Tuberculosis - Knowledge

1465: 2115: 2127: 1758:, i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics. The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is of poor quality. There is no strong evidence indicating that directly observed therapy improves the number of people who were cured or the number of people who complete their medicine. Moderate quality evidence suggests that there is also no difference if people are observed at home versus at a clinic, or by a family member versus a health care worker. 1735:

treatment less than 6 months, even though the difference is small. Shorter treatment regimen may be recommended for those with compliance issues. There is also no evidence to support shorter anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens when compared to a 6-month treatment regimen. However, results presented in 2020 from an international, randomized, controlled clinical trial indicate that a four-month daily treatment regimen containing high-dose, or "optimized", rifapentine with moxifloxacin (2PHZM/2PHM) is as safe and effective as the existing standard six-month daily regimen at curing drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) disease.

2139: 12629: 1803: 351:. As of 2018, most TB cases occurred in the regions of South-East Asia (44%), Africa (24%), and the Western Pacific (18%), with more than 50% of cases being diagnosed in seven countries: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%), the Philippines (6%), Pakistan (6%), Nigeria (4%), and Bangladesh (4%). By 2021, the number of new cases each year was decreasing by around 2% annually. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive, while 5–10% of people in the United States test positive via the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since 1142: 13726: 1393: 2495:

Despite this, studies on the relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking as of 2010, and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective. Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease, and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma, as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable. A greater understanding of the social and cultural dimensions of tuberculosis may also help with stigma reduction.

2221: 2455:– Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government as of 2014, although adherence is often variable. Commercial treatment providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. 780: 1545: 642: 391: 1775:

longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012, and has also been found in Iran and India. There is some efficacy for

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with the European region achieving 19% and the African region achieving 16% reductions. Similarly, the number of deaths only fell by 14%, missing the 2020 milestone of a 35% reduction, with some regions making better progress (31% reduction in Europe and 19% in Africa). Correspondingly, also treatment, prevention and funding milestones were missed in 2020, for example only 6.3 million people were started on TB prevention short of the target of 30 million.

42: 2069:(WHO), in 2000–2015, India's estimated mortality rate dropped from 55 to 36 per 100,000 population per year with estimated 480 thousand people died of TB in 2015. In India a major proportion of tuberculosis patients are being treated by private partners and private hospitals. Evidence indicates that the tuberculosis national survey does not represent the number of cases that are diagnosed and recorded by private clinics and hospitals in India. 1654: 1120: 359: 2434:, and the U.S. government are subsidizing a fast-acting diagnostic tuberculosis test for use in low- and middle-income countries as of 2012. In addition to being fast-acting, the test can determine if there is resistance to the antibiotic rifampicin which may indicate multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and is accurate in those who are also infected with HIV. Many resource-poor places as of 2011 have access to only sputum microscopy. 1303: 517: 2604: 985: 1977:. Those at high risk thus include: people who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather (e.g., prisons and homeless shelters), medically underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnic minorities, children in close contact with high-risk category patients, and health-care providers serving these patients. 1564: 1138:, latent TB infections (sometimes called LTBI), with only a 10% lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt, active tuberculous disease. In those with HIV, the risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10% a year. If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%. 697:, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due to either better air flow, or poor 629:(MDR-TB), surgery has been re-introduced for certain cases of TB infections. It involves the removal of infected chest cavities ("bullae") in the lungs to reduce the number of bacteria and to increase exposure of the remaining bacteria to antibiotics in the bloodstream. Hopes of eliminating TB ended with the rise of 2005:

been dramatically dampened because of many factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.

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etc.), and are additionally more likely to be exposed to crowded and poorly ventilated spaces. Inadequate healthcare also means that people with active disease who facilitate spread are not diagnosed and treated promptly; sick people thus remain in the infectious state and (continue to) spread the infection.

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or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs,

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The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe; about 80% of the population in many African, Caribbean, South Asian, and eastern European countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the U.S. population test positive. Hopes of totally controlling the disease have

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In people with smear-positive pulmonary TB (without HIV co-infection), after 5 years without treatment, 50-60% die while 20-25% achieve spontaneous resolution (cure). TB is almost always fatal in those with untreated HIV co-infection and death rates are increased even with antiretroviral treatment of

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strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common. The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.

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Public health campaigns which have focused on overcrowding, public spitting and regular sanitation (including hand washing) during the 1800s helped to either interrupt or slow spread which when combined with contact tracing, isolation and treatment helped to dramatically curb the transmission of both

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It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, Western Europe, and the United States, BCG is administered to only those people at high risk. Part

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surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune

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One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence.

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Socioeconomic status (SES) strongly affects TB risk. People of low SES are both more likely to contract TB and to be more severely affected by the disease. Those with low SES are more likely to be affected by risk factors for developing TB (e.g., malnutrition, indoor air pollution, HIV co-infection,

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Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment and appointments may result in a small but important improvement. There is also not enough evidence to support intermittent rifampicin-containing therapy given two to three times a week has equal effectiveness as daily dose regimen on improving

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and is typically found in the top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the

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with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the

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People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people

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The government of Brazil provides universal TB care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates but may be tied to an increased level of education, income, and health of the population. Costs of

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In 2014, the WHO adopted the "End TB" strategy which aims to reduce TB incidence by 80% and TB deaths by 90% by 2030. The strategy contains a milestone to reduce TB incidence by 20% and TB deaths by 35% by 2020. However, by 2020 only a 9% reduction in incidence per population was achieved globally,

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either had the disease or were surrounded by people who did. A widespread belief was that tuberculosis assisted artistic talent. Physical mechanisms proposed for this effect included the slight fever and toxaemia that it caused, allegedly helping them to see life more clearly and to act decisively.

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There is insufficient data to show that active contact tracing helps to improve case detection rates for tuberculosis. Interventions such as house-to-house visits, educational leaflets, mass media strategies, educational sessions may increase tuberculosis detection rates in short-term. There is no

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In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. In Europe, deaths from TB fell from 500 out of 100,000 in 1850 to 50 out of 100,000 by 1950. Improvements in public health were reducing tuberculosis even before the arrival of antibiotics, although the disease

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These analyses indicate that smokers are almost twice as likely to be infected with TB and to progress to active disease (RR of about 1.5 for latent TB infection (LTBI) and RR of ~2.0 for TB disease). Smokers are also twice as likely to die from TB (RR of about 2.0 for TB mortality), but data are

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Tuberculosis incidence is seasonal, with peaks occurring every spring and summer. The reasons for this are unclear, but may be related to vitamin D deficiency during the winter. There are also studies linking tuberculosis to different weather conditions like low temperature, low humidity and low

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may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is

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If TB bacteria gain entry to the blood stream from an area of damaged tissue, they can spread throughout the body and set up many foci of infection, all appearing as tiny, white tubercles in the tissues. This severe form of TB disease, most common in young children and those with HIV, is called

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gives evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then transferred to humans, or whether both bovine and human tuberculosis diverged from a common ancestor, remains unclear. A comparison of the

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for the first two months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months. Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative. Treatment with anti-TB drugs for at least 6 months results in higher success rates when compared with

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Stigma towards TB may result in delays in seeking treatment, lower treatment compliance, and family members keeping cause of death secret – allowing the disease to spread further. In contrast, in Russia stigma was associated with increased treatment compliance. TB stigma also affects socially

2448:-healthcare report finds there is a need to address apathy and urges for increased funding. The report cites among others Lucica Ditui " is like an orphan. It has been neglected even in countries with a high burden and often forgotten by donors and those investing in health interventions." 1638:

The benefits and risks of giving anti-tubercular drugs to those exposed to MDR-TB is unclear. Making HAART therapy available to HIV-positive individuals significantly reduces the risk of progression to an active TB infection by up to 90% and can mitigate the spread through this population.

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Robert Koch did not believe the cattle and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. During the first half of the 1900s, the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced after the application of the

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In 2018, one quarter of the world's population was thought to have a latent infection of TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2022, an estimated 10.6 million people developed active TB, resulting in 1.3 million deaths, making it the second leading

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and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat. In 1946, the development of the antibiotic streptomycin made effective treatment and cure of TB a reality. Prior to the introduction of this medication, the only treatment was surgical intervention, including the

1957:). Of these, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV. In 2018, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent. The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. 550:, showing a seasonal pattern. Tuberculosis caused widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as the disease became common among the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France. 1952:

do not cause disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred (most of these occurring in

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Burdon-Sanderson, John Scott. (1870) "Introductory Report on the Intimate Pathology of Contagion." Appendix to: Twelfth Report to the Lords of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council , Parliamentary Papers (1870), vol. 38,

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is used primarily in public health programs. In 2015, it launched the End TB Strategy to reduce deaths by 95% and incidence by 90% before 2035. The goal of tuberculosis elimination is being hampered by the lack of rapid testing, short and effective treatment courses, and

367: 423:(MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as researchers previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the 654:. However, tuberculosis may infect many organs, even though it most commonly occurs in the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis). Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB. 363: 1256:

in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death

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Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Tabarsi P, Ghanavi J, ZiaZarifi AH, et al. (August 2009). "Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran".

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Progression from TB infection to overt TB disease occurs when the bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply. In primary TB disease (some 1–5% of cases), this occurs soon after the initial infection. However, in the majority of cases, a

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Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) at a dose of 100 mg per day has been shown to improve clinical signs and symptoms, reduce cavitary lesions, lower inflammatory markers, and increase the rate of sputum-negative conversion in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Ryan TJ, Livingstone PG, Ramsey DS, de Lisle GW, Nugent G, Collins DM, et al. (February 2006). "Advances in understanding disease epidemiology and implications for control and eradication of tuberculosis in livestock: the experience from New Zealand".

1169:. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use 1980:

The rate of tuberculosis varies with age. In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), tuberculosis is mainly a disease of the elderly and

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Russia has achieved particularly dramatic progress with a decline in its TB mortality rate—from 61.9 per 100,000 in 1965 to 2.7 per 100,000 in 1993; however, mortality rate increased to 24 per 100,000 in 2005 and then recoiled to 11 per 100,000 by 2015.

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as well as existing drugs. There were initial concerns about the safety of this drug, but later research on larger groups found that this regimen improved health outcomes. By 2017 the drug was used in at least 89 countries. Another new drug is

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in Kentucky from 1839 onwards, brought a number of people with tuberculosis into the cave in the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air; each died within a year. Hermann Brehmer opened the first TB

1992:, especially in remote areas. Factors contributing to this include higher prevalence of predisposing health conditions and behaviours, and overcrowding and poverty. In some Canadian Indigenous groups, genetic susceptibility may play a role. 1621:

that aimed to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they set were not achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. A

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in diameter. A single sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets. Each one of these droplets may transmit the disease, since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small (the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection).

2532:, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $ 280 million (US) from the 1325:

Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who have a weakened immune system. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or

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cure rates and reducing relapsing rates. There is also not enough evidence on effectiveness of giving intermittent twice or thrice weekly short course regimen compared to daily dosing regimen in treating children with tuberculosis.

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extract of the tubercle bacilli as a "remedy" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it "tuberculin". Although it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis.

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active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others.

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The main symptoms of variants and stages of tuberculosis are given, with many symptoms overlapping with other variants, while others are more, but not entirely, specific for certain variants. Multiple variants may be present

453:. When one member of a family died from the disease, the other infected members would lose their health slowly. People believed this was caused by the original person with TB draining the life from the other family members. 2513:. Two main approaches are used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines. 1793:

For those with known rifampicin or MDR-TB, molecular tests such as the Genotype MTBDRsl Assay (performed on culture isolates or smear positive specimens) may be useful to detect second-line anti-tubercular drug resistance.

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Ibanga HB, Brookes RH, Hill PC, Owiafe PK, Fletcher HA, Lienhardt C, et al. (August 2006). "Early clinical trials with a new tuberculosis vaccine, MVA85A, in tuberculosis-endemic countries: issues in study design".

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is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with

3707:(The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady takes its name, that is, consumption.) 715:

In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in people with a

12012: 3705:"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption." 1476:(WHO) has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and a small decrease in case numbers. Some countries have legislation to involuntarily detain or examine those suspected to have tuberculosis, or 12785: 12770: 12751: 2081:

have a fivefold greater mortality from TB, and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases. The overall tuberculosis case rate in the United States was 3 per 100,000 persons in 2017.

