1254:
1203:
208:
487:
319:
1155:
204:(CT scanning), an X-ray source and its associated detectors rotate around the subject, which itself moves through the conical X-ray beam produced. Any given point within the subject is crossed from many directions by many different beams at different times. Information regarding the attenuation of these beams is collated and subjected to computation to generate two-dimensional images on three planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) which can be further processed to produce a three-dimensional image.
911:
860:, the Society for Pediatric Radiology developed and launched the Image Gently campaign which is designed to maintain high quality imaging studies while using the lowest doses and best radiation safety practices available on pediatric patients. This initiative has been endorsed and applied by a growing list of various professional medical organizations around the world and has received support and assistance from companies that manufacture equipment used in radiology.
638:
4799:
3823:
393:
3853:
3863:
454:) are imaged, and the bone density (amount of calcium) is determined and given a number (a T-score). It is not used for bone imaging, as the image quality is not good enough to make an accurate diagnostic image for fractures, inflammation, etc. It can also be used to measure total body fat, though this is not common. The radiation dose received from DEXA scans is very low, much lower than projection radiography examinations.
900:
3843:
3833:
40:
472:
theatre, using a portable fluoroscopy machine called a C-arm. It can move around the surgery table and make digital images for the surgeon. Biplanar
Fluoroscopy works the same as single plane fluoroscopy except displaying two planes at the same time. The ability to work in two planes is important for orthopedic and spinal surgery and can reduce operating times by eliminating re-positioning.
889:
1279:
pushed for radiography to be used to treat wounded soldiers in World War I. Initially, many kinds of staff conducted radiography in hospitals, including physicists, photographers, physicians, nurses, and engineers. The medical speciality of radiology grew up over many years around the new technology.
863:
Following upon the success of the Image Gently campaign, the
American College of Radiology, the Radiological Society of North America, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, and the American Society of Radiologic Technologists have launched a similar campaign to address this issue in the
824:
is the most common shield against X-rays because of its high density (11,340 kg/m), stopping power, ease of installation and low cost. The maximum range of a high-energy photon such as an X-ray in matter is infinite; at every point in the matter traversed by the photon, there is a probability of
512:
is the use of fluoroscopy to view the cardiovascular system. An iodine-based contrast is injected into the bloodstream and watched as it travels around. Since liquid blood and the vessels are not very dense, a contrast with high density (like the large iodine atoms) is used to view the vessels under
1245:
material, within the tube. On 3 February 1896 Gilman Frost, professor of medicine at the college, and his brother Edwin Frost, professor of physics, exposed the wrist of Eddie McCarthy, whom Gilman had treated some weeks earlier for a fracture, to the X-rays and collected the resulting image of the
1198:
which he had wrapped in black cardboard to shield its fluorescent glow. He noticed a faint green glow from the screen, about 1 metre away. Röntgen realized some invisible rays coming from the tube were passing through the cardboard to make the screen glow: they were passing through an opaque object
411:
or CT scan (previously known as CAT scan, the "A" standing for "axial") uses ionizing radiation (x-ray radiation) in conjunction with a computer to create images of both soft and hard tissues. These images look as though the patient was sliced like bread (thus, "tomography" – "tomo" means "slice").
664:
Image quality will depend on resolution and density. Resolution is the ability an image to show closely spaced structure in the object as separate entities in the image while density is the blackening power of the image. Sharpness of a radiographic image is strongly determined by the size of the
471:
The technique provides moving projection radiographs. Fluoroscopy is mainly performed to view movement (of tissue or a contrast agent), or to guide a medical intervention, such as angioplasty, pacemaker insertion, or joint repair/replacement. The last can often be carried out in the operating
1066:
A radiopaque anatomical side marker is added to each image. For example, if the patient has their right hand x-rayed, the radiographer includes a radiopaque "R" marker within the field of the x-ray beam as an indicator of which hand has been imaged. If a physical marker is not included, the
681:(AAPM) have stated that the "risks of medical imaging at patient doses below 50 mSv for single procedures or 100 mSv for multiple procedures over short time periods are too low to be detectable and may be nonexistent." Other scientific bodies sharing this conclusion include the
1210:
Röntgen discovered X-rays' medical use when he made a picture of his wife's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. The photograph of his wife's hand was the first ever photograph of a human body part using X-rays. When she saw the picture, she said, "I have seen my death."
412:
Though CT uses a higher amount of ionizing x-radiation than diagnostic x-rays (both utilising X-ray radiation), with advances in technology, levels of CT radiation dose and scan times have reduced. CT exams are generally short, most lasting only as long as a breath-hold,
1308:
as well. Although a nonspecialist dictionary might define radiography quite narrowly as "taking X-ray images", this has long been only part of the work of "X-ray departments", radiographers, and radiologists. Initially, radiographs were known as roentgenograms, while
665:
X-ray source. This is determined by the area of the electron beam hitting the anode. A large photon source results in more blurring in the final image and is worsened by an increase in image formation distance. This blurring can be measured as a contribution to the
1109:
by capturing the electrons produced when the X-rays hit the detector. Direct detectors do not tend to experience the blurring or spreading effect caused by phosphorescent scintillators or by film screens since the detectors are activated directly by X-ray photons.
183:
and it is projected towards the object. A certain amount of the X-rays or other radiation are absorbed by the object, dependent on the object's density and structural composition. The X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a
1093:
adjacent to it to emit electrons. These electrons are then focused using electron lenses inside the intensifier to an output screen coated with phosphorescent materials. The image from the output can then be recorded via a camera and displayed.
1174:
discovered the X-ray and noted that, while it could pass through human tissue, it could not pass through bone or metal. Röntgen referred to the radiation as "X", to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation. He received the first
279:
Since the body is made up of various substances with differing densities, ionising and non-ionising radiation can be used to reveal the internal structure of the body on an image receptor by highlighting these differences using
999:
may be placed between the patient and the detector to reduce the quantity of scattered x-rays that reach the detector. This improves the contrast resolution of the image, but also increases radiation exposure for the patient.
416:
are also often used, depending on the tissues needing to be seen. Radiographers perform these examinations, sometimes in conjunction with a radiologist (for instance, when a radiologist performs a CT-guided
304:. Some radiographers also specialise in image interpretation. Medical radiography includes a range of modalities producing many different types of image, each of which has a different clinical application.
345:
and capturing the resulting remnant beam (or "shadow") as a latent image is known as "projection radiography". The "shadow" may be converted to light using a fluorescent screen, which is then captured on
2817:
880:
Contrary to advice that emphasises only conducting radiographs when in the patient's interest, recent evidence suggests that they are used more frequently when dentists are paid under fee-for-service.
163:, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object. Applications of radiography include medical ("diagnostic" radiography and "therapeutic") and
686:
1085:
are analog devices that readily convert the acquired X-ray image into one visible on a video screen. This device is made of a vacuum tube with a wide input surface coated on the inside with
844:
In response to increased concern by the public over radiation doses and the ongoing progress of best practices, The
Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging was formed within the
2256:
1182:
There are conflicting accounts of his discovery because Röntgen had his lab notes burned after his death, but this is a likely reconstruction by his biographers: Röntgen was investigating
1222:, on 11 January 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate. On 14 February 1896, Hall-Edwards also became the first to use X-rays in a surgical operation.
610:
where many types of manufactured components can be examined to verify the internal structure and integrity of the specimen. Industrial
Radiography can be performed utilizing either
2854:
442:
tests. It is not projection radiography, as the X-rays are emitted in two narrow beams that are scanned across the patient, 90 degrees from each other. Usually the hip (head of the
468:
Fluoroscopy is a term invented by Thomas Edison during his early X-ray studies. The name refers to the fluorescence he saw while looking at a glowing plate bombarded with X-rays.
1237:
tested all of the discharge tubes in the physics laboratory and found that only the Pulyui tube produced X-rays. This was a result of Pulyui's inclusion of an oblique "target" of
677:
The dosage of radiation applied in radiography varies by procedure. For example, the effective dosage of a chest x-ray is 0.1 mSv, while an abdominal CT is 10 mSv. The
836:
Table in this section shows the recommended thickness of lead shielding in function of X-ray energy, from the
Recommendations by the Second International Congress of Radiology.
1727:
945:. The resultant images from the radiograph (X-ray generator/machine) or CT scanner are correctly referred to as "radiograms"/"roentgenograms" and "tomograms" respectively.
2195:
872:(IAEA) of the United Nations have also been working in this area and have ongoing projects designed to broaden best practices and lower patient radiation dose.
825:
interaction. Thus there is a very small probability of no interaction over very large distances. The shielding of photon beam is therefore exponential (with an
4758:
1253:
690:
626:. X and gamma rays have the shortest wavelength and this property leads to the ability to penetrate, travel through, and exit various materials such as
2871:
1782:
1097:
Digital devices known as array detectors are becoming more common in fluoroscopy. These devices are made of discrete pixelated detectors known as
1202:
857:
682:
678:
241:
237:
4473:
4157:
233:
2264:
4287:
849:
2112:
4299:
4627:
3352:
3899:
3693:
2912:
4735:
2975:
2922:
1731:
1679:
1275:
opened a radiographic laboratory in the United
Kingdom in 1896, before the dangers of ionizing radiation were discovered. Indeed,
207:
4265:
3292:
2594:
2146:
701:(ACR), as well as multiple government agencies, indicate safety standards to ensure that radiation dosage is as low as possible.
281:
2834:
2203:
4270:
2849:
2488:
2466:
1972:
1575:
694:
543:, to make the structures of interest stand out visually from their background. Contrast agents are required in conventional
3592:
2932:
2927:
1370:
4111:
3005:
2990:
2859:
4663:
4542:
4282:
4191:
3728:
3070:
2236:
869:
350:, it may be captured by a phosphor screen to be "read" later by a laser (CR), or it may directly activate a matrix of
4121:
2385:
Oakley, PA; Harrison, DE (2020). X-Ray
Hesitancy: Patients' Radiophobic Concerns Over Medical X-rays. Dose-Response.
2050:
1869:
1728:"Optimal levels of radiation for patients – Pan American Health Organization – Organización Panamericana de la Salud"
1604:
1507:
1480:
4106:
4101:
3984:
2907:
2886:
1776:"World Health Organisation: Global Initiative on Radiation Safety in Healthcare Settings: Technical Meeting Report"
1523:
Schueler BA (July 2000). "The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: general overview of fluoroscopic imaging".
1129:
435:
430:
4186:
4169:
1272:
845:
4547:
4394:
4294:
4277:
3846:
3718:
3152:
2556:
2286:
1118:
631:
486:
292:-rich bones). The discipline involving the study of anatomy through the use of radiographic images is known as
4490:
366:) especially lend themselves to projection radiography. It is a relatively low-cost investigation with a high
4673:
4527:
4126:
4001:
3993:
3892:
2937:
2902:
853:
698:
4784:
4718:
4650:
4640:
4618:
4389:
4357:
3988:
3698:
3000:
2970:
2829:
2802:
1375:
666:
570:
114:
378:
body parts stems mostly from the fact that carbon has a very low X-ray cross section compared to calcium.
4448:
4416:
4399:
3342:
2980:
2947:
2917:
2881:
2587:
1775:
1620:
960:
1920:
DeWerd LA, Wagner LK (January 1999). "Characteristics of radiation detectors for diagnostic radiology".
4522:
4257:
3997:
3322:
3026:
2866:
2754:
1305:
574:
4763:
4431:
4421:
3751:
2173:
865:
619:
569:
Although not technically radiographic techniques due to not using X-rays, imaging modalities such as
351:
342:
106:
1171:
4802:
4753:
4532:
4411:
4384:
4145:
3930:
3885:
3543:
3465:
3460:
3380:
3140:
2693:
1355:
930:
548:
323:
313:
248:
197:
176:
44:
2561:
4701:
4537:
4478:
4463:
4352:
4174:
4150:
3523:
3497:
1390:
1082:
1076:
607:
1105:
by using photo detectors that detect light emitted from a scintillator material such as CsI, or
4572:
4441:
4372:
4179:
3115:
3063:
2995:
2844:
2580:
2551:
2546:
2124:
1176:
1133:
603:
598:
164:
57:
2113:"Dual Energy CT Imaging for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Using a Lower Dose of Contrast Agent"
2038:
1859:
1497:
1267:), from James Green & James H. Gardiner's "Sciagraphs of British Batrachians and Reptiles"
4436:
4367:
4233:
4116:
4035:
3942:
3766:
3652:
3625:
3598:
3550:
3504:
3199:
2955:
2824:
2632:
2547:
NIST's XAAMDI: X-Ray
Attenuation and Absorption for Materials of Dosimetric Interest Database
2226:
355:
1592:
1470:
4823:
4779:
4468:
4406:
4228:
3786:
3746:
3613:
3427:
3422:
3402:
3337:
3189:
2792:
2724:
2657:
2427:
1990:"A clinical audit of anatomical side marker use in a paediatric medical imaging department"
1558:
Quader MA, Sawmiller CJ, Sumpio BE (2000). "Radio
Contrast Agents: History and Evolution".
