Latent tuberculosis

723:

test results and fibrotic pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis) if taken daily for 9 months." However, if a person has not completed the medication exactly as prescribed, the "cure" is less likely, and the "cure" rate is directly proportional to following the prescribed treatment specifically as recommended. Furthermore, "f you don't take the medicine correctly and you become sick with TB a second time, the TB may be harder to treat if it has become drug resistant." If a patient were to be cured in the strictest definition of the word, it would mean that every single bacterium in the system is removed or dead, and that person cannot get tuberculosis (unless re-infected). However, there is no test to assure that every single bacterium has been killed in a patient's system. As such, a person diagnosed with latent TB can safely assume that, even after treatment, they will carry the bacteria – likely for the rest of their lives. Furthermore, "It has been estimated that up to one-third of the world's population is infected with

285:, was developed in 1908. Tuberculin (also called purified protein derivative or PPD) is a standardised dead extract of cultured TB, injected into the skin to measure the person's immune response to the bacteria. So, if a person has been exposed to the bacteria previously, they should express an immune reaction to the injection, usually a mild swelling or redness around the site. There have been two primary methods of TST: the Mantoux test, and the Heaf test. The Heaf test was discontinued in 2005 because the manufacturer deemed its production to be financially unsustainable, though it was previously preferred in the UK because it was felt to require less training to administer and involved less inter-observer variation in its interpretation than the Mantoux test. The Mantoux test was the preferred test in the US, and is now the most widely used TST globally. 426:

immune responses to TB has been necessary, that person might give a negative test result. If so, there is a fairly reasonable chance that the TST triggers a hypersensitivity in the person's immune system – in other words, the TST reminds the person's immune system about TB, and the body overreacts to what it perceives as a reinfection. In this case, when that subject is given the test again (as is standard procedure, see above) they may have a significantly greater reaction to the test, giving a very strong positive; this can be commonly misdiagnosed as Tuberculin Conversion. This can also be triggered by receiving the BCG vaccine, as opposed to a proper infection. Although boosting can occur in any age group, the likelihood of the reaction increases with age.

434:

BCG vaccination history, and if an individual receives a negative and then a positive TST they will be assessed for full TB treatment beginning with X-ray to confirm TB is not active and proceeding from there. Conversely, the UK guidelines acknowledge the potential effect of the BCG vaccination, as it is mandatory and therefore a prevalent concern – though the UK shares the procedure of administering two tests, one week apart, and accepting the second one as the accurate result, they also assume that a second positive is indicative of an old infection (and therefore certainly LTBI) or the BCG itself. In the case of BCG vaccinations confusing the results,

710:

directly observed Rifapentine plus INH compare to INH monotherapy in preventing active TB in HIV-negative people at risk of developing it . However the review found that the shorter Rifampicin regimen for four months and weekly directly observed Rifapentine plus INH for three months "may have additional advantages of higher treatment completion and improved safety." However the overall quality of evidence was low to moderate (as per GRADE criteria) and none of the included trials were conducted in LMIC nations with high TB transmission and hence might not be applicable to nations with high TB transmission.

3054: 158:

healthy or may only have a cough from time to time." However, these symptoms do not guarantee tuberculosis, and they may not exist at all, yet the patient may still have active tuberculosis. A person with symptoms listed may have active tuberculosis, and the person should immediately see a physician so that tuberculosis is not spread. If a person with the above symptoms does not see a physician, ignoring the symptoms can result in lung damage, eye damage, organ damage and eventually death.

347:

the age of 2. For the standard head, the needles protrude 2 mm when the gun is actuated; for the pediatric heads, the needles protrude 1 mm. Skin is cleaned with alcohol, then tuberculin (100,000 units/ml) is evenly smeared on the skin (about 0.1 ml); the gun is then applied to the skin and fired. The excess solution is then wiped off and a waterproof ink mark is drawn around the injection site. The test is read 2 to 7 days later.

929:

immunosuppressive drugs or catch HIV. And yet, neither of those trends pans out: At most, some 5 to 10 percent of people who have tested positive by skin test and later sustain a blow to their immune system develop TB disease within about three to five years—a hint that, for almost everyone else, there may not be any MTB left. “If there were a slam-dunk experiment, that’s it,” William Bishai, a TB researcher at Johns Hopkins, told me.

885:"In the US, over half of all active TB cases occur in immigrants. The reported cases of active TB in foreign-born persons has remained at 7000–8000 per year, while the number of cases in US-born people has dropped from 17,000 in 1993 to 6,500 in 2005. As a result, the percentage of active TB cases in immigrants has increased steadily (from 29% of all cases in 1993 to 54% in 2005)," and most of those cases are in developing countries. 80:(TB). Active tuberculosis can be contagious while latent tuberculosis is not, and it is therefore not possible to get TB from someone with latent tuberculosis. The main risk is that approximately 10% of these people (5% in the first two years after infection and 0.1% per year thereafter) will go on to develop active tuberculosis. This is particularly true, and there is added risk, in particular situations such as 162:

tuberculosis. Other symptoms include back pain, flank pain, PID symptoms, confusion, coma, difficulty swallowing, and many other symptoms that would be a part of other diseases. (Please see the reference for more information on symptoms.) Therefore, seeing a physician and asking for a tuberculosis test is absolutely necessary to rule out tuberculosis when a patient has symptoms without a diagnosis of disease.

2349: 2288: 103:

a person with TB of the lungs sneezes, coughs, talks, sings, or does anything that forces the bacteria into the air, other people nearby may breathe in TB bacteria. Statistics show that approximately one-third of people exposed to pulmonary TB become infected with the bacteria, but only one in ten of these infected people develops active TB disease during their lifetimes.

129:(required in some jobs) or developing symptoms of active tuberculosis and visiting a medical doctor who does testing will a person know they have been exposed. Because tuberculosis is not common in the United States, doctors may not suspect tuberculosis; therefore, they may not test. If a person has symptoms of tuberculosis, it is wise to be tested. 706:

relative risk (RR) of 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31 to 0.52) for development of active tuberculosis over two years or longer for patients treated with INH, with no significant difference between treatment courses of six or 12 months (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.73 for six months, and 0.38, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.50 for 12 months).

451:

previously, latent TB is diagnosed if the Heaf test is grade 2, 3 or 4, and have no signs or symptoms of active TB. Repeat Heaf testing is not done in patients who have had BCG (because of the phenomenon of boosting). For details of tuberculin skin test interpretation, please refer to the BTS guidelines (references given below).

