436:
451:
29:
552:, frontline protesters became adept at extinguishing tear gas: they formed special teams that sprang into action as soon as it was fired. These individuals generally wore protective clothing, including heat-proof gloves, or covered their arms and legs with cling film to prevent the painful skin irritation. Canisters were sometimes picked up and lobbed back at police or extinguished straight away with water, or neutralized using objects such as traffic cones. They shared information about models of 3M respirator filters which had been found to be most effective against tear gas, and where those models could be purchased. Other volunteers carried saline solutions to rinse the eyes of those affected. Similarly,
479:
570:
665:, milk and lemon juice solutions have also been used by activists. It is unclear how effective these remedies are. In particular, vinegar itself can burn the eyes and prolonged inhalation can also irritate the airways. Vegetable oil and vinegar have been reported as helping relieve burning caused by pepper spray, Kräuter suggests the usage of baking soda or toothpaste, stating that they trap the particles emanating from the gas near the airways that are more feasible to inhale. A small trial of baby shampoo for washing out the eyes did not show any benefit.
190:, there is a risk of serious permanent injury or death when tear gas is used. This includes risks from being hit by tear gas cartridges that may cause severe bruising, loss of eyesight, or skull fracture, resulting in immediate death. A case of serious vascular injury from tear gas shells has also been reported from Iran, with high rates of associated nerve injury (44%) and amputation (17%), as well as instances of head injuries in young people. Novel findings suggest that menstrual changes are one of the most commonly reported health issues in women.
498:
179:
37:
585:
144:
412:
279:
majority (1233; 54.6%) of respondents who reported exposure to tear gas during the 2020 protests in
Portland, Oregon (USA) have also reported receiving or planning to seek medical or mental healthcare for their tear gas-related health issues. It has been shown that health issues associated with the exposure to tear gas are often require medical attention.
135:
illnesses, severe eye injuries and diseases (such as traumatic optic neuropathy, keratitis, glaucoma, and cataracts), dermatitis, damage of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, and death, especially in cases with exposure to high concentrations of tear gas or application of the tear gases in enclosed spaces.
612:
impaction of solid particles of agent. Blowing the nose to get rid of the chemicals is recommended, as is avoiding rubbing of the eyes. There are reports that water may increase pain from CS gas, but the balance of limited evidence currently suggests water or saline are the best options. Some evidence suggests that
611:
but is still effective, although fat-containing oils or soaps may be more effective against pepper spray. Eyes are decontaminated by copious flushing with sterile water or saline or (with OC) open-eye exposure to wind from a fan. Referral to an ophthalmologist is needed if slit-lamp examination shows
623:
Bathing and washing the body vigorously with soap and water can remove particles that adhere to the skin. Clothes, shoes and accessories that come into contact with vapors must be washed well since all untreated particles can remain active for up to a week. Some advocate using fans or hair dryers to
403:
Typical manufacturer warnings on tear gas cartridges state "Danger: Do not fire directly at person(s). Severe injury or death may result." Tear gas guns do not have a manual setting to adjust the range of fire. The only way to adjust the projectile's range is to aim towards the ground at the correct
134:
The short and long-term effects of tear gas are not well studied. The published peer-reviewed literature consists of lower quality evidence that do not establish causality. Exposure to tear gas agents may produce numerous short-term and long-term health effects, including development of respiratory
278:
The majority (2116; 93.8%) of protestors who reported exposure to tear gas during the 2020 protests in
Portland, Oregon (USA) reported physical (2114; 93.7%) or psychological (1635; 72.4%) health issues experienced immediately after (2105; 93.3%) or days following (1944; 86.1%) the exposure. The
414:
599:
There is no specific antidote to common tear gases. At the first sign of exposure or potential exposure, masks are applied when available. People are removed from the affected area when possible. Immediate removal of contact lenses has also been recommended, as they can retain particles.
419:
417:
413:
418:
416:
648:
Most effects resulting from riot-control agents are transient and do not require treatment beyond decontamination, and most patients do not need observation beyond 4 hours. However, patients should be instructed to return if they develop effects such as
450:
382:
Tear gas exposure is an element of military training programs, typically as a means of improving trainees' tolerance to tear gas and encouraging confidence in the ability of their issued protective equipment to prevent chemical weapons exposure.
435:
355:
of 1925: it prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials", a treaty that most states have signed. Police and civilian self-defense use is not banned in the same manner.
560:
had specialized individuals collecting and extinguishing the tear gas grenades. Others acted as tear gas medics, and another group, the "shield-bearers," protected the protesters from the direct physical impact of the grenades.
2422:
6366:
5502:
5237:
1287:
399:
which comes in small spray cans. Versions including CS are manufactured for police use. Xylyl bromide, CN and CS are the oldest of these agents. CS is the most widely used. CN has the most recorded toxicity.
1991:
83:
in the eye to produce tears. In addition, it can cause severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and blindness. Common lachrymators both currently and formerly used as tear gas include
166:), not gas. Tear gas works by irritating mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. It causes crying, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, pain in the eyes, and temporary blindness. With
4659:
415:
2475:
Feigenbaum, Anna, "Tear Gas Design and
Dissent" in Tom Bieling (Ed.) (2019): Design (&) Activism: Perspectives on Design as Activism and Activism as Design, Milano: Mimesis, p. 97–104.
1730:
391:
Certain lachrymatory agents, most notably tear gas, are often used by police to force compliance. In some countries (e.g., Finland, Australia, and United States), another common substance is
2269:
Viala B, Blomet J, Mathieu L, Hall AH (July 2005). "Prevention of CS 'tear gas' eye and skin effects and active decontamination with
Diphoterine: preliminary studies in 5 French Gendarmes".
333:, various forms of tear gas were used in combat and tear gas was the most common form of chemical weapon used. None of the belligerents believed that the use of irritant gases violated the
478:
1810:
337:
which prohibited the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare. Use of chemical weapons escalated during the war to lethal gases, after 1914 (during which only tear gas was used).
2430:
6127:
1319:
4891:
4652:
2486:
BrĂ´ne B, Peeters PJ, Marrannes R, Mercken M, Nuydens R, Meert T, Gijsen HJ (September 2008). "Tear gasses CN, CR, and CS are potent activators of the human TRPA1 receptor".
1570:
1448:
BrĂ´ne B, Peeters PJ, Marrannes R, Mercken M, Nuydens R, Meert T, Gijsen HJ (September 2008). "Tear gasses CN, CR, and CS are potent activators of the human TRPA1 receptor".
3157:
1876:
3238:
1297:
4645:
603:
Decontamination is by physical or mechanical removal (brushing, washing, rinsing) of solid or liquid agents. Water may transiently exacerbate the pain caused by
170:, symptoms of irritation typically appear after 20 to 60 seconds of exposure and commonly resolve within 30 minutes of leaving (or being removed from) the area.
2001:
1588:
2995:
5845:
5130:
4864:
942:
1640:
1750:
248:
studied thousands of tear gas canisters fired by
Venezuelan authorities since 2014. She concluded that the majority of canisters used the main component
6073:
2392:
1345:
592:
272:
751:"Health issues and healthcare utilization among adults who reported exposure to tear gas during 2020 Portland (OR) protests: a cross-sectional survey"
541:
diluted with water to repel effects of tear gas attacks, with
Venezuelan chemist Mónica Kräuter recommending the usage of diluted antacids as well as
1066:
Wani AA, Zargar J, Ramzan AU, Malik NK, Qayoom A, Kirmani AR, et al. (2010). "Head injury caused by tear gas cartridge in teenage population".
5369:
2354:
2103:
5374:
1818:
1670:
6456:
6316:
5328:
5257:
2177:
Chau JP, Lee DT, Lo SH (August 2012). "A systematic review of methods of eye irrigation for adults and children with ocular chemical burns".
