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Ocellaris clownfish

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interactions. An experiment was performed to study the mechanism responsible for the positive correlation between the group size and patch size. The scientists argued that the correlation between the group size and patch size is because of the indirect consequence of the positive relationship between the dominant group member's length and the anemone size. The length of the dominant group member limits the group size because the length of the dominant group member prevents the group of the subordinate group members. This data shows that the patch size and group size correlation does not necessarily imply the decrease in resources of group members subordinate to the dominant group member.
686: 31: 75: 296: 50: 642: 1228: 1216: 557:. This is because these fish form social hierarchies, or social rank, by outliving the more dominant members of the group. The dominant pair of each queue reproduces more compared to the subordinate fishes. This is the reason for why these individuals should adopt various tactics in which they increase their probability of attaining social dominance. There are two types of 669:. Male behavior also changes to attract females: biting, chasing, fin extension. Before spawning, the male prepares the nest near the anemone (so that the tentacles of the anemone can protect the nest). After the male chases the female to the nest, the female begins the spawning process. She lays eggs for about one to two hours, and then leaves the nest for the male to 521: 701:
One experiment placed three juvenile anemonefish in a tank and observed their behaviors over the course of a month. The researchers drew conclusions about the fish's social hierarchy based on signs of dominance such as aggressive or appeasing behaviors, occupation of territory in the tank, and body
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have difficulty finding a sea anemone to live in (since they need anemone for survival and shelter). The difficulty also arises in the fact that there exists a hierarchy in each anemone. Thus, when a new juvenile enters an anemone, it begins at the bottom of the social ladder where it is often the
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groups. Since the smaller, less dominant fish face aggression from the more aggressive fish, they have less energy to forage for food. Thus, they usually do not eat as much as the dominant fish do, because of reduced energy, but also because of the increased danger they face when they leave their
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The common clownfish is a small fish which grows up to 11 cm (4.3 inches). Its body has a stocky appearance and oval shape. It is compressed laterally, with a round profile. The coloration of its body is orange to reddish-brown, but it can also be black in some particular areas such as the
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mass increase. The dominant fish grew larger compared to lower-ranked fish, suggesting the lower-ranked fish experienced growth suppression. In addition, a difference in the fish's levels of certain steroids suggested that lower-ranked individuals also experienced reproductive suppression.
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Studies have shown that there is a correlation between the size of the group and the size of the patch; however this correlation provides no implication that subordinate group members have less resources. More likely, it is the effects of the patch size on the group member that dominates
480:, which means the male can change its sex to female during its life, and lives in a harem in which an established dominance hierarchy manages the group and keeps individuals at a specific social rank. It is aggressively territorial and is completely dependent on its sea anemone. 527: 525: 522: 561:, settlers and switchers. Settlers prefer shorter queues, while switchers will usually move after settlement. However, studies show that there is no difference in the characteristics between switchers and non-switchers, and there is no data demonstrating that 526: 565:
utilize the switching tactic for dominance. Although settlement preferences increase the likelihood of gaining social dominance, switching could have the function of increasing social dominance benefits after social dominance has been acquired.
638:. They have monogamous mating systems, and in their spawning processes, they also have the same levels of aggressiveness between males and females. In addition, there is a reproductive hierarchy that exists between age and sex. 524: 503:
fish. In addition, the anemone provides protection for the fish with its tentacles, however, the fish's mucus protection prevents it from being stung by the tentacles. The presence of the clownfish can be interpreted as a
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when males, females, and juveniles inhabit the same anemone. In an anemonefish social group, the female is the dominant and largest member, followed by the dominant male, while other anemonefish remain non-reproductive.
385:. It has three vertical white stripes outlined with a fine black line. The first passes just behind the eye, the second in the middle of the body widens forward to the head centrally and the third one circles the 1136:
Arvedlund, M., L. Nielsen. 1996. Do the anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris (Pisces: Pomacentridae) imprint themselves to their host sea anemone Heteractis magnifica (Athozoa: Actinidae)?. Ethology, 102: 197-211.
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Iwata, Eri, Yukiko Nagai, Mai Hyoudou, and Hideaki Sasaki. "Social Environment and Sex Differentiation in the False Clown Anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris." Zoological Science 25.2 (2008): 123-28. Print.
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form specific social hierarchies within their societies. These social hierarchies result in competition to travel between the different levels of society, which is seen between various ages as well.
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to become the dominant male. Females use aggressive dominance behavior to control the males, preventing the formation of other females, and dominant males prevent juvenile males from mating.
