Riot control - Knowledge

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both projectiles and irritants to disperse the protesters. These incidents were widely documented through the use of social media. Documentation and support for the protests further facilitated the movement. One study, recorded by the National Institute of Health, studied the usage of social media as well as its contributions to the movement's legitimacy. Counter-protesters as well as right wing militia committed violence against the protesters in addition to police departments. Instead of irritants or other standardized tools for riot control, these counter-protesters often used more violent techniques such as ramming into protesters with their cars. Data supports that Black Lives Matter protests in particular were faced with much more state intervention. Suppression techniques that were used by both the state and right wing counter-protesters resulted in injury and death. Both during and after the protests, there were many pieces of legislation that either were passed or were written to curb these protests. Law makers and the public questioned riot control and its violations of the First Amendment including the right to assembly and the right to free speech. 45 U.S. states had considered this legislation. Concerns were raised by both political parties on the distinction between riots and protests.

775: 398: 755: 695: 621: 660: 679: 606: 448: 723: 241: 1265:, was a trying time for all Americans as protesters stormed the Capitol Building in Washington D.C. In the process, they beat, trampled, sprayed police officers with chemicals, overwhelmed the police, and almost killed numerous police officers who attempted to stop them from entering the Capitol. In response to this horrific event, members of the Capitol Police and Metropolitan Police Department are to this day suffering from PTSD, anxiety, and depression. The trauma was so significant that Police Officers Bobby Tabron and DeDivine K. Carter of the Metropolitan Police Department filed a lawsuit against former President, 1302: 428:

against the protesters resulted in at least six hundred injuries and sixty deaths. Spain had traditionally funded the government in past years and continued to do so to provide weaponry and funding to dismantle these protests. The NGO Amnesty International called on Spain to discontinue these exports citing it as "lethal repression." The security forces came in with assault weapons and in one incident opened fire on protesters. Amnesty International interpreted that the President should be held criminally responsible for the deaths and injuries that the protesters had sustained.

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Different countries use different methods of riot control. Chloroacetophenone, chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (tear gas) and dibenzoxazepine are common ingredients for riot control. These are highly toxic and cancerous. Countries often have different standards for usage of chemicals like capsaicin (pepper spray) and who is allowed to own and use these chemicals for self-defense. Some scholars have called for natural alternatives to limit long term health effects like those found in the Capsicum genus and the Zingiber genus.

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other means is by intensive air exchange—preferably with hot air. Exposed streets and sidewalks will have toxic and irritating CS powder that will be stirred into the air by traffic and pedestrians long after the cloud has dissipated, and should be washed away with water. In contrast to human beings, domesticated animals generally have lower sensitivity to tear gases. Dogs and horses can therefore be used by police for riot control even when tear gas is used.

739: 1042: 1121:" tactics might also be used where several police officers, usually in protective riot gear, rush forwards, occasionally in flying wedge formation to break through the front of a crowd, with the objective of snatching one or more individuals from a riot that are attempting to control the demonstration at which they are present; the target may be a leader or a speaker, or someone who seems to be leading the crowd. This tactic was used in the 149:. Even though riot tactics are effective in controlling crowds, they can also lead to significant psychological effects on both the rioters and the police. Exposure to intense fear, stress, and violence during these confrontations can result in long-term mental health issues, like anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and heightened aggression, which can impact the well-being of protesters and police officers. 276:. These platoons, either horse mounted or on foot were composed of 40 gendarmes each (60 in the Paris Region). In 1926, the platoons formed the "Garde Républicaine mobile" (mobile republican guard or GRM), which became a distinct branch of the Gendarmerie in 1927, the platoons becoming part of companies and legions. By 1940, the GRM was a force 21,000 strong, composed of 14 Légions, 54 company groups and 167 companies. 1171:, anxiety, and depression. Studies have shown that rubber bullets, water cannons, and tear gas cause not only problems like eye irritation and external and internal injuries, but can also cause individuals to develop psychological issues. This all comes after the American Public Health Association named police violence as a "public health issue," making it crucial to study the psychological effects caused by riots. 2665: 437: 1154:

legitimacy as well as the ethics of containing protests. There are discussions on the implications of the perceived military-civilian split. For example, the United States regards its police as civilians. However, the ambiguity of the laws allows for the police to act as military in conflicts with U.S. citizens which has typically been seen as legitimate or at least legal.