1840:
5507:
1371:
6311:
6172:
5567:
5466:
5419:
5349:
6416:
1784:
1718:
6431:
2542:
2331:
5409:
1614:
5648:
5620:
1884:
5287:
990:
Clarot F, Vaz E, Papin F, Clin B, Vicomte C, Proust B (October 2003). "Lethal head injury due to tear-gas cartridge gunshots".
918:"Possible lethal effects of CS tear gas on Branch Davidians during the FBI raid on the Mount Carmel compound near Waco, Texas"
5674:
5640:
2466:
1399:"Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 antagonists block the noxious effects of toxic industrial isocyanates and tear gases"
1320:"INDH se querella por homicidio frustrado contra Carabineros en favor de trabajadora que habrĂa perdido visiĂłn de ambos ojos"
4668:
1551:
6411:
5527:
5267:
3754:
624:
evaporate the spray, but this has not been shown to be better than washing out the eyes and it may spread contamination.
3370:
2480:
1723:
334:
127:
by law enforcement and military personnel, its use in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties. During
3385:
3375:
717:
of 1925 prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials".
1483:
Jones DP (April 1978). "From
Military to Civilian Technology: The Introduction of Tear Gas for Civil Riot Control".
3213:
2656:
1648:
2400:
545:. There have also been reports of these antacids being helpful for tear gas, and for capsaicin-induced skin pain.
6489:
5802:
4621:
2844:
1714:
324:
28:
2222:"Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile tear gas exposure: Rinsing with amphoteric, hypertonic, and chelating solution"
1526:
973:
6376:
5797:
5792:
5242:
4102:
3911:
3665:
2426:
553:
1758:
1697:
620:
salt solution, a first aid product for chemical splashes, may help with ocular burns or chemicals in the eye.
5777:
5772:
4719:
4097:
3345:
2535:
376:
2520:
2373:
6519:
6485:
5762:
5323:
3697:
3243:
2024:
526:
situations, protesters sometimes use equipment (aside from simple rags or clothing over the mouth) such as
268:
6524:
3479:
3423:
3417:
3339:
3314:
3208:
2771:
488:
404:
angle. Incorrect aim will send the capsules away from the targets, causing risk for non-targets instead.
226:
147:
4087:
4608:
4318:
3786:
3365:
3112:
1110:
360:
6514:
4576:
3984:
3781:
1954:"Topical antacid therapy for capsaicin-induced dermal pain: a poison center telephone-directed study"
20:
6509:
5877:
5787:
5782:
5767:
5584:
5084:
4714:
4709:
4293:
4278:
3886:
3796:
3630:
3443:
3268:
2528:
1674:
1206:
578:
442:
364:
341:
252:, but that 72% of the tear gas used was expired. She noted that expired tear gas "breaks down into
1844:
6068:
5850:
3841:
3836:
3411:
1346:"INDH presenta querella por joven que perdió un ojo por lacrimógena en año nuevo en Plaza Italia"
679:
549:
426:
198:
917:
6371:
6218:
5935:
5807:
5713:
5079:
4724:
3866:
3620:
3448:
2799:
2789:
2636:
214:
1735:
209:
are particularly at risk. They are likely to need medical attention and may sometimes require
6046:
4238:
3765:
3566:
3474:
1288:"Bombas lacrimógenas que usa el gobierno están vencidas y emanan cianuro (+ recomendaciones)"
569:
461:
320:
6426:
6247:
6189:
6118:
6026:
5979:
5414:
5277:
5215:
5195:
5069:
4757:
4565:
4393:
4313:
3974:
3901:
3856:
3821:
3801:
3350:
2849:
2719:
2713:
2651:
2560:
820:
8:
6331:
6251:
6193:
6151:
6093:
5861:
5040:
4598:
4258:
4026:
3954:
3949:
3881:
3806:
3489:
3438:
3309:
3299:
3069:
2880:
2707:
2681:
2671:
2641:
533:
Activists in United States, the Czech
Republic, Venezuela and Turkey have reported using
245:
202:
1859:
824:
749:
Torgrimson-Ojerio BN, Mularski KS, Peyton MR, Keast EM, Hassan A, Ivlev I (April 2021).
6212:
6078:
5873:
5819:
5384:
5058:
4950:
4736:
4683:
4626:
4484:
4439:
4398:
4298:
3776:
3743:
3670:
3484:
3278:
2646:
2251:
2202:
1934:
1508:
1500:
1425:
1398:
1269:
1257:
1182:
1157:
1138:
1091:
1043:
1026:
841:
808:
777:
750:
465:
2076:
1909:
Carron PN, Yersin B (June 2009). "Management of the effects of exposure to tear gas".
1571:"Israeli Soldiers Assault Activists, Palestinians Bringing Water to West Bank Village"
1244:
Oksala A, Salminen L (December 1975). "Eye injuries caused by tear-gas hand weapons".
1003:
193:
While the medical consequences of the gases themselves are typically limited to minor
178:
6406:
5929:
5517:
5440:
5431:
5262:
5031:
4986:
4976:
4921:
4874:
4674:
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4303:
4223:
3871:
3831:
3791:
3645:
3464:
3459:
3405:
3400:
3380:
3334:
2594:
2503:
2476:
2462:
2286:
2243:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2156:
2080:
1973:
1952:
Kim-Katz SY, Anderson IB, Kearney TE, MacDougall C, Hudmon KS, Blanc PD (June 2010).
1926:
1512:
1465:
1430:
1261:
1226:
1222:
1187:
1130:
1083:
1048:
1007:
965:
961:
898:
846:
782:
639:
588:
290:
ion channels expressed on nociceptors have been implicated as the site of action for
187:
2255:
1273:
1095:
241:. Frequent or high levels of exposure carry increased risks of respiratory illness.
6341:
6107:
5945:
5354:
5015:
4699:
4581:
4408:
4288:
3851:
3826:
3816:
3494:
3360:
3304:
3059:
3041:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2932:
2921:
2781:
2621:
2600:
2589:
2555:
2495:
2282:
2278:
2233:
2186:
2146:
2072:
1965:
1938:
1918:
1492:
1457:
1420:
1410:
1253:
1218:
1177:
1169:
1142:
1122:
1075:
1038:
999:
957:
888:
836:
828:
772:
762:
527:
36:
2962:
2872:
1025:
Wani ML, Ahangar AG, Lone GN, Singh S, Dar AM, Bhat MA, et al. (March 2011).
557:
6461:
6381:
6184:
6177:
5579:
5572:
5512:
5424:
5292:
5247:
4794:
4704:
4464:
4243:
3959:
3712:
3635:
3615:
3537:
2631:
2611:
1397:
Bessac BF, Sivula M, von Hehn CA, Caceres AI, Escalera J, Jordt SE (April 2009).