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By the 1950s mortality in Europe had decreased about 90%. Improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and other public-health measures began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of

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The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active ("overt") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with

12565: 12172: 1575:, up to 35% of those affected by TB were also infected by HIV. Handling of TB-infected patients in US hospitals was known to create airborne TB that could infect others, especially in unventilated spaces. 565:(tuberculous arthritis) was opened in London in 1867. Whatever the benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years ( 5022:

Kommareddi S, Abramowsky CR, Swinehart GL, Hrabak L (November 1984). "Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: comparison of the fluorescent auramine-O and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques in tissue diagnosis".

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In South Africa, 54,200 people died in 2022 from TB. The incidence rate was 468 per 100,000 people; in 2015, this was 988 per 100,000. The total incidence was 280,000 in 2022; in 2015, this was 552,000.

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Jay SJ, Kırbıyık U, Woods JR, Steele GA, Hoyt GR, Schwengber RB, et al. (November 2018). "Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America".

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Korthals Altes H, Kremer K, Erkens C, van Soolingen D, Wallinga J (May 2012). "Tuberculosis seasonality in the Netherlands differs between natives and non-natives: a role for vitamin D deficiency?".

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In 2010, rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139.

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of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's usefulness as a screening tool. Several vaccines are being developed.

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China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004 and 2014.

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in 2009 may exceed US$ 150 billion per year in "high burden" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up – as among the 250 million

1364:). However, the difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture. Thus, treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed. 12599: 7593:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities, 1994" 1111:

Tobacco smoking increases the risk of infections (in addition to increasing the risk of active disease and death). Additional factors increasing infection susceptibility include young age.

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The treatment takes three to nine months depending on the medications used. People with latent infections are treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life.

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India had the highest total number of TB cases worldwide in 2010, in part due to poor disease management within the private and public health care sector. Programs such as the

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as a major public health issue in most developed economies. Other risk factors which worsened TB spread such as malnutrition were also ameliorated, but since the emergence of

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The most important risk factor globally for developing active TB is concurrent HIV infection; 13% of those with TB are also infected with HIV. This is a particular problem in

14129: 4996: 866:(also called sputum), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an 8869: 7675:"Part III DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910 [Docket No. H-371] RIN 1218-AB46 Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis" 2548:, which was first approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2013 to be used in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients, and by 2017 was used in at least 54 countries. 2483:

associated with TB. Stigma may be due to the fear of transmission from affected individuals. This stigma may additionally arise due to links between TB and poverty, and in

1280:. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages ( 11999: 2114: 633:

strains in the 1980s. The subsequent resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993.

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To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development as of 2006, including prizes, tax incentives, and

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demonstrated that tuberculosis could be transmitted, via inoculation, from humans to animals and among animals. (Villemin's findings were confirmed in 1867 and 1868 by

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Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial

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In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. In the 18th and 19th century,

8030: 1099:, malnutrition, young age, recently acquired TB infection, recreational drug use, severe kidney disease, low body weight, organ transplant, head and neck cancer, and 14174: 14164: 2854: 604:(BCG). The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France, but achieved widespread acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and Germany only after World War II. 12555: 7099:"Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of U.S. Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019" 12519:

Ward AI, Judge J, Delahay RJ (January 2010). "Farm husbandry and badger behaviour: opportunities to manage badger to cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis?".

12176: 7661:"DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910 [Docket No. H-371] RIN 1218-AB46 Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis" 3934: 247:. Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic 6988:

Amicosante M, Ciccozzi M, Markova R (April 2010). "Rational use of immunodiagnostic tools for tuberculosis infection: guidelines and cost effectiveness studies".

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Reavill DR, Schmidt RE (January 2012). "Mycobacterial lesions in fish, amphibians, reptiles, rodents, lagomorphs, and ferrets with reference to animal models".

10006: 5714: 3906: 14520: 9207: 9279:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 8418: 3795: 1539: 6795: 561:

that resembled prisons. The sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention. What later became known as the

10679: 10323: 6608:"Interferon-γ release assays for active pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis in adults in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis" 3333:

Pearce-Duvet JM (August 2006). "The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease".

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The recommended treatment of new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis, as of 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin, isoniazid,

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Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases. The

14799: 12930: 10896: 10876:'If you don't cry when Bing Crosby tells Ingrid Bergman she has tuberculosis', Joseph McBride wrote in 1973, 'I never want to meet you, and that's that.' 2452: 3999: 52:

of a person with advanced tuberculosis: Infection in both lungs is marked by white arrow-heads, and the formation of a cavity is marked by black arrows.

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occurs with no obvious symptoms. These dormant bacilli produce active tuberculosis in 5–10% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.

327:(BCG) vaccine. Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple 8998: 6816:"Commercial serological tests for the diagnosis of active pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 819:

every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an

9783: 9361: 562: 12588: 11374:"Contact tracing strategies in household and congregate environments to identify cases of tuberculosis in low- and moderate-incidence populations" 10992:"Xpert® MTB/RIF assay: development, evaluation and implementation of a new rapid molecular diagnostic for tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance" 3557: 685:

and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e., they remain asymptomatic). Occasionally, people may

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Lambert ML, Hasker E, Van Deun A, Roberfroid D, Boelaert M, Van der Stuyft P (May 2003). "Recurrence in tuberculosis: relapse or reinfection?".

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Rothel JS, Andersen P (December 2005). "Diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: is the demise of the Mantoux test imminent?".

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White PC, Böhm M, Marion G, Hutchings MR (September 2008). "Control of bovine tuberculosis in British livestock: there is no 'silver bullet'".

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However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and

10185: 2487:. Such stigmatization may be both real and perceived; for example, in Ghana, individuals with TB are banned from attending public gatherings. 1506:(BCG). In children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20% and the risk of infection turning into active disease by nearly 60%. 14328: 14119: 10227: 2967: 2438: 1464: 9950: 9263: 5742: 5132:"Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda" 3122: 3100: 1985:(risk factors are listed above). Worldwide, 22 "high-burden" states or countries together experience 80% of cases as well as 83% of deaths. 600:

achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis. It was called

13388: 10295: 9401: 5602: 5566: 2926: 2891: 2686: 2138: 11931: 6705:"Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5280: 756:

of the spine), among others. A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis"; it is also known as

14684: 13383: 12424: 11820: 11789: 10571: 10548: 10171: 9865: 7735: 6974: 6424: 6202: 5520:

Ahmed N, Hasnain SE (September 2011). "Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in India: moving forward with a systems biology approach".

5075: 4982: 4816: 4760: 4696: 4616: 4440:

Lalloo UG, Naidoo R, Ambaram A (May 2006). "Recent advances in the medical and surgical treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis".

4426: 4395: 4291: 4059: 3728: 2810: 2190:

was the most common nineteenth century English word for the disease, and was also in use well into the twentieth century. The Latin root

10941: 9911:

Shkolnikov VM, Meslé F (1996). "The Russian Epidemiological Crisis as Mirrored by Mortality Trends". In DaVanzo J, Farnsworth G (eds.).

8742: 8457: 6779: 6455: 6085: 6015: 5874: 3690: 2234:, 1885–1886, depicts the illness of his sister Sophie, who died of tuberculosis when Edvard was 14; his mother also died of the disease. 14114: 12595: 9233: 8361:

Grace AG, Mittal A, Jain S, Tripathy JP, Satyanarayana S, Tharyan P, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (December 2019).

5598: 5421:"Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies" 4025: 3027: 2509:

The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in

1453: 1441:. IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone. 7343: 4514: 3871: 1617:

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a

14789: 14476: 9012:

Theron G, Peter J, Richardson M, Warren R, Dheda K, Steingart KR, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (September 2016).

8074:"Update of Recommendations for Use of Once-Weekly Isoniazid-Rifapentine Regimen to Treat Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection" 5973:

Möller M, Hoal EG (March 2010). "Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis".

5091:"A novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Canetti: characterization of an exceptional isolate from Africa" 4111: 1346:(IGRA) and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in most of the developing world. IGRA have similar limitations in those with HIV. 12678: 12660: 11065:"The Stop TB Partnership, which operates through a secretariat hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, Switzerland" 10083: 8716: 8525:

Liu Q, Abba K, Alejandria MM, Sinclair D, Balanag VM, Lansang MA, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (November 2014).

14691: 9928: 1421:, on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test. These are not affected by immunization or most 557:

list in Britain. Campaigns started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter

11049: 10468: 10349: 5000: 2584:. Because the disease can spread through the air to infect both humans and other animals, it is a public health concern affecting 681:

If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include

13985: 13231: 12717: 8884: 2086: 1284:) and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria and thus can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate 720:

and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the

10613: 9072: 4340:

Comstock GW (September 1994). "The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research".

2710:

Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders

1743:

If tuberculosis recurs, testing to determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to is important before determining treatment. If

14617: 14540: 14159: 13612: 13017: 12173:"European Medicines Agency - News and Events - European Medicines Agency recommends two new treatment options for tuberculosis" 11708: 2504: 473:

conjectured in 1720 that consumptions were caused by microbes which were spread by people living close to each other. In 1819,

62: 9754: 8805: 7244: 14804: 12418: 11814: 11783: 10935: 10542: 10448: 10392: 10165: 9859: 8451: 8044: 7729: 6968: 6773: 6449: 6418: 6196: 6079: 6049: 5274: 5069: 4976: 4810: 4783: 4754: 4690: 4610: 4579: 4545: 4420: 4389: 4285: 4094: 3993: 3182: 3007: 2961: 2848: 2804: 2717: 2078: 535: 7146:

Coker R, Thomas M, Lock K, Martin R (2007). "Detention and the evolving threat of tuberculosis: evidence, ethics, and law".

4305:

Bonah C (December 2005). "The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933".

3031: 1448:(USPSTF) has recommended screening people who are at high risk for latent tuberculosis with either tuberculin skin tests or 14794: 14708: 11835: 9811: 4029: 11323:

Mhimbira FA, Cuevas LE, Dacombe R, Mkopi A, Sinclair D, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (November 2017).

10032: 5951: 5181:"Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon" 2471:

study that compares new methods of contact tracing such as social network analysis with existing contact tracing methods.

13990: 12804: 7268:"Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis" 2239: 13355: 13334: 6216:

Herrmann JL, Lagrange PH (February 2005). "Dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: which is the Trojan horse?".

1770:

Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible

469:

as a pathology in 1689, due to the variety of its symptoms, TB was not identified as a single disease until the 1820s.

14674: 13798: 13299: 13133: 9097: 7749:

Uplekar M, Weil D, Lonnroth K, Jaramillo E, Lienhardt C, Dias HM, et al. (May 2015). "WHO's new end TB strategy".

2622: 2252:

qualities among those infected, and was also known as "the romantic disease". Major artistic figures such as the poets

890: 737: 547: 13421: 11854: 11726: 11214: 10786: 6099:

Houben EN, Nguyen L, Pieters J (February 2006). "Interaction of pathogenic mycobacteria with the host immune system".

5721: 14701: 14634: 14629: 14570: 14565: 14321: 13926: 13226: 12946: 11909: 9922: 5384:

American Thoracic Society (August 1997). "Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria".

3894: 2533: 2431: 1445: 827:

is performed, MTB either stains very weakly "Gram-positive" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and

336: 9999: 9199: 1790:

TB, and constitutes one in ten cases of MDR-TB. Cases of XDR TB have been identified in more than 90% of countries.

14154: 13980: 13201: 8410: 7317: 7017:"Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 3805: 1618: 1288:

kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.

626: 372: 1747:(MDR-TB) is detected, treatment with at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is recommended. 1609:

However, in 2003, OSHA dropped their proposed TB rules, citing a decline of TB in the US, and public disapproval.

1273:

miliary tuberculosis. People with this disseminated TB have a high fatality rate even with treatment (about 30%).

14748: 14585: 14560: 13553: 10689: 4528:

Kamboj A, Lause M, Kamboj K (2023). "The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics". In Rezaei N (ed.).

