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well situated, but admitting of easy access upon all points; the assailants, finding no obstacle to their deployment for the contest, will be able to force it in a tolerably short time. Suppose another position presents to the assailants a field of battle abounding with obstacles and defiles, but without offering at the same time, in the rear, favourable ground for the deployment of the defenders; these could then only act upon it with difficulty, and would be forced to fight the assailants in the defiles themselves, without any advantage. In general, the best positions are those, the flanks of which are inaccessible, and which command from their front a gently inclined ground, favourable for attack as well as defence; farther, if the lines lean on villages and woods, each of which forms, by its saliency, a sort of defensive bastion, the army becomes almost impregnable, without being reduced to inaction.
720:
738:
583:
416:). These specialist forces opened up new fields of battle, and added new complexities to both attack and defense: when the battlefield ceased to be physically connected to the supply base, as at Arnhem, or in Burma, or in Vietnam, the geography of the battlefield could not only dictate how a battle was fought, but with what weapons, and both reinforcement and logistics could be critical. At Arnhem, for instance, there were failures in both, while in Burma, aerial supply deliveries enabled the Chindits to do something that would otherwise have been impossible. Armies generally avoided fighting in cities, when possible, and modern armies dislike giving up the freedom of maneuver; as a result, when compelled to fight for control of a city, such as
609:
776:
512:, the international law and custom governing geographic restrictions on the use of force, taking of prisoners of war and the treatment afforded to them, and seizure of enemy property. With respect to the seizure of property, it has been noted that in ancient times it was understood that a prevailing enemy was free to take whatever was left on the battlefield by a fleeing enemy—weapons, armor, equipment, food, treasure—although, customarily, "capture of booty may take place some distance from the battlefield; it may transpire a few days after the battle, and it may even occur in the total absence of any pitched battle".
812:
181:
165:
42:
217:, spoke at great length of the circumstances that make for a good battlefield. He divided the battlefield in two: one favorable for attack and one for defense, and argued that the greater the benefit of one over the other, the stronger a position was. He went on to say that easy movement of troops to the front, and distribution of forces across the front, was also important, since this allowed support and reinforcement as needed. He mentions the high ground as a means of observing the enemy, and concealing friendly forces; while this has been mitigated by
620:
688:
704:
94:– an open stretch of level ground – it applies to any type of terrain on which a battle is fought. The term can also have legal significance, and battlefields may have substantial historical and cultural value—the battlefield has been described as "a place where ideals and loyalties are put to the test". Various acts and treaties restrict certain belligerent conduct to an identified battlefield. Other legal regimes promote the preservation of certain battlefields as sites of historic importance.
149:. Conventionally, the battlefield had to be considered a fair one, not greatly advantaging one side or the other. Arrangements could be very specific about where the battle should take place. For example, at the siege of Grancey in 1434, it was agreed that the armies would meet at "the place above Guiot Rigoigne's house on the right side towards Sentenorges, where there are two trees".
553:, such as the name of a town, forest or river, commonly prefixed "Battle of...", but the name may poorly reflect the actual location of the event. Where documentary sources describe a battle, "whether such references are contemporary or reliable needs to be assessed with care". Locating battlefields is important in attempts to recreate the events of battles:
573:
The study area of a battlefield includes all places related to contributing to the battle event: where troops deployed and maneuvered before, during, and after the engagement; it is the maximum delineation of the historical site and provides more of the tactical context of a battle than does the core
276:
A position which combines these two kinds of fields of battle is doubly strong, both by its situation, and by the obstacles which cover it. But if it fulfils only one of these conditions, it ceases to be easy of defence. Suppose that a position, for instance, offers to the defenders a field of battle
117:
between hostile forces occurs with neither side having expected the encounter. Typically, however, the location is chosen deliberately, either by agreement of the two sides or, more commonly, by the commander of one side, who attempts to either initiate an attack on terrain favorable to the attack,
493:
are critical: a battlefield, in the industrial age, may be a railway line or a highway As technology grows more sophisticated, the length of the "tail", upon which the troops at the front depend, gets longer, and the number of places a battle can be decided (beyond the immediate point of contact)
439:
During the
American Civil War, rail transport influenced where and how battles would be, could be, fought, as did telegraphic communication. This was a major factor in the execution of the German invasion of France in WW1: German forces could only travel as far from railheads as their ability to
266:
which is everywhere seen and commanded from heights within cannon and musket shot, and which is encumbered with marshes, rivers, ravines, and defiles of every kind. The enemy moves upon it with difficulty, even in column; he cannot deploy for the contest, and is made to suffer under a shower of
126:
Although many battlefields arise in the course of military operations, there have been a number of occasions where formal conventions have ordained the nature and site of the battlefield. It has been suggested, on the basis of anthropological research, that ritual warfare involving battles on
791:
156:, although the battlefield is not formally agreed upon, either side can choose to withdraw rather than engaging in the battle. The occurrence of the battle therefore generally reflects the belief by both sides that the battlefield and other circumstances are advantageous for their side.