1536:
1350:
1098:
1055:
1047:
293:
98:
1898:
8:
4725:
4603:
4426:
4162:
3866:
3808:
3791:
3450:
3167:
2744:
2719:
2698:
1385:
1289:
1259:
1031:
534:
408:
397:
387:
201:
2431:
833:
of the material); doubling the thickness of shielding will square the shielding effect.
4713:
4562:
4557:
4458:
4341:
4196:
3947:
3756:
3713:
3703:
3492:
3445:
3412:
3407:
3157:
3135:
2985:
2764:
2729:
2662:
2405:
2088:
2067:
2014:
1989:
1683:
1647:
1446:
1422:"Radiation Doses of Various CT Protocols: a Multicenter Longitudinal Observation Study"
1421:
1247:
1137:
1067:
radiographer may add the correct side marker later as part of digital post-processing.
1035:
1015:
826:
647:
502:
152:
1933:
1250:
obtained from Howard
Langill, a local photographer also interested in Röntgen's work.
318:
4552:
4517:
4512:
4453:
4201:
4050:
3852:
3826:
3708:
3678:
3657:
3620:
3603:
3518:
3482:
3472:
3367:
3287:
3231:
3194:
3179:
3120:
3087:
3056:
3033:
2965:
2960:
2787:
2759:
2652:
2515:
2484:
2462:
2335:
2232:
2093:
2046:
2019:
1968:
1937:
1902:
1865:
1840:
1600:
1571:
1540:
1503:
1476:
1451:
1234:
1215:
1019:
996:
347:
228:
189:
172:
1753:
622:. The difference between various forms of electromagnetic energy is related to the
4379:
4238:
4010:
3962:
3836:
3528:
3513:
3390:
3265:
3221:
2749:
2627:
2507:
2445:
2435:
2400:
2390:
2362:
2325:
2083:
2075:
2009:
2001:
1960:
1929:
1894:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1808:
1666:
1563:
1532:
1441:
1433:
1301:
955:
are possible, and may be used in industrial radiography or research; these include
830:
495:
491:
447:
271:
267:
168:
1420:
Jang J, Jung SE, Jeong WK, Lim YS, Choi JI, Park MY, et al. (February 2016).
4588:
4040:
4006:
3979:
3974:
3908:
3856:
3801:
3662:
3647:
3630:
3570:
3565:
3509:
3487:
3184:
3130:
3110:
3021:
2876:
2739:
2703:
2622:
2449:
2353:
Ritchey B, Orban B (April 1953). "The Crests of the Interdental Alveolar Septa".
1567:
1365:
1167:
938:
924:
582:
540:
327:
254:
193:
180:
122:
1964:
1437:
4730:
3688:
3642:
3455:
3385:
3204:
1345:
1233:'s design. In January 1896, on reading of Röntgen's discovery, Frank Austin of
1226:
1191:
1154:
1086:
1039:
1014:
Detectors can be divided into two major categories: imaging detectors (such as
1009:
498:
331:
185:
2540:
2481:
Fundamentals of Computerized Tomography: Image Reconstruction from Projections
2330:
2313:
2079:
1864:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 210.
4817:
4362:
4331:
4319:
4314:
4072:
3967:
3771:
3560:
3555:
3417:
3357:
3260:
2797:
2395:
2366:
1314:
1284:
to be trained in and to adopt this new technology. Radiographers now perform
1051:
413:
85:
1599:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3.
4745:
4598:
4593:
4500:
4324:
4309:
4243:
3776:
3761:
3587:
3312:
3162:
3147:
3093:
2839:
2734:
2647:
2637:
2519:
2476:
2097:
2023:
1941:
1906:
1844:
1544:
1455:
1400:
1395:
1281:
1195:
1183:
1159:
1125:
1090:
904:
652:
642:
627:
586:
439:
401:
297:
140:
24:
2339:
1645:
Goldberg J (September–October 2018). "From the Spectral to the Spectrum".
910:
557:
4668:
4223:
4055:
4045:
4025:
4015:
3957:
3952:
3635:
3580:
3477:
3332:
3307:
3125:
2688:
2566:
1293:
1285:
1276:
1242:
1187:
1027:
984:
976:
972:
964:
544:
522:
509:
481:
463:
301:
130:
126:
1809:"First do no harm - The impact of financial incentives on dental X-rays"
637:
4304:
4067:
4062:
4030:
3723:
3608:
3575:
3347:
3297:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3255:
3245:
2812:
2678:
2498:
Yu SB, Watson AD (September 1999). "Metal-Based X-ray Contrast Media".
1835:
1297:
1230:
1219:
1023:
942:
623:
615:
518:
2511:
392:
4631:
4567:
4020:
3796:
3538:
3533:
3397:
3375:
3250:
3214:
2569:
The radiology information resource for patients: Radiography (X-rays)
2440:
2415:
2005:
1959:. Graduate Texts in Physics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–78.
1380:
1170:
can both be traced to 8 November 1895, when German physics professor
1149:
1043:
980:
968:
578:
451:
367:
160:
118:
20:
2290:
4654:
3302:
3079:
2683:
1317:
words for "shadow" and "writer") was used until about 1918 to mean
956:
514:
3877:
2534:
4683:
4086:
3781:
3241:
3209:
3102:
2807:
2228:
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the early history of the roentgen rays
1280:
When new diagnostic tests were developed, it was natural for the
934:
899:
552:
289:
262:
2572:
284:, or in the case of ionising radiation, the absorption of X-ray
4678:
2642:
1225:
The United States saw its first medical X-ray obtained using a
952:
611:
418:
285:
81:
1705:
1089:(CsI). When hit by X-rays material phosphors which causes the
296:. Medical radiography acquisition is generally carried out by
39:
4705:
3916:
2617:
2603:
2457:
Shroy Jr RE (1995). "X-Ray equipment". In Bronzino JD (ed.).
1885:
Ranger NT (1999). "Radiation detectors in nuclear medicine".
1058:
equipment and procedures are effective on an ongoing basis).
949:
893:
521:), new vessel growth, and placement of catheters and stents.
