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mainly occurs with aging or certain medications. The
Schirmer test, conducted by placing a thin strip of filter paper at the edge of the eye, can be used to determine the level of dryness of the eye. Many medications or diseases that cause dry eye syndrome can also cause hyposalivation with xerostomia. Treatment varies according to aetiology and includes avoidance of exacerbating factors, tear stimulation and supplementation, increasing tear retention, eyelid cleansing, and treatment of eye inflammation.
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to enter the inferior orbital fissure. As the zygomatic nerve travels anteriorly in the orbit it sends a communicating branch to the lacrimal nerve which carries the postganglionic parasympathetic axons. The lacrimal nerve completes this long pathway by travelling through the lacrimal gland and sending branches to which it provides parasympathetic innervation to increase the secretion of lacrimal fluid.
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that connect the orbital lobe and the palpebral lobe. They unite to form three to five main secretory ducts, joining five to seven ducts in the palpebral portion before the secreted fluid may enter on the surface of the eye. Tears secreted collect in the fornix conjunctiva of the upper lid, and pass
446:
and then passes through this canal. It emerges in the pterygopalatine fossa and enters the pterygopalatine ganglion where the preganglionic parasympathetic axons synapse with the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. The postganglionic neurons then send axons which travel with the zygomatic nerve
401:
The parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland is a complex pathway which traverses through numerous structures in the head. Ultimately this two-neuron pathway involving both a preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic neuron increases the secretion of lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal
464:
In contrast to the normal moisture of the eyes or even crying, there can be persistent dryness, scratching, itchiness and burning in the eyes, which are signs of dry eye syndrome (DES) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). With this syndrome, the lacrimal glands produce less lacrimal fluid, which
309:. The acini composed of large serous cells which, produce a watery serous secretion, serous cells are filled with lightly stained secretory granules and surrounded by well-developed myoepithelial cells and a sparse, vascular stroma. Each acinus consists of a grape-like mass of
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Sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland is of less physiologic importance than the parasympathetic innervation, however there are noradrenergic axons found within the lacrimal gland. Their cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion.
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Depicts nerve branches that are involved in the autonomic innervation of the lacrimal gland. The terminal parts of the pathway are variable between individuals and differ for the other glands of the deep
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230:. The lacrimal gland produces tears which are secreted by the lacrimal ducts, and flow over the ocular surface, and then into canals that connect to the
384:. The lacrimal nerve passes anteriorly in the orbit and through the lacrimal gland providing parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to it.
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Anatomists divide the gland into two sections, a palpebral lobe, or portion, and an orbital lobe or portion. The smaller
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376:(CN V). After the lacrimal nerve branches from the ophthalmic nerve it receives a communicating branch from the
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Illustrated
Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, page 153.
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of the orbit formed by the frontal bone. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called
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Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged
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Sympathetic connections of the sphenopalatine and superior cervical ganglia.
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In addition, the following can be associated with lacrimal gland pathology:
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Machiele, R (November 2018). "Anatomy, Head and Neck, Eye
Lacrimal Gland".
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lies close to the eye, along the inner surface of the eyelid; if the upper
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is to the upper left. The right side of the picture is towards the nose.
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film. In humans, they are situated in the upper lateral region of each
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No lymphatic vessels have been observed draining the lacrimal gland.
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The tarsal glands, etc., seen from the inner surface of the eyelids.
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gland. The preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located in the
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at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
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This gallery of anatomic features needs cleanup to abide by the
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Encyclopædia
Britannica 2010 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
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The central lumen of many of the units converge to form
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Machiele, R (November 2018). "Anatomy Head and Neck".
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Exocrine gland, one for each eye, that secrete tears
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List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
418:the axons branch from the facial nerve forming the
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775:http://www.academy.org.uk/lectures/barnard11.htm
422:. This nerve exits the facial canal through the
249:is everted, the palpebral portion can be seen.
