957:
262:
883:(RSV), which is spread when an infant touches the nose or throat fluids of someone infected. The virus infects the cells causing ciliary dysfunction and death. The debris, edema, and inflammation eventually leads to the symptoms. It is the most common reason for admission of children under the age of one year. It can present widely from a mild respiratory infection to respiratory failure. Since there is no medication to treat the disease, it is only managed supportively with fluids and oxygen.
32:
822:. Risk factors include a diabetic mother, fetal hypoxia, precipitous delivery, and maternal high blood pressure. Its diagnosis is based on meconium stained amniotic fluid at delivery and staining on the skin, nails, and umbilical cord. Aspiration can cause airway obstruction, air-trapping, pneumonia, lung inflammation, and inactivated surfactant. It presents as patchy atelectasis and hyperinflation on an x-ray with a
354:
282:, causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness, such as in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Restrictive lung diseases can be divided into two categories: those caused by intrinsic factors and those caused by extrinsic factors. Restrictive lung diseases yielding from intrinsic factors occur within the lungs themselves, such as
844:
429:
is swelling of the tonsils by a bacterial or viral infection. This inflammation can lead to airway obstruction. From tonsillitis can come a peritonsillar abscess which is the most common upper airway infection and occurs primarily in young adults. It causes one swelling of one of tonsils pushing the
872:
is the condition of air escaping overdistended alveoli into the pulmonary interstitium. It is a rare disease that occurs most often in premature infants, even though it is possible to appear in adults. It often presents as a slow deterioration with the need for increased ventilatory support. Chest
811:
and oxygen use. It happens almost exclusively in pre-mature infants and is characterized by the alveoli, and lung vasculature becoming inflamed and damaged. Complications from BPD can follow a patient into adulthood. As a child they may experience learning disabilities, pulmonary hypertension, and
336:
The latest evidence suggests that primary pulmonary rehabilitation and maintenance rehabilitation delivered through telerehabilitation for people with chronic respiratory disease reaches outcomes similar to centre-based rehabilitation. While there are no safety issues identified, the findings are
840:. There are three main causes of PPHN are parenchymal diseases such as meconium aspiration syndrome, idiopathic, and hypoplastic vasculature like in a diaphragmatic hernia. It will eventually resolve in most infants. This is the only syndrome that inhaled nitric oxide is approved for by the FDA.
784:
most commonly occurs in less than six hours after birth in about 1% of all births in the United States. The main risk factor is prematurity with the likelihood of it occurring going up to 71% in infants under 750g. Other risk factors include infant of a diabetic mother (IDM), method of delivery,
720:
that forms in a vein, breaks free, travels through the heart and lodges in the lungs (thromboembolism). Large pulmonary emboli are fatal, causing sudden death. A number of other substances can also embolise (travel through the blood stream) to the lungs but they are much more rare:
1030:
occur each year. A study found that in 2010, there were approximately 6.8 million emergency department visits for respiratory disorders in the U.S. for patients under the age of 18. In 2012, respiratory conditions were the most frequent reasons for hospital stays among children.
491:
is a genetic disorder causing the cilia to not move in a coordinated manner. This causes chronic respiratory infections, cough, and nasal congestion. This can lead to bronchiectasis, which can cause life-threatening breathing issues.
681:. This may be due to fluid shifting from the bloodstream into the pleural cavity due to conditions such as congestive heart failure and cirrhosis. It may also be due to inflammation of the pleura itself as can occur with infection,
696:
is a particularly severe form of this condition where the air in the pleural cavity cannot escape, so the pneumothorax keeps getting bigger until it compresses the heart and blood vessels, leading to a life-threatening situation.
1735:
Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Stoll, Barbara J.; Wright, Linda L.; Carlo, Waldemar A.; Ehrenkranz, Richard A.; Stark, Ann R.; Bauer, Charles R.; Donovan, Edward F.; Korones, Sheldon B.; Laptook, Abbot R.; Lemons, James A. (February 2007).
760:
Pulmonary hemorrhage, inflammation and damage to capillaries in the lung resulting in blood leaking into the alveoli. This may cause blood to be coughed up. Pulmonary hemorrhage can be due to auto-immune disorders such as
793:, and male sex. The widely accepted pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome is it caused by insufficient surfactant production and immature lung and vascular development. The lack of surfactant makes the lungs
434:
to the unaffected side. Diagnosis is usually made based on the presentation and examination. Symptoms generally include fever, sore throat, trouble swallowing, and sounding like they have a "hot potato" in their mouth.
832:(PPHN) is a syndrome that occurs from an abnormal transition to extra-uterine life. It is marked by an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and vasoconstriction causing a right-to-left shunt of the blood through the
209:. This limits the amount of air that is able to enter alveoli because of constriction of the bronchial tree, due to inflammation. Obstructive lung diseases are often identified because of symptoms and diagnosed with
3547:
2394:
2375:
167:. Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways, including by the organ or tissue involved, by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms, or by the cause of the disease.
405:
is still the primary cause even with vaccinations. Also
Streptococcus pyogenes can cause epiglottitis. Symptoms include drooling, stridor, difficulty breathing and swallowing, and a hoarse voice.
3540:
178:
who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist, a chest medicine specialist, a respiratory medicine specialist, a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist.
3533:
862:, multiple gestations, and maternal asthma. It usually presents with tachypnea and increased work of breathing. On an x-ray diffuse infiltrates, interlobar fissures, and sometimes
1543:
866:
can be seen. It is a diagnosis of exclusion because of its similarity to other diseases and frequently CPAP is used to help push the lung fluid into the pulmonary vasculature.
4725:
743:(i.e. of unknown cause) but it can be due to the effects of another disease, particularly COPD. This can lead to strain on the right side of the heart, a condition known as
2335:
2833:
345:
Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections.