443:
338:
156:
102:
2541:
Video on X-ray inspection and industrial computed tomography
2257:"'I Have Seen My Death': How the World Discovered the X-Ray"
3048:
1360:
1271:
X-rays were put to diagnostic use very early; for example,
1238:
888:
821:
539:
Contrast radiography uses a radiocontrast agent, a type of
363:
359:
16:
Imaging technique using ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
1475:(2nd ed.). Springfield: Charles C Thomas. p. 9.
687:
UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
19:
For the medical specialty covering all imaging modes, see
1214:
The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by
1070:
693:. Nonetheless, radiological organizations, including the
110:
1336:, shares its etymology with the original English term.
2389:(Report). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
2384:
2314:"The first clinical X-ray made in America – 100 years"
1988:
Barry K, Kumar S, Linke R, Dawes E (September 2016).
1557:
2045:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
1987:
1667:
Lead Shielding Sheet Lead For Shielding Applications
1054:, and/or dose rate, for example, for verifying that
2196:"5 unbelievable things about X-rays you can't miss"
691:
International Commission on Radiological Protection
424:
354:detectors (DR—similar to a very large version of a
2416:"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Glimmer of Light"
2068:"Flat-panel detectors: how much better are they?"
577:are sometimes grouped in radiography because the
4815:
1499:Radiation Protection in Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging
1419:
1124:is where images are acquired using two separate
683:International Organization of Medical Physicists
337:The creation of images by exposing an object to
69:Interventional, Nuclear, Therapeutic, Paediatric
2110:
1955:Anwar K (2013). "Nuclear Radiation Detectors".
1322:
192:or a digital detector). The generation of flat
2557:NIST's FAST: Attenuation and Scattering Tables
2461:. CRC Press and IEEE Press. pp. 953–960.
2036:
1730:. New.paho.org. 24 August 2010. Archived from
1329:
858:American Association of Physicists in Medicine
679:American Association of Physicists in Medicine
438:, or bone densitometry, is used primarily for
3893:
3064:
2588:
1806:
1495:
2352:
1919:
850:American Society of Radiologic Technologists
581:department of hospitals handle all forms of
300:, while image analysis is generally done by
2552:NIST's XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database
2324:(1). American Roentgen Ray Society: 241–3.
2139:
1706:"Radiation Safety in Adult Medical Imaging"
630:and other metals. Specific methods include
307:
3900:
3886:
3353:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3071:
3057:
2595:
2581:
2562:A lost industrial radiography source event
2543:, Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences
1680:"IG new: The Alliance | image gently"
1590:
864:adult population called Image Wisely. The
38:
3694:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2439:
2404:
2394:
2329:
2289:. Birmingham City Council. Archived from
2087:
2013:
1834:
1824:
1445:
592:
4736:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
2497:
2456:
2171:
1861:The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging
1857:
1644:
1621:"Reducing Radiation from Medical X-rays"
1522:
1321:. The Japanese term for the radiograph,
1252:
1201:
1153:
1034:) and dose measurement devices (such as
909:
898:
887:
636:
585:. Treatment using radiation is known as
564:
485:
391:
317:
206:
2413:
2311:
2224:
2218:
2174:"The Nobel Prizes in Physics 1901–2000"
2065:
1468:
645:, such as for these radiographs of the
528:
171:, (where "body scanners" generally use
4816:
2475:
2254:
2250:
2248:
1884:
1537:10.1148/radiographics.20.4.g00jl301115
1081:As an alternative to X-ray detectors,
1071:Image intensifiers and array detectors
381:
3881:
3052:
2576:
2231:. Norman Publishing. pp. 10–15.
1994:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
1954:
1899:10.1148/radiographics.19.2.g99mr30481
1257:1897 sciagraph (X-ray photograph) of
695:Radiological Society of North America
179:, a beam of X-rays is produced by an
47:of the knee in a modern X-ray machine
23:. For treatment using radiation, see
3832:
3593:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1788:from the original on 29 October 2013
1597:Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology
1371:List of civilian radiation accidents
3907:
3842:
2459:The Biomedical Engineering handbook
2305:
2245:
875:
513:X-ray. Angiography is used to find
196:images by this technique is called
13:
4543:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
3729:Medical Scientist Training Program
2377:
1807:Chalkley M, Listl S (March 2018).
1754:"Radiation Protection of Patients"
1128:. This is the standard method for
1022:), now mostly replaced by various
870:International Atomic Energy Agency
14:
4835:
2602:
2528:
2318:American Journal of Roentgenology
2176:. Stockholm: The Nobel Foundation
1426:Journal of Korean Medical Science
1158:Taking an X-ray image with early
1136:to decrease the required dose of
672:
167:. Similar techniques are used in
4798:
4797:
3861:
3851:
3841:
3831:
3822:
3821:
2387:Specific Safety Guide No. SSG-11
937:generally use X-rays created by
659:
641:Radiography may also be used in
525:is often done with angiography.
431:Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
425:Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
4300:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
3862:
2346:
2279:
2188:
2172:Karlsson EB (9 February 2000).
2165:
2104:
2059:
2037:Hendee WR, Ritenour ER (2002).
2030:
1981:
1948:
1913:
1878:
1851:
1800:
1768:
1746:
1720:
1698:
1672:
1273:Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton
1061:
846:Society for Pediatric Radiology
288:by the denser substances (like
215:
211:A medical radiograph of a skull
4548:Radioactive iodine uptake test
3719:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3153:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1922:Applied Radiation and Isotopes
1826:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.12.005
1756:. Rpop.iaea.org. 14 March 2013
1659:
1638:
1613:
1584:
1551:
1516:
1489:
1472:Radiography in the Digital Age
1462:
1413:
1241:, used for holding samples of
1199:to affect the film behind it.
1113:
632:industrial computed tomography
475:
457:
370:yield. The difference between
341:or other high-energy forms of
1:
4528:Radionuclide ventriculography
4002:Lower gastrointestinal series
3994:Upper gastrointestinal series
2355:The Journal of Periodontology
2255:Markel H (20 December 2012).
2066:Seibert JA (September 2006).
1934:10.1016/S0969-8043(98)00044-X
1496:Seeram E, Brennan PC (2016).
1406:
948:A number of other sources of
941:, which generate X-rays from
914:A hand prepared to be X-rayed
854:American College of Radiology
699:American College of Radiology
4719:Optical coherence tomography
4641:Myocardial perfusion imaging
4229:Dental panoramic radiography
3699:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3466:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3078:
2414:Seliger HH (November 1995).
1682:. Pedrad.org. Archived from
1669:. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
1665:Alchemy Art Lead Products –
1593:"Diagnostic Imaging Methods"
1568:10.1007/978-1-4612-1190-7_63
1376:Medical imaging in pregnancy
1101:(TFT) which can either work
1003:
883:
839:
704:
667:modulation transfer function
7:
2312:Spiegel PK (January 1995).