574:
area. The core area of a battlefield is within the study area and includes only those places where the combat engagement and key associated actions and features were located; the core area includes, among other things, what often is described as "hallowed ground".
578:
A battlefield is typically the location of large numbers of deaths. Given the intensity of combat, it may not be possible to easily retrieve bodies from the battlefield leading to the observation that " battlefield is a graveyard without the gravestones".
753:
459:
in ammunition and hydraulic recoil mechanisms in artillery, added to aircraft observation, made its subsequent spread necessary, and contributed to the stalemate of WW1. The proliferation of tanks and aircraft changed the dynamics again in WW2.
811:
636:
Battlefields can host memorials to the battles that took place there. These might commemorate the event itself or those who fell in the battle. This practice has a long history. It was common among the
Ancient Greeks and Romans to raise a
337:, was broken by fences which had to be climbed—while his division was constantly exposed to fire from the moment it left the trees. On modern battlefields, introducing obstacles to slow an advance has risen to an art form: everything from
648:. Such events are typically held at the location of the original battle, but if circumstances make that inconvenient, reenactors may replicate the battle in an entirely different location. For example, in 1895, members of the
90:. It is commonly understood to be limited to the point of contact between opposing forces, though battles may involve troops covering broad geographic areas. Although the term implies that battles are typically fought in a
737:
719:
271:
This may be called an ideal defensive position, however. He then advises that troops should be situated so that the ground they defend is favorable, while the ground through which the enemy must advance is unfavorable:
548:
The locations of ancient battles can be apocryphal. In
England, this information has been more reliably recorded since the time of the Norman conquest. Battles are usually named after some feature of the battlefield
775:
376:
had the same preference. By the 20th
Century, many military organizations had specialist units, trained to fight in particular geographic areas, like mountains (Alpine units), desert (such as the
101:, evolved the understanding of a battlefield from one defined by terrain to a more multifaceted perception of all of the factors affecting the conduct of a battle and is conceptualised as the
557:
The battlefield is a historical source demanding attention, interpretation and understanding like any written or other account. To understand a battle, one has to understand the battlefield.
463:
1112:
360:
Historically, military forces have sometimes trained using methods suitable for a level battlefield, but not for the terrain in which they were likely to end up fighting.
483:; combined with naval gunfire support, they have made beach landings the site of battles, where, in ancient times, the very idea of contesting a landing was unheard of.
372:
were ill-suited for combat except on level ground without trees, watercourses, ditches, or other obstacles that might break up its files, a perfection rarely obtained.
641:
on the field of battle, initially of arms stripped from the defeated enemy. Later these trophies might be replaced by more permanent memorials in stone or bronze.