953:." The corrigenda also removed the prior estimate of the lifetime risk of TB of 5 to 10% among those with evidence of past TB infection, indicating that they no longer have confidence in earlier estimates that a substantial percentage of those with positive immunologic test results will develop the disease. 455:

Having regular TSTs boosts the immunological response in those people who have previously had BCG, so these people will falsely appear to be tuberculin conversions. This may lead to treating more people than necessary, with the possible risk of those patients developing adverse drug reactions. However, as

705:

A 2000 Cochrane review containing 11 double-blinded, randomized control trials and 73,375 patients examined six and 12 month courses of isoniazid (INH) for treatment of latent tuberculosis. HIV positive and patients currently or previously treated for tuberculosis were excluded. The main result was a

346:

The Heaf test was first described in 1951. The test uses a Heaf gun with disposable single-use heads; each head has six needles arranged in a circle. There are standard heads and pediatric heads: the standard head is used on all patients aged 2 years and older; the pediatric head is for infants under

145:

Once a person has been diagnosed with Latent Tuberculosis (LTBI) and a medical doctor confirms no active tuberculosis, the person should remain alert to symptoms of active tuberculosis for the remainder of their life. Even after completing the full course of medication, there is no guarantee that the

425:

is one way of obtaining a false positive test result. Theoretically, a person's ability to develop a reaction to the TST may decrease over time – for example, a person is infected with latent TB as a child, and is administered a TST as an adult. Because there has been such a long time since the

102:

TB Bacteria Are Spread Only from a Person with Active TB Disease ... In people who develop active TB of the lungs, also called pulmonary TB, the TB skin test will often be positive. In addition, they will show all the signs and symptoms of TB disease, and can pass the bacteria to others. So, if

1768:

Timothy R. Sterling; M. Elsa Villarino; Andrey S. Borisov; Nong Shang; Fred Gordin; Erin Bliven-Sizemore; Judith Hackman; Carol Dukes Hamilton; Dick Menzies; Amy Kerrigan; Stephen E. Weis; Marc Weiner; Diane Wing; Marcus B. Conde; Lorna Bozeman; C. Robert Horsburgh, Jr.; Richard E. Chaisson (2011).

128:

or "confidentiality" and do not have to reveal their active tuberculosis case to family, friends, or co-workers; therefore, the person who gets latent tuberculosis may never know who had the active case of tuberculosis that caused the latent tuberculosis diagnosis for them. Only by required testing

944:

The World Health Organization no longer endorses the concept that all those with immunologic evidence of past TB infection are currently infected and so are at risk of developing TB some time in the future. In 2022, the WHO issued corrigenda to its 2021 Global TB Report to clarify estimates on the

893:

There is controversy over whether people who test positive long after infection have a significant risk of developing the disease (without re-infection). Some researchers and public health officials have warned that this test-positive population is a "source of future TB cases" even in the US and

433:

Here there is a difference in US and UK guidelines; in the US testers are told to ignore the possibility of false positive due to the BCG vaccine, as the BCG is seen as having waning efficacy over time. Therefore, the CDC urges that individuals be treated based on risk stratification regardless of

157:

Tuberculosis does not always settle in the lungs. If the outbreak of tuberculosis is in the brain, organs, kidneys, joints, or others areas, the patient may have active tuberculosis for an extended period of time before discovering that they are active. "A person with TB disease may feel perfectly

112:

Depending on ventilation and other factors, these tiny droplets can remain suspended in the air for several hours. Should another person inhale them, he or she may become infected with TB. The probability of transmission will be related to the infectiousness of the person with TB, the environment

722:

A person who has taken the complete course of Isoniazid (or other full course prescription for tuberculosis) on a regular, timely schedule may have been cured. "Current standard therapy is isoniazid (INH) which reduce the risk of active TB by as much as 90 per cent (in patients with positive LTBI

454:

Given that the US recommendation is that prior BCG vaccination be ignored in the interpretation of tuberculin skin tests, false positives with the Mantoux test are possible as a result of: (1) having previously had a BCG (even many years ago), or (2) periodical testing with tuberculin skin tests.

709:

A Cochrane systematic review published in 2013 evaluated four different alternatives regimens to INH monotherapy for preventing active TB in HIV-negative people with latent tuberculosis infection. The evidence from this review found no difference between shorter regimens of Rifampicin or weekly,

446:

According to the U.S. guidelines, there are multiple size thresholds for declaring a positive result of latent tuberculosis from the Mantoux test: For testees from high-risk groups, such as those who are HIV positive, the cutoff is 5 mm of induration; for medium risk groups, 10 mm; for

429:

Boosting is only likely to be relevant if an individual is beginning to undergo periodic TSTs (health care workers, for example). In this case the standard procedure is called two-step testing. The individual is given their first test and in the event of a negative, given a second test in 1 to 3

132:

Persons with diabetes may have an 18% chance of converting to active tuberculosis. In fact, death from tuberculosis was greater in diabetic patients. Persons with HIV and latent tuberculosis have a 10% chance of developing active tuberculosis every year. "HIV infection is the greatest known risk

2095:

Although TB control measures in the United States have brought the incidence of the disease to an all-time low of 11,181 cases in 2010, it is estimated that at least 11 million Americans have latent TB. 'The 11 million Americans with latent TB represent a ticking time bomb,' Dr. Kenneth Castro,

652:

6H — Isoniazid for 6 months might be adopted by a local TB program based on cost-effectiveness and patient compliance. This is the regimen currently recommended in the UK for routine use. The U.S. guidance excludes this regimen from use in children or persons with radiographic evidence of prior

570:

The treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is essential to controlling and eliminating TB by reducing the risk that TB infection will progress to disease. Latent tuberculosis will convert to active tuberculosis in 10% of cases (or more in cases of immune compromised patients). Taking

450:

The UK guidelines are formulated according to the Heaf test: In patients who have had BCG previously, latent TB is diagnosed if the Heaf test is grade 3 or 4 and have no signs or symptoms of active TB; if the Heaf test is grade 0 or 1, then the test is repeated. In patients who have not had BCG

107:

However, exposure to tuberculosis is very unlikely to happen when one is exposed for a few minutes in a store or in a few minutes social contact. "It usually takes prolonged exposure to someone with active TB disease for someone to become infected. After exposure, it usually takes 8 to 10 weeks

916:

for more than two years never develop tuberculosis even if their immune system is severely suppressed. Immunologic tests for tuberculosis infection such as the tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) only indicate past infection, with the majority of previously infected

637:

It is essential that assessment to rule out active TB be carried out before treatment for LTBI is started. To give treatment for latent tuberculosis to someone with active tuberculosis is a serious error: the tuberculosis will not be adequately treated and there is a serious risk of developing

727:, and this population is an important reservoir for disease reactivation." This means that in areas where TB is endemic treatment may be even less certain to "cure" TB, as reinfection could trigger activation of latent TB already present even in cases where treatment was followed completely. 161:

When tuberculosis settles in other organs (rather than lungs) or other parts of the body (such as the skeletal), symptoms may be different from when it settles in the lungs (such as the symptoms listed above). Thus, without the cough or flu-like symptoms, a person can unwittingly have active

917:

persons no longer capable of developing tuberculosis. Ramakrishnan told the New York Times that researchers "have spent hundreds of millions of dollars chasing after latency, but the whole idea that a quarter of the world is infected with TB is based on a fundamental misunderstanding."

