Insular cortex - Knowledge

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have previously been associated with drug use. A number of functional imaging studies have shown the insula to be activated during the administration of addictive psychoactive drugs. Several functional imaging studies have also shown that the insula is activated when drug users are exposed to drug cues, and that this activity is correlated with subjective urges. In the cue-exposure studies, insula activity is elicited when there is no actual change in the level of drug in the body. Therefore, rather than merely representing the interoceptive effects of drug use as it occurs, the insula may play a role in memory for the pleasurable interoceptive effects of past drug use, anticipation of these effects in the future, or both. Such a representation may give rise to conscious urges that feel as if they arise from within the body. This may make addicts feel as if their bodies need to use a drug, and may result in persons with lesions in the insula reporting that their bodies have forgotten the urge to use, according to this study.

1057:, self-reflection, and in avoiding uncertainty about the internal representations of the world by "anticipation of resolution of uncertainty or risk". This avoidance of uncertainty functions through the comparison between predicted states and actual states, that is, "signaling that we do not understand, i.e., that there is ambiguity." Picard notes that "the concept of insight is very close to that of certainty," and refers to Archimedes' "Eureka!" Picard hypothesizes that during ecstatic seizures the comparison between predicted states and actual states no longer functions, and that mismatches between predicted state and actual state are no longer processed, blocking " 1177: 1165: 1141: 1117: 1129: 911:, whereas the anterior part responded to the emotional contents of the auditory stimuli. Clinical data additionally shows that bilateral damage to the insula after ischemic injury or trauma can lead to auditory agnosia. Functional magnetic resonance studies have also demonstrated that the insular cortex participates in many key auditory processes such as tuning into novel auditory stimuli and allocating auditory attention. 44: 29: 510:

prior to and during the execution of the motor speech plans. Importantly, this specific cortical circuit is different from those that relate to the cognitive aspects of language production (e.g., Broca’s area on the inferior frontal gyrus). Subvocal, or silent, speech has also been shown to activate right insular cortex, further supporting the theory that the motor control of speech proceeds from the insula.

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can disrupt the arcuate fasciculus. Functional imaging studies on the cerebral correlates of language production also suggest that the anterior insula forms part of the brain network of speech motor control. Moreover, electrical stimulation of the posterior insular can evoke speech disturbances such as speech arrest and reduced voice intensity.

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for instance, have their addiction to cigarettes practically eliminated. These individuals were found to be up to 136 times more likely to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction than smokers with damage in other areas. Disruption of addiction was evidenced by self-reported behavior changes such as

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The sensory speech region, Wernicke’s area, and the motor speech region, Broca’s area, are interconnected by a large axonal fiber system known as the arcuate fasciculus which passes directly beneath the insular cortex. On account of this anatomical architecture, ischemic strokes in the insular region

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concerned with environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation that involves all of the insular cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex. A related idea is that the anterior insula, as part of the salience network, interacts with the mid-posterior insula to combine salient

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One study on rhesus monkeys revealed widespread reciprocal connections between the insular cortex and almost all subnuclei of the amygdaloid complex. The posterior insula projects predominantly to the dorsal aspect of the lateral and to the central amygdaloid nuclei. In contrast, the anterior insula

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Lesion of the pre-central gyrus of the insula can also cause “pure speech apraxia” (i.e. the inability to speak with no apparent aphasic or orofacial motor impairments). This demonstrates that the insular cortex forms part of a critical circuit for the coordination of complex articulatory movements

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A model proposed by Naqvi et al. (see above) is that the insula stores a representation of the pleasurable interoceptive effects of drug use (e.g., the airway sensory effects of nicotine, the cardiovascular effects of amphetamine), and that this representation is activated by exposure to cues that

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and other drugs, and would make this area of the brain a possible target for novel anti-addiction medication. In addition, this finding suggests that functions mediated by the insula, especially conscious feelings, may be particularly important for maintaining drug addiction, although this view is

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Studies have shown that damage or dysfunction in the insular cortex can impair decision-making, emotional regulation, and social behavior. The insula is considered a key brain structure in the neural circuitry underlying complex decision-making processes. It plays a significant role in integrating

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well-situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes. The insula receives information from "homeostatic afferent" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic-related structures, such as the

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The anterior insular cortex (AIC) is believed to be responsible for emotional feelings, including maternal and romantic love, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, sexual arousal, disgust, aversion, unfairness, inequity, indignation, uncertainty, disbelief, social exclusion, trust, empathy, sculptural

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and tasked with deciding to approach or avoid the person in the picture. The results of the social decision task yielded that individuals with high EI scores had left insular activation when processing fearful faces. Individuals with low EI scores had left insular activation when processing angry

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emotional feelings. This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the structure and function of the right frontal insula is correlated with the ability to feel one's own heartbeat, or to empathize with the pain of others. It is thought that these functions are not distinct from the

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revealed that the anterior insula is interconnected to regions in the temporal and occipital lobe, opercular and orbitofrontal cortex, triangular and opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus. The same study revealed differences in the anatomical connection patterns between the left and right

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Fox, Kieran C.R.; Nijeboer, Savannah; Dixon, Matthew L.; Floman, James L.; Ellamil, Melissa; Rumak, Samuel P.; Sedlmeier, Peter; Christoff, Kalina (June 2014). "Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation

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It plays a role in a variety of homeostatic functions related to basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control. The insula controls autonomic functions through the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It has a role in regulating the immune

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is judged as to its degree. Lesion of the insula is associated with dramatic loss of pain perception and isolated insular infarction can lead to contralateral elimination of pinprick perception. Further, the insula is where a person imagines pain when looking at images of painful events while

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injection, suggesting that the representation of negative interoceptive states by the insula plays a role in addiction. However, in this same study, the conditioned place preference took place immediately after the injection of amphetamine, suggesting that it is the immediate, pleasurable

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The strongest evidence against a causative role for the insula cortex in emotion comes from Damasio et al. (2012) which showed that a patient who suffered bilateral lesions of the insula cortex expressed the full complement of human emotions, and was fully capable of emotional learning.

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Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires, such as food craving and drug craving. What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities. The insula is

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quitting smoking less than one day after the brain injury, quitting smoking with great ease, not smoking again after quitting, and having no urge to resume smoking since quitting. The study was conducted on average eight years after the strokes, which opens up the possibility that

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Billeke, Pablo; Ossandon, Tomas; Perrone-Bertolotti, Marcela; Kahane, Philippe; Bastin, Julien; Jerbi, Karim; Lachaux, Jean-Philippe; Fuentealba, Pablo (1 June 2020). "Human Anterior Insula Encodes Performance Feedback and Relays Prediction Error to the Medial Prefrontal Cortex".

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thalamic nuclei. It has also been shown that this region receives inputs from the ventromedial nucleus (posterior part) of the thalamus that are highly specialized to convey homeostatic information such as pain, temperature, itch, local oxygen status, and sensual touch.

1053:. Fabienne Picard proposes a neurological explanation for this subjective certainty, based on clinical research of epilepsy. According to Picard, this feeling of certainty may be caused by a dysfunction of the anterior insula, a part of the brain which is involved in 2423:

Song GH, Venkatraman V, Ho KY, Chee MW, Yeoh KG, Wilder-Smith CH (December 2006). "Cortical effects of anticipation and endogenous modulation of visceral pain assessed by functional brain MRI in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls".

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could have affected the results. More recent prospective studies, which overcome this limitation, have corroborated these findings This suggests a significant role for the insular cortex in the neurological mechanisms underlying addiction to

497:. Research in rhesus monkeys has also reported that apart from numerous taste-sensitive neurons, the insular cortex also responds to non-taste properties of oral stimuli related to the texture (viscosity, grittiness) or temperature of food. 309:

The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the anterior insula and the posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the

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that causes individuals to lose the ability to communicate fluently while still being able to comprehend single words and intact other non-linguistic cognition. It is found in a variety of degenerative neurological conditions including

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Blenkmann, Alejandro O.; Collavini, Santiago; Lubell, James; Llorens, Anaïs; Funderud, Ingrid; Ivanovic, Jugoslav; Larsson, Pål G.; Meling, Torstein R.; Bekinschtein, Tristan; Kochen, Silvia; Endestad, Tor (December 2019).