714:
662:
627:
352:
348:
210:
76:
1992:"Hong Kongers get creative with traffic cones and kitchenware to fight tear gas"
6208:
6123:
5893:
5815:
5522:
5054:
4961:
4931:
4824:
4732:
4383:
4323:
4248:
4187:
3921:
3861:
3610:
3051:
2822:
2747:
2661:
2499:
1969:
1461:
767:
635:
457:
80:
56:
2304:
1731:"Gezi park protesters bring handmade masks to counter police tear-gas rampage"
1207:"The use of chemical incapacitant pepper spray laws and restrictions by State"
893:
876:
6503:
6441:
6421:
6016:
5731:
5562:
5542:
5272:
5160:
4971:
4844:
4761:
4587:
4534:
4529:
4459:
4403:
4268:
4253:
4207:
4032:
3995:
3964:
3811:
3660:
3543:
3469:
3395:
2766:
2691:
2616:
2550:
2238:
2221:
1027:"Vascular injuries caused by tear gas shells: surgical challenge and outcome"
689:
631:
502:
425:
Tear gas fired to disperse protesters outside government headquarters during
238:
222:
163:
113:
6321:
6137:
6097:
6030:
6020:
6011:
6006:
5949:
5907:
5497:
5282:
5191:
5104:
4916:
4911:
4814:
4539:
4489:
4273:
4263:
4218:
4212:
4182:
4177:
3935:
3846:
3748:
3692:
3655:
3604:
3583:
3532:
3499:
3428:
3390:
3329:
3294:
3192:
2814:
2794:
2666:
2565:
2507:
2290:
2247:
2198:
2160:
2084:
1977:
1930:
1556:
1469:
1434:
1230:
1191:
1134:
1087:
1052:
1011:
902:
850:
786:
523:
396:
392:
303:
230:
159:
124:
117:
109:
85:
72:
1265:
969:
6361:
6289:
6273:
6141:
6113:
5996:
5940:
5883:
5869:
5557:
5552:
5492:
5221:
5206:
5201:
5155:
5094:
5021:
5001:
4980:
4941:
4804:
4769:
4637:
4549:
4524:
4479:
4342:
4308:
4172:
4167:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4092:
4011:
4000:
3990:
3702:
3433:
3324:
3319:
3253:
2952:
2937:
2909:
2891:
2863:
2755:
2576:
1996:
1415:
1173:
613:
584:
542:
530:
and adapted water bottles, as well as covering as much skin as possible.
484:
372:
330:
128:
2151:
2134:
1811:"'Maalox'-and-water solution used as anti-tear gas remedy by protesters"
1372:"INDH se querella por lesiĂłn a profesor que perdiĂł un ojo en ValparaĂso"
6351:
6242:
6157:
6147:
6103:
6087:
6083:
5974:
5840:
5708:
5691:
5589:
5435:
5363:
5359:
5306:
5252:
5211:
5036:
5026:
5011:
4879:
4789:
4499:
4494:
4474:
4469:
4454:
4449:
4362:
4357:
4333:
4157:
4142:
4137:
4082:
4077:
3759:
3640:
3599:
3593:
3577:
3560:
3554:
3521:
3513:
3454:
3248:
3020:
2926:
2915:
2737:
2731:
1877:"Prof USB Mónica Kräuter, Cómo reaccionar ante las bombas lacrimógenas"
1504:
1292:
941:
Hu H, Fine J, Epstein P, Kelsey K, Reynolds P, Walker B (August 1989).
832:
674:
617:
519:
194:
93:
89:
5745:
5603:
5174:
2063:
Kim YJ, Payal AR, Daly MK (2016). "Effects of tear gases on the eye".
1922:
1126:
1079:
6466:
6451:
6446:
6396:
6391:
6036:
5955:
5913:
5903:
5140:
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4594:
4544:
4519:
4509:
4434:
4162:
4152:
4147:
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4047:
4021:
4006:
3944:
3891:
3650:
3588:
3571:
3549:
3526:
3263:
3104:
2897:
2761:
2700:
2626:
684:
574:
469:
4682:
1496:
877:"Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC-a medical review"
748:
6401:
6386:
6355:
6345:
6335:
6325:
6306:
6294:
6263:
6258:
6222:
6133:
5986:
5925:
5897:
5887:
5865:
5547:
5532:
5456:
5394:
5379:
5339:
5145:
5120:
5073:
4991:
4957:
4901:
4896:
4858:
4854:
4828:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4784:
4742:
4603:
4504:
4413:
4378:
4283:
4107:
4057:
3940:
3929:
3906:
3896:
3876:
3771:
3738:
3732:
3722:
3122:
3094:
3089:
3084:
2725:
2584:
1953:
515:
497:
261:
257:
2135:"Clinicopathological effects of pepper (oleoresin capsicum) spray"
273:
have had complete and permanent loss of vision in one or both eyes
6436:
6301:
6267:
6236:
6200:
6058:
6040:
5960:
5917:
5857:
5825:
5635:
5536:
5487:
5460:
5452:
5399:
5333:
5149:
5125:
5046:
4995:
4884:
4747:
4352:
4347:
4062:
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4042:
4037:
3727:
3355:
3273:
3258:
3233:
3228:
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3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3025:
3015:
2975:
2970:
2947:
2942:
2676:
1951:
650:
634:
as they reduce lacrymation and decrease salivation, acting as an
534:
368:
253:
155:
6228:
6204:
6162:
6062:
5990:
5829:
5811:
5669:
5630:
5625:
5403:
5389:
5134:
5050:
4945:
4936:
4926:
4905:
4868:
4839:
4834:
4773:
4765:
4751:
4728:
4570:
4233:
4228:
4016:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
2804:
2606:
608:
604:
538:
299:
295:
291:
249:
234:
218:
206:
167:
131:, increasingly toxic and deadly lachrymatory agents were used.
105:
101:
97:
2459:
Tear Gas: From the
Battlefields of WWI to the Streets of Today
807:
Rothenberg C, Achanta S, Svendsen ER, Jordt SE (August 2016).
806:
229:. When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed,
6232:
5968:
5964:
5921:
5835:
5604:
5471:
5448:
5088:
4965:
4848:
4779:
4514:
4429:
4388:
3675:
3079:
3074:
3064:
2903:
2886:
2839:
2374:"Police Storm Park in Istanbul, Setting Off a Night of Chaos"
2029:
441:
Tear gas being used against opposition protesters during the
344:
developed tear gas grenades for use in riot control in 1919.
287:
64:
3158:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
2485:
1447:
638:, and for overall nose discomfort as they are used to treat
6167:
6001:
5746:
5692:
5653:
5344:
5307:
5175:
3685:
3680:
3239:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
1396:
925:
Prepared for The Office of
Special Counsel John C. Danforth
809:"Tear gas: an epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment"
2332:"Tear gas and lemon juice in the battle for Taksim Square"
501:
Tear gas during the repression of the protest against the
4072:
3625:
2308:
514:
A variety of protective equipment may be used, including
347:
Use of tear gas in interstate warfare, as with all other
143:
6052:
1589:"Co. G recruits use new gas mask in confidence chamber"
2268:
1065:
943:"Tear gas--harassing agent or toxic chemical weapon?"
874:
4669:
2104:"Riot-Control Chemical Agents - Injuries; Poisoning"
1024:
123:
While lachrymatory agents are commonly deployed for
1984:
1296:(in European Spanish). 8 April 2017. Archived from
1111:"Management of the effects of exposure to tear gas"
940:
487:fire tear gas to anti-government protesters during
395:. The self-defense weapon form of mace is based on
1883:(in European Spanish). 26 May 2017. Archived from
1785:"Here's what to do if you get exposed to tear gas"
1698:"Controversial tear gas canisters made in the USA"
1527:"Practice Relating to Rule 75. Riot Control Agent"
989:
802:
800:
798:
796:
6501:
2355:"Turks in Pittsburgh concerned for their nation"
875:Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, McBride DI (June 2015).
2329:
40:Exploded tear gas canister in the air in Greece
1904:
1902:
1857:
1743:
1243:
1155:
936:
934:
793:
593:a direct hit of a tear-gas grenade in her face
577:tending to an opposition protester during the
275:as result of the impact of tear gas grenades.
4653:
2536:
1945:
1615:"Recruits feel effects of Confidence Chamber"
1158:"CS exposure—clinical effects and management"
707:
591:, a Chilean woman left blind in both eyes by
2415:
2305:"Who, What, Why: How dangerous is tear gas?"
2062:
1908:
1364:
1204:
1162:Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine
1149:
1108:
359:Tear gas was used in combat by Italy in the
201:are also possible. People with pre-existing
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1899:
1689:
1312:
1237:
983:
931:
645:Oral analgesics may help relieve eye pain.
642:(e.g., itching, runny nose, and sneezing).