2074:. 36 Suppl 2 (S2): 173–81.
1965:10.1007/978-3-642-38661-9_1
1813:Journal of Health Economics
1591:Brant WE, Helms CA (2007).
1438:10.3346/jkms.2016.31.S1.S24
1339:
1323:
1248:gelatin photographic plates
1190:screen painted with barium
929:In medicine and dentistry,
10:
4840:
4523:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3998:Small-bowel follow-through
2867:X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging
2755:Anomalous X-ray scattering
2483:(2nd ed.). Springer.
2111:Cochrane Miller J (2015).
1306:magnetic resonance imaging
1166:Radiography's origins and
1147:
1143:
1074:
1046:used to measure the local
1007:
935:computed tomography images
922:
918:
892:A plain radiograph of the
596:
547:, and can be used in both
532:
479:
461:
428:
385:
311:
18:
4793:
4772:
4764:Dynamic angiothermography
4744:
4700:
4649:
4626:
4616:
4581:
4508:
4498:
4489:
4432:Abdominal ultrasonography
4340:
4256:
4216:
4135:
4094:
4085:
3938:
3929:
3915:
3817:
3739:
3677:
3438:
3366:
3321:
3230:
3101:
3086:
3014:
2946:
2895:
2780:
2773:
2712:
2671:
2610:
2331:10.2214/ajr.164.1.7998549
2287:"Major John Hall-Edwards"
2080:10.1007/s00247-006-0208-0
1330:
866:World Health Organization
620:electromagnetic radiation
362:and some organs (such as
343:electromagnetic radiation
261:
247:
227:
222:
175:). To create an image in
136:
91:
74:
64:
52:
37:
4754:Non-contact thermography
4533:Radionuclide angiography
4385:Doppler echocardiography
3653:Transplantation medicine
3544:Clinical neurophysiology
3461:Obstetric anesthesiology
3381:Interventional radiology
3141:Digestive system surgery
2694:Synchrotron light source
2396:10.1177/1559325820959542
2367:10.1902/jop.1953.24.2.75
2147:"History of Radiography"
1502:. Jones & Bartlett.
1356:Computer-aided diagnosis
1134:CT pulmonary angiography
931:projectional radiography
549:projectional radiography
324:projectional radiography
314:Projectional radiography
308:Projectional radiography
198:projectional radiography
177:conventional radiography
45:Projectional radiography
4538:Radioisotope renography
3524:Intensive care medicine
3498:Mass gathering medicine
3343:Maternal–fetal medicine
2713:Interaction with matter
2672:Sources and instruments
2153:. Iowa State University
2043:Medical Imaging Physics
1391:Radiation contamination
1077:X-ray image intensifier
990:
669:of the imaging system.
608:non-destructive testing
4573:Gastric emptying study
3116:Cardiothoracic surgery
2845:Diffraction tomography
2537:Medical Image Database
1268:
1207:
1177:Nobel Prize in Physics
1172:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
1163:
915:
907:
896:
848:. In concert with the
656:
604:Industrial radiography
599:Industrial radiography
593:Industrial radiography
506:
405:
396:Images generated from
358:in a digital camera).
334:
212:
165:industrial radiography
4234:X-ray motion analysis
4117:X-ray microtomography
4036:Hysterosalpingography
3943:Pneumoencephalography
3767:Personalized medicine
3626:Reproductive medicine
3551:Occupational medicine
3505:Evolutionary medicine
2956:X-ray crystallography
2825:Soft x-ray microscopy
2793:Panoramic radiography
2633:Synchrotron radiation
2450:10013/epic.43596.d001
2263:. PBS. Archived from
1560:Textbook of Angiology
1256:
1205:
1168:fluoroscopy's origins
1162:apparatus, late 1800s
1157:
1148:Further information:
1132:. It is also used in
1099:thin-film transistors
923:Further information:
913:
903:AP radiograph of the
902:
891:
640:
618:. Both are forms of
565:Other medical imaging
492:transverse projection
489:
395:
321:
210:
4759:Contact thermography
4469:Emergency ultrasound
4407:Transcranial Doppler
4158:Abdominal and pelvis
3787:Traditional medicine
3747:Alternative medicine
3614:Addiction psychiatry
3428:Transfusion medicine
3423:Medical microbiology
3338:Gynecologic oncology
3190:Reproductive surgery
2725:Photoelectric effect
2658:Characteristic X-ray
2293:on 28 September 2012
1858:Bushberg JT (2002).
1562:. pp. 775–783.
1351:Background radiation
1206:The first radiograph
1150:X-ray § History
1056:radiation protection
1032:flat panel detectors
529:Contrast radiography
517:, leaks, blockages (
490:Angiogram showing a
294:radiographic anatomy
4726:Confocal microscopy
4604:Indium-111 WBC scan
4427:Echoencephalography
4163:Virtual colonoscopy
3809:History of medicine
3792:Veterinary medicine
3599:Preventive medicine
3451:Adolescent medicine
3293:Infectious diseases
2745:Photodisintegration
2720:Rayleigh scattering
2699:Free-electron laser
2432:1995PhT....48k..25S
2206:on 24 December 2020
2151:NDT Resource Center
2123:(7). Archived from
2072:Pediatric Radiology
1819:(March 2018): 1–9.
1469:Carroll QB (2014).
1432:(Suppl 1): S24-31.
1386:Digital radiography
1290:computed tomography
1260:Pelophylax lessonae
1220:Birmingham, England
1179:for his discovery.
1036:ionization chambers
1016:photographic plates
961:linear accelerators
829:being close to the
714:peak voltages below
712:X-rays generated by
553:computed tomography
535:Radiocontrast agent
523:Balloon angioplasty
409:Computed tomography
404:image at upper left
398:computed tomography
388:Computed tomography
382:Computed tomography
202:computed tomography
34:
4714:Optical tomography
4563:Dacryoscintigraphy
4558:Immunoscintigraphy
4197:Whole body imaging
3948:Dental radiography
3757:Molecular oncology
3714:Doctor of Medicine
3704:Master of Medicine
3621:Radiation oncology
3493:Emergency medicine
3446:Addiction medicine
3413:Clinical chemistry
3408:Clinical pathology
3200:Transplant surgery
3158:Orthopedic surgery
3136:Colorectal surgery
2986:X-ray reflectivity
2765:X-ray fluorescence
2730:Compton scattering
2663:High-energy X-rays
2225:Glasser O (1993).