928:

If the bacteria were lingering, researchers would expect to see a big spike in disease late in life among people with positive skin tests, as their immune system naturally weakens. They would also expect to see a high rate of progression to full-blown TB among people who start taking

524:

The HPA recommends the use of IGRA testing in health care workers, if available, in view of the importance of detecting latently infected staff who may go on to develop active disease and come into contact with immunocompromised patients and the logistical simplicity of IGRA

594:

have been used for decades, and are preferred in the UK because it involves giving medication to people who have no disease and are currently well: the reason for giving medication is primarily to prevent people from becoming unwell. In the U.S., physicians talk about

515:

CDC recommends that QFT-G may be used in all circumstances in which the TST is currently used, including contact investigations, evaluation of recent immigrants, and sequential-testing surveillance programs for infection control (e.g., those for health-care workers).

539:(the most used treatment for latent tuberculosis.) Only if the tuberculosis bacteria does not respond to the treatment will the medical practitioner begin to consider more virulent strains, requiring significantly longer and more thorough treatment regimens. 599:

because the medication does not actually prevent infection: the person is already infected and the medication is intended to prevent existing silent infection from becoming active disease. There are no convincing reasons to prefer one term over the other.

718:

There is no guaranteed "cure" for latent tuberculosis. "People infected with TB bacteria have a lifetime risk of falling ill with TB..." with those who have compromised immune systems, those with diabetes and those who use tobacco at greater risk.

941:, who endorsed the findings and called for more funding of TB research directed at the most heavily afflicted parts of the world, rather than disproportionate attention to a relatively minor problem that affects just the wealthy countries. 628:, diabetes, malignancy, hematologic cancers, body weight of at least 10% less than ideal, silicosis, gastrectomy, jejunoileal bypass, asthma, or other disorders requiring long-term use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants)." 882:"About one-third of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not (yet) ill with disease and cannot transmit the disease," and most of those cases are in developing countries. 447:

low-risk groups, 15 mm. The U.S. guidelines recommend that a history of previous BCG vaccination should be ignored. For details of tuberculin skin test interpretation, please refer to the CDC guidelines (reference given below).

901:

reviewed studies concerning the concept of latent tuberculosis in order to determine whether tuberculosis-infected persons have life-long infection capable of causing disease at any future time. These studies, both published in the

459:

vaccine is not 100% effective, and is less protective in adults than pediatric patients, not treating these patients could lead to a possible infection. The current US policy seems to reflect a desire to err on the side of safety.

412:

is said to occur if a patient who has previously had a negative tuberculin skin test develops a positive tuberculin skin test at a later test. It indicates a change from negative to positive, and usually signifies a new infection.

912:) in 2018 and 2019, show that the incubation period of tuberculosis is short, usually within months after infection, and very rarely more than two years after infection. They also show that more than 90% of people infected with 87:

The identification and treatment of people with latent TB is an important part of controlling this disease. Various treatment regimens are in use for latent tuberculosis. They generally need to be taken for several months.

534:

It is usually assumed by most medical practitioners in the early stages of a diagnosis that a case of latent tuberculosis is the normal or regular strain of tuberculosis. It will therefore be most commonly treated with

1708:

Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Bull World Health Organ.

315:

results in false negatives). A waterproof ink mark is drawn around the injection site so as to avoid difficulty finding it later if the level of reaction is small. The test is read 48 to 72 hours later. The area of

120:

If a person had latent tuberculosis, they do not have active/contagious tuberculosis. Once exposed, people very often have latent tuberculosis. To convert to active tuberculosis, the bacteria must become active.

2487: 2325: 1084:

For example, if you work in the Retirement Home industry in Ontario, Canada you are required by law to have a TB test to confirm that you do not have active TB cite - Ontario Regulation 166/11 s. 27 (8)

1476: 430:

weeks. This is done to combat boosting in situations where, had that person waited up to a year to get their next TST, they might still have a boosted reaction, and be misdiagnosed as a new infection.

3512: 2353: 117:

In fact, "it isn't easy to catch TB. You need consistent exposure to the contagious person for a long time. For that reason, you're more likely to catch TB from a relative than a stranger."

137:

infection to active TB. In many African countries, 30–60% of all new TB cases occur in people with HIV, and TB is the leading cause of death globally for HIV-infected people."

3457: 2096:

director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's division of tuberculosis elimination, said at a news conference Monday. 'They're the source of future TB cases.'

1011: 2306: 982: 504:. These tests are not affected by prior BCG vaccination, and look for the body's response to specific TB antigens not present in other forms of mycobacteria and BCG ( 3502: 3492: 2083: 1968: 3477: 202:

other conditions such as debilitating disease (especially haematological and some solid cancers), use of steroid medication long-term, end-stage renal disease,

1480: 1293: 1993: 1634: 1378: 696:

and isoniazid. The 3HP regimen has to be administered under DOT. A self-administered therapy (SAT) of 3HP is investigated in a large international study.

2265: 1060: 1659: 649:

for 9 months is the gold standard (93% effective, in patients with positive test results and fibrotic pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis).

3158: 1104: 1822: 1505: 1220: 1258:

Comstock, George W; Livesay, Verna T; Woolpert, Shirley F (1974). "The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence".

735:

Tuberculosis exists in all countries in the world, though some countries have a larger number of people infected than others. Per 100,000 people,

2014:

Dewan, Puneet K.; Lal, S. S.; Lonnroth, Knut; Wares, Fraser; Uplekar, Mukund; Sahu, Suvanand; Granich, Reuben; Chauhan, Lakhbir Singh (2006).

1684: 1158: 3447: 2541: 1609: 1584: 1425: 487: 1820:

Recommendations for Use of an Isoniazid-Rifapentine Regimen with Direct Observation to Treat Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

3442: 2357: 1559: 1530: 2015: 483:

is undergoing constant review and various guidelines have been published with the option for revision as new data becomes available.