1802:
509:, are a major health problem responsible for 15% of all cancer diagnoses and 30% of all cancer deaths. The majority of respiratory system cancers are attributable to
298:
Chronic respiratory diseases are long-term diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung. They are characterized by a high inflammatory cell recruitment (
2242:
286:
due to inflammation or toxins. Conversely, restrictive lung diseases caused by extrinsic factors result from conditions originating from outside the lungs such as
423:. It most commonly occurs in winter months in children between the ages of 3 months and 5 years. A severe form caused by bacteria is called bacterial tracheitis.
801:. It has a ground glass appearance on an x-ray. Symptoms can include tachypnea, nasal flaring, paradoxical chest movement, grunting, and subcostal retractions.
692:
is a hole in the pleura covering the lung allowing air in the lung to escape into the pleural cavity. The affected lung "collapses" like a deflated balloon. A
797:
causing a ventilation to perfusion mismatch, lowered compliance, and increased air resistance. This causes hypoxia and respiratory acidosis which can lead to
635:, and is only about 14–17% overall. In the case of metastases to the lung, treatment can occasionally be curative but only in certain, rare circumstances.
1920:
480:
Poor oral care may be a contributing factor to lower respiratory disease, as bacteria from gum disease may travel through airways and into the lungs.
1629:
4245:
2452:
631:, are all used. The chance of surviving lung cancer depends on the cancer stage at the time the cancer is diagnosed, and to some extent on the
3297:
2293:
3921:
584:
In addition, since many cancers spread via the bloodstream and the entire cardiac output passes through the lungs, it is common for cancer
3936:
3926:
658:
473:. Pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess, a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection, or may spread to the
2271:
1551:
3052:
858:
without the onset of labor because absorption of amniotic fluid in the lungs has not yet commenced. Other risk factors are male sex,
1209:
4732:
4611:
2204:
1050:. Respiratory diseases (including lung cancer) are responsible for over 10% of hospitalizations and over 16% of deaths in Canada.
1026:
Respiratory disease is a common and significant cause of illness and death around the world. In the US, approximately one billion
3076:
2848:
3916:
2319:
2823:
2047:
1831:
1472:
1192:
1035:
873:
x-ray is the standard for diagnosis where it is seen as linear or cystic translucencies extending to the edges of the lungs.
317:
198:
1714:
1078:
4238:
3819:
2085:
2019:
1794:
1253:
781:
2162:
1522:
3509:
3292:
3047:
2445:
2226:
1443:
920:
321:
4682:
4537:
3824:
3302:
3098:
1773:
1414:
1100:
Sengupta N, Sahidullah M, Saha G (August 2016). "Lung sound classification using cepstral-based statistical features".
851:
1306:
Cox NS, Dal Corso S, Hansen H, McDonald CF, Hill CJ, Zanaboni P, et al. (Cochrane
Airways Group) (January 2021).
3602:
3499:
3279:
2779:
2474:
2469:
462:
362:
160:
956:
4145:
4120:
3911:
869:
762:
1053:
In 2011, respiratory disease with ventilator support accounted for 93.3% of ICU utilization in the United States.
4231:
4212:
4162:
3730:
3525:
3243:
2294:"Public Health Agency of Canada – Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Chronic Respiratory Diseases"
736:
1282:
361:
The upper airway is defined as all the structures connecting the glottis to the mouth and nose. The most common
4601:
3514:
2980:
2438:
854:
is caused by the retention of alveolar fluid in the lungs. It commonly occurs in infants who are delivered via
1909:
5035:
4328:
3904:
3088:
2107:"Bronchiolitis: Recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age"
1034:
In the UK, approximately 1 in 7 individuals are affected by some form of chronic lung disease, most commonly
786:
268:
324:. CRDs are not curable; however, various forms of treatment that help dilate major air passages and improve
4945:
4450:
4140:
4063:
3881:
3829:
3287:
3238:
3071:
3009:
829:
815:
3640:
1183:
Reid PT, Innes JA (2014). "Respiratory
Diseases". In Walker BR, Colledge NR, Ralston SH, Penman I (eds.).
778:
Pulmonary diseases also impact newborns and the disorders are often unique from those that affect adults.
611:
Treatment of respiratory system cancer depends on the type of cancer. Surgical removal of part of a lung (
4620:
4569:
4420:
4130:
4035:
3972:
3248:
1621:
880:
4940:
4574:
3977:
3967:
3858:
3853:
3434:
945:
804:
725:(particularly after bony injury), amniotic fluid embolism (with complications of labour and delivery),
529:
488:
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4413:
4394:
4007:
3716:
3712:
3672:
3307:
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2906:
2631:
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859:
812:
hearing problems. As an adult, there is an increased likelihood for asthma and exercise intolerance.