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The males can change sex to female during their lives, and live in a harem in which an established dominance hierarchy manages the group and keeps individuals at a specific social rank.
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Another experiment demonstrated that when a female anemonefish is removed from the anemone, then the dominant male becomes the female and the next-highest-ranked male moves up the
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are reliant on sea anemone for shelter (they have a symbiotic relationship with the sea anemone). Sea anemone are protection for the fish and their nests. This is because when
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are in the open waters, they have a higher risk of predation. It is postulated that the fanning behavior of the fish and removal of parasites promotes the health of
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J.S. Mitchell1,2 and L.M. Dill. Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Mitchell, Jeremy. "Queue Selection and Switching by False Clown Anemonefish, Amphiprion Ocellaris." Animal Behavior 69 (2005): 643-52. Science Direct. Web.
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enter into the juvenile stage of life, they travel down to the bottom to find shelter in a host anemone. Once they find their anemone, they form a
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All anemonefish are protandrous hermaphrodites, meaning they first develop into males and may become females later in life. Anemonefish exhibit
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the eggs. The eggs take approximately six to eight days to hatch (this time period can be affected by the temperature of water). Because of the
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Sano, M., M. Shimizu, Y. Nose. 1984. Food habits of teleostean reef fishes in Okinawa Island, Southern Japan. Japan: University of Tokyo Press.
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are known to grow about 11 cm (4.3 inches) long. Like many other fish species, females are, however, larger than males. The life cycle of
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varies in whether they reside at the surface or bottom of the ocean. When they initially hatch, they reside near the surface. However, when
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anemone since they are smaller. In other words, the larger fish will usually travel farther than the smaller fish. Generally, the
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Myers, R. 1999. Miconesian Reef Fish: A Field Guide for Divers and Aquarists. Barrigada: Territory of Guam: Coral Graphics.
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Social systems can be defined as society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships.
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Fricke, H., S. Fricke. 1977. Monogamy and sex change by aggressive dominance in coral reef fish. Nature, 266: 830-832.
1073:"Dianne J. Bray, 2011, Western Clown Anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris, in Fishes of Australia, accessed 25 Aug 2014" 1056: 1003: 959: 1550: 1256: 868: 756:
are utilized as part of the tropical fish aquarium trade. However, only certain colors are in demand. In addition,
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in the anemone can cause the juvenile to be chased out of the anemone, and left to search for another anemone.
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Sadovy, Y., A. Vincent (2002). "Ecological Issue and the Trade in Live Reef Fishes". pp. 395 in P Sale, ed.
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Allen, G. 1997. Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-East Asia. Perth: Western Australian Museum.
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with white bands can be found near northern Australia, Southeast Asia, and Japan. Orange or red-brown
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are used in research since they can be bred easily. This high demand in trade has been dangerous for
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have specialized to be able to resist the poisonous stings of many different anemone species.
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Allen, G.R.; Arceo, H.; Mutia, M.T.M.; Muyot, F.B. & Nañola, C.L. & Santos (2022).
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mating systems, and are territorial of their anemone. Males become more aggressive during
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has a taller dorsal fin, and typically possesses 11 dorsal-fin spines vs. 10 spines in
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are found in different colors, depending on where they are located. For example, black
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Thresher, R. 1984. Reproduction in Reef Fishes. New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications, Inc.
1052: 999: 955: 808: 826: 768: 737: 614:, thus they are considered omnivores. Feeding is also affected by the hierarchy in 237: 1402: 1110: 965: 1511: 386: 360:
initially could withstand the stings of only one type of anemone; after further
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victim of aggression by other clownfish. This aggression from other
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The main characters Marlin and his son Nemo from the animated film
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species based on the number of pectoral rays and dorsal spines.
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also exist with three similar white bands on the body and head.
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are initially male; the largest fish in a group becomes female.