1648:Skeptical Inquirer
1269:
1208:
1164:
1138:iodinated contrast
1083:image intensifiers
1048:radiation exposure
916:
908:
897:
827:attenuation length
657:
507:
503:posterior cerebral
406:
335:
213:
32:
4811:
4810:
4773:Target conditions
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4612:
4611:
4553:Bone scintigraphy
4518:Scintimammography
4513:Cholescintigraphy
4358:contrast-enhanced
4252:
4251:
4212:
4211:
4202:Full-body CT scan
4102:General operation
4081:
4080:
4051:Angiocardiography
3875:
3874:
3709:Master of Surgery
3673:
3672:
3658:Tropical medicine
3604:Prison healthcare
3519:Hospital medicine
3483:Disaster medicine
3473:Aviation medicine
3288:Hospital medicine
3195:Surgical oncology
3180:Pediatric surgery
3174:
3121:Endocrine surgery
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3034:X-ray lithography
2966:Backscatter X-ray
2961:X-ray diffraction
2788:X-ray radiography
2760:X-ray diffraction
2653:Siegbahn notation
2512:10.1021/cr980441p
2490:978-1-85233-617-2
2468:978-0-8493-8346-5
2267:on 20 August 2020
1974:978-3-642-38660-2
1577:978-1-4612-7039-3
1235:Dartmouth College
1216:John Hall-Edwards
1130:bone densitometry
1020:photographic film
997:anti-scatter grid
819:
818:
717:Minimum thickness
348:photographic film
277:
276:
190:photographic film
173:backscatter X-ray
153:imaging technique
146:
145:
4831:
4801:
4800:
4624:
4623:
4506:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4380:Echocardiography
4239:Hounsfield scale
4092:
4091:
4011:Cholecystography
3936:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3865:
3864:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3529:Medical genetics
3514:General practice
3391:Nuclear medicine
3266:Gastroenterology
3222:Vascular surgery
3172:
3099:
3098:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3050:
3049:
2872:X-ray holography
2778:
2777:
2750:Radiation damage
2597:
2590:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2523:
2500:Chemical Reviews
2494:
2472:
2453:
2443:
2441:10.1063/1.881456
2410:
2408:
2398:
2371:
2370:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2202:. Archived from
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2117:Radiology Rounds
2108:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2006:10.1002/jmrs.176
1985:
1979:
1978:
1957:Particle Physics
1952:
1946:
1945:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1417:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1302:nuclear medicine
1018:and X-ray film (
975:sources such as
939:X-ray generators
876:Provider payment
831:radiation length
709:
708:
257:
220:
219:
169:airport security
95:
78:
42:
35:
31:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4789:
4768:
4740:
4688:
4674:PET mammography
4645:
4608:
4594:Gallium-67 scan
4589:Octreotide scan
4577:
4485:
4336:
4248:
4208:
4131:
4112:High-resolution
4077:
4041:Skeletal survey
4007:Cholangiography
3920:
3911:
3909:Medical imaging
3906:
3876:
3871:
3813:
3802:Chief physician
3735:
3680:
3669:
3663:Travel medicine
3648:Sports medicine
3631:Sexual medicine
3571:Palliative care
3566:Pain management
3510:Family medicine
3488:Diving medicine
3434:
3362:
3324:
3317:
3233:
3226:
3185:Plastic surgery
3131:General surgery
3111:Cardiac surgery
3092:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3047:
3038:
3022:X-ray astronomy
3010:
2942:
2891:
2877:X-ray telescope
2769:
2740:Photoionization
2708:
2704:X-ray nanoprobe
2667:
2623:Absorption edge
2611:Characteristics
2606:
2601:
2567:RadiologyInfo -
2531:
2526:
2491:
2469:
2380:
2378:Further reading
2375:
2374:
2351:
2347:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2109:
2105:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2035:
2031:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1953:
1949:
1918:
1914:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1556:
1552:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1366:Imaging science
1342:
1327:
1246:broken bone on
1152:
1146:
1116:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1040:Geiger counters
1012:
1006:
993:
927:
925:X-ray generator
921:
886:
878:
842:
718:
713:
707:
697:(RSNA) and the
675:
662:
606:is a method of
601:
595:
567:
541:contrast medium
537:
531:
484:
478:
466:
460:
446:), lower back (
433:
427:
414:Contrast agents
390:
384:
328:X-ray generator
322:Acquisition of
316:
310:
253:
218:
194:two-dimensional
181:X-ray generator
123:ultrasonography
99:screening tests
93:
76:
58:Musculoskeletal
48:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4731:Endomicroscopy
4728:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4710:
4708:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4004:
3991:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3924:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3849:
3839:
3829:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3740:Related topics
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Medical school
3685:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:Sleep medicine
3640:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3456:Anesthesiology
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3386:Neuroradiology
3383:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:Obstetrics and
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3205:Trauma surgery
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3168:Otolaryngology
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3094:subspecialties
3084:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2530:
2529:External links
2527:
2525:
2524:
2506:(9): 2353–78.
2495:
2489:
2473:
2467:
2454:
2411:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2345:
2304:
2278:
2244:
2238:978-0930405229
2237:
2217:
2187:
2164:
2138:
2127:on 10 May 2017
2103:
2058:
2051:
2029:
1980:
1973:
1947:
1912:
1893:(2): 481–502.
1877:
1870:
1850:
1799:
1767:
1745:
1734:on 25 May 2013
1719:
1708:. Image Wisely
1697:
1686:on 9 June 2013
1671:
1658:
1637:
1612:
1605:
1583:
1576:
1550:
1531:(4): 1115–26.
1515:
1508:
1488:
1481:
1461:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1346:Autoradiograph
1341:
1338:
1265:Rana Esculenta
1227:discharge tube
1192:platinocyanide
1145:
1142:
1115:
1112:
1087:caesium iodide
1075:Main article:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1010:X-ray detector
1008:Main article:
1005:
1002:
992:
989:
963:(linacs), and
920:
917:
885:
882:
877:
874:
841:
838:
817:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
777:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:
761:
760:
757:
753:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
737:
736:
733:
729:
728:
725:
721:
720:
715:
706:
703:
674:
673:Radiation dose
671:
661:
658:
597:Main article:
594:
591:
566:
563:
533:Main article:
530:
527:
480:Main article:
477:
474:
462:Main article:
459:
456:
429:Main article:
426:
423:
400:, including a
386:Main article:
383:
380:
312:Main article:
309:
306:
275:
274:
265:
259:
258:
251:
245:
244:
231:
225:
224:
217:
214:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
96:
89:
88:
86:bone fractures
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
54:
50:
49:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4836:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:Ga-68-DOTATOC
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Intravascular
4410:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4332:Synthetic MRI
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Electron beam
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4073:Orbital x-ray
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:Bronchography
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3868:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Public health
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Allied health
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Oral medicine
3559:
3557:
3556:Ophthalmology
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Cytopathology
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3358:Urogynecology
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:Endocrinology
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Tomosynthesis
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Moseley's law
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:X-ray science
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:(11): 25–31.