154:

etc.) may be mild for many months. This can lead to delays in seeking care, and results in transmission of the bacteria to others."

671:

for 4 months is an alternative for those who are unable to take isoniazid or who have had known exposure to isoniazid-resistant TB.

3313: 1192: 471:), whereas the UK guidelines recommend that tuberculin skin tests should not be used for such patients because it is unreliable. 189:, or of a prolonged period of not eating, or disturbance in food availability such as during famine or residence in a refugee or 3487: 2940: 1007: 47: 1403: 2407: 2319: 986: 945:

worldwide burden of infected people. These corrigenda deleted "About a quarter of the world's population is infected with

1349: 1323: 3318: 1039: 689:

is no longer recommended for treatment of LTBI because of the greatly increased risk of drug-induced hepatitis and death.

2075: 3126: 2401:

Mazurek, G. H.; Villarino, M. E. (2003). "Guidelines for using the QuantiFERON-TB test for diagnosing latent

1964: 3254: 2534: 146:

tuberculosis bacteria have all been killed. "When a person develops active TB (disease), the symptoms (cough, fever,

660:— An intermittent twice-weekly regimen for the above two treatment regimens is an alternative if administered under 3482: 3308: 2372: 1775: 1301: 3122: 3053: 3141: 3043: 1989: 934: 480: 435: 1630: 1374: 493: 3608: 3452: 3437: 875:"One-third of the world's burden of tuberculosis (TB), or about 4.9 million prevalent cases, is found in the 2257: 1064: 3462: 2815: 2527: 1721:"Weekly rifapentine/isoniazid or daily rifampin/pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis in household contacts" 1655: 1819: 3598: 2981: 1848:

for "Study 33: Adherence to Latent Tuberculosis Infection Treatment 3HP SAT Versus 3HP DOT (iAdhere)" at

1501: 894:

other wealthy countries, and that this "ticking time bomb" should be a focus of attention and resources.

1216: 3644: 3573: 3396: 3092: 2933: 72: 2852: 456: 3421: 3361: 3038: 3011: 2840: 2677: 2623: 2422:"BTS Guidelines: control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: Code of Practice 2000" 938: 876: 810:

also have low infection rates, at 3 per 100,000. In North America, countries over 10:100,000 include

661: 304: 1965:"Countries Compared by Health > Tuberculosis cases > Per 100,000. International Statistics at" 463:

The U.S. guidelines also allow for tuberculin skin testing in immunosuppressed patients (those with

3543: 2877: 2872: 2635: 2502: 1680: 1154: 1719:

Schechter M, Zajdenverg R, Falco G, Barnes G, Faulhaber J, Coberly J, Moore R, Chaisson R (2006).

933:

The first BMJ article disputing widespread latency was accompanied by an editorial written by Dr.

3548: 3328: 3190: 3131: 3111: 3071: 2996: 904: 468: 1605: 1580: 3623: 3613: 3507: 3103: 3016: 2965: 2774: 1767: 565: 312: 182:

in cancer or systemic steroids in asthma or Enbrel, Humira or Orencia in rheumatoid arthritis);

1423: 113:

where the exposure occurred, the duration of the exposure, and the susceptibility of the host.

3654: 3649: 3603: 3497: 3371: 3264: 3209: 3116: 2926: 2887: 2726: 2370:

Jasmer, R. M.; Nahid, P.; Hopewell, P. C. (2002). "Latent tuberculosis infection".

1526: 2166: 1551: 328:

across the forearm (left to right, not up and down) and recorded to the nearest millimetre.

221:

There are two classes of tests commonly used to identify patients with latent tuberculosis:

3553: 3467: 3085: 3021: 2731: 2421: 2053: 1606:"CDC | TB | Fact sheets | Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB)" 17: 8: 3517: 3472: 3078: 3001: 2882: 2810: 2736: 2667: 1631:"Doctors Report Tuberculosis Now 'Virtually Untreatable' | Incurable TB Antibiotics" 1241: 1097: 949:" and replaced it with "About a quarter of the world's population has been infected with 898: 807: 497: 484: 384: 307:. 0.1 ml of tuberculin (100 units/ml), which delivers a dose of 5 units is given by 267: 262: 1100:"Impact of diabetes mellitus on treatment outcomes of patients with active tuberculosis" 864:

In South America, the countries with the greatest rates of tuberculosis per 100,000 are

857:(16), while Eastern and Southern European countries tend to have a greater number, with 2700: 2448: 2230: 2197: 2142: 2109: 2040: 1882: 1865: 1849: 1802: 1745: 1720: 1271: 1188: 1126: 1099: 843: 615:

Congenital or acquired immunosuppressed patients (in particular, HIV-positive patients)

190: 1454: 1098:

Kelly E. Dooley; Tania Tang; Jonathan E. Golub; Susan E. Dorman; Wendy Cronin (2009).

3136: 2974: 2867: 2862: 2453: 2389: 2315: 2235: 2217: 2147: 2129: 2045: 1939: 1934: 1909: 1887: 1794: 1750: 1458: 1275: 1131: 81: 42: 1925: 1806: 3401: 2986: 2793: 2715: 2443: 2435: 2426: 2381: 2225: 2209: 2178: 2137: 2121: 2035: 2027: 1929: 1921: 1877: 1784: 1740: 1732: 1581:"CDC | TB | Fact Sheets | Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB)" 1450: 1399: 1267: 1121: 1113: 1035:

Chapter 3—The Facts About Tuberculosis – The Tuberculosis Epidemic – NCBI Bookshelf

760: 325: 186: 1844: 3618: 3391: 3381: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 2507: 1826: 1429: 125: 3411: 2857: 2031: 608:"Populations at increased risk of progressing to active infection once exposed: 226: 3356: 3006: 2820: 2600: 2559: 2182: 1736: 1353: 1327: 1033: 962: 625: 178:(such as AIDS) or a disease whose treatment affects the immune system (such as 2496: 1117: 3638: 3376: 3234: 3062: 2705: 2630: 2439: 2420:

Ormerod, P.; Skinner, C.; Moore-Gillon, J.; Davies, P.; Connolly, M. (2000).

2221: 2133: 2108:

Behr, Marcel A.; Edelstein, Paul H.; Ramakrishnan, Lalita (August 23, 2018).