2212:, the author calls consumption "the captain of all these men of death." "Great white plague" has also been used. 2204: 1680:

Active TB is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing

1587: 1556: 1367: 1276:

In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and

344: 243:, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as 13794: 13725: 12200:"Mechanism of Action, Resistance, Synergism, and Clinical Implications of Delamanid Against Multidrug-Resistant 12119:"Mechanism of Action, Resistance, Synergism, and Clinical Implications of Delamanid Against Multidrug-Resistant 7696: 5296:"Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa" 3980:]. Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft. Vol. 19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum. pp. 221–30. 14679: 14649: 14600: 14595: 14550: 14535: 13813: 13715: 13270: 13260: 13167: 10492:"A literary approach to tuberculosis: lessons learned from Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, and Katherine Mansfield" 9334: 9062:"The use of molecular line probe assays for the detection of resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs" 8527:"Reminder systems to improve patient adherence to tuberculosis clinic appointments for diagnosis and treatment" 4483: 4143:"Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland" 3641: 2617: 2517:, an example of a subunit vaccine, is in trials in South Africa as of 2006, is based on a genetically modified 1449: 1418: 1343: 10888: 9523:

Parrinello CM, Crossa A, Harris TG (January 2012). "Seasonality of tuberculosis in New York City, 1990-2007".

8697:"Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs--worldwide, 2000-2004" 7592: 6814:

Steingart KR, Flores LL, Dendukuri N, Schiller I, Laal S, Ramsay A, et al. (August 2011). Evans C (ed.).

1452:. While some have recommend testing health care workers, evidence of benefit for this is poor as of 2019. The 617:

technique", which involved collapsing an infected lung to "rest" it and to allow tuberculous lesions to heal.

14723: 14555: 14280: 14124: 14109: 9884: 9474:"Reciprocal seasonal variation in vitamin D status and tuberculosis notifications in Cape Town, South Africa" 9229: 7425:

Kashangura R, Jullien S, Garner P, Johnson S, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (April 2019).

6660:"Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2010: 1809: 1572: 1123: 1044: 587: 12764: 10966: 7058:"Testing Healthcare Workers for Latent Tuberculosis: Is It Evidence Based, Bio-Plausible, Both, Or Neither?" 5089:

van Soolingen D, Hoogenboezem T, de Haas PE, Hermans PW, Koedam MA, Teppema KS, et al. (October 1997).

14753: 14664: 14575: 14314: 14134: 13533: 13378: 13011: 12007: 11372:

Braganza Menezes D, Menezes B, Dedicoat M, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (August 2019).

9657:"Delay effect and burden of weather-related tuberculosis cases in Rajshahi province, Bangladesh, 2007-2012" 3926:

Etudes sur la tuberculose: preuves rationnelles et expérimentales de sa spécificité et de son inoculabilité

2627: 783: 14718: 11064: 10855: 10818: 10635:

Lemlein RF (1981). "Influence of Tuberculosis on the Work of Visual Artists: Several Prominent Examples".

8994: 7617: 7015:

Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Bauman L, Davidson KW, Epling JW, et al. (September 2016).

2104:

In 2017, in the United Kingdom, the national average was 9 per 100,000 and the highest incidence rates in

14644: 14607: 14590: 14393: 14270: 13653: 13519: 13425: 13364: 13290: 12894: 12721: 12198:

Khoshnood S, Taki E, Sadeghifard N, Kaviar VH, Haddadi MH, Farshadzadeh Z, et al. (7 October 2021).

12117:

Khoshnood S, Taki E, Sadeghifard N, Kaviar VH, Haddadi MH, Farshadzadeh Z, et al. (7 October 2021).

11325:"Interventions to increase tuberculosis case detection at primary healthcare or community-level services" 9779: 9368: 8880: 7792:

Fraser A, Paul M, Attamna A, Leibovici L, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (April 2006).

6606:

Metcalfe JZ, Everett CK, Steingart KR, Cattamanchi A, Huang L, Hopewell PC, et al. (November 2011).

2580:

in the US. It is believed that the animals originally acquired the disease from humans, a process called

2559:

Mycobacteria infect many different animals, including birds, fish, rodents, and reptiles. The subspecies

2445: 2421: 1623: 1375: 974: 963: 710: 554: 278: 4632:"Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?" 3527:"Brief communication: bioarcheological and biocultural evidence for the New England vampire folk belief" 1503: 324: 175: 14779: 14728: 14624: 14245: 14068: 13764: 13605: 13079: 7794:"Drugs for preventing tuberculosis in people at risk of multiple-drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis" 5855:"Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society" 5130:

Niemann S, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Joloba ML, Whalen CC, Guwatudde D, Ellner JJ, et al. (September 2002).

4227:"To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939" 2525: 2404: 2065:

As of 2017, India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2,740,000 cases. According to the

1948:, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with 1771: 1648: 1422: 795: 774: 462: 231: 98: 8619:

Bose A, Kalita S, Rose W, Tharyan P, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (January 2014).

7476:"The association of housing density, isolation and tuberculosis in Canadian First Nations communities" 6910:"Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update" 5228:

Thoen C, Lobue P, de Kantor I (February 2006). "The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis".

3526: 1961:

rainfall. It has been suggested that tuberculosis incidence rates may be connected to climate change.

650:

There is a popular misconception that tuberculosis is purely a disease of the lungs that manifests as

586:

is marked on 24 March each year, the anniversary of Koch's original scientific announcement. When the

14784: 14713: 14093: 14033: 13710: 13683: 13410: 13194: 13128: 12635: 12628: 12030: 9889: 8036: 7692: 5562: 4569: 2887: 2796: 2521:

virus. Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease.

2066: 1755: 1627: 1513:

Intradermal MVA85A vaccine in addition to BCG injection is not effective in preventing tuberculosis.

1473: 1297: 288:. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with 12915: 12488: 10257: 10189: 8909:

Singh B, Cocker D, Ryan H, Sloan DJ, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (March 2019).

8363:"Shortened treatment regimens versus the standard regimen for drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis" 7517:"The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus" 5343:

Panteix G, Gutierrez MC, Boschiroli ML, Rouviere M, Plaidy A, Pressac D, et al. (August 2010).

4415:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 792. 3429:"Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping" 3294:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present" 2539:

In 2012 a new medication regimen was approved in the US for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, using

478: 319:

Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and

14743: 14654: 14612: 14580: 14530: 14215: 13547: 13211: 13025: 12815: 12682: 9472:

Martineau AR, Nhamoyebonde S, Oni T, Rangaka MX, Marais S, Bangani N, et al. (November 2011).

5619: 3292:

Rothschild BM, Martin LD, Lev G, Bercovier H, Bar-Gal GK, Greenblatt C, et al. (August 2001).

2883: 2046: 1523: 1196:. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a 879: 820: 11963:

Avorn J (April 2013). "Approval of a tuberculosis drug based on a paradoxical surrogate measure".

10415: 10243: 9954: 9259: 8806:"Totally Drug-Resistant TB: a WHO consultation on the diagnostic definition and treatment options" 6761: 5738: 3104: 2951: 2563:, though, is rarely present in wild animals. An effort to eradicate bovine tuberculosis caused by 2536:

to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries.

14733: 14696: 14669: 14659: 14411: 14220: 14000: 13862: 13803: 13783: 13743: 13668: 13449: 13435: 13216: 13045: 12987: 11727:"Advance Market Commitments: A Policy to Stimulate Investment in Vaccines for Neglected Diseases" 10763: 9712:

Griffith DE, Kerr CM (August 1996). "Tuberculosis: disease of the past, disease of the present".

8072:

Borisov AS, Bamrah Morris S, Njie GJ, Winston CA, Burton D, Goldberg S, et al. (June 2018).

5591: 5558: 5470:"Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens" 3833: 1456:(CDC) stopped recommending yearly testing of health care workers without known exposure in 2019. 1327: 1170: 908: 883: 871: 745: 420: 385: 309: 10287: 10226:

Al-Azem A, Kaushal Sharma M, Turenne C, Hoban D, Hershfield E, MacMorran J, et al. (1998).

9393: 8175:"Isoniazid-Rifapentine for Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 3931:

Studies of tuberculosis: rational and experimental evidence of its specificity and inoculability

2918: 2678: 2551:

Steroids add-on therapy has not shown any benefits for active pulmonary tuberculosis infection.

997:

When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious

14738: 14545: 14525: 14515: 14431: 14295: 14285: 14179: 13775: 13688: 13637: 13442: 13396: 13344: 13309: 13221: 13172: 13141: 13116: 12703: 12693: 12483: 7976:

Di Bella S, Luzzati R, Principe L, Zerbato V, Meroni E, Giuffrè M, et al. (January 2022).

7266:

Roy A, Eisenhut M, Harris RJ, Rodrigues LC, Sridhar S, Habermann S, et al. (August 2014).

6041: 5264: 2301: 2226: 1744: 1100: 969: 914: 729: 725: 583: 143: 12855: 12408: 12068:

Mbuagbaw L, Guglielmetti L, Hewison C, Bakare N, Bastard M, Caumes E, et al. (May 2019).

11804: 11769: 10532: 10155: 9849: 8734: 8263:

M'imunya JM, Kredo T, Volmink J, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (May 2012).

7719: 7674: 6958: 6408: 6186: 5854: 5059: 4966: 4800: 4744: 4680: 4600: 4410: 4379: 4275: 3718: 2836: 2790: 14774: 14275: 14169: 14043: 13936: 13881: 13788: 13598: 13578: 13481: 13316: 12760: 10925: 8574:

Mwandumba HC, Squire SB, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (23 October 2001).

8441: 6763: 6576: 6439: 6069: 6009: 3684: 2171:) is the Greek word for consumption, an old term for pulmonary tuberculosis; around 460 BCE, 1681: 1489: 1477: 1410: 1031: 920: 510: 506: 446: 332: 14468: 10967:"Public–Private Partnership Announces Immediate 40 Percent Cost Reduction for Rapid TB Test" 8668:

O'Brien RJ (June 1994). "Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention".

7660: 6925: 5890:"Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD" 5345:"Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France" 3924: 2736:

Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, et al. (December 2014).

1779:

to treat those with XDR-TB but side effects and discontinuation of medications were common.

1192:, is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the 14225: 14139: 13757: 13693: 13242: 13206: 13184: 13036: 13003: 12976: 11141:"Tuberculosis: Current Situation, Challenges and Overview of its Control Programs in India" 9668: 9609: 7351: 6716: 5888:

van Zyl Smit RN, Pai M, Yew WW, Leung CC, Zumla A, Bateman ED, et al. (January 2010).

5179:

Niobe-Eyangoh SN, Kuaban C, Sorlin P, Cunin P, Thonnon J, Sola C, et al. (June 2003).

4510: 4154: 4051: 2309: 2265: 2257: 1632: 957: 757: 741: 630: 424: 132: 9598:"Tuberculosis incidence correlates with sunshine: an ecological 28-year time series study" 9277:

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

7097:

Sosa LE, Njie GJ, Lobato MN, Bamrah Morris S, Buchta W, Casey ML, et al. (May 2019).

6658:

Sester M, Sotgiu G, Lange C, Giehl C, Girardi E, Migliori GB, et al. (January 2011).

6311:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the extracellular compartment: an underestimated adversary" 1802: 1578:

Multiple US agencies rolled out new public health rules as a result of the TB spread: the

8: 14345: 14337: 14189: 14144: 13750: 13700: 13673: 13477: 13372: 13275: 13255: 13162: 13084: 12996: 12789: 12686: 11694:"Stimulating Industrial R&D for Neglected Infectious Diseases: Economic Perspectives" 10384: 10377: 8696: 8265:"Patient education and counselling for promoting adherence to treatment for tuberculosis" 2565: 2529: 2293: 2277: 1974: 1909: 1718:

Education or counselling may improve the latent tuberculosis treatment completion rates.

1387: 1371: 1310: 902: 244: 11039: 10409: 10353: 9912: 9672: 9613: 9313: 7905: 7195:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

6720: 6469:

Jacob JT, Mehta AK, Leonard MK (January 2009). "Acute forms of tuberculosis in adults".

4647: 4158: 3118: 2281: 1072:(an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody), is another important risk factor, especially in the 13569: 13485: 13322: 13265: 13152: 12279: 12254: 12230: 12199: 12149: 12118: 12094: 12069: 11901: 11771:

Achieving the global public health agenda: dialogues at the Economic and Social Council

11746: 11460: 11435: 11398: 11373: 11349: 11324: 11300: 11275: 11256: 11175: 11140: 11116: 11089: 11016: 10991: 10740: 10715: 10660: 10652: 10464: 9825: 9806: 9689: 9656: 9632: 9597: 9500: 9473: 9326: 9038: 9013: 8935: 8910: 8645: 8620: 8596: 8575: 8551: 8526: 8502: 8477: 8387: 8362: 8338: 8313: 8289: 8264: 8240: 8223: 8199: 8174: 8150: 8125: 8124:

Sterling TR, Njie G, Zenner D, Cohn DL, Reves R, Ahmed A, et al. (February 2020).