1269:. They cite that by inciting the mob, Donald Trump caused them "severe injuries" and great "emotional distress." Both officers still suffer from recurrent dreams and thoughts of the horrific attack on the Nation's Capitol Building. Beyond this lawsuit, multiple police officers who responded to the Capitol committed suicide in the following months: 882:. Its effectiveness compared to natural pepper spray is uncertain and it reportedly has caused some injuries. When undesirables threaten an area, such as a riot after a soccer game, riot police are called in to subdue them. In these situations, the police may use pepper spray, or water cannons to neutralize the threat. 1015:

can easily be inactivated by means of a water solution. Skin is suitably decontaminated of CS and CN gas by thorough washing with soap and water. CS is then decomposed, whereas CN is only removed via soap and water. The effects of CR gas are greatly increased by water, causing any attempt to DECON CR

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The summer of 2020 oversaw a large number of mass protests for Black Lives Matter to address systemic bias in police departments. Due to the high volume of protests, police departments and sparsely the National Guard were sent to end the long protests. Police departments often wore riot gear and used

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When looking at the January 6th riots, they present a contradiction, as many of the attendees were Republicans, which tend to favor and support the police There has become a shift now where Republicans have become more in favor of a limited government in order to conserve their freedoms. In terms of

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As protests and riots rage on throughout the world, there is an ongoing concern that riot control is having an impact on individuals' mental health. This rise in protests has caused an inevitable increase in law-enforcement violence, which has profound impacts on the mental health of protesters and

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There are also legitimate health and safety concerns. Some effects of riot agents include irritation, runny nose, chest tightness, coughing as well as swelling. Long term effects include blindness and respiratory failure. Death can also occur instantly due to chemical burns and respiratory failure.

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There has been public controversy when it has come to the tactics of riot control. Moral and legal questions have emerged regarding constitutional rights such as the right to assembly as well as free speech. This form of state violence is also controversial as discussions have emerged regarding the

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The front-line officers in a riot control are often fully armored and carry weapons such as batons, designed to be in direct contact with the crowd. These officers subdue rioters and subsequently allow the less heavily armoured, more mobile officers to make arrests where it is deemed necessary. In

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Decontamination of material after contamination with CR gas is not possible for up to 45 days. CS can be decontaminated l with a 5–10 percent soda solution or 2 percent alkaline solution. If this type of decontamination cannot be accomplished (e.g., contaminated rooms and furniture), then the only

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created specialized "mobile" gendarmerie forces several times during the 19th century in times of trouble but these units were disbanded soon after the end of the troubles they had been tasked to handle and there was no permanent organization in place until it was finally decided in 1921 to create

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Maintaining order during demonstrations and quenching riots has always been a challenge for governments and administrations. Until early in the 20th century, no dedicated force really existed in most countries and the traditional response when the regular police force proved inadequate was to call

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are combined with its training, allowing an officer to more safely infiltrate a crowd. Usually, when front-facing a riot, officers slowly walk in a line parallel to the riot's front, extending to both its ends, as they noisily and simultaneously march and beat their shields with their batons, to

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erupted who were against the Congress and President Dina Bolurate. In December of 2022, the government suspended several constitutional rights. These included the right to prevent troops from entering and staying in one's home, the freedom of movement, and the freedom of assembly. The force used

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If a riot is both spontaneous and irrational, then actions which cause people to stop and think for a moment (e.g. loud noises or issuing instructions in a calm tone) can be enough to stop it. However, these methods usually fail when there is severe anger with a legitimate cause, or the riot was

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protesters who encountered police violence had a 1.54% higher likelihood of experiencing severe depressive symptoms and were 2.58 times more likely to exhibit signs indicative of PTSD. In the whole scheme of police violence towards protesters, it is said that people who were involved in or just