766:
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may invade directly through local spread, and through lymph node metastases. After metastasis to the
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4283:
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275:
210:
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Benign tumors are relatively rare causes of respiratory disease. Examples of benign tumors are:
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808:
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401:
308:
299:
120:
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3984:
3692:
2599:
2571:
833:
706:
287:
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4927:
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4305:
4300:
4022:
4012:
3814:
3770:
3216:
3168:
3156:
2970:
2928:
2527:
2263:
891:
Respiratory diseases may be investigated by performing one or more of the following tests:
693:
605:
565:
279:
2828:
1043:
419:. On an X-ray, croup can be recognized by the "steeple sign", which is a narrowing of the
190:
8:
5009:
4950:
4814:
4333:
4207:
4190:
4040:
3896:
3484:
3451:
3197:
3146:
2594:
2398:
550:
325:
140:
2188:
4796:
4661:
4656:
4636:
4494:
4370:
4125:
4081:
4058:
3948:
3725:
3342:
3207:
3163:
2995:
2916:
2843:
2713:
2139:
2106:
1979:
1946:
1886:
1853:
1683:
1656:
1598:
1573:
1332:
1307:
1160:
1135:
843:
754:
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206:
144:
108:
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typically lasting five to six days. The main symptom is a barking cough and low-grade
4868:
4786:
4755:
4699:
4615:
4581:
4383:
4338:
4320:
3958:
3876:
3846:
3787:
3765:
3582:
3464:
2708:
2537:
2498:
2430:
2327:
2234:
2196:
2144:
2126:
2077:
2011:
1984:
1966:
1891:
1873:
1765:
1757:
1688:
1603:
1514:
1506:
1406:
1398:
1337:
1245:
1188:
1165:
1117:
1113:
855:
682:
395:
is a bacterial infection of the larynx which causes life-threatening swelling of the
112:
92:
59:
2407:
2403:
4912:
4516:
4465:
4375:
4290:
4200:
4027:
3687:
3628:
3592:
3407:
3400:
3264:
3185:
3024:
2960:
2809:
2134:
2118:
1974:
1958:
1881:
1865:
1749:
1678:
1668:
1593:
1585:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1155:
1147:
1109:
935:
863:
790:
678:
3555:
2039:
1823:
1464:
1387:"Acute epiglottitis in adults: an under-recognized and life-threatening condition"
4827:
4801:
4694:
4542:
4511:
4157:
3943:
3835:
3755:
3429:
3381:
3269:
3220:
3141:
3057:
2865:
2418:
1869:
1706:
1070:
879:
is the swelling and buildup of mucus in the bronchioles. It is usually caused by
750:
620:
601:
510:
246:
238:
1391:
South Dakota
Medicine: The Journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association
1151:
369:. However, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as
4922:
4640:
4630:
4487:
4445:
4310:
3782:
3367:
3029:
2940:
2860:
2670:
2665:
2166:
2069:
2003:
1753:
1494:
1239:
474:
431:
265:
242:
230:
226:
194:
116:
1435:
1238:
Martinez-Pitre PJ, Sabbula BR, Cascella M (2020). "Restrictive Lung
Disease".
447:, an infection of the lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, particularly
5029:
5014:
4646:
4402:
4315:
3721:
3561:
3459:
3173:
2884:
2130:
1970:
1877:
1761:
1738:"Trends in neonatal morbidity and mortality for very low birthweight infants"
1510:
1402:
1217:
876:
744:
624:
616:
589:
2388:
2384:
1737:
1386:
271:(DALY) rates from respiratory diseases by country (per 100,000 inhabitants).
4996:
4991:
4963:
4791:
4768:
4586:
4455:
4437:
4295:
3841:
3682:
3396:
3349:
2734:
2686:
2555:
2331:
2318:
Barrett ML, Smith MW, Elizhauser A, Honigman LS, Pines JM (December 2014).
2238:
2200:
2148:
2122:
2081:
2015:
1988:
1895:
1769:
1692:
1607:
1518:
1410:
1341:
1249:
1169:
1121:
1027:
906:
823:
726:
722:
689:
628:
597:
593:
573:
454:
392:
378:
283:
217:. Many obstructive lung diseases are managed by avoiding triggers (such as
148:
84:
51:
1962:
1589:
4850:
4845:
4625:
4223:
4185:
4087:
3953:
3655:
3494:
3441:
3424:
3419:
3372:
3327:
3178:
3126:
3093:
2965:
2694:
2626:
2589:
2544:
2479:
911:
794:
506:
426:
412:
382:
374:
366:
171:
156:
132:
124:
104:
64:
2367:
1673:
4710:
4687:
4606:
4501:
4278:
4273:
4195:
4152:
4093:
3931:
3414:
3014:
3000:
2975:
2950:
2945:
2879:
2750:
2726:
2675:
2549:
2514:
2489:
901:
740:
730:
717:
585:
396:
386:
214:
39:
1274:
123:. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the
4750:
4563:
4098:
3557:
3489:
3121:
2990:
2985:
2955:
2506:
1047:
648:
632:
612:
546:
517:
444:
370:
353:
303:
234:
218:
175:
128:
88:
80:
43:
2227:"Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States, 2012"
1208:
Sharma S (5 June 2006). Grier LR, Ouellette DR, Mosenifar Z (eds.).
31:
3891:
3504:
3389:
2789:
2522:
1385:
Westerhuis, Brian; Bietz, Mandi
Greenway; Lindemann, Janet (2013).
819:
739:, elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries. Most commonly it is
577:
560:
554:
466:
2326:(185). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
2233:(186). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
2105:
Friedman, Jeremy N; Rieder, Michael J; Walton, Jennifer M (2014).
3614:
2742:
2618:
916:
671:
570:
420:
278:
are a category of respiratory disease characterized by a loss of
222:
136:
100:
96:
47:
1824:"Meconium aspiration syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
4773:
4268:
3618:
2839:
2652:
2581:
2379:
1571:
1039:
895:
757:(or air spaces). It is usually due to congestive heart failure.
313:
250:
186:
152:
2317:
483:
4002:
3749:
2660:
1572:
Gomes-Filho IS, Passos JS, Seixas da Cruz S (December 2010).
1237:
1187:(22nd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 661–730.
960:
Deaths from respiratory diseases per million persons in 2012
458:
416:
408:
457:
is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as
328:
can help control symptoms and increase the quality of life.
4665:
4364:
2609:
705:
Pulmonary vascular diseases are conditions that affect the
1945:
Reuter, Suzanne; Moser, Chuanpit; Baack, Michelle (2014).
1305:
677:
A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is known as a
399:
with a mortality rate of 7% in adults and 1% in children.
753:, leakage of fluid from capillaries of the lung into the
505:
Malignant tumors of the respiratory system, particularly
2189:"Overview of Children in the Emergency Department, 2010"
1734:
1657:"Pleural effusion: diagnosis, treatment, and management"
1384:
389:
are also considered upper respiratory tract infections.
337:
based on evidence limited by a small number of studies.