8098: 8073: 8004: 7977: 7953: 7928: 7869: 7842: 7818: 7793: 7774: 7533: 7516: 7451: 7426: 7402: 7377: 7294: 7267: 7217: 7190: 7171: 7123: 7098: 6934: 6909: 6890: 6842: 6815: 6739: 6704: 6632: 6607: 6588: 6538: 6384: 6359: 6279: 6252: 6162: 6135: 5916: 5889: 5831: 5806: 5686: 5659: 5494: 5469: 5445: 5420: 5320: 5295: 4948: 4856: 4831: 4656: 4631: 4465: 4453: 4177: 4142: 4083: 3858: 3776: 3617: 3592: 3404: 3377: 3358: 3274: 3002:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. Chapter 250. 2762: 2737: 2464: 2346: 2317: 2045:, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. In 2017, the country with the highest estimated 1989: 1924: 1560: 1262: 1154: 1096: 1058: 867: 694: 662: 466: 226: 160: 73: 14639: 12042: 11629: 11542: 10131: 10114: 9748:"Global Tuberculosis Control Report, 2006 – Annex 1 Profiles of high-burden countries" 9725: 9449: 9424: 9294: 9136: 7762: 6335: 6310: 6034: 5807:"Convergence of the tuberculosis and diabetes epidemics: renewal of old acquaintances" 5436: 5397: 5205: 5180: 5156: 5131: 5036: 4251: 4226: 3502: 3477: 3453: 3428: 3427:

Zink AR, Sola C, Reischl U, Grabner W, Rastogi N, Wolf H, et al. (January 2003).

3262: 1049:

A number of factors make individuals more susceptible to TB infection and/or disease.

878:, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. 13808: 13646: 13177: 13101: 12826: 12536: 12501: 12456: 12414: 12389: 12354: 12319: 12284: 12235: 12154: 12099: 12070:"Outcomes of Bedaquiline Treatment in Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis" 11980: 11893: 11810: 11779: 11750: 11693: 11674: 11633: 11597: 11546: 11506: 11465: 11403: 11354: 11305: 11248: 11180: 11162: 11121: 11021: 10931: 10745: 10664: 10538: 10513: 10444: 10388: 10161: 10136: 9918: 9855: 9830: 9729: 9694: 9637: 9578: 9540: 9505: 9454: 9318: 9303: 9181: 9140: 9061: 9043: 8976: 8940: 8787: 8708: 8677: 8650: 8601: 8556: 8507: 8447: 8392: 8343: 8294: 8245: 8204: 8155: 8103: 8040: 8009: 7958: 7909: 7874: 7823: 7766: 7725: 7538: 7497: 7456: 7407: 7299: 7222: 7163: 7159: 7128: 7079: 7038: 6997: 6964: 6939: 6882: 6847: 6769: 6744: 6681: 6637: 6580: 6530: 6486: 6445: 6414: 6389: 6340: 6284: 6233: 6192: 6167: 6116: 6075: 6045: 5990: 5921: 5866: 5836: 5787: 5691: 5537: 5499: 5450: 5401: 5366: 5325: 5270: 5245: 5210: 5161: 5112: 5065: 5040: 4972: 4940: 4899: 4861: 4806: 4779: 4750: 4722: 4686: 4661: 4606: 4575: 4541: 4457: 4416: 4385: 4357: 4322: 4281: 4256: 4182: 4090: 3989: 3863: 3768: 3622: 3549: 3507: 3493: 3458: 3409: 3350: 3315: 3278: 3266: 3188: 3178: 3079: 3003: 2957: 2844: 2800: 2767: 2713: 2329: 2285: 1954: 1916: 1339: 1185:

is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.

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Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by the executive director of the

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difficult to interpret because of heterogeneity in the results across studies.

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is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its

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in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the

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dating from 3000 to 2400 BC. Genetic studies suggest the presence of TB in

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In Canada and Australia, tuberculosis is many times more common among the

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marginalized individuals to a greater degree and varies between regions.

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Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional

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pushed through new 42 CFR 84 respirator regulations in 1995 (like the

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Roughly one-quarter of the world's population has been infected with

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Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Announcement (12 February 2004).

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was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of

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Diagnostics for tuberculosis: global demand and market potential

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Slow progress in preventing the disease may in part be due to

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Phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, consumption, great white plague

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European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

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accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It

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caused by tuberculosis per 100,000 inhabitants, 2004.

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Screening those at high risk, treatment of those infected,

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The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the

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A tuberculosis public health campaign in Ireland, 1905

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capsule that protects it from these toxic substances.

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TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the

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25% of people (latent TB) 10.6 million (active TB)

