article:
333:
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325:Main article:
322:
319:
165:
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4064:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Ga-68-DOTATOC
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
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3995:
3992:
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3985:
3982:
3980:
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3891:
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3886:
3883:
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3861:
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3859:
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3854:
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3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Intravascular
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3758:Synthetic MRI
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
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3689:
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3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
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3619:
3616:
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3611:
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3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Electron beam
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3499:Orbital x-ray
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
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3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:Bronchography
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3294:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Public health
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Allied health
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Oral medicine
2985:
2983:
2982:Ophthalmology
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Cytopathology
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2784:Urogynecology
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Endocrinology
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2597:
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2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2302:on 2021-05-16
2301:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:(2): 318–21.
2166:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:(6): 449–50.
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2066:on 2017-03-02
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2034:on 2017-03-03
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2003:on 2010-07-13
2002:
1998:
1992:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1935:on 2010-06-16
1934:
1930:
1924:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:(5): 933–51.
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:(8): 1147–9.
1644:
1640:
1633:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1558:
1554:
1552:9780195386967
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1369:
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1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
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1321:
1317:
1310:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:awareness day
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:In 2000, the
1156:
1154:
1147:United States
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:Radiographers
1062:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:radiographers
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
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4172:Thermography
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3751:Tractography
3670:Radiodensity
3572:calcium scan
3533:Quantitative
3203:Rural health
3188:Nanomedicine
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2739:Rheumatology
2670: /
2589:Hand surgery
2574:Neurosurgery
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307:radiographer
299:
253:to diagnose
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190:
4095:Cardiac PET
3868:renal tract
3843:Gynecologic
3775:Techniques
3746:restriction
3721:Angiography
3704:Neurography
3650:Fluoroscopy
3596:Angiography
3577:angiography
3521:Techniques:
3482:Aortography
3472:Angiography
3452:Cystography
3442:Mammography
3384:Myelography
3379:Sialography
3348:radiography
3273:Wikiproject
3062:Venereology
3007:Neonatology
2904:Dermatology
2759:Gynaecology
2751:gynaecology
2734:Pulmonology
2552:Eye surgery
2514:Specialties
2449:‹ The
1733:: 354–370.
1589:16 November
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1251:Electrogram
1175:fellowships
897:radiographs
804:gastrostomy
788:pathologies
781:angioplasty
723:gallbladder
465:peristalsis
437:angiography
431:Fluoroscopy
425:Fluoroscopy
407:Mammography
393:EOS imaging
362:Radiographs
357:of the knee
279:fluoroscopy
259:radiography
110:Description
73:Radiologist
58:Radiologist
41:Radiography
4244:Categories
4008:Full body:
3794:endoscopic
3768:Ultrasound
3697:functional
3494:Lymphogram
3489:Venography
3457:Arthrogram
3035:Psychiatry
3021:(PM&R)
3014:Phlebology
3002:Pediatrics
2829:Anatomical
2794:Diagnostic
2774:Obstetrics
2724:Nephrology
2709:Hematology
2704:Geriatrics
2697:Hepatology
2682:Cardiology
2672:Immunology
2306:2020-01-04
2095:8 February
2070:2017-03-02
2038:2017-03-02
2007:2012-08-03
1982:2012-08-03
1939:2012-08-03
1914:2018-03-15
1873:2023-11-24
1855:StatPearls
1834:2023-11-24
1740:1903.11726
1622:October 8,
1604:Parker D.
1526:2023-11-24
1508:StatPearls
1449:2016-01-08
1299:19 October
1257:References
1123:internship
727:anatomical
565:overweight
548:Ultrasound
507:algorithms
285:including
153:employment
137:(M.B.B.S.)
63:Occupation
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4250:Radiology
4211:Pregnancy
4090:Brain PET
4058:gamma ray
3994:DMSA scan
3848:Obstetric
3741:diffusion
3736:Sequences
3714:perfusion
3606:Pulmonary
3553:Cone beam
3447:Pyelogram
3223:Physician
3107:education
2965:Neurology
2960:Narcology
2824:Pathology
2802:Radiology
2677:Angiology
2641:Andrology
2466:Radiology
2161:Radiology
1487:8 January
1117:Singapore
984:imaging,
819:catheters
777:angiogram
649:(usually
455:, or the
263:radiation
198:Radiology
158:Hospitals
151:Fields of
92:Specialty
76:Physician
4229:Category
4081:positron
3601:Coronary
3253:Category
2729:Oncology
2660:medicine
2658:Internal
2506:Medicine
2451:template
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2348:28335057
2282:26746975
2230:24160820
2181:25340266
2146:25525575
2089:Archived
1976:Archived
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1867:archived
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1828:Archived
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1443:Archived
1412:23636197
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1328:10139086
1293:Archived
1272:Archived
1194:See also
1133:Slovenia
922:analysis
920:bone age
671:sagittal
651:hydrogen
621:bleeding
605:biopsies
585:Stenosis
255:diseases
104:Medicine
4128:Optical
4110:PET-MRI
3890:Carotid
3885:Scrotal
3779:doppler
3709:Cardiac
3618:Thyroid
3562:Targets
3513:CT scan
3293:Outline
3263:Commons
3208:Therapy
3105:Medical
2668:Allergy
2636:Urology
2529:Surgery
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1080:Germany
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757:PET/MRI
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654:protons
499:CT scan
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162:Clinics
143:(MBChB)
4105:PET-CT
3880:Breast
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593:stroke
469:tumors
366:X-rays
315:Canada
281:, and
277:(CT),
193:(1896)
131:(D.O.)
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3643:Other
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2865:Other
2425:(PDF)
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1890:(PDF)
1806:S2CID
1735:arXiv
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1108:India
1092:Italy
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