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Physiological studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that neurons in the insula respond to skin stimulation. PET studies have also revealed that the human insula can also be activated by vibrational stimulation to the skin.

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A number of functional brain imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex is activated when drug users are exposed to environmental cues that trigger cravings. This has been shown for a variety of drugs, including

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has proposed that this region plays a role in mapping visceral states that are associated with emotional experience, giving rise to conscious feelings. This is in essence a neurobiological formulation of the ideas of

657:. Research upon conversation links it to the capacity for long and complex spoken sentences. It is also involved in motor learning and has been identified as playing a role in the motor recovery from stroke. 4450: 874:

created to keep focused upon the relevant part of the environment (ventral attention system). This regulation of salience might be particularly important during challenging tasks where attention might

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and negative arousal arising from predictive uncertainty," which will be experienced as emotional confidence. Picard concludes that "his could lead to a spiritual interpretation in some individuals."

846:. Interoceptive information processing that links interoception with emotional salience to generate a subjective representation of the body. This involves, first, the anterior insular cortex with the 2739:

Matsuura S, Kakizaki H, Mitsui T, Shiga T, Tamaki N, Koyanagi T (November 2002). "Human brain region response to distention or cold stimulation of the bladder: a positron emission tomography study".

5775:"A systematic review of resting-state functional-MRI studies in anorexia nervosa: Evidence for functional connectivity impairment in cognitive control and visuospatial and body-signal integration" 2188:

Williamson JW, McColl R, Mathews D, Mitchell JH, Raven PB, Morgan WP (April 2001). "Hypnotic manipulation of effort sense during dynamic exercise: cardiovascular responses and brain activation".

730:, who first proposed that subjective emotional experience (i.e., feelings) arise from our brain's interpretation of bodily states that are elicited by emotional events. This is an example of 645:

In motor control, it contributes to hand-and-eye motor movement, swallowing, gastric motility, and speech articulation. It has been identified as a "central command” centre that ensures that

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Ramírez-Amaya V, Alvarez-Borda B, Ormsby CE, Martínez RD, Pérez-Montfort R, Bermúdez-Rattoni F (June 1996). "Insular cortex lesions impair the acquisition of conditioned immunosuppression".

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Weiller C, Ramsay SC, Wise RJ, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS (February 1993). "Individual patterns of functional reorganization in the human cerebral cortex after capsular infarction".

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Quarto, Tiziana; Blasi, Giuseppe; Maddalena, Chiara; Viscanti, Giovanna; Lanciano, Tiziana; Soleti, Emanuela; Mangiulli, Ivan; Taurisano, Paolo; Fazio, Leonardo (2016-02-09).

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Olausson H, Charron J, Marchand S, Villemure C, Strigo IA, Bushnell MC (November 2005). "Feelings of warmth correlate with neural activity in right anterior insular cortex".

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Ramírez-Amaya V, Bermúdez-Rattoni F (March 1999). "Conditioned enhancement of antibody production is disrupted by insular cortex and amygdala but not hippocampal lesions".

5133:"Anatomofunctional organization of the insular cortex: A study using intracerebral electrical stimulation in epileptic patients: Functional Organization of the Insula" 5497:

Marco Contreras; Francisco Ceric; Fernando Torrealba (January 2007). "Inactivation of the Interoceptive Insula Disrupts Drug Craving and Malaise Induced by Lithium".

2524:"Tactile-Vibration-Activated Foci in Insular and Parietal-Opercular Cortex Studied with Positron Emission Tomography: Mapping the Second Somatosensory Area in Humans" 996:. Despite these findings, the insula has been ignored within the drug addiction literature, perhaps because it is not known to be a direct target of the mesocortical 354:

projects to the anterior amygdaloid area as well as the medial, the cortical, the accessory basal magnocellular, the medial basal, and the lateral amygdaloid nuclei.

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Kakigia R, Nakataa H, Inuia K, Hiroea N, et al. (October 2005). "Intracerebral pain processing in a Yoga Master who claims not to feel pain during meditation".

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Papathanasiou ES, Papacostas SS, Charalambous M, Eracleous E, Thodi C, Pantzaris M (2006). "Vertigo and imbalance caused by a small lesion in the anterior insula".

721:-related cortex. The insula has increasingly become the focus of attention for its role in body representation and subjective emotional experience. In particular, 827:

was done to extend the findings of Lazar et al., which found increased grey matter concentrations in this and other areas of the brain in experienced meditators.

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interoceptive effects of amphetamine administration, rather than the delayed, aversive effects of amphetamine withdrawal that are represented within the insula.

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Farrer C, Frith CD (March 2002). "Experiencing oneself vs another person as being the cause of an action: the neural correlates of the experience of agency".

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There is evidence that, in addition to its base functions, the insula may play a role in certain higher-level functions that operate only in humans and other

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Williamson JW, McColl R, Mathews D, Ginsburg M, Mitchell JH (September 1999). "Activation of the insular cortex is affected by the intensity of exercise".

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Phan KL, Wager T, Taylor SF, Liberzon I (June 2002). "Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI".

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Anderson TJ, Jenkins IH, Brooks DJ, Hawken MB, Frackowiak RS, Kennard C (October 1994). "Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man. A PET study".

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JAKAB, A; MOLNAR, P; BOGNER, P; BERES, M; BERENYI, E (1 Oct 2011). "Connectivity-based parcellation reveals interhemispheric differences in the insula".

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Wright P, He G, Shapira NA, Goodman WK, Liu Y (October 2004). "Disgust and the insula: fMRI responses to pictures of mutilation and contamination".

532:, which is another region that has reached a high level of specialization in great apes. It has been speculated that these neurons are involved in 1022:

A recent study in rats by Contreras et al. corroborates these findings by showing that reversible inactivation of the insula disrupts amphetamine

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Direct recordings from the posterior part of the insula showed responses to unexpected sounds within regular auditory streams, a process known as

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Binder DK, Schaller K, Clusmann H (November 2007). "The seminal contributions of Johann-Christian Reil to anatomy, physiology, and psychiatry".

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Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, Gray JR, Greve DN, Treadway MT, McGarvey M, Quinn BT, Dusek JA, Benson H, Rauch SL, Moore CI, Fischl B (2005).

2384:"Inner experience of pain: imagination of pain while viewing images showing painful events forms subjective pain representation in human brain" 3992:"A common anterior insula representation of disgust observation, experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways" 1882: 1645:"Primate Insular/Opercular Taste Cortex: Neuronal Representations of the Viscosity, Fat Texture, Grittiness, Temperature, and Taste of Foods" 148: 144: 907:

recordings acquired from patients with epilepsy. The posterior part of the insula showed auditory responses that resemble those observed in

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Singer T (2006). "The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: review of literature and implications for future research".

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Sanfey AG, Rilling JK, Aronson JA, Nystrom LE, Cohen JD (June 2003). "The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game".

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The insula has been identified as playing a role in the experience of bodily self-awareness, sense of agency, and sense of body ownership.

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An alternative or perhaps complementary proposal is that the right anterior insular regulates the interaction between the salience of the

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lower-level functions of the insula but rather arise as a consequence of the role of the insula in conveying homeostatic information to

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Zhang, Yang; Zhou, Wenjing; Wang, Siyu; Zhou, Qin; Wang, Haixiang; Zhang, Bingqing; Huang, Juan; Hong, Bo; Wang, Xiaoqin (2019-02-01).

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Ackermann H, Riecker A (May 2004). "The contribution of the insula to motor aspects of speech production: a review and a hypothesis".

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Sander K, Scheich H (October 2005). "Left auditory cortex and amygdala, but right insula dominance for human laughing and crying".

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Bushara, KO; Hanakawa, T; Immisch, I; Toma, K; Kansaku, K; Hallett, M (February 2003). "Neural correlates of cross-modal binding".