182:Injury from direct hit by tear gas canister
4667:
4660:
4646:
2543:
2529:
2456:
2213:
1958:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
1782:
1476:
1338:
1102:
915:
813:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2297:
2237:
2176:
2150:
2132:
1871:
1869:
1751:"Protecting yourself from tear gas: INSI"
1424:
1414:
1198:
1181:
1042:
892:
840:
776:
766:
2323:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2045:
2025:"Retrato de un clan de la Primera LĂnea"
2016:
1808:
1641:"MoD confirms army CS gas investigation"
1482:
1059:
1018:
583:
568:
496:
460:to send a tear gas grenade back towards
177:
142:
35:
27:
2172:
2170:
1719:TÜRK TABİPLERİ BİRLİĞİ'NDEN ACİL ÇAĞRI!
1695:
881:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
6502:
3424:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)
3418:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)
2390:
2371:
2022:
1866:
1841:"Medical information from Prague 2000"
1376:Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos
1350:Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos
1324:Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos
653:or delayed-onset shortness of breath.
4840:CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
4641:
3666:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)
2524:
2352:
2262:
2219:
2121:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1778:
1776:
1673:. Mace (manufacturer). Archived from
67:'), sometimes colloquially known as "
2179:Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing
2167:
2023:Claude, Magdalena (6 January 2020).
1663:
857:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
321:Xylyl bromide § Use as a weapon
6412:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
5528:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
5268:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
3755:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
2488:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
2226:Human & Experimental Toxicology
2133:Yeung MF, Tang WY (December 2015).
1450:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1031:Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
509:
73:early commercial self-defense spray
13:
3371:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
2091:
1783:Livingston, Mercey (2 June 2020).
1773:
1258:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1975.tb00410.x
1156:Worthington E, Nee PA (May 1999).
79:that stimulates the nerves of the
14:
6536:
3386:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride
3376:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
2516:
2271:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
2077:10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.01.002
1205:Smith J, Greaves I (March 2002).
1109:Carron PN, Yersin B (June 2009).
731:
282:
188:non-lethal or less-lethal weapons
3214:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
2657:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
2191:10.1111/j.1741-6787.2011.00220.x
1809:Ferguson D (28 September 2011).
1223:10.1097/00005373-200203000-00036
962:10.1001/jama.1989.03430050076030
656:
477:
449:
434:
410:
371:and by the United States in the
237:can lead to a permanent loss in
4622:List of chemical warfare agents
2845:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride
2384:
2365:
2346:
2108:MSD Manual Professional Edition
2000:. 9 August 2019. Archived from
1851:
1833:
1802:
1708:
1633:
1607:
1581:
1563:
1545:
1519:
1441:
1390:
1280:
386:
325:Chemical weapons in World War I
264:that are extremely dangerous".
154:Tear gas generally consists of
2461:. New York and London: Verso.
2429:, UMAss Lowell. Archived from
2427:Toxics Use Reduction Institute
2283:10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.01.002
1858:Ece Temelkuran (3 June 2013).
1326:(in Spanish). 27 November 2020
992:Forensic Science International
909:
640:allergic reactions in the nose
150:is the active agent in CS gas.
32:Tear gas in use in France 2007
1:
6486:Receptor/signaling modulators
4835:CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
1647:. 13 May 2006. Archived from
1004:10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00282-2
916:Heinrich U (September 2000).
695:
3698:Trimethylolpropane phosphite
3244:Neopentylene fluorophosphate
1715:Turkish Doctors' Association
1378:(in Spanish). 4 January 2020
1352:(in Spanish). 8 January 2020
564:
7:
6114:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
5022:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
4892:Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
4720:15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin J2
3480:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
3340:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
3209:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
1696:Smith E (28 January 2011).
668:
227:allergic contact dermatitis
158:solid or liquid compounds (
148:2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile
10:
6543:
4319:Hexamethylene diisocyanate
3787:Phenylcarbylamine chloride
3113:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
2500:10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.005
1970:10.1016/j.ajem.2009.02.007
1462:10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.005
768:10.1186/s12889-021-10859-w
503:El Khomri law (labour law)
361:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
318:
314:
233:involving scarring of the
138:
18:
16:Non-lethal chemical weapon
6479:
6282:
5755:
5744:
5724:
5701:
5690:
5662:
5613:
5602:
5480:
5316:
5305:
5230:
5184:
5173:
5113:
4692:
4681:
4617:
4577:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
4558:
4422:
4371:
4332:
4196:
3973:
3920:
3782:Perchloromethyl mercaptan
3711:
3512:
3287:
3201:
3193:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)
3103:
3050:
3034:
2961:
2871:
2862:
2832:
2813:
2780:
2746:
2699:
2690:
2575:
2393:"Denbigh man tear gassed"
2391:Hughes G (25 June 2013).
2372:Arango T (15 June 2013).
2220:Brvar M (February 2016).
2139:Hong Kong Medical Journal
894:10.1136/jramc-2013-000165
377:Israel–Palestine conflict
21:Tear gas (disambiguation)
5099:Umbellularia californica
4294:Chloroacetophenone oxime
4279:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
3887:Trifluoroacetyl chloride
3797:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
3444:Phosphorus pentachloride
3269:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
2353:Doyle M (24 June 2013).
2239:10.1177/0960327115578866
579:2014 Venezuelan protests
443:2014 Venezuelan protests
365:Second Sino-Japanese War
351:, was prohibited by the
342:Chemical Warfare Service
335:Hague Convention of 1899
302:(phenacyl chloride) and
269:2019–20 Chilean protests
173:
6069:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
5851:Andrographis paniculata
4573:(variants and mixtures)
3842:Trichloronitrosomethane
3837:Trifluoronitrosomethane
3412:Methyldichlorophosphine
2359:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
2065:Survey of Ophthalmology
1621:. Marine Corps Websites
1595:. Marine Corps Websites
1531:ihl-databases.icrc.org/
680:Baton (law enforcement)
550:2019 Hong Kong protests
505:in Paris, France, 2016.
427:2014 Hong Kong Protests
6490:Ion channel modulators
6219:Tetrahydrocannabivarin
5714:Tripterygium wilfordii
5080:Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
4372:Cornea-clouding agents
3867:Phosphorus trichloride
3449:Phosphorus trichloride
3183:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)
2637:Phosphorus trifluoride
1485:Technology and Culture
1068:Pediatric Neurosurgery
596:
581:
506:
309:
203:respiratory conditions
183:
151:
41:
33:
6047:Lysophosphatidic acid
3766:Disulfur decafluoride
3567:Chlorophenylsilatrane
3475:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2457:Feigenbaum A (2016).
2330:Agence France-Press.
1862:. Occupy Wall Street.
1860:"Istanbul is burning"
1552:100 Years of Tear Gas
1211:The Journal of Trauma
587:
572:
500:
181:
146:
120:(a branded mixture).
108:(phenacyl chloride),
39:
31:
6427:Pregnenolone sulfate
6248:Euphorbia resinifera
6190:Euphorbia resinifera
6119:Phenylacetylrinvanil
6079:N-Oleoylethanolamide
6027:Homodihydrocapsaicin
5415:Pregnenolone sulfate
5278:Pregnenolone sulfate
5085:Thiopropanal S-oxide
5070:Tetrahydrocannabinol
4758:Allyl isothiocyanate
4566:Methyl fluoroacetate
4394:Methyl cyanoacrylate
4314:Allyl isothiocyanate
3902:Uranium hexafluoride
3857:Dinitrogen tetroxide
3802:Chlorine trifluoride
2850:Selenium oxychloride
2720:Phenyldichloroarsine
2714:Methyldichloroarsine
2652:Nickel tetracarbonyl
1416:10.1096/fj.08-117812
1246:Acta Ophthalmologica
1174:10.1136/emj.16.3.168
429:on 28 September 2014
19:For other uses, see
6520:Lachrymatory agents
6332:Cannabigerolic acid
6094:Nordihydrocapsaicin
6055:(acidic conditions)
4259:Bromobenzyl cyanide
4027:Dimethylheptylpyran
3955:Diphenylcyanoarsine
3950:Diphenylchlorarsine
3882:Methyl vinyl ketone
3807:Perchloryl fluoride
3671:Bicyclic phosphates
3490:Trimethyl phosphite
3439:Phosphoryl chloride
2708:Ethyldichloroarsine
2682:Chloral cyanohydrin
2672:Acetone cyanohydrin
2642:Methyl cyanoformate
2152:10.12809/hkmj154691
1847:on 18 October 2014.