229:, and with suppression of inflammation (such as through
411:(Laryngotracheobronchitis) is a viral infection of the
2460:
1099:
818:
occurs in full term or post-term infants who aspirate
233:) in severe cases. One common cause of COPD including
83:
conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make
2186:
443:
The most common lower respiratory tract infection is
2357:
2104:
1308:"Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease"
807:
is a condition that occurs after birth usually from
438:
348:
2224:
2195:(157). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1574:"Respiratory disease and the role of oral bacteria"
685:, tuberculosis, mesothelioma and other conditions.
46:is a respiratory disease, strongly associated with
2187:Wier LM, Yu H, Owens PL, Washington R (May 2013).
2001:
1622:"Primary ciliary dyskinesia: MedlinePlus Genetics"
332:Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease
2225:Witt WP, Wiess AJ, Elixhauser A (December 2014).
2068:Justice, Nathaniel A.; Le, Jacqueline K. (2022),
2040:"Bronchiolitis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
5027:
1944:
830:Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
2076:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2010:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1244:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
934:scanning can be useful to detect fluid such as
340:
2320:"Utilization of Intensive Care Services, 2011"
1654:
1185:Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine
293:
4726:
4239:
3541:
2446:
2163:"National Institutes of Health – common cold"
1742:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
700:
170:The study of respiratory disease is known as
2002:Jalota Sahota, Ruchi; Anjum, Fatima (2022),
1565:
256:
1312:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1201:
484:Upper and lower respiratory tract infection
461:and fungi can cause pneumonia, for example
181:
4733:
4719:
4253:
4246:
4232:
3548:
3534:
2453:
2439:
665:
659:congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
30:
3053:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
2138:
2067:
1978:
1885:
1851:
1682:
1672:
1597:
1465:"Croup: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1331:
1182:
1159:
733:– caused by invasive medical procedures).
4740:
955:
842:
520:types of respiratory system cancer are:
352:
260:
91:animals. They include conditions of the
3077:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1544:"Respiratory Disease & Oral Health"
1492:
1372:Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care
5028:
1207:
576:, almost always caused by exposure to
4714:
4227:
3529:
2434:
1947:"Respiratory Distress in the Newborn"
1926:from the original on 18 February 2023
1655:Karkhanis VS, Joshi JM (2012-06-22).
1650:
1648:
1646:
1369:
1275:"Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs)"
1036:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
600:frequently metastasizes to the lung.
357:Classic steeple sign indicating croup
318:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
199:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4612:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
3820:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
2286:
2274:from the original on 20 January 2022
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1301:
1299:
826:of pneumomediastinum also possible.
782:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
773:
290:and irregular chest wall movements.
3510:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
2256:
1493:Galioto, Nicholas J. (2017-04-15).
921:high-resolution computed tomography
537:Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
500:
322:acute respiratory distress syndrome
13:
4538:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
3825:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
3099:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
2462:Diseases of the respiratory system
2004:"Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema"
1852:Steinhorn, Robin H. (March 2010).
1643:
852:Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
608:may also metastasize to the lung.
161:severe acute respiratory syndromes
14:
5047:
3603:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2353:
1854:"Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension"
1348:
1296:
1102:Computers in Biology and Medicine
1081:from the original on 12 June 2020
653:Congenital malformations such as
463:severe acute respiratory syndrome
453:in Western countries. Worldwide,
439:Lower respiratory tract infection
363:upper respiratory tract infection
349:Upper respiratory tract infection
16:Disease of the respiratory system
4121:Vertically transmitted infection
1858:Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
1114:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.05.013
870:Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
847:Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
763:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
670:Pleural cavity diseases include
638:
225:), with symptom control such as
4213:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
4163:Group B streptococcal infection
3731:Intrauterine growth restriction
2338:from the original on 2015-04-02
2311:
2245:from the original on 2018-09-24
2218:
2207:from the original on 2013-12-03
2180:
2155:
2098:
2088:from the original on 2022-08-14
2061:
2050:from the original on 2023-01-30
2032:
2022:from the original on 2023-12-26
1995:
1938:
1902:
1845:
1834:from the original on 2022-05-11
1816:
1805:from the original on 2023-01-11
1787:
1776:from the original on 2022-05-06
1728:
1717:from the original on 2020-05-18
1699:
1632:from the original on 2023-02-19
1614:
1548:United Concordia Companies, Inc
1536:
1525:from the original on 2022-05-16
1486:
1475:from the original on 2023-02-19
1457:
1446:from the original on 2020-12-03
1428:
1417:from the original on 2022-09-22
1378:
1285:from the original on 2018-10-30
1256:from the original on 2022-01-28
1136:"COVID-19 and vascular disease"
951:
737:Pulmonary arterial hypertension
627:), along with chemotherapy and
312:). Some of the most common are
3556:Conditions originating in the
3515:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
2111:Paediatrics & Child Health
1661:Open Access Emergency Medicine
1324:10.1002/14651858.CD013040.pub2
1267:
1231:
1176:
1128:
1093:
1063:
928:from secretions such as sputum
787:prolonged rupture of membranes
507:primary carcinomas of the lung
302:) and/or destructive cycle of
245:include severe infections and
1:
3905:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
3089:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
1056:
269:disability-adjusted life year
237:, and chronic bronchitis, is
4946:Obstetric labor complication
4064:Periventricular leukomalacia
3882:Persistent fetal circulation
3830:Meconium aspiration syndrome
3072:Respiratory hypersensitivity
3010:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
1917:Food and Drug Administration
1870:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181c76cdc
1795:"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia"
1578:Journal of Oral Microbiology
886:
816:Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
341:Respiratory tract infections
7:
4570:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
4421:pulmonary stretch receptors
3973:Intraventricular hemorrhage
2981:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
1152:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102966
881:respiratory syncytial virus
674:which are mentioned above.
294:Chronic respiratory disease
10:
5052:
4941:Complications of pregnancy
4602:alveolar–arterial gradient
3978:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
3968:Velamentous cord insertion
3859:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2834:Acute exacerbation of COPD
1754:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.09.014
1210:"Restrictive Lung Disease"
946:Ventilation–perfusion scan
805:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
789:(PROM), maternal toxemia,
785:fetal asphyxia, genetics,
701:Pulmonary vascular disease
588:to occur within the lung.