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both to smells and to the sight of contamination and mutilation — even when just imagining the experience. This associates with a

573:, in particular during and after exercise, and its activity varies with the amount of effort a person believes he/she is exerting. 5899: 2883:

Brown S, Martinez MJ, Parsons LM (September 2004). "Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems".

700:(EI) (the ability to identify, regulate, and process emotions of themselves and of others) of sixty-three healthy subjects. Using 637:

Other noninteroceptive perceptions include passive listening to music, laughter and crying, empathy and compassion, and language.

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Bamiou DE, Musiek FE, Luxon LM (May 2003). "The insula (Island of Reil) and its role in auditory processing. Literature review".

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Oppenheimer SM, Gelb A, Girvin JP, Hachinski VC (September 1992). "Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation".

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Hamaguchi T, Kano M, Rikimaru H, et al. (June 2004). "Brain activity during distention of the descending colon in humans".

1788:"Anatomofunctional organization of the insular cortex: A study using intracerebral electrical stimulation in epileptic patients" 6125: 4989: 4300:

Wager, Tor (June 2002). "Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Emotion Activation Studies in PET and fMRI".

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Kikuchi M, Naito Y, Senda M, et al. (April 2009). "Cortical activation during optokinetic stimulation — an fMRI study".

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Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P, Ohman A, Dolan RJ (February 2004). "Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness".

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Gschwind, Markus; Picard, Fabienne (2016), "Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: a glimpse into the multiple roles of the insula",

1116: 1026:, an animal model of cue-induced drug craving. In this study, insula inactivation also disrupted "malaise" responses to 693:

In social experience, it is involved in the processing of norm violations, emotional processing, empathy, and orgasms.

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Fink GR, Frackowiak RS, Pietrzyk U, Passingham RE (April 1997). "Multiple nonprimary motor areas in the human cortex".

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Pritchard, TC; Macaluso, DA; Eslinger, PJ (August 1999). "Taste perception in patients with insular cortex lesions".

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system, which is central to current dopamine reward theories of addiction. Research published in 2007 has shown that

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Hölzel, Britta K.; Ott, Ulrich; Gard, Tim; Hempel, Hannes; Weygandt, Martin; Morgen, Katrin; Vaitl, Dieter (2008).

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MUFSON, E; MESULAM, M; PANDYA, D (1 July 1981). "Insular interconnections with the amygdala in the rhesus monkey".

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and so cause careless mistakes but if there is too much arousal it risks creating poor performance by turning into

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As for fMRI recording, there were remarkable changes in levels of activity in the...SII-insula (mainly the insula)

5415:"Basal Ganglia Plus Insula Damage Yields Stronger Disruption of Smoking Addiction Than Basal Ganglia Damage Alone" 626:

sensations extends into the insula, with small lesions in the anterior insular cortex being able to cause loss of

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or nonpainful coldness of a skin sensation. Other internal sensations processed by the insula include stomach or

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Picard, Fabienne (2013), "State of belief, subjective certainty and bliss as a product of cortical dysfuntion",

6612: 6304: 2969: 365: 4235:"Association between Ability Emotional Intelligence and Left Insula during Social Judgment of Facial Emotions" 7227: 6013: 2774:

von Leupoldt, A.; Sommer, T.; Kegat, S.; Baumann, H. J.; Klose, H.; Dahme, B.; Buchel, C. (24 January 2008).

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stimuli with autonomic information, leading to a high state of physiological awareness of salient stimuli.

528:. The spindle neurons found at a higher density in the right frontal insular cortex are also found in the 6692: 4965: 1867: 1717: 7266: 7104: 6660: 1069:

The insular cortex has been suggested to have a role in anxiety disorders, emotion dysregulation, and

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EI was measured in correlation with left insular activity. The subjects were shown various pictures of

283: 5182:"Progressive non-fluent aphasia is associated with hypometabolism centred on the left anterior insula" 5019: 3544:

Critchley HD (December 2005). "Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration".

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awareness of homeostatic emotions such as thirst, pain and fatigue, and the ability to time one's own

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Craig AD, Chen K, Bandy D, Reiman EM (February 2000). "Thermosensory activation of insular cortex".

2245: 119: 7271: 6935: 6882: 6803: 6770: 6670: 6486: 6469: 6409: 6006: 1690: 582: 102: 2970:"Interview with Tania Singer | the Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education" 1995:"The impact of prior risk experiences on subsequent risky decision-making: The role of the insula" 6887: 6777: 6421: 6162: 6157: 964: 923: 843: 839: 2523: 1881:

Kato, Yutaka; Muramatsu, Taro; Kato, Motoichiro; Shintani, Masuro; Kashima, Haruo (2007-03-26).

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Functional imaging studies show activation of the insula during audio-visual integration tasks.

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volume correlates with increased accuracy in this subjective sense of the inner body, and with

155: 139: 78: 318:). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. 7135: 6994: 6908: 6808: 3399:

Mutschler I, Schulze-Bonhage A, Glauche V, Demandt E, Speck O, Ball T (2007). Fitch T (ed.).

3303:""Central command" and insular activation during attempted foot lifting in paraplegic humans" 1082: 929:

Simple auditory illusions and hallucinations were elicited by electrical functional mapping.

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In terms of function, the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an

472:. As a paralimbic cortex, the insular cortex is considered to be a relatively old structure. 397: 373: 339: 5329:

Vorel SR, Bisaga A, McKhann G, Kleber HD (July 2007). "Insula damage and quitting smoking".

2657:"Gastric distention correlates with activation of multiple cortical and subcortical regions" 1840: 1449: 7261: 7108: 6956: 6848: 6525: 6385: 6282: 6231: 6088: 5508: 5285: 4910: 4246: 4058: 4003: 3412: 3367: 3216: 3117:"Functional brain imaging of swallowing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis" 1949: 1380: 1262:

Craig AD, Chen K, Bandy D, Reiman EM (2000). "Thermosensory activation of insular cortex".

956: 824: 798: 601: 3900:"Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust" 2776:"The Unpleasantness of Perceived Dyspnea Is Processed in the Anterior Insula and Amygdala" 8: 7085: 6495: 4911:"The Roles of Subdivisions of Human Insula in Emotion Perception and Auditory Processing" 3771:

Craig AD (January 2009). "How do you feel—now? The anterior insula and human awareness".

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has shown an increase in grey matter in areas of the brain including the insular cortex.

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pain in the insular cortex related to dysfunctional inhibition of pain within the brain.

448:), identified as characterising a distinctive subregion as the agranular frontal insula. 425: 369: 287: 5512: 5289: 5269: 4250: 4062: 4007: 3416: 3220: 3207:

Dronkers NF (November 1996). "A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation".

1953: 971:. It is associated with hypometabolism and atrophy of the left anterior insular cortex. 7143: 6966: 6940: 6791: 6541: 6511: 6433: 6365: 6353: 6254: 6250: 5984: 5942: 5907: 5853: 5841: 5807: 5716: 5626: 5585: 5542: 5439: 5414: 5354: 5306: 5271: 5247: 5222: 5162: 5113: 5055: 4981: 4946: 4847: 4822: 4795: 4743: 4730: 4705: 4681: 4656: 4632: 4607: 4588: 4539: 4530: 4514: 4481: 4424: 4369: 4344: 4325: 4277: 4234: 4215: 4168: 4125: 4082: 4026: 3991: 3972: 3929: 3839: 3796: 3748: 3723: 3704: 3661: 3613: 3588: 3569: 3526: 3483: 3435: 3400: 3376: 3351: 3327: 3302: 3283: 3240: 3154: 3141: 3116: 3097: 3019: 2951: 2908: 2838: 2721: 2637: 2594: 2504: 2449: 2351: 2334: 2310: 2285: 2266: 2213: 2126: 2068: 2043: 2019: 1994: 1970: 1937: 1918: 1768: 1644: 1565: 1517: 1508: 1492: 1427: 1402: 1330: 1287: 1244: 943: 731: 457: 279: 5751: 5035: 4561: 4469: 3916: 3899: 3859:"Neural signatures of body ownership: a sensory network for bodily self-consciousness" 3271: 3007: 2752: 2468: 1341: 7222: 7051: 7017: 7012: 7007: 6596: 6206: 6185: 6058: 5976: 5947: 5845: 5799: 5755: 5708: 5631: 5589: 5577: 5534: 5499: 5479: 5444: 5395: 5346: 5311: 5276: 5252: 5203: 5180:

Nestor PJ, Graham NL, Fryer TD, Williams GB, Patterson K, Hodges JR (November 2003).