1736:HĂĽrriyet Daily News
1671:"Mace pepper spray"
979:on 29 October 2013.
825:2016NYASA1378...96R
701:Informational notes
630:can work like some
456:A protester uses a
244:Venezuelan chemist
217:. Skin exposure to
215:ventilation support
6525:Non-lethal weapons
6295:Vernonia tweediana
5874:African blue basil
5846:Bisandrographolide
5432:Steviol glycosides
5385:Hydroxycitronellal
5131:Dehydroligustilide
4951:Angelica acutiloba
4865:Dehydroligustilide
4627:CB military symbol
4485:Enterotoxin type B
4440:Cyclopiazonic acid
4399:N-Methylmorpholine
4299:Ethyl bromoacetate
3777:Ethyl bromoacetate
3744:Perfluoroisobutene
3485:Triethyl phosphite
2756:Levinstein mustard
2647:Iron pentacarbonyl
2378:The New York Times
2311:. 25 November 2011
2004:on 7 November 2019
1887:on 7 November 2017
1619:mcrdsd.marines.mil
833:10.1111/nyas.13141
597:
582:
554:Chilean protesters
537:solutions such as
507:
489:Din Daeng Protests
468:weekly protest in
367:, by Spain in the
363:, by Japan in the
306:in rodent models.
184:
152:
49:lachrymatory agent
47:, also known as a
42:
34:
6497:
6496:
6475:
6474:
6407:Meclofenamic acid
6213:melegueta peppers
6084:Nonivamide (PAVA)
5820:melegueta peppers
5740:
5739:
5686:
5685:
5598:
5597:
5518:Meclofenamic acid
5441:Stevia rebaudiana
5301:
5300:
5263:Meclofenamic acid
5169:
5168:
5059:melegueta peppers
5032:Phenacyl chloride
4987:N-Methylmaleimide
4977:Methyl salicylate
4922:Hydrogen peroxide
4875:Diallyl disulfide
4737:melegueta peppers
4635:
4634:
4445:Histrionicotoxins
4423:Biological toxins
4304:Ethyl iodoacetate
3872:Methyl isocyanate
3832:Selenoyl fluoride
3822:Mercuric chloride
3792:Tetranitromethane
3646:Sulfuryl fluoride
3631:HN3 hydrochloride
3626:HN2 hydrochloride
3621:HN1 hydrochloride
3508:
3507:
3465:Phenacyl chloride
3460:Pinacolyl alcohol
3406:Isopropyl alcohol
3401:4-Hydroxycoumarin
3335:1,8-Dibromooctane
2858:
2857:
2782:Nitrogen mustards
2595:Cyanogen chloride
2468:978-1-784-78026-5
1923:10.1136/bmj.b2283
1821:on 23 August 2014
1651:on 9 October 2013
1593:tecom.marines.mil
1560:, August 16, 2014
1127:10.1136/bmj.b2283
1080:10.1159/000314054
755:BMC Public Health
589:Fabiola Campillai
420:
195:skin inflammation
6532:
6515:Chemical weapons
6342:Cannabigerovarin
6074:N-Oleoyldopamine
5980:Euodia ruticarpa
5946:Dihydrocapsaicin
5753:
5752:
5749:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5355:Cooling Agent 10
5314:
5313:
5310:
5182:
5181:
5178:
4700:4-Hydroxynonenal
4690:
4689:
4686:
4671:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4609:White phosphorus
4586:post-combustion
4582:Depleted uranium
4409:Osmium tetroxide
4289:Phenacyl bromide
3852:Nitrogen dioxide
3827:Selenium dioxide
3817:Cadmium chloride
3274:Dimefox (TL-792)
2869:
2868:
2697:
2696:
2622:Hydrogen sulfide
2601:Hydrogen cyanide
2590:Cyanogen bromide
2556:chemical warfare
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2472:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2399:. Archived from
2388:
2382:
2381:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2241:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2130:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2100:
2089:
2088:
2060:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:. Archived from
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1817:. Archived from
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1757:. Archived from
1747:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1721:
1717:, 16 June 2013,
1712:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1677:on 5 August 2013
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1300:on 10 April 2017
1284:
1278:
1277:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1022:
1016:
1015:
987:
981:
980:
978:
972:. Archived from
947:
938:
929:
928:
922:
913:
907:
906:
896:
872:
855:
854:
844:
804:
791:
790:
780:
770:
746:
718:
711:
628:Anticholinergics
528:swimming goggles
510:Counter-measures
481:
462:Israeli soldiers
453:
438:
422:
421:
349:chemical weapons
6542:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6510:Chemical safety
6500:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6471:
6462:Tolfenamic acid
6382:Flufenamic acid
6278:
6185:Resiniferatoxin
6178:Ruta graveolens
5941:Diacyl glycerol
5736:
5720:
5682:
5678:
5658:
5644:
5594:
5580:Tolfenamic acid
5573:Ruta graveolens
5513:Flufenamic acid
5476:
5425:Ruta graveolens
5336:(intracellular)
5297:
5293:Tolfenamic acid
5248:Flufenamic acid
5226:
5202:Diacyl glycerol
5165:
5109:
4795:Cannabichromene
4705:4-Oxo-2-nonenal
4677:
4666:
4636:
4631:
4613:
4554:
4465:Botulinum toxin
4418:
4367:
4328:
4244:Benzyl chloride
4199:
4192:
3976:
3969:
3960:Cacodyl cyanide
3922:Vomiting agents
3916:
3714:
3707:
3616:Dimethylmercury
3538:Botulinum toxin
3504:
3283:
3197:
3099:
3052:Novichok agents
3046:
3030:
2957:
2854:
2828:
2809:
2776:
2748:Sulfur mustards
2742:
2686:
2632:Carbon monoxide
2612:Cacodyl cyanide
2571:
2570:
2554:Agents used in
2549:
2519:
2514:
2469:
2450:Further reading
2447:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2433:on 24 June 2013
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2403:on 28 June 2013
2389:
2385:
2370:
2366:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2267:
2263:
2218:
2214:
2175:
2168:
2131:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2061:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1950:
1946:
1907:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1856:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1781:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1761:on 25 July 2021
1749:
1748:
1744:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1713:
1709:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1497:10.2307/3103718
1481:
1477:
1446:
1442:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1242:
1238:
1203:
1199:
1154:
1150:
1107:
1103:
1064:
1060:
1023:
1019:
988:
984:
976:
945:
939:
932:
920:
914:
910:
873:
858:
805:
794:
747:
732:
722:
721:
715:Geneva Protocol
712:
708:
698:
671:
663:petroleum jelly
659:
616:, a hypertonic
567:
512:
495:
492:
482:
473:
454:
445:
439:
430:
423:
411:
389:
353:Geneva Protocol
327:
317:
312:
285:
271:various people
211:hospitalization
176:
141:
77:chemical weapon
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6540:
6539:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6495:
6494:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6349:
6339:
6329:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6261:
6256:
6240:
6226:
6216:
6198:
6182:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6152:Dorrigo pepper
6145:
6131:
6124:Phorbol esters
6121:
6116:
6111:
6101:
6091:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6056:
6049:
6044:
6034:
6024:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5984:
5972:
5958:
5953:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5911:
5901:
5894:Cannabidivarin
5891:
5881:
5862:camphor laurel
5855:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5823:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5705:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5608:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5525:
5523:Mefenamic acid
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5445:
5429:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5216:St John's wort
5209:
5204:
5199:
5196:St John's wort
5188:
5186:
5179:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5092:
5082:
5077:
5067:
5062:
5044:
5041:Dorrigo pepper
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5009:
4999:
4989:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4962:Sichuan pepper
4955:
4939:
4934:
4932:Isothiocyanate
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4877:
4872:
4862:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4825:Cinnamaldehyde
4822:
4812:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4755:
4745:
4740:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4588:uranium oxides
4579:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4324:Crotonaldehyde
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4249:Benzyl bromide
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4188:Chlorpromazine
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3975:Incapacitating
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3938:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Sulfur dioxide
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3715:choking agents
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Tetraethyllead
3608:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:A.P.C. complex
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3026:V-sub x (GD-7)
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2823:Phosgene oxime
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2692:Blister agents
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Glycolonitrile
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2561:incapacitation
2558:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2517:External links
2515:
2513:
2512:
2483:
2481:978-8869772412
2473:
2467:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2414:
2397:The Free Press
2383:
2364:
2345:
2322:
2296:
2261:
2212:
2166:
2120:
2090:
2044:
2015:
1983:
1964:(5): 596–602.