1771:"Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection" 771: 175: 3406: 739:

has the greatest number of tuberculosis cases in the world (627). Second is

3593: 3583: 3568: 3416: 3249: 3239: 3195: 3173: 2991: 2949: 2845: 2695: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2457: 2393: 2239: 2151: 2049: 1943: 1891: 1798: 1754: 1462: 1135: 686: 296: 282: 238: 179: 147: 77: 1789: 1770: 1279: 3522: 3386: 3272: 3244: 3224: 3219: 3146: 2832: 2741: 2654: 2618: 2608: 2550: 2385: 827: 819: 787: 693: 618:

Illicit intravenous drug users; alcohol and other chronic substance users

308: 185:

malnutrition (which may be the result of illness or injury affecting the

151: 3513:

Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis

2479: 2196:

Behr, Marcel A.; Edelstein, Paul H.; Ramakrishnan, Lalita (2019-10-24).

508:). Whilst these tests are new they are now becoming available globally. 3588: 3366: 3229: 3214: 3163: 3033: 2970: 2802: 2769: 2751: 2649: 2167:"Rethinking the burden of latent tuberculosis to reprioritize research" 668: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 317: 222: 2519: 2213: 2125: 1441:

Heaf, Frederick (July 1951). "The Multiple-Puncture Tuberculin Test".

3280: 3204: 3178: 3168: 3151: 2659: 2644: 1246: 849:

Most Western European countries have less than 10 per 100,000 except

839: 831: 646: 575: 536: 501: 339: 257: 243: 203: 3578: 2903: 2779: 2613: 1866:"Recent developments in treatment of latent tuberculosis infection" 1502:"CDC | TB | Fact Sheets – Tuberculin Skin Testing for TB" 854: 835: 752: 740: 736: 682: 675: 571:

medication for latent tuberculosis is recommended by many doctors.

321: 2289:"A big misconception about the world's greatest infectious killer" 2165:

Behr, Marcel A.; Edelstein, Paul H.; Ramakrishnan, Lalita (2024).

1008:"CDC issues Important info about TB exposure, explains tests here" 3527: 1830: 865: 858: 803: 791: 779: 542:

There are 4 types of tuberculosis recognized in the world today:

2419: 872:(18), with the remaining countries having less than 10:100,000. 782:

have some of the lowest rates of tuberculosis at 2 per 100,000.

3563: 3558: 3290: 3285: 2918: 2491: 869: 823: 815: 811: 795: 783: 775: 764: 744: 505: 1864:

Menzies, Dick; Al Jahdali, Hamdan; Al Otaibi, Badriah (2011).

1718: 1527:"CDC | TB | LTBI – Diagnosis of Latent TB Infection" 108:

before the TB test would show if someone had become infected."

3458:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

850: 799: 756: 390:

The results of both tests are roughly equivalent as follows:

170:

Situations in which tuberculosis may become reactivated are:

2258:"'Latent' tuberculosis? It's not that common, experts find" 2016:"WHO | Tuberculosis in the WHO South-East Asia Region" 1061:"Tuberculosis | University of Maryland Medical Center" 748: 747:(445), fourth is Djibouti (382), fifth is Indonesia (321), 438:

tests may be used as they will not be affected by the BCG.

281:

The tuberculin skin test (TST) in its first iteration, the

1863: 3503:

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Structural Genomics Consortium

3493:

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

2195: 2164: 2107: 578:, but this regimen is not widely used outside of the US. 464: 2308:

Corrigenda (25 May 2022) Global tuberculosis report 2021

3478:

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

1257: 700: 641:

There are several treatment regimens currently in use:

586:

There is no agreement regarding terminology: the terms

1211: 1209: 621:

Children (particularly those younger than 4 years old)

574:

In the U.S., the standard treatment is nine months of

2013: 369:

of the six puncture points coalesce to form a circle;

2469: 2198:"Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection life long?" 897:

On the other hand, Marcel Behr, Paul Edelstein, and

653:

tuberculosis (old fibrotic lesions) (69% effective).

232:

The skin tests currently include the following two:

2369: 1300:. International Diabetes Federation. Archived from 1206: 394:

Heaf grade 0 & 1 ~ Mantoux less than 5 mm;