534:Adenocarcinoma of the lung
530:Non-small cell lung cancer
489:Primary ciliary dyskinesia
249:. The definitive cause of
42:of an emphysematous lung;
5005:
4987:Connective tissue disease
4972:
4959:
4936:
4908:
4890:
4877:
4859:
4836:
4823:
4810:
4782:
4764:
4746:
4675:
4551:
4525:
4483:respiratory minute volume
4436:
4395:ventral respiratory group
4354:
4261:
4178:
4113:
4072:
4049:
4021:
4008:Necrotizing enterocolitis
3993:
3890:
3867:
3805:
3798:
3739:
3717:Large for gestational age
3713:Small for gestational age
3705:
3669:
3637:
3611:
3579:
3568:
3477:
3450:
3380:
3366:
3320:
3278:
3257:
3231:
3134:
3120:
3111:
3040:
2925:
2905:
2788:
2768:
2608:
2488:
2468:
2361:
1499:American Family Physician
1279:World Health Organization
926:Culture of microorganisms
540:Large cell lung carcinoma
495:
288:neuromuscular dysfunction
276:Restrictive lung diseases
257:Restrictive lung diseases
203:obstructive lung diseases
58:
38:
29:
24:
4977:Musculoskeletal disorder
4900:Gastrointestinal disease
4390:dorsal respiratory group
4284:obligate nasal breathing
2897:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
2890:Bronchiolitis obliterans
2756:Laryngotracheal stenosis
2703:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2681:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2639:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2567:Nasal septum perforation
450:Streptococcus pneumoniae
211:pulmonary function tests
182:Obstructive lung disease
4592:pulmonary gas pressures
4170:Neonatal conjunctivitis
3661:Single umbilical artery
3651:Umbilical cord prolapse
3598:Placental insufficiency
3571:complicating pregnancy,
2645:Retropharyngeal abscess
2268:British Lung Foundation
1495:"Peritonsillar Abscess"
1146:: 102966. August 2020.
941:Pulmonary function test
666:Pleural cavity diseases
655:pulmonary sequestration
623:) or of an entire lung
604:, germ cell cancer and
241:, and common causes of
4918:Female genital disease
4895:Maxillofacial disorder
4864:Cardiovascular disease
4346:mechanical ventilation
4255:Respiratory physiology
4146:ureaplasma urealyticum
3854:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
3778:Brachial plexus injury
3338:Pulmonary hypertension
3067:Eosinophilic pneumonia
2719:Vocal cord dysfunction
2562:Nasal septum deviation
2324:HCUP Statistical Brief
2231:HCUP Statistical Brief
2193:HCUP Statistical Brief
1023:
848:
809:mechanical ventilation
799:pulmonary hypertension
767:Goodpasture's syndrome
525:Small cell lung cancer
471:pneumocystis pneumonia
402:Haemophilus influenzae
358:
309:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
272:
121:muscles of respiration
4841:Neurological disorder
4597:alveolar gas equation
4533:pulmonary circulation
4094:Congenital hypertonia
3985:Anemia of prematurity
3693:Shoulder presentation
3465:Mediastinal emphysema
3244:Healthcare-associated
3174:Legionnaires' disease
2600:Peritonsillar abscess
2572:Nasal septal hematoma
1963:10.1542/pir.35-10-417
1590:10.3402/jom.v2i0.5811
1370:Walsh, Brian (2019).
959:
898:of the lung or pleura
846:
707:pulmonary circulation
356:
264:
5036:Respiratory diseases
4982:Soft tissue disorder
4928:Male genital disease
4741:Major Disease groups
4652:respiratory quotient
4507:body plethysmography
4426:Hering–Breuer reflex
4301:pulmonary surfactant
4099:Congenital hypotonia
4013:Meconium peritonitis
3815:Intrauterine hypoxia
3771:Subgaleal hemorrhage
3212:Mendelson's syndrome
3084:Hamman–Rich syndrome
2270:. 7 September 2015.
2123:10.1093/pch/19.9.485
1951:Pediatrics in Review
1864:(2 Suppl): S79–S84.
1707:"Pulmonary Embolism"
694:tension pneumothorax
672:pleural mesothelioma
606:renal cell carcinoma
566:Head and neck cancer
545:Other lung cancers (
306:, (e.g. mediated by
135:to life-threatening
73:Respiratory diseases
5010:Congenital disorder
4951:Postpartum disorder
4882:Respiratory disease
4815:Hematologic disease
4495:Lung function tests
4329:hyperresponsiveness
4208:Neonatal withdrawal
4191:Perinatal mortality
4041:Sclerema neonatorum
3897:hematologic disease
3485:Respiratory failure
3452:Mediastinal disease
3020:Bird fancier's lung
2595:Adenoid hypertrophy
1674:10.2147/OAEM.S29942
1397:(8): 309–311, 313.
1220:on 19 December 2008
326:shortness of breath
141:bacterial pneumonia
25:Respiratory disease
4797:Metabolic disorder
4662:diffusion capacity
4657:arterial blood gas
4637:carbonic anhydrase
4371:pneumotaxic center
4141:mycoplasma hominis
4126:Neonatal infection
4082:Gray baby syndrome
4059:Perinatal asphyxia
3949:Hyperbilirubinemia
3726:Postterm pregnancy
3573:labour or delivery
3390:Pleuritis/pleurisy
3343:Pulmonary embolism
3239:Community-acquired
3164:Atypical bacterial
3063:Löffler's syndrome
2844:Status asthmaticus
2829:Chronic bronchitis
2714:Vocal fold paresis
2528:Vasomotor rhinitis
1044:chronic bronchitis
1024:
849:
714:Pulmonary embolism
359:
273:
253:is not yet known.