1944:
1898:
1865:
1850:
1832:
1801:
1772:
1755:newssafety.org
1742:
1739:. 31 May 2013.
1722:
1707:
1688:
1662:
1645:Politics.co.uk
1632:
1606:
1580:
1562:
1544:
1533:. IHL Database
1518:
1491:(2): 151–168.
1475:
1440:
1409:(4): 1102–14.
1389:
1363:
1337:
1311:
1279:
1236:
1217:(3): 595–600.
1197:
1148:
1101:
1058:
1017:
982:
930:
908:
856:
792:
729:
728:
720:
719:
705:
704:
697:
694:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
670:
667:
658:
655:
636:antisialagogue
632:antihistamines
566:
563:
511:
508:
494:
493:
491:on August 2021
483:
476:
474:
455:
448:
446:
440:
433:
431:
424:
409:
406:
388:
385:
316:
313:
311:
308:
284:
283:Site of action
281:
246:Mónica Kräuter
223:chemical burns
175:
172:
140:
137:
81:lacrimal gland
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6538:
6537:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6478:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:Ruthenium red
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:Niflumic acid
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6290:α-Spinasterol
6288:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6017:Homocapsaicin
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5930:wild bergamot
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5878:camphor basil
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5743:
5733:
5732:Ruthenium red
5730:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5689:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5601:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5563:Ruthenium red
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Niflumic acid
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:; indirectly)
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5370:Frescolat MGA
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5304:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5273:Niflumic acid
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5162:
5161:Ruthenium red
5159:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:Methylglyoxal
4970:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4845:Cuminaldehyde
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:its compounds
4596:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:Tetanospasmin
4533:
4531:
4530:T-2 mycotoxin
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4460:Batrachotoxin
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Allyl alcohol
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:Chloroacetone
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Benzyl iodide
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:Xylyl bromide
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Butyrophenone
3994:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3965:o-Dianisidine
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Cadmium oxide
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Batrachotoxin
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3544:Tetanospasmin
3542:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2815:Nettle agents
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Cacodyl oxide
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:"Vinegar EHS"
2418:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2333:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:(3): 129–38.
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2145:(6): 542–52.
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:(4): 434–42.
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:FASEB Journal
1400:
1393:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:(6): 908–13.
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:(3): 168–70.
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
937:
935:
926:
919:
912:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
852:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:(1): 96–107.
818:
814:
810:
803:
801:
799:
797:
788:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
730:
727:
726:
716:
710:
706:
703:
702:
691:
690:Rubber bullet
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
666:
664:
657:Home remedies
654:
652:
646:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
619:
615:
610:
606:
601:
594:
590:
586:
580:
576:
571:
562:
559:
558:Primera LĂnea
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
504:
499:
490:
486:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
447:
444:
437:
432:
428:
408:
407:
405:
401:
398:
394:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
354:
350:
345:
343:
338:
336:
332:
326:
322:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
280:
276:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
239:visual acuity
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:complications
196:
191:
189:
180:
171:
169:
165:
164:xylyl bromide
161:
157:
149:
145:
136:
132:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
114:xylyl bromide
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
30:
26:
22:
6482:
6481:
6322:Cannabigerol
6293:
6246:
6188:
6176:
6138:black pepper
6098:chili pepper
6031:chili pepper
6021:chili pepper
6012:Hepoxilin B3
6007:Hepoxilin A3
5978:
5950:chili pepper
5908:chili pepper
5849:
5712:
5571:
5498:Clotrimazole
5439:
5423:
5375:Frescolat ML
5283:Progesterone
5192:Adhyperforin
5105:WIN 55,212-2
5098:
5064:
4949:
4917:Hepoxilin B3
4912:Hepoxilin A3
4883:
4815:Cannabigerol
4540:Tetrodotoxin
4490:Grayanotoxin
4274:Bromoacetone
4264:Thiophosgene
4219:Mace (spray)
4213:Pepper spray
4198:Lachrymatory
4197:
4183:Fluphenazine
4178:Procarbazine
4088:Sleeping gas
3936:Chloropicrin
3847:Nitric oxide
3749:Chloropicrin
3693:Cloflubicyne
3656:Oxotremorine
3605:Antillatoxin
3584:Tetrodotoxin
3533:Bungarotoxin
3429:Nitromethane
3391:Formaldoxime
3330:Cyclohexanol
3295:Acetonitrile
3042:GV (EA-5365)
2864:Nerve agents
2667:Lactonitrile
2577:Blood agents
2566:riot control
2494:(2): 150–6.
2491:
2487:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:the original
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:the original
2396:
2386:
2377:
2367:
2358:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2299:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2232:(2): 213–8.
2229:
2225:
2215:
2182:
2178:
2142:
2138:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:
2068:
2064:
2035:. Retrieved
2033:(in Spanish)
2028:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1995:
1986:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1914:
1910:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1881:Tururutururu
1880:
1853:
1845:the original
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:the original
1814:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1754:
1745:
1734:
1725:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1644:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1557:The Atlantic
1555:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1456:(2): 150–6.
1453:
1449:
1443:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1323:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1291:
1282:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1034:
1030:
1020:
998:(1): 45–51.
995:
991:
985:
974:the original
956:(5): 660–3.
953:
949:
924:
911:
884:
880:
816:
812:
758:
754:
724:
723:
709:
700:
699:
660:
647:
644:
626:
622:
609:pepper spray
602:
598:
547:
532:
524:riot control
513:
402:
397:pepper spray
390:
387:Riot control
381:
358:
346:
339:
328:
304:bromoacetone
286:
277:
266:
243:
231:eye injuries
192:
186:As with all
185:
160:bromoacetone
153:
133:
125:riot control
122:
110:bromoacetone
86:pepper spray
71:" after the
68:
60:
52:
48:
44:
43:
25:
6457:Tivanisiran
6362:Capsazepine
6274:Zucapsaicin
6142:long pepper
6108:Pacific yew
5997:GSK1016790A
5884:Cannabidiol
5870:camphorweed
5558:RQ-00203078
5553:PF-05105679
5493:Capsazepine
5258:GSK2293017A
5222:Substance P
5207:GSK1702934A
5156:PF-04745637
5095:Umbellulone
5016:Pacific yew
5002:Oleocanthal
4981:wintergreen
4942:Ligustilide
4805:Cannabidiol
4770:horseradish
4550:Veratridine
4525:Shiga toxin
4480:Domoic acid
4343:Thioacetone
4309:Iodoacetone
4173:Pentazocine
4168:Sevoflurane
4133:CAR-302,668
4128:CAR-302,282
4123:CAR-302,196
4118:CAR-301,060
4113:CAR-226,086
4093:Carfentanil
3991:Apomorphine
3912:Green Cross
3703:Domoic acid
3514:Neurotoxins
3434:OPA mixture
3325:Chlorosoman
3320:Chlorosarin
3254:Phospholine
2953:Crotylsarin
2938:Fluorotabun
2910:Chlorosoman
2892:Chlorosarin
2030:CIPER Chile
1997:Japan Times
1794:28 November
1765:28 November
1681:21 February
1074:(1): 25–8.