2425:
2421:
2420:Physics Today
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2052:9780471461135
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:"Fluoroscopy"
2033:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:(3): 148–54.
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:(1): 125–36.
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:Radiographics
1881:
1873:
1871:9780683301182
1867:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1755:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1707:
1701:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1606:9780781761352
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:Radiographics
1519:
1511:
1509:9781284117714
1505:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1482:9780398080976
1478:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1315:Ancient Greek
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:radiographers
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:tube voltages
1123:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:devices like
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1001:
998:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
926:
912:
906:
901:
895:
890:
881:
873:
871:
867:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
837:
834:
832:
828:
823:
815:51.0 mm
814:
811:
810:
807:34.0 mm
806:
803:
802:
799:22.0 mm
798:
795:
794:
791:15.0 mm
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
754:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
722:
716:
711:
710:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
670:
668:
660:Image quality
654:
650:
649:
644:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
562:
560:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
536:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
504:
500:
497:
493:
488:
483:
473:
469:
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
422:
420:
415:
410:
403:
399:
394:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
333:
329:
325:
320:
315:
305:
303:
299:
298:radiographers
295:
291:
287:
283:
273:
269:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
232:
230:
226:
221:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
90:
87:
83:
80:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
4780:Acute stroke
4746:Thermography
4501:scintigraphy
4491:Radionuclide
4479:pre-hospital
4325:Tractography
4244:Radiodensity
4146:calcium scan
4107:Quantitative
3921:
3777:Rural health
3762:Nanomedicine
3313:Rheumatology
3244: /
3163:Hand surgery
3148:Neurosurgery
2896:Spectroscopy
2840:Ptychography
2774:Applications
2735:Auger effect
2638:Water window
2503:
2499:
2480:
2458:
2423:
2419:
2386:
2361:(2): 75–87.
2358:
2354:
2348:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:the original
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:the original
2261:PBS NewsHour
2260:
2227:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2199:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2150:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2120:
2116:
2106:
2071:
2061:
2042:
2032:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1956:
1950:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1860:
1853:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1684:the original
1674:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1596:
1586:
1559:
1553:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1498:
1491:
1471:
1464:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1401:Thermography
1396:Radiographer
1319:radiographer
1318:
1310:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1196:Crookes tube
1184:cathode rays
1181:
1165:
1160:Crookes tube
1119:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1091:photocathode
1080:
1065:
1062:Side markers
1028:image plates
1013:
994:
965:synchrotrons
947:
928:
905:lumbar spine
879:
862:
843:
835:
820:
783:9.0 mm
775:5.0 mm
767:4.0 mm
759:3.0 mm
751:2.5 mm
743:2.0 mm
735:1.5 mm
727:1.0 mm
676:
663:
646:
643:paleontology
628:carbon steel
602:
587:radiotherapy
568:
556:
538:
508:
470:
467:
450:), or heel (
448:lumbar spine
440:osteoporosis
434:
407:
375:
371:
336:
302:radiologists
278:
263:OPS-301 code
216:Medical uses
148:
147:
141:Radiographer
92:Significant
75:Significant
68:
65:Subdivisions
56:
29:
25:Radiotherapy
4824:Radiography
4669:Cardiac PET
4442:renal tract
4417:Gynecologic
4349:Techniques
4320:restriction
4295:Angiography
4278:Neurography
4224:Fluoroscopy
4170:Angiography
4151:angiography
4095:Techniques:
4056:Aortography
4046:Angiography
4026:Cystography
4016:Mammography
3958:Myelography
3953:Sialography
3922:radiography
3847:Wikiproject
3636:Venereology
3581:Neonatology
3478:Dermatology
3333:Gynaecology
3325:gynaecology
3308:Pulmonology
3126:Eye surgery
3088:Specialties
2689:Synchrotron
2180:24 November
1836:2066/190628
1781:. Who.int.
1630:9 September
1311:skiagrapher
1294:mammography
1286:fluoroscopy
1277:Marie Curie
1243:fluorescent
1231:Ivan Pulyui
1188:fluorescent
1122:radiography
1120:Dual-energy
1114:Dual-energy
973:radioactive
943:X-ray tubes
812:900 kV
804:600 kV
796:500 kV
788:400 kV
780:300 kV
772:225 kV
764:200 kV
756:175 kV
748:150 kV
740:125 kV
732:100 kV
558:contrast CT
545:angiography
510:Angiography
505:circulation
482:Angiography
476:Angiography
464:Fluoroscopy
458:Fluoroscopy
402:3D rendered
352:solid-state
282:attenuation
272:3–20...3–26
268:3–10...3–13
223:Radiography
149:Radiography
131:fluoroscopy
127:mammography
33:Radiography
4582:Full body:
4368:endoscopic
4342:Ultrasound
4271:functional
4068:Lymphogram
4063:Venography
4031:Arthrogram
3609:Psychiatry
3595:(PM&R)
3588:Phlebology
3576:Pediatrics
3403:Anatomical
3368:Diagnostic
3348:Obstetrics
3298:Nephrology
3283:Hematology
3278:Geriatrics
3271:Hepatology
3256:Cardiology
3246:Immunology
2948:Scattering
2813:Helical CT
2679:X-ray tube
2210:23 October
2131:5 February
1407:References
1313:(from the
1298:ultrasound
1103:indirectly
1044:dosimeters
1024:digitizing
987:are used.