1217:"Tuberculosis Symptoms, Causes & Risk Factors" 3159:Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay 2076:"Shorter treatment found for latent tuberculosis" 1105:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 311:injection into the surface of the lower forearm ( 3636: 2400: 1326:. The Mayo Clinic. July 12, 2013. Archived from 552:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1903: 1901: 1859: 1857: 1656:"Does Latent TB Need Treatment? – Ask Dr. Weil" 492:There are currently two commercially available 2314:. World Health Organization. 14 October 2021. 1598: 1400:"CDC | TB | Testing & Diagnosis" 924:, science journalist Katherine J. Wu explains: 692:3HP – three-month (12-dose) regimen of weekly 624:Persons with comorbid conditions (ie, chronic 196:degradation of the immune system due to aging; 3448:Center for Global Infectious Disease Research 2934: 2535: 1712: 1704: 1702: 174:if there is onset of a disease affecting the 1950: 1898: 1854: 555:Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis (TDR TB) 400:Heaf grade 3 & 4 ~ Mantoux 15 or greater 303:The Mantoux test is now standardised by the 199:certain systemic diseases such as diabetes,; 82:medication that suppresses the immune system 16:"LTBI" redirects here. For the airport, see 2256:McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (20 September 2018). 1990:"Tuberculosis South America Cause Of Death" 1149: 1147: 1145: 985:. Niaid.nih.gov. 2009-03-06. Archived from 983:"Detailed Explanation of Tuberculosis (TB)" 3443:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines 2941: 2927: 2542: 2528: 2358:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2110:"Revisiting the timetable of tuberculosis" 1699: 1032:"Chapter 3—The Facts About Tuberculosis". 549:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) 276: 124:In some countries like Canada people have 2447: 2229: 2141: 2039: 1933: 1907: 1881: 1788: 1744: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1125: 529: 251:IFN-γ tests include the following three: 2073: 1910:"Tuberculosis: Latency and Reactivation" 1142: 1093: 1091: 404: 3314:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 2549: 975: 474: 206:, gastrectomy, and jejuno-ileal bypass; 3637: 3488:International Congress on Tuberculosis 2255: 2251: 2249: 1870:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 1687:from the original on September 6, 2014 1172: 603: 2922: 2523: 2408:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1352:. Patient. 2014-05-21. Archived from 1088: 1063:. Umm.edu. 2015-03-24. Archived from 713: 632: 133:factor for the progression of latent 1440: 701:Evidence for treatment effectiveness 678:may be given daily for three months. 397:Heaf grade 2 ~ Mantoux 5–14 mm; 70:) is when a person is infected with 3319:Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis 2268:from the original on 17 August 2022 2246: 13: 2363: 2356:from websites or documents of the 2331:from the original on 8 August 2022 2286: 2074:Maugh II, Thomas H. (2011-05-17). 1272:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121593 14: 3666: 2465: 937:, Deputy Director-General of the 612:Persons with recent TB infection 441: 96: 3483:Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis 3309:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 3052: 2948: 2352: This article incorporates 2347: 1260:American Journal of Epidemiology 362:of four or more puncture points; 2373:New England Journal of Medicine 2299: 2280: 2189: 2158: 2101: 2086:from the original on 2022-08-19 2067: 2007: 1996:from the original on 2015-09-19 1982: 1971:from the original on 2013-04-04 1926:10.1128/IAI.69.7.4195-4201.2001 1908:Flynn, J. L.; Chan, J. (2001). 1836: 1813: 1776:New England Journal of Medicine 1761: 1673: 1662:from the original on 2015-09-23 1648: 1637:from the original on 2015-10-04 1633:. Livescience.com. 2013-02-12. 1623: 1612:from the original on 2019-04-12 1587:from the original on 2015-10-03 1573: 1562:from the original on 2020-02-04 1544: 1533:from the original on 2015-10-01 1519: 1508:from the original on 2017-01-09 1494: 1469: 1434: 1417: 1406:from the original on 2022-07-05 1392: 1381:from the original on 2012-12-27 1367: 1342: 1316: 1286: 1251: 1234: 1223:from the original on 2015-09-06 1195:from the original on 2012-08-23 1161:from the original on 2016-01-15 1042:from the original on 2016-01-15 1014:from the original on 2015-09-30 879:(WHO) South-East Asia Region." 730: 681:2RZ — The two-month regimen of 288: 165: 140: 91: 3142:Interferon gamma release assay 3044:Post-tuberculosis lung disease 1078: 1053: 1025: 1000: 888: 638:drug-resistant strains of TB. 581: 1: 3609:Tuberculosis in human culture 3453:Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake 3438:Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium 1455:10.1016/S0140-6736(51)91399-2 1219:. American Lung Association. 1155:"Latent TB: FAQ's — EthnoMed" 968: 597:latent tuberculosis treatment 355:of 3 or less puncture points; 64:latent tuberculosis infection 37:Latent tuberculosis infection 1833:. updated November 22, 2013. 1350:"Tuberculosis | Doctor" 559: 331: 216: 7: 3599:Tuberculosis classification 2982:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 2114:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2032:10.1136/bmj.38738.473252.7C 1992:. Worldlifeexpectancy.com. 1377:. Mayo Clinic. 2014-08-01. 1294:"Diabetes and tuberculosis" 956: 494:interferon-γ release assays 488:Health Protection Agency:UK 416: 76:, but does not have active 10: 3671: 3574:List of tuberculosis cases 3093:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2403:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2183:10.1038/s41564-024-01683-0 1737:10.1164/rccm.200512-1953OC 1658:. Drweil.com. 2011-08-16. 1479:. Mass.gov. Archived from 1038:. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 1995. 1010:. Democratic Underground. 563: 383:of 10 mm or more, or 73:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 15: 3536: 3463:Glen Lake Children's Camp 3430: 3422:Edward Livingston Trudeau 3362:Friedrich Franz Friedmann 3327: 3301: 3263: 3189: 3102: 3061: 3050: 3039:Giant multinucleated cell 3012:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 2956: 2896: 2841:Hypersegmented neutrophil 2831: 2801: 2792: 2762: 2748:Hemoglobin precipitation 2714: 2688: 2678:Hereditary stomatocytosis 2624:Hereditary elliptocytosis 2593: 2567: 2558: 2473: 2287:Wu, Katherine J. (2023). 1725:Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1428:October 21, 2013, at the 1189:"WHO | Tuberculosis" 1118:10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.634 939:World Health Organization 877:World Health Organization 662:Directly observed therapy 351:Grade 0: no reaction, or 41: 33: 28: 3544:Tuberculosis elimination 3123:Löwenstein–Jensen medium 2873:Critical green inclusion 2664:Sickle cell/drepanocyte 2636:Hereditary spherocytosis 2440:10.1136/thorax.55.11.887 861:(94) being the highest. 