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Afif, Afif; Minotti, Lorella; Kahane, Philippe; Hoffmann, Dominique (November 2010).

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Benedetto De Martino; Dharshan Kumaran; Ben Seymour; Raymond J. Dolan (August 2006).

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Afif, Afif; Minotti, Lorella; Kahane, Philippe; Hoffmann, Dominique (November 2010).

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Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons (Insula labeled at upper right)

1090: 1044: 952: 947: 908: 705: 631: 627: 623: 405: 311: 34: 5988: 5914: 5811: 5794: 5720: 5546: 5059: 5020:"The insula (Island of Reil) and its role in auditory processing: Literature review" 4950: 4747: 4608:"Investigation of mindfulness meditation practitioners with voxel-based morphometry" 4576: 4485: 4188:"Correlation between insula activation and self-reported quality of orgasm in women" 4172: 4156: 3708: 3665: 3587:

Pacheco-López G, Niemi MB, Kou W, Härting M, Fandrey J, Schedlowski M (March 2005).

3573: 3530: 3487: 3287: 3158: 3101: 3023: 2912: 2842: 2725: 2598: 2508: 2453: 2130: 1334: 1248: 107: 7174: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7095: 7090: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7056: 7039: 7029: 6961: 6892: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6841: 6813: 6795: 6787: 6782: 6732: 6713: 6680: 6675: 6516: 6500: 6491: 6345: 6330: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6271: 6259: 6180: 6172: 6144: 6135: 6121: 6116: 6103: 6098: 5968: 5937: 5857: 5837: 5789: 5747: 5704: 5700: 5621: 5611: 5569: 5524: 5516: 5471: 5434: 5426: 5385: 5358: 5338: 5301: 5293: 5242: 5234: 5193: 5166: 5144: 5095: 5087: 5075: 5031: 4977: 4922: 4880: 4842: 4834: 4790: 4774: 4725: 4717: 4706:"Two systems of resting state connectivity between the insula and cingulate cortex" 4676: 4668: 4627: 4619: 4572: 4534: 4526: 4465: 4428: 4408: 4364: 4356: 4329: 4309: 4272: 4254: 4219: 4199: 4152: 4129: 4109: 4086: 4066: 4021: 4011: 3976: 3956: 3911: 3870: 3823: 3800: 3780: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3688: 3645: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3553: 3510: 3467: 3430: 3420: 3371: 3363: 3322: 3314: 3267: 3244: 3224: 3181: 3136: 3128: 3081: 3046: 3003: 2955: 2935: 2892: 2822: 2787: 2748: 2705: 2668: 2641: 2621: 2578: 2535: 2480: 2433: 2395: 2346: 2305: 2297: 2270: 2250: 2217: 2197: 2160: 2108: 2100: 2063: 2055: 2014: 2006: 1965: 1957: 1922: 1894: 1799: 1772: 1744: 1656: 1617: 1569: 1549: 1512: 1504: 1422: 1414: 1314: 1291: 1271: 1228: 1070: 1058: 1027: 875: 859: 851: 794: 696:

The insula is active during social decision making. Tiziana Quarto et al. measured

611:

One brain imaging study suggests that the unpleasantness of subjectively perceived

566: 494: 417: 229: 5342: 4821:

Eckert MA, Menon V, Walczak A, Ahlstrom J, Denslow S, Horwitz A, Dubno JR (2009).

3933: 3898:

Wicker B, Keysers C, Plailly J, Royet JP, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (October 2003).

3843: 2149:"Exercise-induced decrease in insular cortex rCBF during postexercise hypotension" 331:

The anterior part of the insula is subdivided by shallow sulci into three or four

7043: 6971: 6765: 6629: 6617: 6580: 6573: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6479: 6474: 6438: 6426: 6414: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6358: 6241: 6236: 6224: 6219: 6130: 6093: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6030: 5972: 5573: 5390: 5373: 5091: 4259: 4016: 3724:"Awareness of the functioning of one's own limbs mediated by the insular cortex?" 3425: 3172:

Penfield W, Faulk ME (1955). "The insula; further observations on its function".

2582: 2254: 2201: 2165: 2148: 1992: 1898: 1418: 1102: 926:, as well as the high frequency activity signals originating from local neurons. 722: 605: 441: 433: 303: 209: 132: 62: 5925: 5496: 5475: 4763:"Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function" 2655:

Ladabaum U, Minoshima S, Hasler WL, Cross D, Chey WD, Owyang C (February 2001).

2147:

Lamb K, Gallagher K, McColl R, Mathews D, Querry R, Williamson JW (April 2007).

1621: 1049:

A common quality in mystical experiences is a strong feeling of certainty which

6930: 6925: 6836: 6665: 6645: 6335: 6266: 5893: 5888: 5270:

Nasir H. Naqvi; David Rudrauf; Hanna Damasio; Antoine Bechara. (January 2007).

4762: 4187: 3050: 2939: 2791: 2469:"A modality-specific somatosensory area within the insula of the rhesus monkey" 2437: 985: 650: 570: 468:. It is also sometimes grouped with limbic structures deep in the brain into a 275: 213: 5736:"A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation" 5462:

Hyman, Steven E. (2005-08-01). "Addiction: A Disease of Learning and Memory".

4778: 4360: 3085: 2826: 2539: 1403:"A volumetric comparison of the insular cortex and its subregions in primates" 1318: 440:

input along its length. The anterior insular cortex contains a population of

7255: 7240: 7158: 7153: 6746: 6725: 6708: 6687: 6504: 6454: 5616: 5043: 4934: 4884: 4786: 4268: 3589:"Neural substrates for behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression in the rat" 3185: 2773: 2547: 2492: 2360: 1906: 1813: 1756: 1668: 1054: 812:

found that the right anterior insula is significantly thicker in people that

727: 717:

The insular cortex, in particular its most anterior portion, is considered a

687: 554: 550: 545: 519: 465: 461: 381: 271: 243: 221: 217: 160: 5520: 5297: 5076:"Auditory deviance detection in the human insula: An intracranial EEG study" 4926: 4672: 4657:"Persistence of Feelings and Sentience after Bilateral Damage of the Insula" 4070: 3875: 3858: 2855: 2673: 2656: 2400: 2383: 1961: 870:

created to achieve a task (the dorsal attention system) and the salience of

596:

Another perception of the right anterior insula is the degree of nonpainful

338:

The anterior insula receives a direct projection from the basal part of the

6278: 6042: 5980: 5951: 5849: 5803: 5759: 5712: 5635: 5581: 5538: 5483: 5448: 5399: 5350: 5315: 5256: 5207: 5198: 5181: 5158: 5109: 5051: 4999: 4942: 4892: 4856: 4804: 4739: 4690: 4641: 4584: 4548: 4477: 4420: 4378: 4321: 4313: 4286: 4211: 4164: 4121: 4113: 4078: 4035: 3968: 3925: 3884: 3835: 3827: 3792: 3757: 3700: 3692: 3649: 3622: 3565: 3444: 3385: 3336: 3279: 3193: 3150: 3015: 2947: 2904: 2869: 2834: 2799: 2760: 2717: 2682: 2633: 2590: 2467:

Schneider, Richard J.; Friedman, David P.; Mishkin, Mortimer (1993-09-03).