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at a maximal depth of 15 meters. It inhabits three different
791:(as well as his late wife Coral), are ocellaris clownfish. 428: 947:
Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones
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have reproductive behaviors very similar to that of all
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Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-East Asia
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Aquarium Wiki care information on Amphiprion ocellaris
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In nature, the false percula clownfish is hosted by
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San Diego, California: Academic Press. 684: 640: 553:Queues is the term for social groups of 519: 294: 1276: 1244:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 1014: 1008: 332:is the most basal species in the genus 1571: 336:which is closely related to the genus 1310: 1309: 1176: 1174: 1146: 1144: 1142: 910: 908: 906: 904: 413:This species is found in the Eastern 981: 979: 977: 975: 894: 892: 890: 888: 886: 884: 748: 1579:IUCN Red List least concern species 1090: 853:Bailly, N. (2010). Bailly N (ed.). 818:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 800: 13: 1171: 1139: 901: 774: 548: 536:National Marine Aquarium, Plymouth 14: 1605: 1208: 1051:] (in French). Paris: Vigot. 972: 881: 1257:World Register of Marine Species 1226: 1214: 1045:La vie sous-marine des tropiques 998:,Western Australian Museum,1997, 869:World Register of Marine Species 515: 328:fish and other ray-finned fish. 267:can be distinguished from other 73: 1192: 1183: 1162: 1153: 1130: 1121: 1103: 1065: 1036: 988: 846: 598: 371: 1: 794: 725:. However, in captivity in a 712: 627:Reproduction and life history 1594:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier 1043:Vilcinskas, Andreas (2002). 305:) and resident anemonefish ( 290: 7: 652: 464: 10: 1610: 1263:Aquaticdatabase entry for 1049:Marine life of the tropics 483: 1318: 952:Western Australian Museum 590:Group size and patch size 478:protandrous hermaphrodite 190: 183: 165: 158: 70:Scientific classification 68: 46: 37: 28: 23: 1294:. November 2014 version. 1280:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 1032:. November 2014 version. 1018:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 409:Distribution and habitat 458:Stichodactyla mertensii 431:slopes or in sheltered 393:is often confused with 226:false percula clownfish 1589:Fish described in 1802 1267:(Ocellaris Clownfish). 1240:"Amphiprion ocellaris" 918:. Encyclopedia of Life 916:"Amphiprion ocellaris" 723:Stichodactyla gigantea 690: 681:Reproductive hierarchy 675:external fertilization 649: 538: 452:Stichodactyla gigantea 313: 285:symbiotic relationship 1302:on Sealife Collection 1115:TheFreeDictionary.com 825:: e.T188321A1857718. 732:Entacmaea quadricolor 695:phenotypic plasticity 688: 644: 632:Amphiprion ocellaris 530: 320:belongs to the class 298: 277:Amphiprion ocellaris 273:Amphiprion ocellaris 265:Amphiprion ocellaris 261:Amphiprion ocellaris 224:), also known as the 1377:Amphiprion_ocellaris 1364:Amphiprion_ocellaris 1350:Amphiprion ocellaris 1320:Amphiprion ocellaris 1284:Amphiprion ocellaris 1265:Amphiprion ocellaris 1252:Amphiprion ocellaris 1223:at Wikimedia Commons 1221:Amphiprion ocellaris 1097:Animal Diversity Web 1022:Amphiprion ocellaris 857:Amphiprion ocellaris 811:Amphiprion ocellaris 754:Amphiprion ocellaris 719:Heteractis magnifica 604:Amphiprion ocellaris 572:Amphiprion ocellaris 489:Amphiprion ocellaris 470:Amphiprion ocellaris 446:Heteractis magnifica 425:Amphiprion ocellaris 324:which contains bony 318:Amphiprion ocellaris 307:Amphiprion ocellaris 302:Heteractis magnifica 281:Amphiprion ocellaris 257:Amphiprion ocellaris 253:Amphiprion ocellaris 221:Amphiprion ocellaris 203:Amphiprion melanurus 169:Amphiprion ocellaris 24:Ocellaris clownfish 1300:Ocellaris clownfish 1233:Ocellaris clownfish 968:on 10 January 2015. 