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Washington, DC: ASM Press. 3686:De l'auscultation médiate ... 3445:10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003 3263:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3 2633: 1642: 1633:completely effective vaccines 1459: 1045:Risk factors for tuberculosis 566: 14805:Vaccine-preventable diseases 13534:Corynebacterium minutissimum 13379:Mycobacterium intracellulare 13012:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 12724:and the Library of Congress) 12453:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.025 12074:Emerging Infectious Diseases 12008:Food and Drug Administration 11670:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.015 11651:Kaufmann SH (October 2010). 11489:Journal of Biosocial Science 11233:Indian Journal of Pediatrics 11107:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001135 10720:Emerging Infectious Diseases 10686:Humanities Capstone Projects 10602:"Tuberculosis (whole issue)" 9623:10.1371/journal.pone.0057752 8191:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.030 7995:10.3390/biomedicines10020263 7689:"The Global Plan to Stop TB" 7075:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.03.017 6833:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001062 6730:10.1371/journal.pone.0026827 6483:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.018 6360:"Immunology of tuberculosis" 6230:10.1016/j.patbio.2004.01.004 6136:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 5811:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5300:Emerging Infectious Diseases 5242:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047 4538:10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50 4342:Clinical Infectious Diseases 4168:10.1371/journal.pone.0162575 3978:The Etiology of Tuberculosis 3593:"Richard Morton (1637-1698)" 3575:Léon Charles Albert Calmette 3395:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000600 3298:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3173:Kumar V, Robbins SL (2007). 3119:"Global tuberculosis report" 3075:10.18773/austprescr.2010.005 2628:Bibliography of tuberculosis 2412:as a nun with tuberculosis. 2161: 1797: 1721: 1699: 1402:Mantoux tuberculin skin test 1291: 1079:Other risk factors include: 784:Scanning electron micrograph 676: 625:Because of the emergence of 497:in 1859 in Görbersdorf (now 331:over a long period of time. 7: 14795:Infectious causes of cancer 14271:Tuberculosis classification 13654:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 13520:Corynebacterium diphtheriae 11692:Webber D, Kremer M (2001). 10714:Morens DM (November 2002). 8881:Economist Intelligence Unit 7241:"Vaccines | Basic TB Facts" 6914:Annals of Internal Medicine 6565:Annals of Internal Medicine 5805:Restrepo BI (August 2007). 4997:"Acid-Fast Stain Protocols" 4636:Journal of Thoracic Disease 4319:10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003 3986:10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4 3974:Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte 3832:McCarthy OR (August 2001). 2595: 2498: 2422:Elimination of tuberculosis 1624:tuberculosis classification 1573:HIV/AIDS epidemic in the US 1524:elimination of tuberculosis 1483: 1344:Interferon-γ release assays 1126:'s illustration of tubercle 975:nontuberculous mycobacteria 880:Auramine-rhodamine staining 711:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 10: 14821: 14246:List of tuberculosis cases 13765:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 12386:10.1016/j.cvex.2011.10.002 12351:10.1016/j.cvex.2011.10.001 12316:10.1016/j.cvex.2011.11.004 12202:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 12121:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 11452:10.1177/00333549101250S407 10612:(22): cover. 8 June 2005. 10509:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.012 10490:Vilaplana C (March 2017). 10230:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 9681:10.1038/s41598-019-49135-8 8783:10.2807/esw.12.20.03194-en 7189:McShane H (October 2011). 5987:10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.002 5534:10.1016/j.tube.2011.03.006 5108:10.1099/00207713-47-4-1236 4201:"Lost Hospitals of London" 3850:10.1177/014107680109400813 3834:"The key to the sanatoria" 3058:"Testing for tuberculosis" 2799:(WHO). 2008. p. 179. 2561:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2526:advance market commitments 2502: 2419: 2237: 2167: 1745:multiple drug-resistant TB 1649:Management of tuberculosis 1646: 1537: 1487: 1423:environmental mycobacteria 1385: 1295: 1091:(30-fold increased risk), 1042: 796:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 775:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 772: 708: 577:process. Koch announced a 383: 379: 232:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 99:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 14508: 14445: 14412:African sleeping sickness 14392: 14344: 14208: 14135:Glen Lake Children's Camp 14102: 14094:Edward Livingston Trudeau 14034:Friedrich Franz Friedmann 13999: 13973: 13935: 13861: 13774: 13733: 13722: 13711:Giant multinucleated cell 13684:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 13628: 13568: 13509: 13467: 13420: 13354: 13333: 13298: 13289: 13240: 13195:Papulonecrotic tuberculid 13129:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 13077: 13068: 13059: 13035: 12966: 12957: 12841: 12737: 12498:10.1016/j.tim.2008.06.005 12271:10.1002/14651858.CD011370 12221:10.3389/fmicb.2021.717045 12208:Frontiers in Microbiology 12140:10.3389/fmicb.2021.717045 12127:Frontiers in Microbiology 11502:10.1017/S0021932015000115 11245:10.1007/s12098-009-0164-4 10785:Thomson G (1 June 2016). 9204:medicalguidelines.msf.org 9069:World Health Organization 8588:10.1002/14651858.CD000970 8330:10.1002/14651858.CD001362 8039:(WHO). 2018. p. 23. 8037:World Health Organization 7693:World Health Organization 7575:"Basics of Tuberculosis." 6677:10.1183/09031936.00114810 6140:Frontiers in Microbiology 6113:10.1016/j.mib.2005.12.014 5907:10.1183/09031936.00072909 5865:(RR-6): 1–51. June 2000. 5563:World Health Organization 5486:10.1080/15459620590918466 4848:10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005 4715:American Family Physician 4243:10.1017/S0025727300007043 4028:(CDC). 12 December 2016. 3609:10.1017/S0025727300015350 3347:10.1017/S1464793106007020 2890:(WHO). 16 February 2018. 2888:World Health Organization 2797:World Health Organization 2474: 2067:World Health Organization 2036: 2019: 2000:Geographical epidemiology 1756:Directly observed therapy 1751:Medication administration 1628:American Thoracic Society 1474:World Health Organization 1425:, so they generate fewer 1298:Diagnosis of tuberculosis 1095:(2-fold increased risk), 1087:(3-fold increased risk), 763: 542:Development of treatments 300:of active TB is based on 200: 192: 182: 166: 142: 118: 105: 93: 72: 56: 48: 39: 31: 26: 14692:Motor vehicle collisions 14216:Tuberculosis elimination 13795:Löwenstein–Jensen medium 13548:Corynebacterium jeikeium 13212:Tuberculous pericarditis 13026:Actinomyces gerencseriae 12683:Health Protection Agency 12656:templates for discussion 12554:Holt N (24 March 2015). 10465:"About Chopin's illness" 10113:Mahla RS (August 2018). 9885:Medical Research Council 6879:10.1586/14787210.3.6.981 6441:TB/HIV a Clinical Manual 6309:Grosset J (March 2003). 6153:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02284 5620:"Causes of Tuberculosis" 4412:General thoracic surgery 4354:10.1093/clinids/19.3.528 3968:Koch R (24 March 1882). 2154: 2060: 2028: 2011:Medical Research Council 1626:system developed by the 1534:Source control in the US 1504:bacillus Calmette-Guérin 1107:Infection susceptibility 793:The main cause of TB is 588:Medical Research Council 325:bacillus Calmette-Guérin 176:bacillus Calmette-Guérin 14458:Priority review voucher 14221:2007 tuberculosis scare 14001:History of tuberculosis 13804:Chest photofluorography 13744:Mycobacterium africanum 13217:Urogenital tuberculosis 13046:Propionibacterium acnes 12988:Cutaneous actinomycosis 12441:Veterinary Microbiology 11213:(1): e7. Archived from 11158:10.4103/0974-777X.81691 11063:STOPTB (5 April 2013). 10232:in a Canadian province" 10211:Bendix A (7 May 2024). 10088:Daily News and Analysis 9491:10.1073/pnas.1111825108 8440:Mainous III AB (2010). 7394:10.1136/adc.2005.085043 7034:10.1001/jama.2016.11046 6957:Jindal SK, ed. (2011). 6257:BMC Infectious Diseases 5230:Veterinary Microbiology 4923:Molecular Biotechnology 4679:Jindal SK, ed. (2011). 4511:"Tuberculosis Symptoms" 4022:"History: World TB Day" 3591:Trail RR (April 1970). 3546:10.1002/ajpa.1330940210 3175:Robbins Basic Pathology 3056:Konstantinos A (2010). 2953:The Chambers Dictionary 2465:rural migrants in China 2405:The Bells of St. Mary's 2089:in response to a local 2087:public health emergency 1328:constitutional symptoms 1224:inflammatory diseases. 1171:reactive oxygen species 884:fluorescence microscopy 746:urogenital tuberculosis 602:bacille Calmette–Guérin 421:M. tuberculosis complex 386:History of tuberculosis 204:1.3 million (2022) 87:cough with bloody mucus 14541:Cardiovascular disease 14296:World Tuberculosis Day 14286:Tuberculosis radiology 14180:National Jewish Health 13776:Tuberculosis diagnosis 13689:Tuberculous meningitis 13638:Pulmonary tuberculosis 13222:Tuberculous dactylitis 13173:Tuberculous cellulitis 12476:Trends in Microbiology 12086:10.3201/eid2505.181823 11743:10.2202/1553-3832.1144 10732:10.3201/eid0811.020549 10678:Wilsey AM (May 2012). 8142:10.15585/mmwr.rr6901a1 8090:10.15585/mmwr.mm6725a5 7208:10.1098/rstb.2011.0097 7115:10.15585/mmwr.mm6819a3 6990:The New Microbiologica 6513:Acta Médica Portuguesa 6376:10.4084/MJHID.2014.027 6270:10.1186/1471-2334-5-29 6188:Essence of Paediatrics 6014:. Harper. p. 32. 5565:(WHO). November 2010. 5362:10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0 5312:10.3201/eid0404.980414 4836:Trends in Microbiology 3030:(CDC). 13 March 2012. 2302:Robert Louis Stevenson 2235: 2198: 2192: 2077:In the United States, 1904: 1670: 1659:phototherapy treatment 1568: 1469: 1397: 1317: 1150: 1127: 1101:genetic susceptibility 989: 790: 730:tuberculous meningitis 726:central nervous system 718:weakened immune system 647: 584:World Tuberculosis Day 524: 403: 376: 316:(TST) or blood tests. 221:", or historically as 144:Differential diagnosis 14719:Risky sexual behavior 14503:of medical conditions 14276:Tuberculosis in China 14170:Millennium Foundation 13882:4-Aminosalicylic acid 13789:Auramine phenol stain 13735:Mycobacterium species 13631:associated conditions 13579:Gardnerella vaginalis 13482:Nocardia brasiliensis 12636:Medical Knowledge app 11977:10.1001/jama.2013.623 11731:The Economists' Voice 11440:Public Health Reports 10889:"The End TB Strategy" 9575:10.5588/ijtld.11.0680 9537:10.5588/ijtld.11.0145 9304:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 9236:(CDC). 20 June 2011. 8973:10.1378/chest.08-2427 7598:. US Federal Register 7243:. CDC. 16 June 2021. 6624:10.1093/infdis/jir410 6011:The Study of Medicine 3765:10.5588/ijtld.18.0239 3717:Schönlein JL (1832). 3062:Australian Prescriber 2754:10.1128/MMBR.00021-14 2420:Further information: 2416:Public health efforts 2223: 1805: 1788:extensively resistant 1766:Medication resistance 1684:. The routine use of 1682:antibiotic resistance 1656: 1547: 1490:Tuberculosis vaccines 1467: 1395: 1376:specific or sensitive 1305: 1144: 1122: 987: 782: 644: 519: 511:John Burdon-Sanderson 507:Jean Antoine Villemin 447:Industrial Revolution 393: 370: 333:Antibiotic resistance 14709:Periodontal diseases 14226:Baumgarten-Tangl law 14140:Glen Lake Sanatorium 13758:Mycobacterium caprae 13694:Miliary tuberculosis 13669:Canga's bead symptom 13629:Symptoms, signs and 13185:Lichen scrofulosorum 13037:Propionibacteriaceae 12977:Actinomyces israelii 11940:. 31 December 2012. 10246:on 18 November 2011. 10228:"Rural outbreaks of 9957:on 12 December 2006. 9880:"Origins of the MRC" 9441:10.1136/thx.51.9.944 7493:10.1093/ije/31.5.940 6618:(suppl_4): S1120-9. 5783:10.1056/NEJMp0800809 5727:on 6 September 2012. 5626:. 21 December 2006. 4513:. eMedicine Health. 3923:Villemin JA (1868). 3893:Villemin JA (1865). 2310:Jean-Antoine Watteau 2258:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1955:developing countries 1097:indoor air pollution 1010:Risk of transmission 1001:droplets 0.5 to 5.0 823:lipid bilayer. If a 758:miliary tuberculosis 742:genitourinary system 538:for this discovery. 425:Neolithic Revolution 314:tuberculin skin test 133:tuberculin skin test 14346:Diseases of poverty 14338:Diseases of poverty 14190:Stop TB Partnership 14145:Glenn Dale Hospital 13784:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 13751:Mycobacterium bovis 13701:Latent tuberculosis 13478:Nocardia asteroides 13373:Mycobacterium avium 13276:Lepromatous leprosy 13256:Tuberculoid leprosy 12997:Tropheryma whipplei 12679:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 12671:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 12407:Wobeser GA (2006). 11842:on 10 October 2009. 11806:Travelers' vaccines 11757:on 5 November 2006. 11220:on 24 October 2022. 11048:. 8 December 2010. 10996:Future Microbiology 10467:. Icons of Europe. 10375:Caldwell M (1988). 10356:on 11 February 2005 9673:2019NatSR...912720K 9614:2013PLoSO...857752K 9484:(47): 19013–19017. 7860:10.1155/2011/103917 7757:(9979): 1799–1801. 7324:on 17 November 2011 6721:2011PLoSO...626827C 6407:Crowley LV (2010). 6218:Pathologie-Biologie 5677:10.1155/2013/828939 4936:10.1385/MB:13:3:191 4274:Hannaway C (2008). 4159:2016PLoSO..1162575Z 3683:Laennec RT (1819). 2919:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 2884:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 2679:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 2566:Mycobacterium bovis 2530:Stop TB Partnership 2402:, such as the 1945 2294:W. Somerset Maugham 2278:Katherine Mansfield 2150:Society and culture 1975:diseases of poverty 1613:Worldwide campaigns 1498:The only available 1478:involuntarily treat 1388:Latent tuberculosis 1382:Latent tuberculosis 1372:adenosine deaminase 1321:Active tuberculosis 1261:) in the center of 1053:Active disease risk 872:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 665:, weight loss, and 621:Current reemergence 442:from about AD 100. 245:latent tuberculosis 14675:Metabolic syndrome 14394:Neglected diseases 14379:Diarrheal diseases 14044:Philip D'Arcy Hart 13570:Bifidobacteriaceae 13511:Corynebacteriaceae 13486:Nocardia farcinica 13323:Aquarium granuloma 13266:Borderline leprosy 13153:Erythema induratum 12842:External resources 12380:(1): 101–11, vii. 12310:(1): 41–55, v–vi. 12179:on 3 December 2013 11583:10.1111/resp.13245 11537:(Suppl 1): 57–62. 11446:(4_suppl): 34–42. 11139:Sandhu GK (2011). 10692:on 11 October 2017 10192:on 9 November 2013 10064:on 6 February 2018 9661:Scientific Reports 9289:(9859): 2095–128. 7278:(aug04 5): g4643. 7154:(4): 609–15, 512. 6032:Skolnik R (2011). 5664:Pulmonary Medicine 4799:Jindal SK (2011). 4409:Shields T (2009). 4378:Persson S (2010). 4205:ezitis.myzen.co.uk 4056:www.nobelprize.org 2835:Harris RE (2013). 2347:The Magic Mountain 2318:Marie Bashkirtseff 2304:, and the artists 2236: 2216:Art and literature 1990:Indigenous peoples 1925:DNA fingerprinting 1905: 1671: 1569: 1480:them if infected. 1470: 1411:Hodgkin's lymphoma 1398: 1318: 1177:has a thick, waxy 1151: 1128: 1059:sub-Saharan Africa 990: 868:acid-fast bacillus 791: 740:of the neck), the 695:Rasmussen aneurysm 648: 637:Signs and symptoms 555:notifiable-disease 525: 404: 377: 229:usually caused by 227:infectious disease 161:coccidioidomycosis 63:Infectious disease 16:Infectious disease 14780:Airborne diseases 14762: 14761: 14749:Teenage pregnancy 14635:Domestic violence 14630:Diabetes mellitus 14466: 14465: 14304: 14303: 13809:GeneXpert MTB/RIF 13588: 13587: 13564: 13563: 13463: 13462: 13459: 13458: 13178:Tuberculous gumma 13061:Corynebacterineae 13055: 13054: 13004:Whipple's disease 12913: 12912: 12420:978-0-8138-0589-4 11971:(13): 1349–1350. 11816:978-1-60795-045-5 11785:978-92-1-104596-3 11008:10.2217/fmb.11.84 10937:978-92-4-001313-1 10544:978-0-313-29916-2 10531:Rogal SJ (1997). 10450:978-1-107-67280-2 10408:Bunyan J (1808). 10394:978-0-689-11810-4 10292:Our World in Data 10262:Our World in Data 10167:978-0-19-988521-3 9861:978-0-12-375087-7 9400:. 24 March 2020. 8890:on 10 August 2014 8770:Euro Surveillance 8453:978-1-60327-238-4 8046:978-92-4-155023-9 7731:978-0-19-857014-1 7285:10.1136/bmj.g4643 7201:(1579): 2782–89. 