2445: 2409: 2368: 2319: 2262: 2209: 2174: 2122: 2077: 2028: 1979: 1914: 1821: 1764: 1676: 1629: 1561: 1526: 1436: 1326: 1283: 1050: 802: 421: 225: 4623: 3657: 3522: 3514: 3479: 3471: 3236: 3093: 3058: 2555: 2500: 2301: 1660: 1643:

Verhagen, Justus V.; Kadohisa, Mikiko; Rolls, Edmund T. (September 2004).

1493:"Neural correlates of auditory-visual stimulus onset asynchrony detection" 1240: 6985: 6034: 5430: 4823:"At the heart of the ventral attention system: the right anterior insula" 1883:"Activation of right insular cortex during imaginary speech articulation" 1098: 1010: 597: 562: 469: 251: 5529: 5223:"Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia" 4964:

Nieuwenhuys, Rudolf (2012-01-01), Hofman, Michel A.; Falk, Dean (eds.),

3635: 185: 5100: 4869: 4515:"Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness" 3301:

Nowak M, Holm S, Biering-Sørensen F, Secher NH, Friberg L (June 2005).

1086: 646: 558: 267: 255: 114: 5374:"Smoking Cessation 1 Year Poststroke and Damage to the Insular Cortex" 5238: 4838: 4721: 3557: 3398: 3318: 3132: 540:

processes that are specific to primates including great apes, such as

6568: 6028: 5918: 4343:

Vilares I, Howard JD, Fernandes HL, Gottfried JA, Kording KP (2012).

3228: 1001: 774: 533: 525: 5735: 5221:

Gorno-Tempini ML, Dronkers NF, Rankin KP, et al. (March 2004).

4412: 3784: 2973: 2059: 7184: 2104: 1015: 997: 993: 823:

Another study using voxel-based morphometry and MRI on experienced

813: 790: 758: 616: 464:

by some authorities. Other sources see the insula as a part of the

437: 429: 347: 126: 2625: 2333:

Birklein, Frank; Rolke, Roman; Müller-Forell, Wibke (2005-11-08).

1553: 1275: 1019:

not represented in any modern research or reviews of the subject.

5691:

Paulus MP, Stein MB (August 2006). "An insular view of anxiety".

5018:

Bamiou, Doris-Eva; Musiek, Frank E; Luxon, Linda M (2003-05-01).

3401:"A rapid sound-action association effect in human insular cortex" 2382:

Ogino Y, Nemoto H, Inui K, Saito S, Kakigi R, Goto F (May 2007).

1938:"Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain" 1607: 989: 981: 900: 879: 871: 778: 770: 683: 612: 541: 537: 480: 299: 259: 247: 43: 4394:"How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness" 3857:

Tsakiris M, Hesse MD, Boy C, Haggard P, Fink GR (October 2007).

3352:"Lesion correlates of conversational speech production deficits" 3071: 2568: 1993:

Gui Xue; Zhonglin Lu; Irwin P. Levin d; Antoine Bechara (2010).

1691:

https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-abstract/103/2/337/378338

1182:

Insular cortex highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images

785:

beauty, a ‘state of union with God’, and hallucinogenic states.

28: 6720: 5666: 5072: 4342: 4185: 3300: 2230: 2187: 2044:"Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut–brain communication" 1304: 1005: 718: 586: 291: 233: 73: 5772: 5272:"Damage to the Insula Disrupts Addiction to Cigarette Smoking" 3990:

Jabbi M, Bastiaansen J, Keysers C (2008). Lauwereyns J (ed.).

3500: 581:

thinking about their happening to one's own body. Those with

7179: 5915:

Stained brain slice images which include the "insular cortex"

3678: 1170:

Insular cortex highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images

762: 416:

The insular cortex has regions of variable cell structure or

263: 236: 90: 66: 5926:"The Insula: Anatomic Study and MR Imaging Display at 1.5 T" 4232: 3586: 2654: 2090: 1158:

Insular cortex highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images

1101:

and colleagues showed that anterior insular cortex contains

1038: 743:

olfactory, gustatory, viscero-autonomic, and limbic function

5220: 4048: 3349: 3036: 2738: 891:

internal and external cues to facilitate adaptive choices.

766: 754: 750: 577: 404:

that separates the insula from the neighboring gyri of the

295: 4820: 4186:

Ortigue S, Grafton ST, Bianchi-Demicheli F (August 2007).

2780:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

2522:

Burton, H.; Videen, T. O.; Raichle, M. E. (January 1993).

2332: 2146: 1539: 1465: 1085:

while describing cranial and spinal nerves and plexuses.

899:

Research indicates that the insular cortex is involved in

346:. In addition, the anterior insula itself projects to the 5958: 5179: 5130: 3897: 1880: 1841:

https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/31/8/3723/6213947

1785: 1218: 842:

research suggests the insula is involved in two types of

741:. To be specific, the anterior insula is related more to 5328: 3457: 3350:

Borovsky A, Saygin AP, Bates E, Dronkers N (June 2007).

2466: 342:

of the thalamus and a particularly large input from the

5773:

Gaudio S, Wiemerslage L, Brooks SJ, Schiöth HB (2016).

5677: 5675: 4099: 3989: 3856: 1733:"An fMRI investigation of syllable sequence production" 1587:. Boston: Benjamin Cummings/Pearson. pp. 391–395. 1004:

smokers suffering damage to the insular cortex, from a

753:

have revealed that the insula has an important role in

246:

and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to

5827: 4512: 3946: 1491:

Bushara, KO; Grafman, J; Hallett, M (1 January 2001).

690:-like link between external and internal experiences. 4704:

Taylor KS, Seminowicz DA, Davis KD (September 2009).

4703: 2695: 2422: 1642: 1490: 1355:"Sobotta's Atlas and Text-book of human anatomy 1909" 5672: 4654: 2882: 2611: 2381: 1731:

Bohland, Jason W.; Guenther, Frank H. (2006-08-15).

1261: 615:

is processed in the right human anterior insula and

364:

The posterior insula connects reciprocally with the

5924:Thomas P. Naidicha; et al. (1 February 2004). 4605: 2521: 757:experience and the experience of a number of basic 739:

emotionally relevant context for sensory experience

7239:Some categorizations are approximations, and some 5923: 5884:. Location and literature citations for the insula 3721: 3114: 2283: 745:, whereas the posterior insula is related more to 682:The anterior insula processes a person's sense of 576:The insular cortex also is where the sensation of 569:experience. It is also involved in the control of 5017: 4908: 2993: 2812: 2284:Baliki MN, Geha PY, Apkarian AV (February 2009). 937: 903:. Responses to sound stimuli were obtained using 7253: 3257: 357:The posterior part of the insula is formed by a 2041: 1730: 432:portion. The insula also receives differential 5601: 1146:Horizontal section of left cerebral hemisphere 481:Multimodal sensory processing, sensory binding 6014: 4761:Menon, Vinod; Uddin, Lucina Q. (2010-05-29). 4655:Damasio, A.; Damasio, H.; Tranel, D. (2013). 4451:"A new view of pain as a homeostatic emotion" 3722:Karnath HO, Baier B, Nägele T (August 2005). 3171: 3115:Sörös P, Inamoto Y, Martin RE (August 2009). 2925: 1400: 4506: 3543: 1352: 1122:Location and structure of the insular cortex 1064: 456:The insular cortex is considered a separate 5766: 5690: 5371: 4963: 4612:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3813: 3206: 1582: 561:. Moreover, greater right anterior insular 493:The anterior insula is part of the primary 242:The insulae are believed to be involved in 6021: 6007: 5823: 5821: 5733: 4966:"Chapter 7 - The insular cortex: A review" 4760: 553:. The right anterior insula is engaged in 513: 302:. In relation to these, it is involved in 27: 5941: 5793: 5625: 5615: 5528: 5438: 5389: 5305: 5246: 5197: 5148: 5099: 4846: 4816: 4814: 4794: 4729: 4680: 4631: 4555: 4538: 4368: 4276: 4258: 4025: 4015: 3915: 3874: 3747: 3612: 3537: 3434: 3424: 3375: 3326: 3140: 2672: 2399: 2350: 2309: 2244: 2164: 2112: 2067: 2018: 1969: 1803: 1516: 1426: 1401:Bauernfeind A; et al. (April 2013). 1377:"Definition: 'Circular Sulcus Of Insula'" 1093:is responsible for it being known as the 1039:Subjective certainty in ecstatic seizures 4565:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 4142: 3770: 1583:Marieb, Elaine N.; Hoehn, Katja (2008). 932: 16:Portion of the mammalian cerebral cortex 5818: 5412: 2142: 2140: 1585:Anatomy & Physiology, Third Edition 7254: 5559: 4811: 3891: 3368:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.023 894: 33:Right insula, exposed by removing the 6002: 5904:Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator 5461: 4904: 4902: 4448: 4391: 4299: 3983: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1468:Fundamentals of human neuropsychology 1466:Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). 5734:Thayer JF, Lane RD (December 2000). 5604:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2137: 1108: 6931:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal) 5337:(5836): 318–9, author reply 318–9. 848:pregenual anterior cingulate cortex 608:also activates the insular cortex. 411: 13: 5930:American Journal of Neuroradiology 5842:10.1227/01.neu.0000303205.15489.23 4982:10.1016/B978-0-444-53860-4.00007-6 4972:, Evolution of the Primate Brain, 4899: 4531:10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19 2528:Somatosensory & Motor Research 2352:10.1212/01.wnl.0000181351.82772.b3 1828: 1509:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-01-00300.2001 1201:List of regions in the human brain 1081:The insula was first described by 885: 677: 14: 7283: 5867: 747:auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor 408:in the front, above, and behind. 380:A human neuroimaging study using 5727: 5684: 5659: 5150:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02755.x 4204:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.026 3961:10.1097/00001756-200410250-00009 2897:10.1097/00001756-200409150-00008 2710:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2004.00498.x 2011:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.097 1805:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02755.x 1749:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.173 1175: 1163: 1151: 1139: 1127: 1115: 856:posterior mid-cingulate cortices 640: 250:or the regulation of the body's 180:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy 42: 7025:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus 6967:Collateral (temporal+occipital) 5882:Technical University of Denmark 5795:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.032 5650: 5641: 5595: 5553: 5490: 5455: 5406: 5365: 5322: 5263: 5214: 5173: 5124: 5066: 5011: 4957: 4863: 4754: 4697: 4648: 4599: 4577:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016 4442: 4385: 4336: 4293: 4226: 4179: 4157:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011 4136: 4093: 4042: 3940: 3850: 3807: 3764: 3715: 3672: 3629: 3580: 3494: 3451: 3392: 3343: 3294: 3251: 3200: 3165: 3108: 3065: 3030: 2987: 2962: 2919: 2876: 2849: 2806: 2767: 2732: 2689: 2648: 2605: 2562: 2515: 2460: 2416: 2375: 2326: 2277: 2224: 2181: 2084: 2042:Emeran A. Mayer (August 2011). 2035: 1986: 1929: 1874: 1779: 1724: 1683: 1636: 1601: 1576: 1533: 946:is the deterioration of normal 622:The cerebral cortex processing 344:central nucleus of the amygdala 6613:Secondary somatosensory cortex 6305:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 5900:"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1" 5836:(5): 1091–6, discussion 1096. 5705:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.042 3740:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1590-05.2005 3605:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4230-04.2005 2858:Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1484: 1459: 1443: 1394: 1369: 1298: 1255: 1212: 938:Progressive expressive aphasia 922:(MMN) potential, a well known 751:Functional imaging experiments 660: 451: 366:secondary somatosensory cortex 326: 1: 7228:Poles of cerebral hemispheres 6962:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate) 5752:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4 5343:10.1126/science.317.5836.318c 5036:10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00172-3 4470:10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00123-1 3917:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2 3272:10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00347-X 3008:10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00172-3 2753:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64290-5 1379:. MediLexicon. Archived from 1206: 818:brain activity and meditation 48:3D view of the insular cortex 6601:Primary somatosensory cortex 5973:10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.12.006 5574:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.006 5391:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.630004 5092:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.002 4767:Brain Structure and Function 4260:10.1371/journal.pone.0148621 4017:10.1371/journal.pone.0002939 3426:10.1371/journal.pone.0000259 2583:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.065 2485:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90305-7 2255:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.3.1213 2202:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.4.1392 2166:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802f04e0 1899:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3280586862 1419:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.12.003 1233:10.1016/0306-4522(81)90184-6 1051:cannot be expressed in words 1024:conditioned place preference 974: 585:have abnormal processing of 428:portion to agranular in the 321: 216:(the fissure separating the 7: 6693:Transverse occipital sulcus 5476:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1414 4449:Craig, A. D. (Bud) (2002). 4401:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4392:Craig, A. D. (Bud) (2009). 3773:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2048:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1622:10.1037/0735-7044.113.4.663 1497:The Journal of Neuroscience 1187: 916:auditory deviance detection 834: 712: 475: 284:interpersonal relationships 10: 7288: 7105:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus 6926:Central (frontal+parietal) 6661:Occipital pole of cerebrum 5906:. Elsevier. Archived from 4970:Progress in Brain Research 2940:10.1162/089892905774597227 2792:10.1164/rccm.200712-1821OC 2438:10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.017 1649:Journal of Neurophysiology 1191: 1076: 1042: 810:magnetic resonance imaging 517: 390:circular sulcus of insula' 374:ventral posterior inferior 254:. These functions include 7236: 7215: 7197: 7167: 7134: 7038: 6993: 6984: 6949: 6918: 6907: 6824: 6762:Transverse temporal gyrus 6754: 6745: 6701: 6653: 6644: 6625:Posterior parietal cortex 6589: 6534: 6462: 6453: 6378: 6344: 6205: 6198: 6171: 6057: 6050: 6041: 4779:10.1007/s00429-010-0262-0 4361:10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.010 3086:10.1152/jn.1997.77.4.2164 2996:Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev 2827:10.1080/00016480802610226 2698:Neurogastroenterol. Motil 2540:10.3109/08990229309028839 2114:21.11116/0000-0001-A2FB-D 1470:(5th ed.). : Worth. 