707:dominance hierarchy 417:and in the western 216:ocellaris clownfish 40:Conservation status 767:population due to 691: 650: 539: 403:Amphiprion percula 395:Amphiprion percula 379:Northern Territory 345:Amphiprion percula 314: 193:Amphiprion bicolor 1566: 1565: 1538:Open Tree of Life 1312:Taxon identifiers 1219:Media related to 1200:Coral Reef Fishes 785:, and its sequel 762:A. ocellaris 758:A. ocellaris 749:Human interaction 659:A. ocellaris 621:A. ocellaris 616:A. ocellaris 584:A. ocellaris 579:A. ocellaris 563:A. ocellaris 559:A. ocellaris 555:A. ocellaris 543:A. ocellaris 534:clownfish in the 528: 501:A. ocellaris 493:A. ocellaris 399:A. ocellaris 391:A. ocellaris 366:A. ocellaris 330:A. ocellaris 243:, which includes 236:belonging to the 212: 211: 207: 200: 151:A. ocellaris 63: 1601: 1559: 1558: 1546: 1545: 1533: 1532: 1520: 1519: 1507: 1506: 1494: 1493: 1484: 1483: 1471: 1470: 1458: 1457: 1445: 1444: 1432: 1431: 1419: 1418: 1406: 1405: 1393: 1392: 1380: 1379: 1367: 1366: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1307: 1306: 1295: 1247: 1231:Data related to 1230: 1218: 1203: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1088: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1063: 1062: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1012: 1006: 992: 986: 983: 970: 969: 964:. Archived from 941: 928: 927: 925: 923: 912: 899: 896: 879: 878: 876: 875: 850: 844: 843: 841: 839: 834: 804: 769:overexploitation 766: 738:Euphyllia divisa 529: 299:Purple anemone ( 230:common clownfish 205: 195: 171: 78: 77: 57: 52: 51: 33: 21: 20: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1554: 1549: 1541: 1536: 1528: 1523: 1515: 1512:Observation.org 1510: 1502: 1497: 1489: 1487: 1479: 1474: 1466: 1461: 1453: 1448: 1440: 1435: 1427: 1422: 1414: 1409: 1401: 1396: 1388: 1383: 1375: 1370: 1362: 1357: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1314: 1238: 1211: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1111:"social system" 1109: 1108: 1104: 1091:Newcomb, Dani. 1089: 1080: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1059: 1041: 1037: 1013: 1009: 993: 989: 984: 973: 962: 942: 931: 921: 919: 914: 913: 902: 897: 882: 873: 871: 851: 847: 837: 835: 805: 801: 797: 777: 775:Popular culture 764: 751: 715: 683: 655: 629: 601: 592: 575: 551: 549:Queue selection 520: 518: 486: 467: 411: 387:caudal peduncle 374: 293: 201: 179: 173: 167: 154: 72: 64: 53: 49: 42: 17: 16:Species of fish 12: 11: 5: 1607: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1547: 1534: 1521: 1508: 1495: 1485: 1472: 1459: 1446: 1433: 1420: 1407: 1394: 1381: 1368: 1355: 1340: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1278:Froese, Rainer 1274: 1269: 1260: 1248: 1236: 1235:at Wikispecies 1224: 1210: 1209:External links 1207: 1205: 1204: 1191: 1182: 1170: 1161: 1152: 1138: 1129: 1120: 1102: 1078: 1064: 1057: 1035: 1016:Froese, Rainer 1007: 987: 971: 960: 929: 900: 880: 845: 798: 796: 793: 776: 773: 750: 747: 714: 711: 682: 679: 654: 651: 628: 625: 600: 597: 591: 588: 574: 568: 550: 547: 517: 514: 499:which contain 485: 482: 476:fish. It is a 466: 463: 410: 407: 373: 370: 322:Actinopterygii 292: 289: 210: 209: 188: 187: 181: 180: 174: 163: 162: 156: 155: 148: 146: 142: 141: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 117:Actinopterygii 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 66: 65: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1606: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1201: 1195: 1186: 1177: 1175: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1133: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1074: 1068: 1060: 1058:2-7114-1525-2 1054: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1005: 1004:9780730987512 1001: 997: 991: 982: 980: 978: 976: 967: 963: 961:9780730983651 957: 953: 949: 948: 940: 938: 936: 934: 917: 911: 909: 907: 905: 895: 893: 891: 889: 887: 885: 870: 866: 865: 860: 859:Cuvier, 1830" 858: 849: 833: 828: 824: 820: 819: 814: 812: 803: 799: 792: 790: 789: 784: 783: 772: 770: 763: 759: 755: 746: 744: 740: 739: 734: 733: 728: 727:reef aquarium 724: 720: 710: 708: 703: 699: 696: 687: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 647: 643: 639: 637: 