7068:(11): 1260–1261. 6970:978-93-5025-073-0 6775:978-92-4-156330-7 6451:978-92-4-154634-8 6420:978-0-7637-6591-0 6198:978-81-312-2804-3 6081:978-1-60327-238-4 6051:978-0-7637-9751-5 6036:Global health 101 5950:. 18 March 2016. 5944:"TB Risk Factors" 5392:(2 Pt 2): S1–25. 5355:(Pt 8): 984–989. 5276:978-1-4649-0122-5 5263:Acton QA (2011). 5071:978-1-934115-24-4 5003:on 1 October 2011 4978:978-0-07-463223-9 4896:10.1080/714028138 4812:978-93-5025-073-0 4785:978-0-07-147722-2 4756:978-1-4200-6749-1 4692:978-93-5025-073-0 4612:978-81-8448-749-7 4599:Behera D (2010). 4581:978-0-7279-1605-1 4547:978-3-031-15954-1 4422:978-0-7817-7982-1 4391:978-1-4587-6712-7 4287:978-1-58603-832-8 4096:978-1-55581-072-6 4081:Bloom BR (1994). 3995:978-3-662-56454-7 3808:on 13 August 2006 3759:(11): 1249–1257. 3640:Marten B (1720). 3184:978-1-4160-2973-1 3009:978-0-443-06839-3 2963:978-81-86062-25-8 2850:978-0-7637-8047-0 2806:978-92-4-154667-6 2719:978-0-323-07699-9 2708:Ferri FF (2010). 2330:Amedeo Modigliani 2286:Fyodor Dostoevsky 2268:, the playwright 1983:immunocompromised 1917:immunosuppression 1902: 1901: 1739:Recurrent disease 1340:acid-fast bacilli 1230:epithelioid cells 1155:alveolar air sacs 1085:diabetes mellitus 849:in the laboratory 835:and survive in a 368: 292:and in those who 208: 207: 120:Diagnostic method 21:Medical condition 14812: 14785:Health in Africa 14680:Mental disorders 14493: 14486: 14479: 14470: 14469: 14331: 14324: 14317: 14308: 14307: 14074:Mario Raviglione 13728: 13674:Prosector's wart 13659:Caseous necrosis 13615: 13608: 13601: 13592: 13591: 13500:Rhodococcus equi 13296: 13295: 13163:Prosector's wart 13075: 13074: 13070:Mycobacteriaceae 13066: 13065: 12968:Actinomycetaceae 12964: 12963: 12940: 12933: 12926: 12917: 12916: 12735: 12734: 12709:In Black America 12690: 12685:. Archived from 12674: 12631: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12604: 12593: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12551: 12545: 12544: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12491: 12471: 12465: 12464: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12404: 12398: 12397: 12369: 12363: 12362: 12334: 12328: 12327: 12299: 12293: 12292: 12282: 12265:(11): CD011370. 12250: 12244: 12243: 12233: 12223: 12195: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12169: 12163: 12162: 12152: 12142: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12097: 12065: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12004: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11960: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11838:. Archived from 11831: 11825: 11824: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11765: 11759: 11758: 11753:. Archived from 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11698: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11672: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11595: 11585: 11561: 11555: 11554: 11526: 11515: 11514: 11504: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11463: 11431: 11412: 11411: 11401: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11352: 11335:(11): CD011432. 11320: 11314: 11313: 11303: 11271: 11265: 11264: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11204: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11178: 11160: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11119: 11109: 11100:(11): e1001135. 11085: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11069: 11060: 11054: 11053: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11019: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10971: 10963: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10949: 10922: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10873: 10871: 10851: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10834: 10823: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10760: 10754: 10753: 10743: 10711: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10675: 10669: 10668: 10632: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10511: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10439:Byrne K (2011). 10436: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10422: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10382: 10379:The Last Crusade 10372: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10352:. Archived from 10346: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10319: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10208: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10197: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10154:Birn AE (2009). 10151: 10145: 10144: 10134: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10090:. 8 April 2017. 10080: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10060:. Archived from 10054: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10011: 10004: 9996: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9971:. Archived from 9965: 9959: 9958: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9892:on 11 April 2008 9888:. Archived from 9876: 9870: 9869: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9828: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9759: 9752: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9692: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9635: 9625: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9558: 9549: 9548: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9503: 9493: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9452: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9358: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9316: 9306: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9179: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9077: 9066: 9058: 9052: 9051: 9041: 9009: 9003: 9002: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8938: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8889: 8883:. Archived from 8874: 8865: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8817: 8810: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8785: 8776:(5): E070517.1. 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8730: 8721: 8720: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8648: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8599: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8554: 8537:(11): CD006594. 8522: 8516: 8515: 8505: 8473: 8462: 8461: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8390: 8373:(12): CD012918. 8358: 8352: 8351: 8341: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8292: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8243: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8202: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8153: 8121: 8112: 8111: 8101: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8027: 8018: 8017: 8007: 7997: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7956: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7872: 7862: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7622: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7536: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7495: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7454: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7405: 7373: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7354:on 30 March 2012 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7297: 7287: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7220: 7210: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7126: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7077: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7036: 7012: 7006: 7005: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6845: 6835: 6811: 6805: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6742: 6732: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6679: 6655: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6560: 6547: 6546: 6528: 6526:10.20344/amp.333 6504: 6495: 6494: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6338: 6306: 6293: 6292: 6282: 6272: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6185:Khan MR (2011). 6182: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6155: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6065: 6056: 6055: 6039: 6029: 6020: 6019: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5919: 5909: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5785: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5719: 5711: 5700: 5699: 5689: 5679: 5655: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5597:(5th ed.). 5596: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5555: 5546: 5545: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5497: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5448: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5208: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4938: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4565: 4552: 4551: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4490:on 8 August 2011 4480: 4474: 4473: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4254: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4180: 4170: 4153:(10): e0162575. 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4088: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3861: 3829: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3680: 3674: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3620: 3588: 3582: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3397: 3388:(10): e1000600. 3373: 3367: 3366: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3313: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3246: 3197: 3196: 3170: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3107:on 17 June 2013. 3097: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3024:"Basic TB Facts" 3020: 3014: 3013: 2995: 2972: 2971: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2915: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2880: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2787: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2675: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2582:reverse zoonosis 2326:Aubrey Beardsley 2314:Elizabeth Siddal 2282:Charlotte Brontë 2272:, the novelists 2201: 2195: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2141: 2129: 2117: 2079:Native Americans 1910:latent infection 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1807:Age-standardized 1588:HEPA respirators 1267:caseous necrosis 1207:skeletal muscles 934:pasteurized milk 847:can be cultured 811:content of this 799:(MTB), a small, 734:lymphatic system 691:pulmonary artery 673:may also occur. 663:loss of appetite 661:, night sweats, 568: 369: 308:examination and 277:Tuberculosis is 253:blood-containing 44: 24: 23: 14820: 14819: 14815: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14810: 14809: 14765: 14764: 14763: 14758: 14504: 14497: 14467: 14462: 14441: 14427:River blindness 14417:Schistosomiasis 14388: 14340: 14335: 14305: 14300: 14291:Tygerberg score 14204: 14098: 14064:Charles Mantoux 14054:George M. Heath 14024:Christopher Dye 14019:Albert Calmette 14014:Hermann Brehmer 14009:Manuel de Abreu 13995: 13969: 13931: 13865: 13857: 13770: 13729: 13720: 13630: 13624: 13619: 13589: 13584: 13560: 13505: 13455: 13416: 13350: 13329: 13285: 13281:Histoid leprosy 13236: 13083: 13080:M. tuberculosis 13051: 13031: 12953: 12944: 12914: 12909: 12908: 12837: 12836: 12746: 12689:on 5 July 2007. 12677: 12669: 12659: 12640: 12632: 12624: 12619: 12618: 12608: 12606: 12602: 12591: 12585: 12581: 12571: 12569: 12552: 12548: 12517: 12513: 12489:10.1.1.566.5547 12472: 12468: 12447:(2–4): 211–19. 12436: 12432: 12421: 12405: 12401: 12370: 12366: 12345:(1): 25–40, v. 12335: 12331: 12300: 12296: 12251: 12247: 12196: 12192: 12182: 12180: 12171: 12170: 12166: 12115: 12111: 12066: 12062: 12052: 12050: 12027: 12023: 12015: 12002: 11996: 11992: 11961: 11957: 11947: 11945: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11915: 11913: 11890:10.1038/nrd3694 11870: 11866: 11851: 11847: 11832: 11828: 11817: 11801: 11797: 11786: 11778:. p. 103. 11766: 11762: 11723: 11719: 11711: 11696: 11690: 11686: 11649: 11645: 11613: 11609: 11562: 11558: 11527: 11518: 11481: 11477: 11432: 11415: 11384:(8): CD013077. 11370: 11366: 11321: 11317: 11286:(9): CD008477. 11272: 11268: 11229: 11225: 11217: 11202: 11196: 11192: 11137: 11133: 11086: 11082: 11074: 11067: 11061: 11057: 11038: 11037: 11033: 10988: 10984: 10976: 10969: 10965: 10964: 10957: 10947: 10945: 10938: 10924: 10923: 10912: 10902: 10900: 10887: 10886: 10882: 10869: 10867: 10852: 10848: 10838: 10836: 10832: 10821: 10817: 10816: 10812: 10802: 10800: 10783: 10779: 10769: 10767: 10762: 10761: 10757: 10712: 10705: 10695: 10693: 10676: 10672: 10649:10.2307/1574402 10633: 10629: 10619: 10617: 10600: 10599: 10595: 10585: 10583: 10568: 10564: 10554: 10552: 10545: 10529: 10525: 10488: 10484: 10474: 10472: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10437: 10433: 10420: 10418: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10373: 10369: 10359: 10357: 10348: 10347: 10343: 10333: 10331: 10320: 10311: 10301: 10299: 10286: 10285: 10281: 10271: 10269: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10224: 10220: 10209: 10205: 10195: 10193: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10168: 10152: 10148: 10111: 10107: 10097: 10095: 10082: 10081: 10077: 10067: 10065: 10056: 10055: 10051: 10041: 10039: 10029: 10025: 10015: 10013: 10009: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9988: 9978: 9976: 9975:on 14 July 2017 9967: 9966: 9962: 9949: 9948: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9925: 9909: 9905: 9895: 9893: 9878: 9877: 9873: 9862: 9846: 9842: 9803: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9763: 9761: 9760:on 26 July 2009 9757: 9750: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9710: 9706: 9653: 9649: 9594: 9590: 9559: 9552: 9521: 9517: 9470: 9466: 9421: 9417: 9407: 9405: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9375: 9374:on 17 June 2012 9371: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9350: 9340: 9338: 9275: 9271: 9258: 9257: 9253: 9243: 9241: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9213: 9211: 9198: 9197: 9193: 9156: 9152: 9121: 9117: 9107: 9105: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9055: 9024:(9): CD010705. 9010: 9006: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8956: 8952: 8921:(3): CD012836. 8907: 8903: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8872: 8866: 8831: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8799: 8762: 8758: 8748: 8746: 8731: 8724: 8693: 8689: 8666: 8662: 8631:(1): CD007953. 8617: 8613: 8582:(4): CD000970. 8572: 8568: 8523: 8519: 8488:(5): CD003343. 8474: 8465: 8454: 8438: 8434: 8424: 8422: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8359: 8355: 8324:(2): CD001362. 8310: 8306: 8275:(5): CD006591. 8261: 8257: 8220: 8216: 8171: 8167: 8122: 8115: 8084:(25): 723–726. 8070: 8066: 8056: 8054: 8047: 8029: 8028: 8021: 7974: 7970: 7939:(4): CD005159. 7925: 7921: 7890: 7886: 7839: 7835: 7804:(2): CD005435. 7790: 7786: 7747: 7743: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7702: 7700: 7687: 7686: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7513: 7509: 7472: 7468: 7437:(4): CD012915. 7423: 7419: 7374: 7367: 7357: 7355: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7187: 7183: 7144: 7140: 7109:(19): 439–443. 7095: 7091: 7054: 7050: 7013: 7009: 6986: 6982: 6971: 6955: 6951: 6906: 6902: 6863: 6859: 6826:(8): e1001062. 6812: 6808: 6804:. London, 2011. 6794: 6787: 6776: 6760: 6756: 6697: 6693: 6656: 6649: 6604: 6600: 6561: 6550: 6505: 6498: 6467: 6463: 6452: 6436: 6432: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6370:(1): e2014027. 6356: 6352: 6307: 6296: 6249: 6245: 6214: 6210: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6132: 6128: 6097: 6093: 6082: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6030: 6023: 6006: 6002: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5886: 5882: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5803: 5799: 5776:(11): 1089–92. 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5703: 5656: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5518: 5511: 5466: 5462: 5417: 5413: 5382: 5378: 5341: 5337: 5292: 5288: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5236:(2–4): 339–45. 5226: 5222: 5177: 5173: 5142:(9): 3398–405. 