308:
The belief that a location is impregnable will lead to it being chosen for a defensive position, but may produce complacency. During the Jewish
Rebellion in 70 AD,
687:
489:
As much as technology has changed, terrain still cannot be ignored, because it not only affects movement on the battlefield, but movement to and from it, and
141:
Formal arrangements by armies to meet one another on a certain day and date were a feature of
Western Medieval warfare, often related to the conventions of
451:
The synergy between technologies can also affect where battles take place. The arrival of aerial reconnaissance has been credited with the development of
605:, which were often exposed, were only partially cleared and fatal accidents continue to happen because mountaineers and climbers collect ammunition.
520:
436:
makes flat, open battlefields desirable, and larger fields than for infantry alone, as well as offering opportunities to engage an enemy sooner.
703:
389:
467:
UH-1D helicopters airlift members of the 2nd
Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment from the Filhol Rubber Plantation area... - NARA - 530610
486:
The
Vietnamese preference for ambush against a more sophisticated opponent was a function of less access to sophisticated technology.
817:
Iraqi armored personnel carriers, tanks and trucks destroyed in a
Coalition attack along a road in the Euphrates River Valley during
1097:
1109:
424:, weapons, tactics, and training are ill-suited for the environment. Urban combat is the one specialty that has not yet arisen.
471:
In both Burma in World War II, and in
Vietnam, air supply played an important part in where battles took place. Some, such as
1086:
189:
176:, 1644. The location and scope of the battlefield were dictated by previous chance decisions on the part of the combatants.
582:
1045:
385:
676:, by members of the 20th Century Tactical Studies Group portraying Canadian and North Korean troops, on March 15, 1997.
1012:
479:, would not have happened at all, absent the development of aircraft and helicopters. So, too, has the introduction of
346:
127:
traditional "fighting grounds", bound by rules to minimise casualties, may have been common among early societies.
46:
920:
892:
597:
Ammunition remains and war material are still found today on battlefields and front lines from World War I and
239:
Rogiat also discussed cover, in reference to exposure to cannon fire; in earlier times, it would have been to
35:
782:
608:
31:
17:
1171:
323:
317:
798:
725:
653:
528:
357:. The nature of the battlefield influences the tactics used; in Vietnam, heavy jungle favored ambush.
232:, it remains important. (For instance, "hull down" firing positions for tanks were desired well into
185:
440:
transport fodder allowed; the ambitious plan was doomed before it launched. Single battles, such as
58:, in 333 BC. Here, the battlefield is depicted as unlevel ground between mountains, in front of the
802:
729:
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413:
832:
377:
173:
130:
In the European Middle Ages, formal pre-arrangement of a battlefield occasionally occurred. The
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successfully employed cavalry there specifically because of that, while in North Africa, the
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Crossing obstacles remains a problem. Even a seemingly open field, such as that faced by
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Some locations are chosen for certain features giving advantage to one side or another.
710:
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405:
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208:
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51:
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Many battlefields from specific historic battles are preserved as historic landmarks.
113:
The occurrence of a battle at a particular location may be entirely accidental, if an
1008:
916:
888:
989:
Yoram Dinstein, "Booty in Warfare", in Frauke Lachenmann, RĂĽdiger Wolfrum, editors,
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472:
421:
338:
316:
showed it was not. In World War I, Aqaba was considered safe. During World War II,
868:
Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton AD 1461
134:
had the concept of the "hazelled field", where an agreed site was marked out with
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255:) from ancient times well into the 1400s, while slightly later, it would be to
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A pile of bones, including those of cavalry horses, on the battlefield of the
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or position forces on ground favorable to defense, if anticipating an attack.
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Some maps may indicate battlefield sites with a crossed-sword signifier (âš”).
480:
294:
229:
759:
Illustration of two nurses treating a soldier on the battlefield during the
444:, can depend on the inception of new technology, such as (in this instance)
1119:," in Myth and Symbol II: Symbolic Phenomena in Ancient Greek Culture, ed.