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438:. Within the foramen lacerum it joins to the
252:The orbital lobe of the gland, contains fine
234:. From that sac, the tears drain through the
735:"eye, human."Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
628:Evolution's Witness : How Eyes Evolved
336:The lacrimal gland receives blood from the
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650:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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276:Lacrimal glands are also present in other
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434:and travels anteromedially to enter the
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364:The lacrimal gland is innervated by the
532:The ophthalmic artery and its branches.
313:with their apices pointed to a central
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368:, which is the smallest branch of the
273:, which dumps them out into the nose.
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544:Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.
424:hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve
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344:. Blood from the gland drains to the
669:. Wolters Kluwer. pp. 897–900.
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928:Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
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773:Diseases of the lacrimal gland at
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428:petrous part of the temporal bone
293:The lacrimal gland is a compound
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1093:Suspensory ligament of eyeball
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903:Trochlea of superior oblique
444:nerve of the pterygoid canal
305:, each lobule contains many
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257:over the eye surface to the
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667:Clinically oriented anatomy
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404:superior salivatory nucleus
388:Parasympathetic innervation
340:, which is a branch of the
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580:Alveoli of lacrimal gland.
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1006:Accessory lacrimal glands
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938:Medial palpebral ligament
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602:Accessory lacrimal glands
372:, itself a branch of the
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382:pterygopalatine ganglion
346:superior ophthalmic vein
297:, it is made up of many
114:Superior ophthalmic vein
910:Inferior oblique muscle
898:Superior oblique muscle
503:medical manual of style
451:Sympathetic innervation
883:Inferior rectus muscle
878:Superior rectus muscle
420:greater petrosal nerve
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186:Anatomical terminology
36:of the right eye. The
888:Lateral rectus muscle
665:Moore, Keith (2018).
460:Clinical significance
410:(CN VII). Within the
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893:Medial rectus muscle
715:StatPearls(Internet)
432:middle cranial fossa
430:. It emerges to the
311:lacrimal gland cells
1129:Otorhinolaryngology
991:Lacrimal canaliculi
440:deep petrosal nerve
416:geniculate ganglion
263:lacrimal canaliculi
143:glandula lacrimalis
983:Lacrimal apparatus
592:Lacrimal apparatus
478:Sjögren's syndrome
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352:Lymphatic drainage
322:intralobular ducts
295:tubuloacinar gland
280:, such as horses.
254:interlobular ducts
84:nasolacrimal canal
55:a = lacrimal gland
34:Lacrimal apparatus
1119:Human eye anatomy
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1076:Plica semilunaris
1043:Nasolacrimal duct
996:Lacrimal caruncle
963:Palpebral fissure
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484:Additional images
342:ophthalmic artery
303:connective tissue
271:nasolacrimal duct
269:, in turn to the
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57:b = superior
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267:lacrimal sac
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155:A15.2.07.057
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69:lacrimal sac
52:Tear system.
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1071:Conjunctiva
692:StatPearls
206:are paired
132:Identifiers
1113:Categories
1088:Periorbita
613:References
513:(May 2015)
265:on to the
646:cite book
289:Histology
284:Structure
222:, in the
723:30422509
700:30422509
586:See also
1064:Unibrow
1059:Eyebrow
968:Canthus
958:Eyelash
870:Muscles
814:of the
762:lesson3
426:in the
414:at the
299:lobules
278:mammals
91:Details
933:Tarsus
920:Eyelid
767:orbit2
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698:
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247:eyelid
97:Artery
1052:Other
823:Bones
812:orbit
397:face.
315:lumen
307:acini
220:orbit
190:[
179:59101
138:Latin
121:Nerve
810:The
739:2010
719:PMID
696:PMID
671:ISBN
652:link
632:ISBN
216:tear
202:The
167:6846
150:TA98
109:Vein
82:g =
67:d =
816:eye
212:eye
174:FMA
162:TA2
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