1037:(1): 14–7.
887:(2): 94–9.
614:Diphoterine
548:During the
543:baking soda
520:respirators
485:Riot Police
472:, July 2014
466:Palestinian
373:Vietnam War
331:World War I
156:aerosolized
129:World War I
53:lachrymator
6504:Categories
6352:Cannabinol
6252:pooissonii
6243:Tinyatoxin
6194:pooissonii
6158:Probenecid
6148:Polygodial
6104:Paclitaxel
6088:PAVA spray
5975:Evodiamine
5926:pepperwort
5841:Anandamide
5808:α-Sanshool
5756:Activators
5709:Triptolide
5702:Activators
5614:Activators
5590:TRPM4-IN-5
5508:Elismetrep
5436:stevioside
5364:eucalyptus
5360:Eucalyptol
5324:ADP-ribose
5317:Activators
5253:GSK417651A
5212:Hyperforin
5185:Activators
5065:Tear gases
5037:Polygodial
5027:PF-4840154
5012:Paclitaxel
4880:Dicentrine
4790:Bradykinin
4725:α-Sanshool
4693:Activators
4675:modulators
4500:Maitotoxin
4495:Guanitoxin
4475:Ciguatoxin
4470:Brevetoxin
4455:Anatoxin-a
4450:Aflatoxins
4363:Putrescine
4358:Cadaverine
4334:Malodorant
4158:Isoflurane
4143:Desflurane
4138:Benperidol
4083:Psilocybin
4078:PAVA spray
3760:Diphosgene
3713:Pulmonary/
3641:Picrotoxin
3600:Strychnine
3594:Brevetoxin
3578:Maitotoxin
3561:Guanitoxin
3555:Ciguatoxin
3522:Anatoxin-a
3455:Pinacolone
3288:Precursors
3249:Selenophos
3105:Carbamates
3021:Chinese VX
2927:Cyclosarin
2916:Ethylsarin
2887:Sarin (GB)
2738:Lewisite 3
2732:Lewisite 2
2701:Arsenicals
2277:(1): 5–8.
2008:27 October
1891:1 November
1625:25 October
1599:25 October
1293:La Patilla
761:(1): 803.
696:References
675:Law of war
651:blistering
618:amphoteric
375:, and the
319:See also:
225:or induce
221:may cause
197:, delayed
94:nonivamide
90:PAVA spray
88:(OC gas),
55:(from
6483:See also:
6467:TRPV3-74a
6452:SB-705498
6447:SB-366791
6397:Lanthanum
6392:HC-067047
6312:Asivatrep
6173:Rutamarin
6037:Incensole
5987:Gingerols
5956:Estradiol
5932:, others)
5914:Carvacrol
5904:Capsaicin
5798:13-oxoODE
5788:12S-HpETE
5768:5',6'-EET
5568:Rutamarin
5467:Thio-BCTC
5420:Rutamarin
5350:Coolact P
5141:HC-030031
5006:olive oil
4902:Gingerols
4715:12S-HpETE
4595:Plutonium
4545:Volkensin
4520:Saxitoxin
4510:Palytoxin
4435:Aconitine
4163:Halothane
4153:Bufotenin
4148:Enflurane
4068:Kolokol-1
4048:Pethidine
4022:Etoxadrol
4007:Etorphine
4003:(CS-4640)
3987:(CS-4030)
3945:glycerine
3892:Salcomine
3651:Tremorine
3589:Aconitine
3572:Palytoxin
3550:Ryanodine
3527:Saxitoxin
3264:Ro 3-0422
3035:GV agents
2898:Thiosarin
2627:Phosphine
2207:205874180
2113:4 October
1917:: b2283.
1815:Raw Story
1655:6 January
1513:113339773
1121:: b2283.
725:Citations
713:E.g. the
685:Nerve gas
661:Vinegar,
575:paramedic
565:Treatment
516:gas masks
464:during a
262:nitrogens
258:phosgenes
6417:NGD-8243
6402:Mavatrep
6387:GRC-6211
6356:cannabis
6346:cannabis
6336:cannabis
6326:cannabis
6307:AMG-9810
6283:Blockers
6264:Vanillin
6259:Tramadol
6223:cannabis
6201:Shogaols
6134:Piperine
5898:cannabis
5888:cannabis
5866:rosemary
5783:12S-HETE
5778:9-oxoODE
5725:Blockers
5675:PI(4,5)P
5663:Blockers
5641:PI(3,5)P
5548:Ononetin
5533:Nicotine
5481:Blockers
5457:fructose
5449:tastants
5395:Linalool
5380:Geraniol
5340:CIM-0216
5231:Blockers
5146:Nicotine
5121:A-967079
5114:Blockers
5074:cannabis
5047:Shogaols
4992:Nicotine
4958:Linalool
4897:Formalin
4859:turmeric
4855:Curcumin
4829:cinnamon
4819:cannabis
4809:cannabis
4799:cannabis
4785:ASP-7663
4743:Acrolein
4604:Polonium
4505:Modeccin
4414:Acrolein
4379:Lewisite
4284:Acrolein
4108:CS-27349
4058:Ibogaine
3941:Litharge
3930:Adamsite
3907:Diborane
3897:Fluomine
3877:Ethenone
3772:Acrolein
3739:Fluorine
3733:Phosgene
3723:Chlorine
3123:EA-3887A
3095:C01-A042
3090:C01-A039
3085:C01-A035
2963:V-agents
2873:G-agents
2758:(EA-229)
2726:Lewisite
2585:Cyanogen
2508:18501939
2291:15961000
2256:40353355
2248:25805600
2199:21649853
2161:26554271
2085:26808721
1978:20579556
1931:19542106
1470:18501939
1435:19036859
1274:46409336
1231:11901348
1192:10353039
1135:19542106
1096:27737407
1088:20453560
1053:23365472
1012:14550613
903:24379300
851:27391380
787:33902512
669:See also
213:or even
205:such as
45:Tear gas
6437:RN-9893
6432:RN-1734
6302:AMG-517
6268:vanilla
6237:oregano
6209:Sichuan
6187:(RTX) (
6163:Protons
6126:(e.g.,
6059:Menthol
6041:incense
5961:Eugenol
5918:oregano
5858:Camphor
5826:Allicin
5816:Sichuan
5803:20-HETE
5793:13-HODE
5636:ML2-SA1
5537:tobacco
5488:AMG-333
5461:sucrose
5453:glucose
5451:(e.g.,
5434:(e.g.,
5400:Menthol
5334:Calcium
5150:tobacco
5126:AM-0902
5055:Sichuan
4996:tobacco
4885:Lindera
4762:mustard
4748:Allicin
4733:Sichuan
4710:4,5-EET
4672:channel
4353:Skatole
4348:Allicin
4063:EA-3834
4053:EA-3580
4043:EA-3443
4038:EA-3167
4033:EA-2148
4017:CS-4297
4012:EA-2092
4001:EA-4941
3728:Bromine
3366:EA-1224
3346:EA-1250
3259:R-16661
3234:EA-2613
3229:EA-2098
3224:EA-2054
3219:EA-2012
3188:3152 CT
3178:TL-1317
3173:TL-1299
3168:TL-1238
3138:EA-4056
3133:EA-3990
3128:EA-3966
3118:EA-3887
3016:EA-1763
2976:EA-3148
2971:EA-2192
2948:EA-4352
2943:EA-1356
2677:Stibine
2437:22 June
2407:28 June
2338:23 June
2037:6 March
1939:7870564
1575:Haaretz
1505:3103718
1426:2660642
1382:29 June
1356:29 June
1330:29 June
1304:9 April
1266:1108587
1183:1343325
1143:7870564
1044:3559117
970:2501523
842:5096012
821:Bibcode
778:8074355
535:antacid
369:Rif War
340:The US
329:During
315:Warfare
267:In the
256:oxide,
254:cyanide
139:Effects
75:, is a
63: '
61:lacrima
6377:DHEA-S
6229:Thymol
6205:ginger
6128:4α-PDD
5991:ginger
5830:garlic
5812:ginger
5773:9-HODE
5670:ML-SI3
5631:ML-SA1
5626:MK6-83
5447:Sweet
5410:PMD 38
5390:Icilin
5243:DHEA-S
5135:celery
5051:ginger
4946:celery
4937:JT-010
4927:Icilin
4906:ginger
4869:celery
4774:wasabi
4766:radish
4752:garlic
4729:ginger
4571:Napalm
4336:agents
4200:agents
4103:JB-336
4098:JB-318
4073:LSD-25
4029:(DMHP)
3977:agents
3636:A-8564
3596:(PbTX)
3546:(TeNT)
3163:TL-599
3153:T-1194
3148:T-1152
3143:T-1123
2912:(ClGD)
2894:(ClGB)
2805:TL-301
2607:Arsine
2506:
2479:
2465:
2334:. NDTV
2315:31 May
2289:
2254:
2246:
2205:
2197:
2159:
2083:
1976:
1937:
1929:
1825:4 June
1704:. CNN.