991:
The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: The Max Planck Encyclopedia
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Modern military theory and doctrine has, with technological advances in
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Painting of the defeat of the Russian Trinity Infantry Regiment in the
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536:
535:, 12–14 September 1942, as seen when toured by U.S. Secretary of State
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New technologies also affect where battles are fought. The adoption of
408:, and their particular hazards and problems, led to the development of
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behind Aqaba seemed impassible, until a force of Arab rebels led by
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Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, Draft General Management Plan
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Wilson's Creek National Battlefield: Final General Management Plan
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601:. In particular, the battlefields and positions in the Alps from
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First Marine Battalion (United States) hoisting the flag at the
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The concept of the battlefield arises at various points in the
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Rogniat describes a "disadvantageous field of battle" as one:
388:), or on skis. Others were trained for delivery by aircraft (
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225:
193:
142:
135:
91:
66:. The actual location of the battle is debated by historians.
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Another means by which historic battles are commemorated is
586:
Dangerous remains from World War I found during demining on
1150:: The Newspaper of Reenacting' Vol. 3, no. 2, Summer, 1997.
445:
427:
962:
The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine
660:, 18 years earlier, with the reenactment occurring at the
159:
1087:
Munitionsfunde in den Karnischen Alpen und Hohen Tauern
866:
Veronica Fiorato, Anthea Boylston, Christopher KnĂĽsel,
267:
projectiles without being able to return evil for evil.
326:. (All three instances would later be used in films.)
1123:, The Norwegian Institute at Athens (2004), p. 303.
1005:Battlefields:Exploring the Arenas of War 1805-1945
862:
860:
858:
312:was thought to be unassailable; determined Roman
1158:
978:The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare
960:Joseph Rogniat (général de division), quoted in
943:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 129.
679:
855:
305:was used as an "anchor" for a defensive line.
976:Philip Sabin, Hans van Wees, Michael Whitby,
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970:
728:artillery on display at the site of the 1781
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404:forces developed. The increasing number of
1062:Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report
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196:battlefield from Russell's Top during the
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952:
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400:); after the development of helicopters,
145:warfare. This arrangement was known as a
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82:is the location of a present or historic
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915:. London: Greenhill Books. p. 118.
693:Reenactors at a 2011 reenactment of the
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607:
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519:
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428:Technology and the choice of battlefield
207:In the 1820s, General Joseph Rogiat, of
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163:
40:
941:The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages
887:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 98–103.
627:millennium commemoration. Dublin, 2014.
160:Geography and the choice of battlefield
14:
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281:During World War I, for instance, the
243:(in Ancient Greek and Roman times) or
121:
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907:
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353:, have been employed, in addition to
322:was revealed to be vulnerable by the
297:was an obstacle to vehicles, and the
1141:
935:
1046:United States National Park Service
650:Gloucestershire Engineer Volunteers
24:
1007:. London: New Holland. p. 8.
25:
1183:
1135:"A Brief History of Re-enactment"
810:
790:
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752:
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652:reenacted their famous stand at
380:), or jungle (such as Britain's
364:illustrated the problem for the
47:The Battle of Alexander at Issus
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138:rods in advance of the battle.
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1:
1029:"Five old-school map symbols"
1003:Rayner, Michael, ed. (2006).
848:
764:
680:Gallery of battlefield images
36:Battleground (disambiguation)
783:Battle of the Little Bighorn
32:Battlefield (disambiguation)
7:
1073:Richard Lusardi, quoted in
826:
543:
455:, while the combination of
324:First Special Service Force
289:successfully crossed it to
10:
1188:
1098:Der Friedensweg Dolomiten.