1319:10.1007/s10548-011-0205-y 1065:Other clinical conditions 961:corticobasal degeneration 918:. Researchers observed a 858:, and, second, a general 653:increase at the onset of 530:anterior cingulate cortex 500: 178: 166: 154: 138: 125: 113: 101: 89: 84: 72: 58: 53: 41: 26: 21: 6883:Inferior temporal sulcus 6804:Superior temporal sulcus 6487:Inferior parietal lobule 6470:Superior parietal lobule 6410:Supplementary motor area 5656:Picard 2013, p.2497-2498 5647:Picard 2013, p.2496-2498 5617:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021 5372:Suner-Soler, R. (2011). 3051:10.1093/brain/117.5.1073 583:irritable bowel syndrome 488: 382:diffusion tensor imaging 368:and receives input from 6888:Inferior temporal gyrus 6832:Occipitotemporal sulcus 6778:Superior temporal gyrus 6671:Lateral occipital gyrus 6422:Supplementary eye field 6163:Inferior frontal sulcus 6158:Superior frontal sulcus 5521:10.1126/science.1145590 5298:10.1126/science.1135926 4458:Trends in Neurosciences 4071:10.1126/science.1082976 2674:10.1053/gast.2001.21201 1962:10.1126/science.1128356 1610:Behavioral Neuroscience 965:frontotemporal dementia 924:event related potential 854:) and the anterior and 840:Functional neuroimaging 669: 514:Interoceptive awareness 212:folded deep within the 7149:Fimbria of hippocampus 6215:Superior frontal gyrus 6113:Inferior frontal gyrus 6067:Superior frontal gyrus 5024:Brain Research Reviews 4885:10.1093/cercor/bhaa017 4314:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 4114:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 3828:10.1006/nimg.2001.1009 3693:10.1006/brbi.1998.0547 3650:10.1006/brbi.1996.0011 3186:10.1093/brain/78.4.445 1194:anatomical terminology 816:. Other research into 698:emotional intelligence 340:ventral medial nucleus 208:) is a portion of the 7136:Hippocampal formation 6995:Parahippocampal gyrus 6809:Middle temporal gyrus 5782:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 4976:, Elsevier: 123–163, 4927:10.1093/cercor/bhx334 4673:10.1093/cercor/bhs077 4145:Neurosci Biobehav Rev 3876:10.1093/cercor/bhl131 3515:10.1212/wnl.42.9.1727 3472:10.1002/ana.410330208 2401:10.1093/cercor/bhl023 2302:10.1152/jn.91100.2008 1661:10.1152/jn.00321.2004 1083:Johann Christian Reil 933:Clinical significance 518:Further information: 280:cognitive functioning 7109:Retrosplenial cortex 6957:Longitudinal fissure 6849:Medial temporal lobe 6526:Intraparietal sulcus 6386:Primary motor cortex 6283:Orbitofrontal cortex 6232:Medial frontal gyrus 6089:Middle frontal gyrus 5413:Gaznick, N. (2013). 5199:10.1093/brain/awg240 2153:Med Sci Sports Exerc 957:motor neuron disease 825:Vipassana meditators 799:orbitofrontal cortex 602:abdominal distension 396:) is a semicircular 288:homeostatic emotions 7086:Posterior cingulate 6496:Supramarginal gyrus 5681:Picard 2013, p.2498 5513:2007Sci...318..655C 5290:2007Sci...315..531N 5227:Annals of Neurology 4624:10.1093/scan/nsm038 4251:2016PLoSO..1148621Q 4063:2003Sci...300.1755S 4008:2008PLoSO...3.2939J 3460:Annals of Neurology 3417:2007PLoSO...2..259M 3221:1996Natur.384..159D 1954:2006Sci...313..684D 1542:Nature Neuroscience 969:Alzheimer's disease 920:mismatch negativity 901:auditory perception 895:Auditory perception 868:selective attention 446:von Economo neurons 286:, and awareness of 7144:Hippocampal sulcus 7064:Anterior cingulate 6941:Preoccipital notch 6542:Paracentral lobule 6512:Parietal operculum 6434:Frontal eye fields 6366:Paracentral sulcus 6354:Paracentral lobule 6255:Paraolfactory area 6251:Paraterminal gyrus 5431:10.1093/ntr/ntt172 5192:(Pt 11): 2406–18. 3681:Brain Behav. Immun 3638:Brain Behav. Immun 1353:Johannes Sobotta. 1192:This article uses 944:expressive aphasia 732:embodied cognition 706:facial expressions 567:negative emotional 7267:Human homeostasis 7249: 7248: 7193: 7192: 7018:Postrhinal cortex 7013:Perirhinal cortex 7008:Entorhinal cortex 6980: 6979: 6936:Parieto-occipital 6903: 6902: 6741: 6740: 6640: 6639: 6597:Postcentral gyrus 6449: 6448: 6374: 6373: 6194: 6193: 6186:Precentral sulcus 6149:Pars triangularis 5919:BrainMaps project 5239:10.1002/ana.10825 5143:(11): 2305–2315. 4991:978-0-444-53860-4 4839:10.1002/hbm.20688 4722:10.1002/hbm.20705 4355:(18): 1641–1648. 3558:10.1002/cne.20749 3319:10.1002/hbm.20097 3133:10.1002/hbm.20680 3045:(Pt 5): 1073–84. 1862:Missing or empty 1798:(11): 2305–2315. 1712:Missing or empty 1594:978-0-8053-0094-9 1477:978-0-7167-5300-1 1109:Additional images 1059:negative emotions 1045:Ecstatic seizures 948:language function 370:spinothalamically 194: 193: 189: 7279: 7175:Indusium griseum 7040:Cingulate cortex 7030:Prepyriform area 6991: 6990: 6916: 6915: 6796:Planum temporale 6752: 6751: 6733:Calcarine sulcus 6651: 6650: 6460: 6459: 6331:Olfactory sulcus 6317:Subcallosal area 6203: 6202: 6181:Precentral gyrus 6140:Pars opercularis 6055: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5955: 5945: 5911: 5862: 5861: 5825: 5816: 5815: 5797: 5779: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5693:Biol. Psychiatry 5688: 5682: 5679: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5629: 5619: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5568:(9): 2494–2500, 5557: 5551: 5550: 5532: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5393: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5201: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5152: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5103: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5006: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4879:(7): 4011–4025. 4867: 4861: 4860: 4850: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4773:(5–6): 655–667. 4758: 4752: 4751: 4733: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4563:practitioners". 4559: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4494: 4488:. Archived from 4455: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4431:. Archived from 4398: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4280: 4262: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4057:(5626): 1755–8. 4046: 4040: 4039: 4029: 4019: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3919: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3878: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3751: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3616: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3428: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3356:Neuropsychologia 3347: 3341: 3340: 3330: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3229:10.1038/384159a0 3215:(6605): 159–61. 3204: 3198: 3197: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3144: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3034: 3028: 3027: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2972:. Archived from 2966: 2960: 2959: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2815:Acta Otolaryngol 2810: 2804: 2803: 2786:(9): 1026–1032. 2771: 2765: 2764: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2676: 2661:Gastroenterology 2652: 2646: 2645: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2403: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2354: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2313: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2248: 2233:J. Appl. Physiol 2228: 2222: 2221: 2190:J. Appl. Physiol 2185: 2179: 2178: 2168: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2116: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2071: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2022: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1973: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1837: 1826: 1825: 1807: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1655:(3): 1685–1699. 1640: 1634: 1633: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1520: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1463: 1457: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1350: 1339: 1338: 1307:Brain Topography 1302: 1296: 1295: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1227:(7): 1231–1248. 1216: 1179: 1167: 1155: 1143: 1131: 1119: 1071:anorexia nervosa 1028:lithium chloride 905:intracranial EEG 860:salience network 852:Brodmann area 33 801:, as well as to 795:ventral striatum 495:gustatory cortex 420:, changing from 418:cytoarchitecture 412:Cytoarchitecture 186:edit on Wikidata 183: 96:cortex insularis 46: 31: 19: 18: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7272:Cerebral cortex 7252: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7232: 7211: 7189: 7163: 7130: 7034: 6976: 6972:Callosal sulcus 6950:Medial/inferior 6945: 6910: 6899: 6825:Medial/inferior 6820: 6792:Wernicke's area 6766:Auditory cortex 6737: 6702:Medial/inferior 6697: 6636: 6585: 6581:Marginal sulcus 6535:Medial/inferior 6530: 6445: 6398:Premotor cortex 6370: 6340: 6199:Medial/inferior 6190: 6167: 6037: 6031:cerebral cortex 6029:Anatomy of the 6027: 5898: 5870: 5865: 5826: 5819: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5740:J Affect Disord 5732: 5728: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5669:in Japanese Zen 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5600: 5596: 5558: 5554: 5507:(5850): 655–8. 5495: 5491: 5464:Am J Psychiatry 5460: 5456: 5411: 5407: 5370: 5366: 5327: 5323: 5284:(5811): 531–4. 5268: 5264: 5219: 5215: 5178: 5174: 5129: 5125: 5071: 5067: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5002: 4992: 4962: 4958: 4915:Cerebral Cortex 4907: 4900: 4873:Cerebral Cortex 4868: 4864: 4827:Hum. Brain Mapp 4819: 4812: 4759: 4755: 4702: 4698: 4661:Cerebral Cortex 4653: 4649: 4604: 4600: 4560: 4556: 4511: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4413:10.1038/nrn2555 4396: 4390: 4386: 4349:Current Biology 4341: 4337: 4298: 4294: 4245:(2): e0148621. 