5128: 5124: 5087: 5083: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5025:Human Pathology 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4979: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4915: 4911: 4880: 4873: 4828: 4824: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4772: 4768: 4757: 4741: 4734: 4711: 4704: 4693: 4677: 4673: 4628: 4624: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4582: 4566: 4555: 4548: 4526: 4522: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4438: 4434: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4392: 4376: 4369: 4338: 4334: 4303: 4299: 4288: 4272: 4268: 4231:Medical History 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3996: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3940: 3938: 3912: 3910: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3830: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3715: 3711: 3696: 3694: 3681: 3677: 3666:Essential Cause 3653: 3651: 3638: 3634: 3597:Medical History 3589: 3585: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3488:(12): 4738–40. 3474: 3470: 3425: 3421: 3374: 3370: 3331: 3327: 3290: 3286: 3257:(9785): 57–72. 3247: 3200: 3185: 3171: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3054: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3010: 2996: 2975: 2964: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2917: 2916: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2882: 2881: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2851: 2833: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2807: 2789: 2788: 2779: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2677: 2676: 2641: 2636: 2610:Medicine portal 2608: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2557: 2507: 2501: 2477: 2424: 2418: 2266:Frédéric Chopin 2264:, the composer 2262:Edgar Allan Poe 2242: 2218: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2133: 2130: 2121: 2118: 2102: 2075: 2063: 2039: 2031: 2022: 2002: 1967: 1950:M. tuberculosis 1946:M. tuberculosis 1942: 1929:M. tuberculosis 1921:M. tuberculosis 1903: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1890: 2000–3000 1887: 1885: 1884: 1000–2000 1881: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1800: 1768: 1753: 1741: 1724: 1702: 1651: 1645: 1615: 1565:Wikisource link 1542: 1536: 1519: 1496: 1488:Main articles: 1486: 1462: 1390: 1384: 1351:M. tuberculosis 1336:sputum cultures 1323: 1307:M. tuberculosis 1300: 1294: 1254:dendritic cells 1183:M. tuberculosis 1175:M. tuberculosis 1132:M. tuberculosis 1124:Robert Carswell 1117: 1109: 1093:tobacco smoking 1074:developed world 1066:corticosteroids 1055: 1047: 1041: 1021:M. tuberculosis 1012: 995: 892:M. tuberculosis 886:are also used. 845:M. tuberculosis 788:M. tuberculosis 777: 771: 766: 752:and joints (in 713: 707: 679: 646:simultaneously. 639: 623: 594:Albert Calmette 544: 532:M. tuberculosis 479:J. L. Schönlein 471:Benjamin Marten 459: 412:M. tuberculosis 388: 382: 371:Video summary ( 358: 282:through the air 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14818: 14808: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14760: 14759: 14757: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14694: 14689: 14688: 14687: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14621: 14620: 14610: 14605: 14604: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14543: 14538: 14536:Binge drinking 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14512: 14510: 14506: 14505: 14496: 14495: 14488: 14481: 14473: 14464: 14463: 14461: 14460: 14455: 14449: 14447: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14422:Dracunculiasis 14419: 14414: 14409: 14407:Chagas disease 14404: 14398: 14396: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14350: 14348: 14342: 14341: 14334: 14333: 14326: 14319: 14311: 14302: 14301: 14299: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14205: 14203: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14106: 14104: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14069:Richard Morton 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14029:Marcos Espinal 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14005: 14003: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13977: 13975: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13947: 13941: 13939: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13873: 13871: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13833: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13821: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13791: 13786: 13780: 13778: 13772: 13771: 13769: 13768: 13761: 13754: 13747: 13739: 13737: 13731: 13730: 13723: 13721: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13697: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13679:Lupus vulgaris 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13651: 13650: 13649: 13647:Ghon's complex 13634: 13632: 13626: 13625: 13618: 13617: 13610: 13603: 13595: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13582: 13574: 13572: 13566: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13556: 13544: 13543: 13542: 13530: 13529: 13528: 13515: 13513: 13507: 13506: 13504: 13503: 13496: 13495: 13494: 13473: 13471: 13465: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13453: 13446: 13439: 13431: 13429: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13411:M. haemophilum 13407: 13406: 13405: 13393: 13392: 13391: 13361: 13359: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13348: 13340: 13338: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13327: 13326: 13325: 13313: 13305: 13303: 13293: 13291:Nontuberculous 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13248: 13246: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13198: 13197: 13187: 13182: 13181: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13158:Lupus vulgaris 13155: 13150: 13138: 13137: 13136: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13119: 13109: 13104: 13102:Ghon's complex 13090: 13088: 13072: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13049: 13041: 13039: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13029: 13022: 13021: 13020: 13008: 13007: 13006: 12992: 12991: 12990: 12985: 12972: 12970: 12961: 12959:Actinomycineae 12955: 12954: 12951:Actinomycetota 12943: 12942: 12935: 12928: 12920: 12911: 12910: 12907: 12906: 12897: 12886: 12875: 12858: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12823: 12812: 12801: 12782: 12767: 12747: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12738:Classification 12732: 12731: 12725: 12706:, 1990-11-01, 12701: 12696: 12691: 12675: 12667: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12622:External links 12620: 12617: 12616: 12579: 12546: 12511: 12466: 12430: 12419: 12399: 12364: 12329: 12294: 12245: 12190: 12164: 12109: 12080:(5): 936–943. 12060: 12035:Health Affairs 12021: 11990: 11955: 11937:Bloomberg News 11923: 11884:(3): 171–172. 11864: 11845: 11826: 11815: 11795: 11784: 11776:United Nations 11760: 11717: 11707:(8): 693–801. 11684: 11643: 11607: 11576:(4): 359–368. 11556: 11516: 11475: 11413: 11364: 11315: 11266: 11223: 11190: 11151:(2): 143–150. 11131: 11080: 11055: 11031: 11002:(9): 1067–82. 10982: 10955: 10936: 10910: 10880: 10846: 10810: 10777: 10755: 10726:(11): 1353–8. 10703: 10670: 10627: 10593: 10562: 10543: 10523: 10482: 10456: 10449: 10431: 10400: 10393: 10367: 10341: 10309: 10279: 10249: 10218: 10203: 10177: 10166: 10146: 10105: 10075: 10049: 10023: 9986: 9960: 9942: 9923: 9903: 9871: 9860: 9840: 9797: 9771: 9739: 9704: 9647: 9588: 9569:(5): 639–644. 9550: 9515: 9464: 9435:(9): 944–946. 9415: 9394:"Tuberculosis" 9385: 9348: 9269: 9251: 9221: 9191: 9177:10.1086/518898 9150: 9115: 9089: 9053: 9004: 8986: 8967:(2): 420–425. 8950: 8901: 8829: 8797: 8756: 8722: 8687: 8660: 8611: 8566: 8517: 8463: 8452: 8432: 8402: 8353: 8304: 8255: 8214: 8185:(2): 244–252. 8165: 8113: 8064: 8045: 8019: 7968: 7919: 7884: 7833: 7784: 7741: 7730: 7710: 7680: 7666: 7652: 7643:"Introduction" 7634: 7609: 7584: 7566: 7557:"Introduction" 7548: 7507: 7486:(5): 940–945. 7466: 7417: 7365: 7335: 7309: 7258: 7232: 7181: 7138: 7089: 7048: 7007: 6980: 6969: 6949: 6900: 6857: 6806: 6785: 6774: 6754: 6715:(11): e26827. 6691: 6647: 6598: 6548: 6496: 6461: 6450: 6430: 6419: 6399: 6350: 6294: 6243: 6208: 6197: 6177: 6126: 6091: 6080: 6057: 6050: 6021: 6000: 5965: 5935: 5880: 5846: 5823:10.1086/519939 5817:(4): 436–438. 5797: 5756: 5730: 5701: 5641: 5611: 5580: 5547: 5509: 5460: 5411: 5376: 5335: 5286: 5275: 5255: 5220: 5191:(6): 2547–53. 5171: 5122: 5101:(4): 1236–45. 5081: 5070: 5050: 5031:(11): 1085–9. 5014: 4988: 4977: 4958: 4929:(3): 191–200. 4909: 4871: 4822: 4811: 4791: 4784: 4766: 4755: 4732: 4721:(9): 1761–68. 4702: 4691: 4671: 4622: 4611: 4591: 4580: 4553: 4546: 4520: 4501: 4475: 4432: 4421: 4401: 4390: 4367: 4332: 4313:(4): 696–721. 4297: 4286: 4266: 4217: 4192: 4133: 4102: 4095: 4073: 4043: 4013: 3994: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3885: 3819: 3787: 3742: 3709: 3675: 3632: 3583: 3566: 3517: 3468: 3419: 3382:PLOS Pathogens 3368: 3325: 3311:10.1086/321886 3284: 3198: 3183: 3136: 3110: 3101:"Tuberculosis" 3089: 3045: 3015: 3008: 2973: 2962: 2940: 2905: 2868: 2849: 2824: 2805: 2777: 2725: 2718: 2700: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2597: 2594: 2556: 2553: 2500: 2497: 2476: 2473: 2417: 2414: 2410:Ingrid Bergman 2238:Main article: 2227:The Sick Child 2217: 2214: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2112: 2106:Western Europe 2101: 2100:Western Europe 2098: 2074: 2071: 2062: 2059: 2047:incidence rate 2038: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2001: 1998: 1966: 1965:At-risk groups 1963: 1941: 1938: 1900: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1878: 750–1000 1874: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1813: 1799: 1796: 1767: 1764: 1752: 1749: 1740: 1737: 1723: 1720: 1701: 1698: 1647:Main article: 1644: 1641: 1614: 1611: 1559:, replaced in 1555:under the old 1538:Main article: 1535: 1532: 1518: 1515: 1502:as of 2021 is 1485: 1482: 1461: 1458: 1427:false-positive 1386:Main article: 1383: 1380: 1322: 1319: 1296:Main article: 1293: 1290: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1054: 1051: 1043:Main article: 1040: 1037: 1011: 1008: 994: 991: 942:Horn of Africa 843:organism, but 821:outer membrane 773:Main article: 770: 767: 765: 762: 709:Main article: 706: 705:Extrapulmonary 703: 687:cough up blood 678: 675: 669:. Significant 638: 635: 631:drug-resistant 622: 619: 598:Camille Guérin 575:pasteurization 543: 540: 463:Richard Morton 458: 457:Identification 455: 400:British Museum 396:Egyptian mummy 384:Main article: 381: 378: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 168: 164: 163: 153:histoplasmosis 146: 140: 139: 122: 116: 115: 109: 103: 102: 95: 91: 90: 76: 70: 69: 60: 54: 53: 46: 45: 37: 36: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14817: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14772: 14770: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14724:Schizophrenia 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14703: 14700: 14699: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14686: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14548: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14507: 14502: 14494: 14489: 14487: 14482: 14480: 14475: 14474: 14471: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14446:Miscellaneous 14444: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14432:Leishmaniasis 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14399: 14397: 14395: 14391: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14349: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14332: 14327: 14325: 14320: 14318: 14313: 14312: 14309: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14207: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14103:Organizations 14101: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14049:F. R. G. Heaf 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13978: 13976: 13972: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13949:Experimental 13948: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13938: 13934: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13907:Thioacetazone 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13864: 13860: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13796: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13777: 13773: 13767: 13766: 13762: 13760: 13759: 13755: 13753: 13752: 13748: 13746: 13745: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13732: 13727: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13656: 13655: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13627: 13623: 13616: 13611: 13609: 13604: 13602: 13597: 13596: 13593: 13581: 13580: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13567: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13550: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13536: 13535: 13531: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13517: 13516: 13514: 13512: 13508: 13502: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13488: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13452: 13451: 13447: 13445: 13444: 13440: 13438: 13437: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13413: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13389:MAI infection 13387: 13386: 13385: 13381: 13380: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13367: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13332: 13324: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13318: 13314: 13312: 13311: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13288: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13192: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13148:Scrofuloderma 13146: 13145: 13144: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13132: 13131: 13130: 13127: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13114: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13058: 13048: 13047: 13043: 13042: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13028: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13009: 13005: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12993: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12983:Actinomycosis 12981: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12941: 12936: 12934: 12929: 12927: 12922: 12921: 12918: 12905: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12891: 12887: 12885: 12881: 12880: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12864: 12863: 12859: 12857: 12853: 12852: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12840: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12824: 12822: 12818: 12817: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12802: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12781: 12777: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12740: 12736: 12729: 12726: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12710: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12666: 12662: 12657: 12653: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12630: 12601: 12597: 12590: 12583: 12567: 12563: 12562: 12557: 12550: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12515: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12470: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12434: 12426: 12422: 12416: 12412: 12411: 12403: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12368: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12333: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12298: 12290: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12249: 12241: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12203: 12194: 12178: 12174: 12168: 12160: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12122: 12113: 12105: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12064: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12025: 12014: 12010: 12009: 12001: 11994: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11959: 11943: 11939: 11938: 11933: 11927: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11868: 11860: 11856: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11830: 11822: 11818: 11812: 11808: 11807: 11799: 11791: 11787: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11772: 11764: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11721: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11695: 11688: 11680: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11663:(4): 567–77. 