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and hurled objects such as bottles and bricks. The gear frequently worn by riot control officers protects the entire body with no vulnerable spots to exploit. For example, the helmets worn by riot control officers have an additional outward-extending part that protects the back of the neck from

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Long the only large force specialized in maintaining or restoring law and order in France during demonstrations or riots, the GRM progressively developed the doctrine and skills needed in that role: exercise restraint, avoid confrontation as long as possible, always leave an "exit door" for the

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The Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests are an example that has been studied due to its psychological health effects, stemming from the severe nature of the police response. During these protests in Hong Kong, the police reportedly used upwards of 16,000 canisters of tear gas on these

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When considering the psychological effects of riot control, it is important to also examine how police officers are impacted by riots. They are exposed to some of the same risks and challenges, such as having objects thrown at them, being physically assaulted, and being exposed to

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which involves police officers charging at a crowd of people with batons and in some cases, riot shields. They run at the crowd hitting people with their batons, and in some situations use riot shields to push them away. Baton charging is designed to cause the maximum amount of

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Backpack dispensers for riot control agents, when the intent is to use a larger quantity than possible with grenades, are one type of device used by organizations that might, for example, need to cover a prison yard. Dispensers are also made for attachment to helicopters; see

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with positive locking mechanisms or other extra means of retention, if their agencies can afford such tools. However, this can be a trade-off that increases the amount of time needed to draw the sidearm in an emergency. Alternately, riot police may not carry sidearms at all.

372:. The skills developed in Shanghai have been adopted and adapted by both international police forces and clandestine warfare units. Fairbairn was again the central figure, not only leading the Reserve Unit, but teaching his methods around the world, including in the 822:, or to clear a building. They can rapidly produce sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which usually disappear within 15 minutes (for tear gas) and up to 2 hours (for pepper spray) following termination of exposure. They can also be used for 754: 694: 1228:, the number of recorded cases of PTSD among police officers skyrocketed upwards of 30%. With the increase in mental illness from the civil unrest and public scrutiny, many police officers resigned, resorted to substance abuse, and even suicide. 473:

may also be worn. While the visual of police in full riot gear may be intimidating, today's riot suits are designed to minimize injuries and prevent fatalities for both officers and citizens. This evolution of riot gear signifies a move towards

961:. Among a long list of substances, these three have become of greater importance than the others because of their effectiveness and low risks when used. Today, CS has largely replaced CN as the most widely used tear gas internationally. 463:

For protection, officers that are trained in police anti-riot schools performing riot control will often wear protective helmets and carry riot shields. These are designed to protect the wearer from those dangers that come from direct

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protesters. In response to the extreme amount of force used on the protesters, a survey found that 25.7% of the population experienced depression, while 9.1% had thoughts of committing suicide. There were similar findings during the

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Under Fairbairn, the SMP developed a myriad of riot control measures. These riot control techniques led to the introduction of Shanghai's "Reserve Unit", used to forcibly disband riots and respond to high-level crimes such as

509:, which may be stolen or even used against the police. In a very heavy crowd, the officer may not be able to see who is responsible for snatching a weapon, and may not even notice that it has happened. For this reason, 2618: 870:. Desmethyldihydrocapsaicin, a synthetic analogue of capsaicin also known as pelargonic acid vanillylamide or PAVA, is used in another version of pepper spray known as PAVA spray and used in the 1104:

personnel who are trained in riot tactics, along with normal divisional officers. If the demonstration turns violent, police will seal roads and other exits to contain protesters in a single area (known as

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While the use of tear gas in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties that most countries have signed, use by police and for private self-defense is not banned in an international manner.

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that is used to temporarily incapacitate through irritation of eyes and/or respiratory system. It is used as a hand-held spray or can be fired in canisters that heat up spewing out an

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via soap and water to increase the severity and duration of the effects. When decontamination of CR is attempted with soap and water the effects of CR can last up to 48 hours

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in Egypt, where school children in schools near the Tahrir Square (the location of massive riots) were experiencing higher rates of depression. In France, it was found that

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which entangles the target. Netguns have a long history of being used to capture wildlife, without injury, for research purposes. A netgun is currently in development for

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Chang, Ho-Chun Herbert; Richardson, Allissa; Ferrara, Emilio (2022-12-07). "#JusticeforGeorgeFloyd: How Instagram facilitated the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests".