726:American Revolutionary War
709:A 2006 reenactment of the
697:, which occurred in 490 BC
623:Viking re-enactors at the
501:
221:, improved communication (
29:
662:Cheltenham Winter Gardens
632:Battlefield commemoration
799:Battle of Guantánamo Bay
713:, which occurred in 1066
565:Battlefield preservation
833:Battlefield archaeology
668:. The first documented
529:Battle of Edson's Ridge
293:. In World War II, the
188:and Lieutenant-General
174:First English Civil War
1110:Greek Trophy Monuments
819:Operation Desert Storm
670:Korean War reenactment
646:historical reenactment
628:
616:
614:Gettysburg Battlefield
594:
576:
559:
540:
468:
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201:
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170:Battle of Marston Moor
109:Choice of battlefields
67:
913:The Viking Art of War
674:North Vernon, Indiana
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611:
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571:
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516:Historic battlefields
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274:
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219:aerial reconnaissance
183:
167:
44:
885:A History of Warfare
803:Spanish–American War
745:Battle of Sultanabad
314:military engineering
30:For other uses, see
27:Location of a battle
1121:Synnøve des Bouvrie
843:Virtual battlefield
761:Franco-Prussian War
406:amphibious assaults
247:(such as the Welsh
198:Battle of Gallipoli
122:Agreed battlefields
1172:Military geography
1115:2018-01-07 at the
1108:Jutta Stroszeck, "
711:Battle of Hastings
695:Battle of Marathon
629:
625:Battle of Clontarf
617:
595:
541:
498:Legal implications
469:
351:improvised devices
303:Qattara Depression
209:Napoleon Bonaparte
202:
200:, 15 November 1915
178:
68:
52:Albrecht Altdorfer
1035:. 29 August 2008.
1033:BBC News Magazine
730:Siege of Yorktown
612:Monuments at the
339:anti-tank ditches
16:(Redirected from
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524:Location of the
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319:Monte la Difensa
291:capture the town
223:field telephones
190:William Birdwood
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54:, depicting the
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993:(2015), p. 141.
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331:George Pickett
287:T. E. Lawrence
186:Lord Kitchener
184:Field Marshal
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95:
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81:
77:
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65:
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57:
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48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
1167:Battlefields
1147:
1143:
1128:
1104:
1093:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1004:
998:
990:
985:
977:
961:
940:
931:
912:
903:
884:
881:Keegan, John
875:
867:
672:was held in
643:
635:
599:World War II
596:
577:
572:
568:
560:
556:
547:
526:World War II
507:
488:
485:
470:
450:
438:
431:
390:air portable
359:
328:
318:
307:
280:
275:
270:
265:
261:
238:
234:World War II
214:Grande Armée
212:
206:
203:
192:viewing the
151:
146:
140:
129:
125:
112:
96:
79:
76:battleground
75:
71:
69:
45:
18:Battlefields
838:Battlespace
801:during the
768: 1870
603:World War I
588:Monte Piana
412:(and later
343:barbed wire
172:during the
103:battlespace
72:battlefield
60:walled city
1161:Categories
1148:Battle Cry
980:(2007), p.
922:1853672084
894:0091745276
849:References
537:John Kerry
510:law of war
504:Law of war
418:Stalingrad
355:minefields
335:Gettysburg
251:or Mongol
249:longbowmen
86:involving
821:, in 1991
805:, in 1898
785:, in 1876
747:, in 1812
592:Dolomites
551:geography
491:logistics
477:the A Sầu
402:airmobile
370:phalanges
362:Mardonius
115:encounter
1113:Archived
939:(1965).
911:(1995).
883:(1993).
827:See also
544:Location
434:chariots
398:airborne
382:Chindits
368:, whose
299:Red Army
283:An Nafud
257:riflemen
241:slingers
666:England
590:in the
531:in the
494:grows.
442:Cambrai
410:frogmen
245:archers
147:journée
132:Vikings
99:warfare
1011:
919:
891:
658:Africa
639:trophy
473:Arnhem
422:Ortona
394:glider
310:Masada
84:battle
446:tanks
414:SeALs
228:,and
226:radio
194:Anzac
152:In a
143:siege
136:hazel
92:field
78:, or
1009:ISBN
917:ISBN
889:ISBN
378:LRDG
374:Rome
34:and
664:in
656:in
475:or
420:or
392:),
349:to
345:to
341:to
333:at
259:.)
236:.)
211:'s
62:of
50:by
1163::
1048:,
1031:.
969:^
949:^
857:^
765:c.
763:,
448:.
105:.
74:,
70:A
1137:.
1017:.
925:.
897:.
38:.
20:)
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