969:gamma rays
856:, and the
724:75 kV
689:, and the
624:wavelength
616:gamma rays
519:thromboses
368:diagnostic
326:, with an
161:gamma rays
137:Specialist
4785:Pregnancy
4664:Brain PET
4632:gamma ray
4568:DMSA scan
4422:Obstetric
4315:diffusion
4310:Sequences
4288:perfusion
4180:Pulmonary
4127:Cone beam
4021:Pyelogram
3797:Physician
3681:education
3539:Neurology
3534:Narcology
3398:Pathology
3376:Radiology
3251:Angiology
3215:Andrology
2477:Herman GT
1792:16 August
1760:16 August
1738:16 August
1712:16 August
1690:16 August
1381:Radiation
1004:Detectors
957:betatrons
884:Equipment
840:Campaigns
705:Shielding
648:Darwinius
579:radiology
515:aneurysms
452:calcaneum
119:bone scan
21:Radiology
4818:Category
4803:Category
4655:positron
4175:Coronary
3827:Category
3303:Oncology
3234:medicine
3232:Internal
3080:Medicine
2684:Betatron
2520:11749484
2479:(2009).
2271:27 April
2157:27 April
2098:16862412
2024:27648278
1942:10028632
1907:10194791
1845:29408150
1783:Archived
1545:10903700
1456:26908984
1340:See also
1324:rentogen
1186:using a
1107:directly
719:of lead
555:(called
496:vertebro
332:detector
229:ICD-9-CM
188:(either
186:detector
77:diseases
4702:Optical
4684:PET-MRI
4464:Carotid
4459:Scrotal
4353:doppler
4283:Cardiac
4192:Thyroid
4136:Targets
4087:CT scan
3867:Outline
3837:Commons
3782:Therapy
3679:Medical
3242:Allergy
3210:Urology
3103:Surgery
3027:History
2781:Imaging
2428:Bibcode
2406:7503016
2340:7998549
2200:vix.com
2089:2663651
2015:5016612
1625:FDA.gov
1447:4756338
1144:History
953:photons
919:Sources
651:fossil
583:imaging
499:basilar
494:of the
290:calcium
286:photons
255:D011859
4679:PET-CT
4454:Breast
4449:Rectal
4373:duplex
4305:Breast
4142:Heart
3857:Portal
3724:MD–PhD
3015:Others
2976:GISAXS
2648:L-edge
2643:K-edge
2535:MedPix
2518:
2487:
2465:
2403:
2338:
2297:17 May
2235:
2096:
2086:
2049:
2022:
2012:
1971:
1940:
1905:
1868:
1843:
1603:
1574:
1543:
1506:
1479:
1454:
1444:
1263:(then
1194:and a
1042:, and
967:. For
852:, the
685:, the
612:X-rays
419:biopsy
339:X-rays
330:and a
157:X-rays
155:using
151:is an
82:Cancer
53:System
4706:Laser
4628:SPECT
4437:renal
4266:Brain
4217:Other
3917:X-ray
3439:Other
3006:EDXRD
2928:XANES
2923:EXAFS
2913:ARPES
2860:3DXRD
2618:X-ray
1786:(PDF)
1779:(PDF)
1331:レントゲン
983:, or
950:X-ray
894:elbow
444:femur
364:lungs
200:. In
103:X-ray
94:tests
4474:FAST
4187:Head
2991:RIXS
2981:WAXS
2971:SAXS
2882:DFXM
2850:XDCT
2835:STXM
2830:XPCI
2818:XACT
2516:PMID
2485:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2336:PMID
2299:2012
2273:2013
2233:ISBN
2212:2017
2182:2011
2159:2013
2133:2018
2094:PMID
2047:ISBN
2020:PMID
1969:ISBN
1938:PMID
1903:PMID
1866:ISBN
1841:PMID
1794:2013
1762:2013
1740:2013
1714:2013
1692:2013
1655:(5).
1632:2018
1601:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1541:PMID
1504:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1452:PMID
1361:GXMO
1304:and
1239:mica
1052:dose
991:Grid
933:and
868:and
822:Lead
573:and
551:and
501:and
436:DEXA
376:hard
374:and
372:soft
360:Bone
249:MeSH
242:88.6
238:88.0
4651:PET
4619:ECT
4617:3D/
4499:2D/
4400:ICE
4395:TEE
4390:TTE
4258:MRI
3989:DXR
3985:DXA
3980:KUB
3975:AXR
3963:CXR
3173:ENT
3091:and
2996:XRS
2938:XFH
2933:EDS
2918:AES
2908:XPS
2903:XAS
2887:DXA
2855:DCT
2803:CDI
2508:doi
2446:hdl
2436:doi
2401:PMC
2391:doi
2363:doi
2326:doi
2322:164
2084:PMC
2076:doi
2010:PMC
2002:doi
1961:doi
1930:doi
1895:doi
1831:hdl
1821:doi
1564:doi
1533:doi
1442:PMC
1434:doi
1229:of
1218:in
1030:or
995:An
653:Ida
614:or
575:MRI
571:PET
561:).
421:).
356:CCD
115:PET
111:MRI
4820::
4657:):
4634:):
4363:3D
3931:2D
3512:/
3001:XS
2808:CT
2514:.
2504:99
2502:.
2444:.
2434:.
2424:48
2422:.
2418:.
2399:.
2359:24
2357:.
2334:.
2320:.
2316:.
2259:.
2247:^
2198:.
2149:.
2121:13
2119:.
2115:.
2092:.
2082:.
2070:.
2041:.
2018:.
2008:.
1998:63
1996:.
1992:.
1967:.
1936:.
1926:50
1924:.
1901:.
1891:19
1889:.
1839:.
1829:.
1817:58
1815:.
1811:.
1653:42
1651:.
1623:.
1595:.
1570:.
1539:.
1529:20
1527:.
1450:.
1440:.
1430:31
1428:.
1424:.
1300:,
1296:,
1292:,
1288:,
1140:.
1050:,
1038:,
985:Cs
981:Co
979:,
977:Ir
971:,
959:,
634:.
589:.
270:,
236:,
234:87
159:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
113:,
109:,
107:CT
105:,
101:,
84:,
4704:/
4653:(
4630:(
4009:/
4000:/
3996:/
3987:/
3919:/
3901:e
3894:t
3887:v
3072:e
3065:t
3058:v
2596:e
2589:t
2582:v
2522:.
2510::
2493:.
2471:.
2452:.
2448::
2438::
2430::
2409:.
2393::
2369:.
2365::
2342:.
2328::
2301:.
2275:.
2241:.
2214:.
2184:.
2161:.
2135:.
2100:.
2078::
2055:.
2026:.
2004::
1977:.
1963::
1944:.
1932::
1909:.
1897::
1874:.
1847:.
1833::
1823::
1796:.
1764:.
1742:.
1716:.
1694:.
1634:.
1609:.
1580:.
1566::
1547:.
1535::
1512:.
1485:.
1458:.
1436::
1334:)
1328:(
655:.
240:-
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