494:, which contributes to minimizing injuries and casualties for all parties involved. These advancements have revolutionized crowd control by shifting from relying on 469:

assault. To provide even greater protection, the protective equipment often provides ballistic protection. If tear gas or other riot control agents are to be used,

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Culver, Kathleen Bartzen, and Douglas M. McLeod. 2023. "“Anti-Riot” or “Anti-Protest” Legislation? Black Lives Matter, News Framing, and the Protest Paradigm"

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Moussa, Suaad; Kholy, Monira El; Enaba, Dalia; Salem, Khadiga; Ali, Asmaa; Nasreldin, Mohamed; Gabal, Mohamed; Emadeldin, Maha; Moselhy, Hamdy F. (2015).

605: 2048: 1410:, which causes the water in the upper epidermis to boil, stimulating a "burning" sensation in the nerve endings and generating intense pain. 407:

was a Black man who was murdered by a Minneapolis Police Officer in May of 2020 during an arrest. Subsequently, many Americans protested for

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purposes. Stink bombs are believed to be less dangerous than other riot control chemicals, since they are effective at low concentrations.

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crowd, etc. In 1940, after the fall of France, the German authorities had the GRM disbanded but it was reinstated in 1944 and renamed

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Ni, Michael Y.; Kim, Yoona; McDowell, Ian; Wong, Suki; Qiu, Hong; Wong, Irene Ol; Galea, Sandro; Leung, Gabriel M. (March 2020).

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had become one of the world's most dangerous cities due to a breakdown in law and order in the country and the growth of

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of 1925: 'Prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials"'

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numbers, 80% of Republicans in the House of Representatives now favor the defunding of police departments.

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are weapons of various types that use sound to injure or incapacitate subjects using a focused beam of

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There have been cases where lethal weapons are used to violently suppress a protest or riot, as in the

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and whips to disperse crowds and detain rioters. Since the 1980s, riot control officers have also used

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In the United Kingdom, usually when large demonstrations take place that are deemed unstable, the

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methods that prioritize public safety and safeguard the well-being of law enforcement officers.

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7 is about 15 min. at room temperature) and extremely rapid when alkali is added (half-life at

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face of a greater threat, the riot police will be backed up with other officers equipped with

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tactics and de-escalation approaches. Contemporary riot gear incorporated innovations such as

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defense training, although their use in warfare itself is a violation of Article I.5 of the

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and various kinds of tear gas. These chemicals disperse a crowd that could be protesting or

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that launch a fragile ball which breaks upon impact and releases an irritant powder called

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At room temperature, tear gases are white solids. They are stable when heated and have low

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One of many additional concerns is to prevent people in the crowd from snatching officers'

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The first squad trained in modern techniques of riot control in Asia was formed in 1925 in

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In France, for example, several revolts were fueled by poor handling by the military. The

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Pepper spray typically comes in canisters, which are often small enough to be carried or

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on horses. Persons performing riot control typically wear protective equipment such as

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German police deploy an armoured riot control vehicle at a demonstration in Hamburg.

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9 is about 1 min.). CR is hydrolyzed only to a negligible extent in water solution.

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Maintenir l'Ordre: Les transformations de la violence d'Etat en régime démocratique

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living in areas affected by riots could experience an uptick in PTSD by 4% to 41%.

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Maintaining Order: The Transformations of State Violence into a Democratic System

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in a pocket or purse. Pepper spray can also be bought concealed in items such as

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weapons are being tested, which cover and immobilize rioters with a gooey foam.

2315:"Impact of political violence on the mental health of school children in Egypt" 2220:"Lethal in Disguise - How Crowd-Control Weapons Impact Health and Human Rights" 1443: 1440: – Area set aside in public places for the purpose of political protesting 1375: 1225: 1077: 1066: 970: 871: 596: 573: 546: 377: 287: 250: 193: 138: 130: 58: 1455: – gear that protects the wearer against injuries caused by blunt impacts 838: 2679: 2578: 2435: 2388: 2380: 2338: 2187: 2179: 2123: 2029: 1839: 1717: 1646: 1467: 1372: 1062: 915: 898: 843: 780:

Intervention vehicle for social events that interfered with demonstrators in

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determines the type of offensive equipment used. The base choice is between

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may be sent in following an initial subduing with firepower. Occasionally,

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Research into weapons that are more effective for riot control continues.