11662: 11658: 11654: 11647: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11611: 11603: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11560: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11512: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11495:(2): 206–32. 11494: 11490: 11486: 11479: 11471: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11430: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11409: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11368: 11360: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11319: 11311: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11270: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11239:(7): 739–42. 11238: 11234: 11227: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11186: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11135: 11127: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11094:PLOS Medicine 11091: 11084: 11073: 11066: 11059: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11035: 11027: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10986: 10975: 10968: 10962: 10960: 10943: 10939: 10933: 10929: 10928: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10884: 10877: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10850: 10831: 10827: 10820: 10814: 10798: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10781: 10765: 10759: 10751: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10710: 10708: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10682: 10674: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10643:(2): 114–11. 10642: 10638: 10631: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10566: 10550: 10546: 10540: 10536: 10535: 10527: 10519: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10486: 10470: 10466: 10460: 10452: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10428: 10417: 10413: 10412: 10404: 10396: 10390: 10386: 10381: 10380: 10371: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10329: 10325: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10231: 10222: 10214: 10207: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10163: 10159: 10158: 10150: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10109: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10038: 10034: 10027: 10008: 10001: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9974: 9970: 9964: 9956: 9952: 9946: 9930: 9926: 9924:0-8330-2446-9 9920: 9916: 9915: 9907: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9819:(3): 351–55. 9818: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9801: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9756: 9749: 9743: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9720:(4): 240–45. 9719: 9715: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9651: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9608:(3): e57752. 9607: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9557: 9555: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9519: 9511: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9468: 9460: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9419: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9370: 9363: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9273: 9265: 9261: 9255: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9225: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9154: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9119: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9008: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8877:The Economist 8871: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8814: 8807: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8760: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8729: 8727: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8707:(11): 301–5. 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8676:(2): 104–12. 8675: 8671: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8436: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8234:(3): 257–66. 8233: 8229: 8225: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8068: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8024: 8015: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7721:Sections 1–10 7714: 7698: 7695:(WHO). 2011. 7694: 7690: 7684: 7676: 7670: 7662: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7619: 7613: 7594: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7527:(1): E9–E12. 7526: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7388:(6): 529–31. 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7370: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7003: 6999: 6996:(2): 93–107. 6995: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6920:(3): 177–84. 6919: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6873:(6): 981–93. 6872: 6868: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6820:PLOS Medicine 6817: 6810: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6766: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6670:(1): 100–11. 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6652: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6519:(1): 145–54. 6518: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6501: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6321:(3): 833–36. 6320: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6064: 6062: 6053: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6028: 6026: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5528:(5): 407–13. 5527: 5523: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5480:(3): 143–54. 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5431:(4): 453–64. 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4890:(3): 119–25. 4889: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4842:(3): 109–16. 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4737: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4642:(3): 182–85. 4641: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4448:(3): 179–85. 4447: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4348:(3): 528–40. 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3954: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3919: 3908: 3904: 3901:(in French). 3900: 3896: 3889: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3844:(8): 413–17. 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3660:P. 51: "The 3649: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3603:(2): 166–74. 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3581: 3580:Who Named It? 3577: 3576: 3570: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3540:(2): 269–74. 3539: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3439:(1): 359–67. 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3341:(3): 369–82. 3340: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3304:(3): 305–11. 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2945: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2748:(4): 650–71. 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2555:Other animals 2552: 2549: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298:George Orwell 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270:Anton Chekhov 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179:is short for 2178: 2174: 2163: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2073:North America 2070: 2068: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2026: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1872: 500–750 1866: 250–500 1861: 1858: 100–250 1822: no data 1817: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1748: 1746: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657:Tuberculosis 1655: 1650: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1517:Public health 1514: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1394: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334:and multiple 1333: 1329: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:B lymphocytes 1235: 1234:T lymphocytes 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:granulomatous 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1050: 1046: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1007: 1004: 1000: 986: 982: 980: 976: 972: 971: 966: 965: 960: 959: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922: 917: 916: 911: 910: 905: 904: 899: 895: 893: 887: 885: 881: 877: 876:Kinyoun stain 873: 869: 865: 862:samples from 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833:disinfectants 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797: 789: 785: 781: 776: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 712: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 674: 672: 671:nail clubbing 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 643: 634: 632: 628: 618: 616: 611: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 589: 585: 580: 576: 570: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 539: 537: 533: 529: 522: 518: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 454: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 409: 401: 397: 392: 387: 374: 356: 354: 353:ancient times 350: 346: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 304:, as well as 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 233: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 203: 199: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 121: 117: 114: 110: 108: 104: 101: 100: 96: 92: 89:, weight loss 88: 84: 80: 79:Chronic cough 77: 75: 71: 68: 64: 61: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 14775:Tuberculosis 14754:Tuberculosis 14665:Malnutrition 14509:Health topic 14501:epidemiology 14453:Malnutrition 14364:Tuberculosis 14363: 14266:Sunshine Way 14256:Preventorium 14241:Iowa Cow War 14089:Madonna Swan 14084:Lucius Rüedi 13922:Pyrazinamide 13912:Streptomycin 13868:ATC code J04 13846:Mantoux test 13763: 13756: 13749: 13742: 13664:Pott disease 13622:Tuberculosis 13621: 13577: 13546: 13532: 13518: 13498: 13476: 13469:Nocardiaceae 13450:M. abscessus 13448: 13441: 13436:M. fortuitum 13434: 13409: 13403:Buruli ulcer 13395: 13377: 13371: 13365: 13343: 13315: 13308: 13241: 13140: 13111: 13107:Pott disease 13094:Tuberculosis 13093: 13078: 13044: 13024: 13010: 12995: 12975: 12899: 12888: 12884:Tuberculosis 12877: 12860: 12849: 12825: 12814: 12803: 12784: 12769: 12750: 12707: 12687:the original 12661:Tuberculosis 12649: 12634: 12607:. Retrieved 12582: 12570:. Retrieved 12559: 12549: 12524: 12520: 12514: 12482:(9): 420–7. 12479: 12475: 12469: 12444: 12440: 12433: 12409: 12402: 12377: 12373: 12367: 12342: 12338: 12332: 12307: 12303: 12297: 12262: 12258: 12248: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12193: 12181:. Retrieved 12177:the original 12167: 12130: 12126: 12120: 12112: 12077: 12073: 12063: 12051:. Retrieved 12034: 12024: 12006: 11993: 11968: 11964: 11958: 11946:. Retrieved 11935: 11926: 11914:. Retrieved 11881: 11877: 11867: 11848: 11840:the original 11829: 11805: 11798: 11774:. New York: 11770: 11763: 11755:the original 11734: 11730: 11720: 11704: 11700: 11687: 11660: 11656: 11646: 11624:(8): 522–8. 11621: 11617: 11610: 11573: 11569: 11559: 11534: 11530: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11443: 11439: 11381: 11377: 11367: 11332: 11328: 11318: 11283: 11279: 11269: 11236: 11232: 11226: 11215:the original 11210: 11206: 11193: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11097: 11093: 11083: 11058: 11043: 11034: 10999: 10995: 10985: 10946:. Retrieved 10926: 10901:. Retrieved 10892: 10883: 10875: 10870:28 September 10868:. Retrieved 10859: 10849: 10837:. Retrieved 10813: 10803:28 September 10801:. Retrieved 10792:The Guardian 10790: 10780: 10768:. Retrieved 10758: 10723: 10719: 10696:28 September 10694:. Retrieved 10690:the original 10685: 10680: 10673: 10640: 10636: 10630: 10618:. Retrieved 10609: 10605: 10596: 10584:. Retrieved 10575: 10565: 10553:. Retrieved 10533: 10526: 10499: 10495: 10485: 10473:. Retrieved 10459: 10440: 10434: 10426: 10421:28 September 10419:. Retrieved 10410: 10403: 10378: 10370: 10358:. Retrieved 10354:the original 10344: 10332:. Retrieved 10300:. Retrieved 10291: 10282: 10270:. Retrieved 10261: 10252: 10244:the original 10239: 10235: 10229: 10221: 10206: 10196:17 September 10194:. Retrieved 10190:the original 10180: 10156: 10149: 10122: 10118: 10108: 10096:. Retrieved 10087: 10078: 10066:. Retrieved 10062:the original 10052: 10040:. Retrieved 10036: 10026: 10016:27 September 10014:. Retrieved 9977:. 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Retrieved 2682: 2575: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2550: 2538: 2523: 2508: 2493: 2489: 2485:Africa, AIDS 2478: 2469: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2403: 2385: 2375: 2360:Van Morrison 2345: 2335: 2322:Edvard Munch 2243: 2232:Edvard Munch 2225: 2203: 2187: 2180: 2176: 2158: 2103: 2095: 2084: 2076: 2064: 2055: 2040: 2032: 2023: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1987: 1979: 1971:malnutrition 1968: 1959: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1940:Epidemiology 1934: 1928: 1920: 1914: 1906: 1896: ≥ 3000 1852: 75–100 1792: 1787: 1785: 1769: 1760: 1754: 1742: 1728:pyrazinamide 1725: 1717: 1714: 1703: 1694: 1679: 1672: 1637: 1616: 1608: 1603: 1586:filters and 1577: 1570: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1497: 1471: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1415:malnutrition 1399: 1366: 1350: 1348: 1324: 1306: 1275: 1271: 1251: 1219: 1187: 1182: 1179:mycolic acid 1174: 1167:phagocytosis 1161:of alveolar 1152: 1136:asymptomatic 1131: 1129: 1115:Pathogenesis 1110: 1078: 1063: 1056: 1048: 1039:Risk factors 1032:nonresistant 1028: 1020: 1013: 996: 993:Transmission 968: 962: 956: 954: 945: 937: 929: 926:M. africanum 925: 919: 913: 909:M. africanum 907: 901: 898:mycobacteria 891: 888: 860:expectorated 856:histological 853: 844: 829:mycolic acid 803:, nonmotile 794: 792: 787: 769:Mycobacteria 754:Pott disease 714: 680: 656: 649: 624: 615:pneumothorax 610:streptomycin 606: 592: 571: 552: 545: 531: 526: 490:Mammoth Cave 487: 485:) in 1832. 482: 475:René Laennec 460: 444: 440:the Americas 411: 405: 341: 318: 302:chest X-rays 276: 264:night sweats 230: 222: 218: 214: 211:Tuberculosis 210: 209: 107:Risk factors 97: 27:Tuberculosis 18: 14645:Hepatitis D 14640:Hepatitis C 14608:Chikungunya 14195:TB Alliance 14059:Robert Koch 13945:BCG vaccine 13917:Bedaquiline 13897:Cycloserine 13892:Capreomycin 13819:QuantiFERON 13793:Culture on 13492:Nocardiosis 13443:M. chelonae 13397:M. ulcerans 13345:M. gordonae 13310:M. kansasii 12851:MedlinePlus 12644:‹ The 12587:Mikota SK. 12527:(1): 2–10. 11570:Respirology 10576:Smithsonian 10570:Eschner K. 10360:15 December 10215:. 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In 1865, 483:Tuberkulose 445:Before the 329:antibiotics 321:vaccination 306:microscopic 268:weight loss 223:consumption 219:white death 187:Antibiotics 172:vaccination 157:sarcoidosis 137:QuantiFERON 67:pulmonology 50:Chest X-ray 32:Other names 14769:Categories 14729:Snakebites 14625:Depression 14571:esophageal 14566:colorectal 14261:Sanatorium 14079:Carl Rüedi 14039:Max Gerson 13974:Resistance 13902:Rifampicin 13887:Ethambutol 13863:Management 13836:Tuberculin 13706:Paronychia 13643:Ghon focus 13540:Erythrasma 13526:Diphtheria 13317:M. marinum 13190:Tuberculid 13122:Rich focus 13117:Meningitis 13098:Ghon focus 12879:Patient UK 12827:DiseasesDB 12681:. 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Geneva: 2634:References 2503:See also: 2461:World Bank 2352:sanatorium 2338:literature 2306:Alice Neel 2254:John Keats 1732:ethambutol 1690:rifampicin 1643:Management 1460:Prevention 1435:M. marinum 1431:M. szulgai 1194:upper lobe 1190:Ghon focus 1081:alcoholism 1070:infliximab 950:prevalence 946:M. microti 921:M. microti 858:stains on 825:Gram stain 683:chest pain 499:Sokołowsko 495:sanatorium 339:(MDR-TB). 167:Prevention 14714:Pneumonia 14702:childhood 14374:Pneumonia 13953:M72/AS01E 13877:Isoniazid 13851:Tine test 13841:Heaf test 13824:T-SPOT.TB 13243:M. leprae 13142:cutaneous 12873:radio/411 12870:emerg/618 12862:eMedicine 12714:KUT Radio 12598:(APHIS). 12484:CiteSeerX 11948:1 January 11751:154454583 11167:0974-777X 10828:(USAID). 10665:191371443 10620:4 October 10555:4 October 10098:22 August 10068:22 August 10037:Spotlight 9979:22 August 9896:7 October 9214:25 August 6263:(1): 29. 5958:25 August 4110:Frith J. 4066:7 October 3812:8 October 3279:208791546 3084:0312-8008 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