1702:Africa
1537:7 July
1511:
1503:
1468:
1433:
1423:
1272:
1264:
1229:
1190:
1180:
1141:
1133:
1094:
1086:
1051:
1041:
1010:
968:
901:
849:
839:
785:
775:
605:CS gas
539:Maalox
470:Ni'lin
323:, and
300:CN gas
296:CR gas
292:CS gas
250:CS gas
235:cornea
207:asthma
168:CS gas
106:CN gas
102:CR gas
98:CS gas
6367:DCDPC
6233:thyme
5969:clove
5965:basil
5922:thyme
5836:AM404
5763:2-APB
5649:SF-22
5621:EVP21
5605:TRPML
5503:DCDPC
5472:WS-12
5238:DCDPC
5089:onion
4966:thyme
4888:spp.)
4849:cumin
4780:AM404
4559:Other
4515:Ricin
4430:Abrin
4389:KB-16
3676:IPTBO
3607:(ATX)
3580:(MTX)
3574:(PTX)
3563:(GTX)
3557:(CTX)
3540:(BTX)
3396:Nital
3202:Other
3080:A-262
3075:A-242
3070:A-234
3065:A-232
3060:A-208
2904:Soman
2900:(SGB)
2881:Tabun
2840:KB-16
2833:Other
2252:S2CID
2203:S2CID
1935:S2CID
1509:S2CID
1501:JSTOR
1270:S2CID
1139:S2CID
1092:S2CID
977:(PDF)
946:(PDF)
921:(PDF)
522:. In
458:sling
288:TRPA1
174:Risks
59:
57:Latin
6372:DHEA
6317:BCTC
6211:and
6168:RhTx
6063:mint
6051:Low
6002:Heat
5936:DHEA
5818:and
5747:TRPV
5693:TRPP
5654:SN-2
5585:TPPO
5404:mint
5345:Cold
5329:BCTC
5308:TRPM
5288:Pyr3
5176:TRPC
5057:and
4735:and
4684:TRPA
4597:and
4215:(OC)
3932:(DM)
3762:(DP)
3751:(PS)
3735:(CG)
3686:TBPS
3681:TBPO
3529:(TZ)
3451:(TH)
3420:(DF)
3414:(SW)
3408:(TB)
3381:DMHP
3361:DEHP
3351:DIHP
3342:(KB)
3279:MSPI
2929:(GF)
2918:(GE)
2906:(GD)
2883:(GA)
2825:(CX)
2772:CEES
2740:(L3)
2734:(L2)
2722:(PD)
2716:(MD)
2710:(ED)
2603:(AC)
2597:(CK)
2504:PMID
2477:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2439:2013
2409:2013
2340:2013
2317:2017
2287:PMID
2244:PMID
2195:PMID
2157:PMID
2115:2022
2081:PMID
2039:2020
2010:2019
1974:PMID
1927:PMID
1893:2017
1827:2013
1796:2020
1789:CNET
1767:2020
1683:2014
1657:2013
1627:2019
1601:2019
1539:2020
1466:PMID
1431:PMID
1384:2020
1358:2020
1332:2020
1306:2017
1262:PMID
1227:PMID
1188:PMID
1131:PMID
1084:PMID
1049:PMID
1008:PMID
966:PMID
950:JAMA
899:PMID
847:PMID
817:1378
783:PMID
607:and
518:and
393:mace
260:and
118:Mace
116:and
69:mace
65:tear
5438:) (
4670:TRP
4239:CNS
3768:(Z)
3310:AlP
3305:ATO
2800:HN3
2795:HN2
2790:HN1
2728:(L)
2496:doi
2492:231
2309:BBC
2279:doi
2234:doi
2187:doi
2147:doi
2073:doi
1966:doi
1919:doi
1915:338
1911:BMJ
1493:doi
1458:doi
1454:231
1421:PMC
1411:doi
1254:doi
1219:doi
1178:PMC
1170:doi
1123:doi
1119:338
1115:BMJ
1076:doi
1039:PMC
1000:doi
996:137
958:doi
954:262
889:doi
885:161
837:PMC
829:doi
773:PMC
763:doi
556:of
310:Use
162:or
96:),
51:or
6506::
6488:•
6235:,
6207:,
6140:,
6053:pH
5967:,
5928:,
5924:,
5920:,
5876:,
5872:,
5868:,
5864:,
5814:,
5459:,
5455:,
5053:,
4964:,
4948:,
4772:,
4768:,
4764:,
4731:,
4384:CX
4234:CR
4229:CS
4224:CN
3985:BZ
3500:TG
3495:TC
3470:QL
3356:ZS
3300:AT
3011:VX
3006:VS
3001:VR
2996:VP
2991:VM
2986:VG
2981:VE
2933:GP
2922:GH
2502:.
2490:.
2425:.
2395:.
2376:.
2357:.
2307:.
2285:.
2275:29
2273:.
2250:.
2242:.
2230:35
2228:.
2224:.
2201:.
2193:.
2181:.
2169:^
2155:.
2143:21
2141:.
2137:.
2123:^
2106:.
2093:^
2079:.
2069:61
2067:.
2047:^
2027:.
1994:.
1972:.
1962:28
1960:.
1956:.
1933:.
1925:.
1913:.
1901:^
1879:.
1868:^
1813:.
1787:.
1775:^
1753:.
1733:.
1700:.
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1529:.
1507:.
1499:.
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1487:.
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1405:.
1401:.
1374:.
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1290:.
1268:.
1260:.
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1248:.
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1213:.
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1186:.
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1164:.
1160:.
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1090:.
1082:.
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1070:.
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897:.
883:.
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859:^
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827:.
815:.
811:.
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781:.
771:.
759:21
757:.
753:.
733:^
573:A
379:.
298:,
294:,
219:CS
112:,
104:,
100:,
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6348:)
6344:(
6338:)
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6328:)
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6270:)
6266:(
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