207:airway obstruction
191:chronic bronchitis
145:pulmonary embolism
5023:
5022:
4869:Lymphatic disease
4787:Endocrine disease
4756:Parasitic disease
4708:
4707:
4616:Oxygen saturation
4582:zones of the lung
4321:airway resistance
4221:
4220:
4109:
4108:
3959:Neonatal jaundice
3877:Pneumopericardium
3847:Pneumomediastinum
3788:Klumpke paralysis
3766:Caput succedaneum
3701:
3700:
3569:Maternal factors
3523:
3522:
3473:
3472:
3430:Empyema/pyothorax
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3316:
3315:
3249:Hospital-acquired
3107:
3106:
2971:Caplan's syndrome
2764:
2763:
2709:Vocal fold nodule
2533:Atrophic rhinitis
2428:
2427:
1194:978-0-7020-5035-0
1038:, which includes
864:pleural effusions
856:caesarean section
838:ductus arteriosus
774:Neonatal diseases
683:pulmonary embolus
205:characterised by
119:, the nerves and
93:respiratory tract
70:
69:
19:Medical condition
5043:
4913:Urologic disease
4735:
4728:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4517:nitrogen washout
4376:apneustic center
4291:respiratory rate
4248:
4241:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4201:Infant mortality
4036:Erythema toxicum
4028:thermoregulation
3995:Gastrointestinal
3803:
3802:
3799:Affected systems
3676:
3644:
3629:Chorioamnionitis
3622:
3593:Placenta praevia
3586:
3577:
3576:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3408:Pleural effusion
3401:Hemopneumothorax
3378:
3377:
3132:
3131:
3118:
3117:
2961:Bauxite fibrosis
2926:External agents/
2923:
2922:
2854:Exercise-induced
2810:Acute bronchitis
2786:
2785:
2486:
2485:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2296:. Archived from
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2165:. Archived from
2159:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1652:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1550:. Archived from
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1216:. Archived from
1205:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1075:MeSH.nlm.nih.gov
1067:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
936:pleural effusion
791:chorioamnionitis
709:. Examples are:
679:pleural effusion
551:Kaposi's sarcoma
501:Malignant tumors
266:Age-standardised
34:
22:
21:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5001:
4968:
4955:
4932:
4904:
4886:
4873:
4855:
4832:
4828:Mental disorder
4819:
4806:
4802:Immune disorder
4778:
4760:
4742:
4739:
4709:
4704:
4695:oxygen toxicity
4671:
4559:ventilation (V)
4547:
4543:pulmonary shunt
4521:
4512:peak flow meter
4432:
4350:
4257:
4252:
4222:
4217:
4174:
4158:Neonatal sepsis
4105:
4074:Musculoskeletal
4068:
4045:
4026:
4017:
3989:
3944:Hydrops fetalis
3895:
3886:
3863:
3836:Pleural disease
3794:
3756:Cephalohematoma
3735:
3697:
3670:
3665:
3638:
3633:
3612:
3607:
3580:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3554:
3524:
3519:
3469:
3446:
3382:Pleural disease
3371:
3354:
3312:
3274:
3258:By distribution
3253:
3232:By vector/route
3227:
3125:
3113:
3103:
3058:Pulmonary edema
3036:
2931:
2927:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2866:Cystic fibrosis
2793:
2777:
2773:
2760:
2604:
2478:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2370:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2264:"What is COPD?"
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2070:"Bronchiolitis"
2066:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2044:medlineplus.gov
2038:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2000:
1996:
1957:(10): 417–429.
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1828:medlineplus.gov
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1748:(2): 147.e1–8.
1733:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1711:medlineplus.gov
1705:
1704:
1700:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1626:medlineplus.gov
1620:
1619:
1615:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1469:medlineplus.gov
1463:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1383:
1379:
1368:
1349:
1318:(1): CD013040.
1304:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1181:
1177:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1071:"Lung diseases"
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1022:
1021:
1020: 594–1,227
1017:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
991:
987:
985:
981:
979:
975:
973:
969:
967:
963:
954:
889:
776:
751:Pulmonary edema
703:
668:
641:
621:wedge resection
602:Prostate cancer
511:smoking tobacco
503:
498:
486:
441:
351:
343:
296:
280:lung compliance
259:
247:cystic fibrosis
239:tobacco smoking
231:corticosteroids
227:bronchodilators
201:(COPD) are all
184:
95:including the
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5049:
5039:
5038:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4923:Breast disease
4920:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4641:chloride shift
4634:
4631:Haldane effect
4628:
4623:
4618:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:FEV1/FVC ratio
4485:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4403:chemoreceptors
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4311:elastic recoil
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:herpes simplex
4133:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4051:Nervous system
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3869:Cardiovascular
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:umbilical cord
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3368:Pleural cavity
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3214:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3129:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3030:Lycoperdonosis
3027:
3022:
3017:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2941:Pneumoconiosis
2937:
2935:
2920:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2861:Bronchiectasis
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2783:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2673:
2671:Laryngeal cyst
2668:
2666:Laryngomalacia
2663:
2658:
2656:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2391:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:Classification
2355:
2354:External links
2352:
2349:
2348:
2310:
2285:
2255:
2217:
2179:
2154:
2117:(9): 485–491.
2097:
2060:
2031:
1994:
1937:
1901:
1844:
1815:
1786:
1727:
1698:
1642:
1613:
1564:
1535:
1505:(8): 501–506.
1485:
1456:
1442:. 2017-10-18.