3549:2007 tuberculosis scare 3329:History of tuberculosis 3132:Chest photofluorography 3072:Mycobacterium africanum 2605:Membrane abnormalities 1608:. Cdc.gov. 2013-01-18. 1504:. Cdc.gov. 2012-09-01. 1191:. Who.int. 2015-03-09. 905:British Medical Journal 469:immunosuppressive drugs 457:Bacille Calmette-Guérin 277:Tuberculin skin testing 3624:World Tuberculosis Day 3614:Tuberculosis radiology 3508:National Jewish Health 3104:Tuberculosis diagnosis 3017:Tuberculous meningitis 2966:Pulmonary tuberculosis 2775:Red cell agglutination 2354:public domain material 1914:Infection and Immunity 1842:Clinical trial number 931: 566:Tuberculosis treatment 530:Drug-resistant strains 527: 518: 313:subcutaneous injection 225:skin tests and IFN-γ ( 115: 105: 3604:Tuberculosis in China 3498:Millennium Foundation 3210:4-Aminosalicylic acid 3117:Auramine phenol stain 3063:Mycobacterium species 2959:associated conditions 1790:10.1056/NEJMoa1104875 926: 522: 520:HPA Interim Guidance: 513: 410:Tuberculin conversion 405:Tuberculin conversion 376:of 5 mm; or more 110: 100: 3554:Baumgarten-Tangl law 3468:Glen Lake Sanatorium 3086:Mycobacterium caprae 3022:Miliary tuberculosis 2997:Canga's bead symptom 2957:Symptoms, signs and 2878:Alder–Reilly anomaly 2732:Basophilic stippling 2386:10.1056/NEJMcp021045 2056:on September 3, 2014 1967:. Nationmaster.com. 1683:. December 9, 2011. 1477:"Booster Phenomenon" 674:3HR — Isoniazid and 475:Interferon-γ testing 436:Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) 3518:Stop TB Partnership 3473:Glenn Dale Hospital 3112:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 3079:Mycobacterium bovis 3029:Latent tuberculosis 2853:Pelger–Huët anomaly 2811:Reactive lymphocyte 2737:Pappenheimer bodies 2668:Sickle cell disease 2171:Nature Microbiology 899:Lalita Ramakrishnan 808:Antigua and Barbuda 743:(560), followed by 604:Specific situations 498:QuantiFERON-TB Gold 268:QuantiFERON-TB Gold 263:QuantiFERON-TB Gold 56:Latent tuberculosis 29:Latent tuberculosis 3372:Philip D'Arcy Hart 2701:Hypochromic anemia 2262:The New York Times 1850:ClinicalTrials.gov 1825:2022-09-01 at the 1709:1982;60(4):555-64. 1304:on August 27, 2013 935:Soumya Swaminathan 844:Dominican Republic 714:Treatment efficacy 633:Treatment regimens 588:preventive therapy 421:The phenomenon of 209:being elderly; and 191:concentration camp 84:or advancing age. 48:Infectious disease 3645:Immunologic tests 3632: 3631: 3137:GeneXpert MTB/RIF 2916: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2868:Toxic vacuolation 2863:Toxic granulation 2794:White blood cells 2788: 2787: 2727:Howell–Jolly body 2517: 2516: 2380:(23): 1860–1866. 2321:978-92-4-003702-1 2214:10.1136/bmj.l5770 2126:10.1136/bmj.k2738 2080:Los Angeles Times 2026:(7541): 574–578. 1783:(23): 2155–2166. 1449:(6674): 151–153. 546:Tuberculosis (TB) 53: 52: 23:Medical condition 18:Eskişehir Airport 3662: 3402:Mario Raviglione 3056: 3002:Prosector's wart 2987:Caseous necrosis 2943: 2936: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2883:Jordans' anomaly 2799: 2798: 2716:Inclusion bodies 2565: 2564: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2471: 2470: 2461: 2451: 2416: 2397: 2351: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2330: 2313: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2233: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2052:. Archived from 2043: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1961: 1948: 1947: 1937: 1905: 1896: 1895: 1885: 1861: 1852: 1840: 1834: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1792: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1552:"How the T-SPOT. 1548: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1438: 1432: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1330:on April 7, 2014 1320: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1255: 1249: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1213: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1185: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1157:. Ethnomed.org. 1151: 1140: 1139: 1129: 1095: 1086: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1047: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1004: 998: 997: 995: 994: 979: 761:Papua New Guinea 592:chemoprophylaxis 467:, or who are on 227:Interferon-gamma 187:digestive system 26: 25: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3619:Tygerberg score 3532: 3426: 3392:Charles Mantoux 3382:George M. Heath 3352:Christopher Dye 3347:Albert Calmette 3342:Hermann Brehmer 3337:Manuel de Abreu 3323: 3297: 3259: 3193: 3185: 3098: 3057: 3048: 2958: 2952: 2947: 2917: 2908: 2892: 2827: 2784: 2758: 2710: 2684: 2589: 2560:Red blood cells 2554: 2548: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2482: 2468: 2434:(11): 887–901. 2366: 2364:Further reading 2348: 2345: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2254: 2247: 2194: 2190: 2163: 2159: 2106: 2102: 2089: 2087: 2072: 2068: 2059: 2057: 2012: 2008: 1999: 1997: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1972: 1963: 1962: 1951: 1920:(7): 4195–201. 1906: 1899: 1862: 1855: 1841: 1837: 1827:Wayback Machine 1818: 1814: 1766: 1762: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1663: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1565: 1563: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1509: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1439: 1435: 1430:Wayback Machine 1422: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1384: 1382: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1359: 1357: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1256: 1252: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1198: 1196: 1187: 1186: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1153: 1152: 1143: 1096: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1068: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1043: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1006: 1005: 1001: 992: 990: 981: 980: 976: 971: 959: 951:M. tuberculosis 947:M. tuberculosis 914:M. tuberculosis 891: 733: 725:M. tuberculosis 716: 703: 659: 635: 606: 584: 568: 562: 532: 477: 444: 419: 407: 334: 291: 279: 219: 168: 143: 135:M. tuberculosis 126:medical privacy 99: 94: 62:), also called 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3668: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3397:Richard Morton 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3357:Marcos Espinal 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3119: 3114: 3108: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3007:Lupus vulgaris 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2975:Ghon's complex 2962: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2821:Russell bodies 2813: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2723:Developmental 2720: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2616: 2611: 2603: 2601:Poikilocytosis 2597: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2499: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2474:Classification 2467: 2466:External links 2464: 2463: 2462: 2417: 2415:(RR–2): 15–18. 