633: 624: 622: 617: 613: 609: 605: 596: 587: 585: 580: 573: 567: 564: 560: 556: 546: 544: 537: 533: 516:Social system 513: 511: 507: 502: 498: 494: 490: 481: 479: 475: 471: 462: 460: 459: 454: 453: 448: 447: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 420: 419:Pacific Ocean 416: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346: 341: 340: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 312: 308: 304: 303: 297: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 241:Pomacentridae 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 222: 217: 208: 204: 198: 194: 189: 186: 182: 177: 172: 170: 164: 161: 160:Binomial name 157: 153: 152: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 135: 132: 131: 128: 127:Pomacentridae 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 101: 98: 95: 92: 91: 88: 85: 82: 81: 76: 71: 67: 61: 56: 55:Least Concern 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 1319: 1289: 1283: 1264: 1251: 1199: 1194: 1185: 1164: 1155: 1132: 1123: 1114: 1105: 1096: 1067: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1027: 1021: 1010: 995: 990: 966:the original 946: 922:12 September 920:. 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Retrieved 822: 816: 810: 802: 788:Finding Dory 786: 782:Finding Nemo 780: 778: 761: 757: 753: 752: 736: 730: 722: 718: 716: 704: 700: 692: 658: 656: 631: 630: 620: 615: 603: 602: 593: 583: 578: 576: 571: 562: 558: 554: 552: 542: 540: 531: 500: 497:sea anemones 492: 488: 487: 469: 468: 456: 450: 444: 441:sea anemones 424: 423: 415:Indian Ocean 412: 402: 398: 394: 390: 375: 365: 357: 353: 350:A. ocellaris 349: 343: 337: 333: 329: 317: 316:The species 315: 306: 300: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 249:damselfishes 229: 225: 220: 219: 215: 213: 206:Cuvier, 1830 202: 192: 191: 168: 166: 150: 149: 137: 18: 1437:iNaturalist 1344:Wikispecies 743:xenia coral 636:anemonefish 599:Food habits 372:Description 287:with them. 245:clownfishes 234:marine fish 1584:Amphiprion 1573:Categories 1298:Photos of 874:2011-12-19 838:9 December 795:References 713:In aquaria 663:monogamous 362:speciation 358:Amphiprion 334:Amphiprion 311:East Timor 269:Amphiprion 138:Amphiprion 671:fertilize 646:Clownfish 577:Juvenile 570:Juvenile 532:Ocellaris 510:tentacles 383:Australia 291:Phylogeny 197:Castelnau 145:Species: 93:Kingdom: 87:Eukaryota 1455:10875659 1411:FishBase 1335:Q1126155 1329:Wikidata 1291:FishBase 1029:FishBase 864:FishBase 667:spawning 653:Spawning 608:plankton 606:feed on 465:Behavior 185:Synonyms 123:Family: 107:Chordata 103:Phylum: 97:Animalia 83:Domain: 60:IUCN 3.1 1429:5212106 994:Allen, 745:, etc. 484:Shelter 474:diurnal 437:species 433:lagoons 354:Premnas 339:Premnas 326:Teleost 232:, is a 133:Genus: 113:Class: 58: ( 1556:278400 1543:674643 1530:278400 1517:596700 1481:188321 1468:615174 1442:132688 1055:  1002:  958:  238:family 199:, 1873 178:, 1830 176:Cuvier 1551:WoRMS 1504:80972 1488:NAS: 1450:IRMNG 1390:47163 1047:[ 765:' 612:algae 472:is a 309:) in 1525:OBIS 1499:NCBI 1491:3243 1476:IUCN 1463:ITIS 1424:GBIF 1416:6509 1403:D55Y 1385:BOLD 1053:ISBN 1000:ISBN 956:ISBN 924:2016 840:2022 823:2022 721:and 610:and 506:lure 455:and 429:reef 247:and 214:The 1398:CoL 1372:AFD 1359:ADW 827:doi 439:of 381:in 228:or 1575:: 1553:: 1540:: 1527:: 1514:: 1501:: 1478:: 1465:: 1452:: 1439:: 1426:: 1413:: 1400:: 1387:: 1374:: 1361:: 1346:: 1331:: 1288:. 1242:. 1173:^ 1141:^ 1113:. 1095:. 1081:^ 1026:. 974:^ 954:. 950:. 932:^ 903:^ 883:^ 867:. 861:. 821:. 815:. 771:. 741:, 449:, 443:: 405:. 251:. 1286:" 1282:" 1259:. 1246:. 1117:. 1099:. 1075:. 1061:. 1024:" 1020:" 926:. 877:. 855:" 842:. 829:: 813:" 809:" 218:( 62:)

Index


Conservation status
Least Concern
IUCN 3.1
Scientific classification
Edit this classification
Eukaryota
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Pomacentridae
Amphiprion
Binomial name
Cuvier
Synonyms
Castelnau
marine fish
family
Pomacentridae
clownfishes
damselfishes
symbiotic relationship

Heteractis magnifica
East Timor
Actinopterygii
Teleost
Premnas
Amphiprion percula
speciation

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