1436:"Epiglottitis"
1427:
1377:
1347:
1295:
1266:
1230:
1200:
1193:
1175:
1127:
1092:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
961:
953:
950:
949:
948:
943:
938:
929:
923:
914:
909:
904:
899:
888:
885:
775:
772:
771:
770:
758:
748:
734:
702:
699:
667:
664:
663:
662:
651:
640:
637:
582:
581:
568:
563:
558:
543:
542:
541:
538:
535:
527:
502:
499:
497:
494:
485:
482:
475:pleural cavity
440:
437:
350:
347:
342:
339:
295:
292:
258:
255:
243:bronchiectasis
195:bronchiectasis
183:
180:
117:pleural cavity
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5048:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5016:
5015:Fetal disease
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4683:high altitude
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:Insufficiency
4674:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:oxyhemoglobin
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:hysteresivity
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:Preterm birth
3720:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3562:fetal disease
3559:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:Other/general
3476:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Mediastinitis
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:noninfectious
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:Obstructive /
3110:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Farmer's lung
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:Bronchiolitis
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2300:on 2008-04-11
2299:
2295:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2169:on 2008-10-01
2168:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1554:on 2016-03-04
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:(1): 118–29.
1107:
1103:
1096:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1014: 441–593
1008: 366–440
1002: 309–365
996: 276–308
990: 226-–75
984: 197–225
978: 170–196
972: 126–169
958:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
933:
930:
927:
924:
922:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
897:
894:
893:
892:
884:
882:
878:
877:Bronchiolitis
874:
871:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
845:
841:
839:
835:
834:foramen ovale
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:
806:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
749:
746:
745:cor pulmonale
742:
738:
735:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
708:
698:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
675:
673:
660:
656:
652:
650:
646:
645:
644:
639:Benign tumors
636:
634:
630:
626:
625:pneumonectomy
622:
618:
617:segmentectomy
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:Breast cancer
587:
579:
575:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
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519:
514:
512:
508:
493:
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428:
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406:
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372:
368:
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355:
346:
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329:
327:
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305:
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291:
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270:
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146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:air-breathing
87:difficult in
86:
82:
78:
77:lung diseases
74:
66:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:H&E stain
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
23:
4997:Chondropathy
4992:Bone disease
4964:Skin disease
4881:
4792:Malnutrition
4769:Benign tumor
4587:gas exchange
4552:Interactions
4477:calculations
4438:Lung volumes
4401:
4382:
4363:
4334:constriction
4296:respirometer
4086:
3842:Pneumothorax
3834:
3806:
3748:
3741:Birth trauma
3683:Breech birth
3673:presentation
3671:
3639:
3613:
3581:
3397:Pneumothorax
3350:Lung abscess
3332:
3202:
3191:Pneumocystis
3152:Pneumococcal
2933:lung disease
2929:occupational
2907:Interstitial
2872:
2816:
2802:
2775:lung disease
2774:
2741:
2735:Epiglottitis
2725:
2693:
2687:Laryngospasm
2651:
2632:Strep throat
2617:
2580:
2556:nasal septum
2554:
2513:
2497:
2461:
2412:
2393:
2374:
2340:. Retrieved
2323:
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:the original
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2267:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2230:
2220:
2209:. Retrieved
2192:
2182:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:the original
2157:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2090:, retrieved
2073:
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2043:
2034:
2024:, retrieved
2007:
1997:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1916:
1904:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1836:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1799:www.lung.org
1798:
1789:
1778:. Retrieved
1745:
1741:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1664:
1660:
1634:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1547:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1502:
1498:
1488:
1477:. Retrieved
1468:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1439:
1430:
1419:. Retrieved
1394:
1390:
1380:
1371:
1315:
1311:
1287:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1258:. Retrieved
1240:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1213:
1203:
1184:
1178:
1143:
1140:eBioMedicine
1139:
1130:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1052:
1033:
1028:common colds
1025:
966: 19–125
952:Epidemiology
919:, including
907:Bronchoscopy
890:
875:
868:
850:
828:
824:pneumothorax
814:
803:
780:
777:
727:air embolism
723:fat embolism
704:
690:pneumothorax
687:
676:
669:
642:
629:radiotherapy
610:
598:colon cancer
583:
574:mesothelioma
518:histological
515:
504:
487:
479:
455:tuberculosis
448:
442:
425:
407:
400:
393:Epiglottitis
391:
379:otitis media
360:
344:
335:
331:
330:
307:
297:
284:tissue death
274:
185:
169:
153:acute asthma
149:tuberculosis
85:gas exchange
81:pathological
76:
72:
71:
4851:Ear disease
4846:Eye disease
4626:Bohr effect
4526:Circulation
4262:Respiration
4186:Miscarriage
4088:muscle tone
3954:Kernicterus
3807:Respiratory
3783:Erb's palsy
3688:Asynclitism
3656:Nuchal cord
3495:Common cold
3442:Fibrothorax
3425:Chylothorax
3420:Hydrothorax
3373:mediastinum
3333:circulatory
3328:Atelectasis
3135:By pathogen
3127:pneumonitis
3114:Restrictive
3094:Sarcoidosis
2966:Berylliosis
2912:restrictive
2873:unspecified
2795:obstructive
2778:(including
2695:vocal cords
2627:Pharyngitis
2590:Tonsillitis
2545:Nasal polyp
2480:common cold
2473:(including
1374:. Elsevier.