2398: 2365: 2362: 2343: 2342: 2320: 2298: 2279: 2245: 2188: 2157: 2100: 2066: 2006: 1981: 1949: 1897: 1853: 1835: 1812: 1760: 1711: 1698: 1681:"Tuberculosis" 1672: 1647: 1622: 1597: 1572: 1543: 1518: 1493: 1468: 1433: 1416: 1391: 1375:"Tuberculosis" 1366: 1341: 1324:"Risk Factors" 1315: 1285: 1250: 1233: 1205: 1171: 1141: 1112:(4): 634–639. 1087: 1077: 1052: 1024: 999: 973: 972: 970: 967: 966: 965: 963:Silent disease 958: 955: 890: 887: 842:(48), and the 732: 729: 715: 712: 702: 699: 698: 697: 690: 679: 672: 665: 657: 654: 650: 634: 631: 630: 629: 626:kidney failure 622: 619: 616: 613: 605: 602: 583: 580: 564:Main article: 561: 558: 557: 556: 553: 550: 547: 531: 528: 476: 473: 443: 442:Interpretation 440: 418: 415: 406: 403: 402: 401: 398: 395: 388: 387: 377: 370: 363: 356: 344: 343: 333: 330: 324:) is measured 301: 300: 290: 287: 278: 275: 274: 273: 272: 271: 265: 260: 249: 248: 247: 246: 241: 218: 215: 214: 213: 210: 207: 200: 197: 194: 183: 167: 164: 142: 139: 98: 97:Latent disease 95: 93: 90: 51: 50: 45: 39: 38: 35: 31: 30: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3667: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431:Organizations 3429: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3377:F. R. G. Heaf 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277:Experimental 3276: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3235:Thioacetazone 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2944: 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Cdc.gov. 920:Writing in 889:Controversy 828:El Salvador 788:Netherlands 694:rifapentine 582:Terminology 481:IFN-γ tests 309:intradermal 152:weight loss 34:Other names 3639:Categories 3589:Sanatorium 3407:Carl Rüedi 3367:Max Gerson 3302:Resistance 3230:Rifampicin 3215:Ethambutol 3191:Management 3164:Tuberculin 3034:Paronychia 2971:Ghon focus 2888:Left shift 2770:Haemoconia 2752:Heinz body 2650:Echinocyte 2631:Spherocyte 2551:Blood film 2090:2019-10-29 2060:2015-10-05 2000:2015-10-05 1975:2015-10-05 1666:2015-10-05 1641:2015-10-05 1616:2015-10-05 1591:2015-10-05 1566:2012-09-25 1537:2015-10-05 1512:2015-10-05 1487:2015-10-05 1443:The Lancet 1410:2015-10-05 1385:2015-10-05 1360:2015-10-05 1227:2015-10-05 1199:2015-10-05 1165:2015-10-05 1071:2015-10-05 1046:2015-10-05 1018:2015-10-05 993:2015-10-05 969:References 763:(283) and 669:rifampicin 385:ulceration 381:induration 374:induration 367:induration 360:induration 353:induration 318:induration 223:tuberculin 212:young age. 3281:M72/AS01E 3205:Isoniazid 3179:Tine test 3169:Heaf test 3152:T-SPOT.TB 2660:Degmacyte 2645:Dacrocyte 2222:0959-8138 2208:: l5770. 2134:1756-1833 2120:: k2738. 1247:eMedicine 868:(30) and 853:(14) and 840:Guatemala 832:Nicaragua 647:isoniazid 576:isoniazid 560:Treatment 537:Isoniazid 502:T-SPOT.TB 496:(IGRAs): 379:Grade 4: 372:Grade 3: 365:Grade 2: 358:Grade 1: 340:Heaf test 332:Heaf test 258:T-SPOT.TB 244:Heaf test 229:) tests. 217:Diagnosis 204:silicosis 43:Specialty 3579:Plombage 3265:Vaccines 2904:Auer rod 2780:Rouleaux 2614:Codocyte 2553:findings 2458:11050256 2394:12466511 2326:Archived 2272:13 March 2266:Archived 2240:31649096 2152:30139910 2084:Archived 2050:16467347 1994:Archived 1969:Archived 1944:11401954 1892:21441678 1823:Archived 1807:36515489 1799:22150035 1755:16474028 1685:Archived 1660:Archived 1635:Archived 1610:Archived 1585:Archived 1560:Archived 1531:Archived 1506:Archived 1463:14851705 1426:Archived 1404:Archived 1379:Archived 1221:Archived 1193:Archived 1159:Archived 1136:19346391 1040:Archived 1012:Archived 957:See also 855:Portugal 836:Honduras 753:Zimbabwe 741:Cambodia 737:Eswatini 683:rifampin 676:rifampin 525:testing. 485:CDC:MMWR 423:boosting 417:Boosting 322:erythema 320:(NOT of 3528:Unitaid 3255:Rifater 3125:and/or 2508:D055985 2449:1745632 2231:6812595 2143:6105930 2041:1397734 1883:3103149 1831:cdc.gov 1746:2662911 1298:idf.org 1280:4810628 1127:2750857 866:Bolivia 859:Romania 820:Bahamas 804:Grenada 792:Jamaica 780:Iceland 767:(283). 759:(291), 755:(291), 751:(295), 656:6 to 9H 270:In-Tube 3564:ESAT-6 3559:CFP-10 3291:RBCG30 3286:MVA85A 2689:Colour 2456: 2446: 2427:Thorax 2392: 2318: 2238: 2228: 2220: 2150: 2140: 2132: 2048: 2038: 1942: 1932: 1890: 1880: 1805: 1797: 1753: 1743: 1461: 1278: 1134: 1124: 870:Guyana 846:(88). 838:(46), 834:(35), 830:(36), 826:(28), 824:Panama 822:(19), 818:(18), 816:Belize 814:(14), 812:Mexico 796:Norway 784:Canada 776:Sweden 765:Gambia 745:Zambia 664:(DOT). 506:ESAT-6 3537:Other 2897:Other 2763:Other 2594:Shape 2497:R76.1 2329:(PDF) 2312:(PDF) 1935:98451 1803:S2CID 851:Spain 800:Malta 757:Kenya 667:4R — 645:9H — 295:See: 3127:MGIT 2568:Size 2503:MeSH 2454:PMID 2390:PMID 2337:2022 2316:ISBN 2274:2020 2236:PMID 2218:ISSN 2148:PMID 2130:ISSN 2046:PMID 1940:PMID 1888:PMID 1795:PMID 1751:PMID 1693:2013 1459:PMID 1336:2013 1310:2013 1276:PMID 1132:PMID 806:and 778:and 770:The 749:Mali 685:and 590:and 511:CDC: 500:and 338:See: 68:LTBI 2488:ICD 2444:PMC 2436:doi 2382:doi 2378:347 2226:PMC 2210:doi 2206:367 2202:BMJ 2179:doi 2138:PMC 2122:doi 2118:362 2036:PMC 2028:doi 2024:332 2020:BMJ 1930:PMC 1922:doi 1878:PMC 1874:133 1785:doi 1781:365 1741:PMC 1733:doi 1729:173 1451:doi 1447:258 1268:doi 1245:at 1122:PMC 1114:doi 1085:(b) 910:BMJ 465:HIV 305:WHO 60:LTB 3641:: 2973:/ 2506:: 2495:: 2492:10 2452:. 2442:. 2432:55 2430:. 2424:. 2413:52 2411:. 2388:. 2376:. 2360:. 2324:. 2291:. 2264:. 2260:. 2248:^ 2234:. 2224:. 2216:. 2204:. 2200:. 2173:. 2169:. 2146:. 2136:. 2128:. 2116:. 2112:. 2093:. 2082:. 2078:. 2044:. 2034:. 2022:. 2018:. 1952:^ 1938:. 1928:. 1918:69 1916:. 1912:. 1900:^ 1886:. 1872:. 1868:. 1856:^ 1829:. 1801:. 1793:. 1779:. 1773:. 1749:. 1739:. 1727:. 1723:. 1701:^ 1558:. 1554:TB 1457:. 1445:. 1296:. 1274:. 1264:99 1262:. 1208:^ 1174:^ 1144:^ 1130:. 1120:. 1110:80 1108:. 1102:. 1090:^ 802:, 798:, 794:, 790:, 786:, 774:, 193:); 150:, 3198:) 3194:( 2942:e 2935:t 2928:v 2543:e 2536:t 2529:v 2490:- 2480:D 2460:. 2438:: 2396:. 2384:: 2339:. 2295:. 2276:. 2242:. 2212:: 2185:. 2181:: 2175:9 2154:. 2124:: 2063:. 2030:: 2003:. 1978:. 1946:. 1924:: 1894:. 1809:. 1787:: 1757:. 1735:: 1695:. 1669:. 1644:. 1619:. 1594:. 1569:. 1540:. 1515:. 1490:. 1465:. 1453:: 1413:. 1388:. 1363:. 1338:. 1312:. 1282:. 1270:: 1230:. 1202:. 1168:. 1138:. 1116:: 1074:. 1049:. 1021:. 996:. 908:( 658:2 66:( 58:( 20:.

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