4231: 4227: 4184: 4180: 4141: 4137: 4098: 4094: 4047: 4043: 3988: 3984: 3955:(15): 2347–51. 3945: 3941: 3896: 3892: 3869:(10): 2235–44. 3855: 3851: 3812: 3808: 3785:10.1038/nrn2555 3769: 3765: 3720: 3716: 3677: 3673: 3634: 3630: 3585: 3581: 3546:J. Comp. Neurol 3542: 3538: 3499: 3495: 3456: 3452: 3397: 3393: 3362:(11): 2525–33. 3348: 3344: 3299: 3295: 3256: 3252: 3205: 3201: 3170: 3166: 3113: 3109: 3074:J. Neurophysiol 3070: 3066: 3035: 3031: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2934:(10): 1519–31. 2928:J Cogn Neurosci 2924: 2920: 2881: 2877: 2854: 2850: 2811: 2807: 2772: 2768: 2737: 2733: 2694: 2690: 2653: 2649: 2610: 2606: 2567: 2563: 2520: 2516: 2465: 2461: 2421: 2417: 2380: 2376: 2331: 2327: 2290:J. Neurophysiol 2282: 2278: 2246:10.1.1.492.2730 2229: 2225: 2186: 2182: 2145: 2138: 2089: 2085: 2060:10.1038/nrn3071 2040: 2036: 1991: 1987: 1934: 1930: 1879: 1875: 1863: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1829: 1784: 1780: 1729: 1725: 1713: 1711: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1641: 1637: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1581: 1577: 1538: 1534: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1464: 1460: 1452:, MSN Encarta. 1448: 1444: 1407:Human Evolution 1399: 1395: 1386: 1384: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1351: 1342: 1303: 1299: 1260: 1256: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1180: 1171: 1168: 1159: 1156: 1147: 1144: 1135: 1132: 1123: 1120: 1111: 1103:spindle neurons 1079: 1067: 1047: 1041: 977: 940: 935: 897: 888: 886:Decision making 837: 723:Antonio Damasio 715: 680: 678:Social emotions 672: 663: 643: 522: 516: 503: 491: 483: 478: 454: 442:spindle neurons 414: 329: 324: 304:psychopathology 210:cerebral cortex 190: 147: 79:Middle cerebral 63:Cerebral cortex 49: 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7285: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7247: 7246: 7241:Brodmann areas 7237: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7207:Insular cortex 7203: 7201: 7199:Insular cortex 7195: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7052:Subgenual area 7048: 7046: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7010: 6999: 6997: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6920: 6913: 6911:sulci/fissures 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6837:Fusiform gyrus 6834: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6806: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6785: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6758: 6756: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6668: 6666:Occipital gyri 6663: 6657: 6655: 6648: 6646:Occipital lobe 6642: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6498: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6466: 6464: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6336:Orbital sulcus 6333: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6267:Straight gyrus 6264: 6263: 6262: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6142: 6128: 6126:Pars orbitalis 6119: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6026: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5956: 5921: 5912: 5910:on 2014-11-07. 5896: 5885: 5878:Brede Database 5874:Insular cortex 5869: 5868:External links 5866: 5864: 5863: 5817: 5765: 5726: 5683: 5671: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5594: 5552: 5489: 5470:(8): 1414–22. 5454: 5425:(4): 445–453. 5405: 5384:(1): 131–136. 5364: 5321: 5262: 5213: 5172: 5123: 5065: 5030:(2): 143–154. 5010: 4990: 4956: 4921:(2): 517–528. 4898: 4862: 4833:(8): 2530–41. 4810: 4753: 4716:(9): 2731–45. 4710:Hum Brain Mapp 4696: 4667:(4): 833–846. 4647: 4598: 4554: 4525:(17): 1893–7. 4505: 4464:(6): 303–307. 4441: 4438:on 2013-01-07. 4384: 4335: 4292: 4225: 4178: 4135: 4092: 4041: 3982: 3939: 3890: 3849: 3822:(3): 596–603. 3806: 3763: 3734:(31): 7134–8. 3714: 3671: 3628: 3579: 3536: 3509:(9): 1727–32. 3493: 3450: 3391: 3342: 3307:Hum Brain Mapp 3293: 3250: 3199: 3164: 3127:(8): 2426–39. 3121:Hum Brain Mapp 3107: 3080:(4): 2164–74. 3064: 3029: 2986: 2961: 2918: 2891:(13): 2033–7. 2875: 2848: 2805: 2766: 2731: 2704:(3): 299–309. 2688: 2647: 2604: 2571:Neurosci. Lett 2561: 2534:(3): 297–308. 2514: 2479:(1): 116–120. 2473:Brain Research 2459: 2432:(1–3): 79–90. 2415: 2394:(5): 1139–46. 2374: 2325: 2276: 2223: 2180: 2136: 2105:10.1038/nn1176 2083: 2054:(8): 453–466. 2034: 2005:(2): 709–716. 1985: 1948:(6): 684–687. 1928: 1893:(5): 505–509. 1873: 1827: 1778: 1743:(2): 821–841. 1723: 1682: 1635: 1600: 1593: 1575: 1532: 1483: 1476: 1458: 1442: 1413:(4): 263–279. 1393: 1368: 1340: 1313:(3): 264–271. 1297: 1254: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1095:Island of Reil 1091:Gray's Anatomy 1078: 1075: 1066: 1063: 1043:Main article: 1040: 1037: 976: 973: 953:Pick's disease 939: 936: 934: 931: 909:Heschl's gyrus 896: 893: 887: 884: 836: 833: 808:A study using 803:motor cortices 714: 711: 679: 676: 671: 668: 662: 659: 651:blood pressure 642: 639: 571:blood pressure 515: 512: 502: 499: 490: 487: 482: 479: 477: 474: 453: 450: 413: 410: 394:sulcus of Reil 328: 325: 323: 320: 276:self-awareness 228:) within each 214:lateral sulcus 198:insular cortex 192: 191: 182: 176: 175: 170: 164: 163: 158: 152: 151: 142: 136: 135: 130: 123: 122: 117: 111: 110: 105: 99: 98: 93: 87: 86: 82: 81: 76: 70: 69: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 32: 24: 23: 22:Insular cortex 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7284: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7244: 7242: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7159:Rhinal sulcus 7157: 7155: 7154:Dentate gyrus 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919:Superolateral 6917: 6914: 6912: 6906: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755:Superolateral 6753: 6750: 6748: 6747:Temporal lobe 6744: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6726:Lingual gyrus 6724: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6709:Visual cortex 6707: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Lunate sulcus 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654:Superolateral 6652: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6505:Angular gyrus 6502: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463:Superolateral 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455:Parietal lobe 6452: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6051:Superolateral 6049: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5936:(2): 222–32. 5935: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5895: 5894:Who Named It? 5891: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5822: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5746:(3): 201–16. 5745: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5678: 5676: 5668: 5662: 5653: 5644: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5233:(3): 335–46. 5232: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4495:on 2010-06-22 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4308:(2): 331–48. 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4198:(2): 551–60. 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151:(6): 855–63. 4150: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108:(2): 331–48. 4107: 4103: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3910:(3): 655–64. 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863:Cereb. Cortex 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644:(2): 103–14. 3643: 3639: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3599:(9): 2330–7. 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3552:(1): 154–66. 3551: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313:(2): 259–65. 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3180:(4): 445–70. 3179: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002:(2): 143–54. 3001: 2997: 2990: 2976:on 2010-07-14 2975: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2864:(3): 185–92. 2863: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747:(5): 2035–9. 2746: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2667:(2): 369–76. 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626:10.1038/72131 2623: 2620:(2): 184–90. 2619: 2615: 2614:Nat. Neurosci 2608: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Cereb. Cortex 2385: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2296:(2): 875–87. 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2239:(3): 1213–9. 2238: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196:(4): 1392–9. 2195: 2191: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099:(2): 189–95. 2098: 2094: 2093:Nat. Neurosci 2087: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1856: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1719: 1706: 1692: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616:(4): 663–71. 1615: 1611: 1604: 1596: 1590: 1586: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:10.1038/nn993 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1479: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1383:on 2013-06-04 1382: 1378: 1372: 1357:. p. 145 1356: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:10.1038/72131 1273: 1270:(2): 184–90. 1269: 1265: 1264:Nat. 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