912:Chest X-ray
795:atelectatic
427:Tonsillitis
413:vocal cords
383:pharyngitis
375:tonsillitis
367:common cold
172:pulmonology
157:lung cancer
133:pharyngitis
125:common cold
105:bronchioles
65:Pulmonology
4688:death zone
4607:hemoglobin
4502:spirometry
4461:dead space
4414:peripheral
4339:dilatation
4325:bronchial
4306:compliance
4279:exhalation
4274:inhalation
4196:Stillbirth
4153:Omphalitis
4114:Infections
4023:Integument
3415:Hemothorax
3217:Aspiration
3179:Chlamydiae
3169:Mycoplasma
3157:Klebsiella
3015:Bagassosis
3001:Byssinosis
2976:Chalicosis
2951:Asbestosis
2946:Aluminosis
2880:Bronchitis
2751:Tracheitis
2727:epiglottis
2676:Laryngitis
2550:Rhinorrhea
2342:2015-04-06
2304:2008-05-06
2249:2015-04-06
2211:2013-07-17
2173:2008-05-07
2092:2022-05-14
2074:StatPearls
2054:2022-05-14
2026:2022-05-14
2008:StatPearls
1838:2022-05-11
1809:2022-05-07
1780:2022-05-06
1721:2022-03-22
1636:2022-05-16
1558:2015-01-19
1529:2022-05-16
1479:2022-05-16
1450:2022-05-16
1421:2022-05-16
1289:2020-10-05
1260:2020-12-04
1241:StatPearls
1224:2008-04-19
1057:References
932:Ultrasound
902:Blood test
860:macrosomia
741:idiopathic
731:iatrogenic
718:blood clot
647:Pulmonary
586:metastases
516:The major
397:epiglottis
387:laryngitis
300:neutrophil
219:dust mites
215:spirometry
163:, such as
40:Micrograph
4751:Infection
4564:Perfusion
3922:Anti-Kell
3560:period /
3558:perinatal
3490:Influenza
3435:Malignant
3198:Parasitic
3147:Bacterial
3122:Pneumonia
2991:Silicosis
2986:Siderosis
2956:Baritosis
2790:Bronchial
2538:Hay fever
2507:Sinusitis
2131:1205-7088
1971:0191-9601
1878:1529-7535
1762:1097-6868
1667:: 31–52.
1511:0002-838X
1403:0038-3317
1085:14 August
1048:emphysema
887:Diagnosis
649:hamartoma
633:histology
613:lobectomy
547:carcinoid
445:pneumonia
371:sinusitis
304:infection
235:emphysema
176:physician
129:influenza
60:Specialty
44:emphysema
5030:Category
4575:V/Q scan
3892:Bleeding
3583:placenta
3505:COVID-19
3298:BOOP-COP
3265:Broncho-
3208:Chemical
2996:Talcosis
2917:fibrosis
2770:Lower RT
2523:Rhinitis
2470:Upper RT
2336:Archived
2332:25654157
2272:Archived
2243:Archived
2239:25695124
2205:Archived
2201:24006551
2149:25414585
2086:archived
2082:28722988
2048:Archived
2020:archived
2016:32809319
1989:25274969
1921:Archived
1896:20216169
1832:Archived
1803:Archived
1774:Archived
1770:17306659
1715:Archived
1693:27147861
1630:Archived
1608:21523216
1584:: 5811.
1523:Archived
1519:28409615
1473:Archived
1444:Archived
1415:Archived
1411:24175495
1342:33511633
1283:Archived
1254:Archived
1250:32809715
1214:Medscape
1170:32829782
1122:27286184
1079:Archived
820:meconium
578:asbestos
561:Lymphoma
555:melanoma
467:COVID-19
213:such as
165:COVID-19
139:such as
137:diseases
4700:hypoxia
4621:2,3-BPG
4409:central
4384:medulla
4356:Control
4131:rubella
3761:Chignon
3615:chorion
2817:chronic
2743:trachea
2619:pharynx
2499:sinuses
2419:D012140
2140:4235450
1980:4533247
1887:2843001
1684:4753987
1599:3084574
1333:8095032
1161:7438984
917:CT scan
755:alveoli
661:(CCAM).
571:Pleural
459:viruses
421:trachea
365:is the
223:smoking
113:pleurae
109:alveoli
101:bronchi
97:trachea
48:smoking
4774:Cancer
4269:breath
3706:Growth
3619:amnion
3186:Fungal
2840:Asthma
2653:larynx
2582:tonsil
2330:
2278:16 May
2237:
2199:
2147:
2137:
2129:
2080:
2014:
1987:
1977:
1969:
1930:11 May
1894:
1884:
1876:
1768:
1760:
1691:
1681:
1606:
1596:
1517:
1509:
1440:nhs.uk
1409:
1401:
1340:
1330:
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1191:
1168:
1158:
1120:
1040:asthma
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
896:Biopsy
496:Tumors
320:, and
314:asthma
251:asthma
187:Asthma
159:, and
131:, and
79:, are
4179:Other
4003:Ileus
3750:scalp
3321:Other
3270:Lobar
3221:Lipid
3142:Viral
3041:Other
2803:acute
2780:LRTIs
2705:(LPR)
2683:(LPR)
2661:Croup
2641:(LPR)
2475:URTIs
1924:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1910:"FDA"
619:, or
594:liver
580:dust.
432:uvula
417:fever
409:Croup
75:, or
4666:DLCO
4566:(Q)
4365:pons
3937:Rh E
3932:Rh D
3927:Rh c
3500:SARS
3303:NSIP
3048:ARDS
2849:AERD
2824:COPD
2610:Neck
2515:nose
2490:Head
2414:MeSH
2399:9-CM
2328:PMID
2280:2019
2235:PMID
2197:PMID
2145:PMID
2127:ISSN
2078:PMID
2012:PMID
1985:PMID
1967:ISSN
1932:2022
1892:PMID
1874:ISSN
1766:PMID
1758:ISSN
1689:PMID
1604:PMID
1515:PMID
1507:ISSN
1407:PMID
1399:ISSN
1338:PMID
1246:PMID
1189:ISBN
1166:PMID
1118:PMID
1087:2019
1046:and
765:and
716:, a
657:and
469:and
385:and
197:and
174:. A
4471:PEF
4451:FRC
4025:and
3917:ABO
3912:HDN
3894:and
3293:DIP
3288:UIP
3280:IIP
2408:519
2404:460
2395:ICD
2389:J99
2385:J00
2376:ICD
2135:PMC
2119:doi
1975:PMC
1959:doi
1882:PMC
1866:doi
1750:doi
1746:196
1679:PMC
1669:doi
1594:PMC
1586:doi
1328:PMC
1320:doi
1156:PMC
1148:doi
1110:doi
836:or
221:or
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4466:CC
4456:Vt
4446:VC
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