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may serve to augment personal weapons. Some water cannons let police add

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U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command (CBDCOM) (June 1998),

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American marines and Caribbean soldiers clashing during a riot control

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may first be sent into the crowd. The might and height offered by the

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are, thus, difficult to decompose under practical conditions, whereas

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in confrontation with protesters in the historical center of the city.

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responsible for the demonstration in that area will usually deploy

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is added. CS is rapidly hydrolyzed in water solution (half-life at

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Risk factors that can exacerbate mental health issues from riots:

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used for riot control. Most commonly used riot control agents are

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GRM horse platoon and rioteers Paris - Place de la Concorde - 1934

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Vortisch, Hans-Christian (10 January 2008). Masters, Phil (ed.).

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is shooting tear gas canisters using an Alsetex "Cougar" launcher

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4, no. 1: 216-230. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia4010015

860:, which is a chemical derived from the fruit of plants in the 2542:"A Year Later, Jan. 6 Still Haunts Some D.C. Police Officers" 2518:"A Year Later, Jan. 6 Still Haunts Some D.C. Police Officers" 2162:

DeVylder, Jordan; Fedina, Lisa; Link, Bruce (November 2020).

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Pellet shotguns have been used by Indian security forces for

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planned or organized. Riot control personnel have long used

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training, were pioneered by British Assistant Commissioner

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Measures taken against unlawful or violent crowds of people

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operator in riot gear holding a Tac700 Pepperball Launcher

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h2g2, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Earth Edition

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to mark rioters or tear gas to help disperse the crowds.

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as a response to a staggering rise in armed crime in the

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Mounted riot police as crowd control during protests in

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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are devices designed to create an extremely unpleasant

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of CN is very slow in a water solution, especially if

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upon the army, often with disastrous results: either

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The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Psychological toll on protesters and Police officers

2138:"CDC | Fact Sheet: Facts About Riot Control Agents" 1446: – Protective clothing; armor worn on the body 1231:Symptoms that Police Officer may face after riots: 1085:cause fear and psychological effects on the crowd. 451:Polish riot police squad in the 1930s, with opaque 443:

armored riot control vehicle with water cannon ISBI

2161: 1757:] (in French). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. 1136:A more straightforward tactic police may use is a 572:, a heavy leather or plastic whip, and the Indian 2362: 1998:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 April 2011 1779:Histoire de la Gendarmerie mobile d'Île-de-France 874:. Another synthetic counterpart of pepper spray, 2677: 1783:History of the Île-de-France Mobile Gendarmerie 1609: 1722:Annales historiques de la Révolution française 1676: 1506: – Tactics used by police in riot control 1309:officer stands ready with a sonic weapon, the 1023: 973:. Consequently, they are usually dispersed as 951:ortho-chlorobenzylidene-malononitrile (CS gas) 949:Popular tear gases include the eye irritants 256:The terminology arguably first arises in the 2494:"Mental Health For Law Enforcement Officers" 2319:Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England) 313:as a response to the mismanaged riot of the 2466: 1951:3.1 Manufacturers | the Thermal Fogger 1434: – Warfare tactic used to erode morale 1273:Metropolitan Police Officer Gunther Hashida 793: 141:(vests, neck protectors, knee pads, etc.), 2266: 1748: 1464: – Police tactic for crowd dispersion 1453:Blunt trauma personal protective equipment 1418:that use intense light to cause temporary 1321:are non-lethal weapons designed to fire a 1276:Metropolitan Police Officer Kyle DeFreytag 109:. In some cases, riot squads may also use 2443: 2195: 2050:Commercial Backpack Blower/Sprayer System 1733: 1716:Gainot, Bernard (October–December 2005). 981:in water but can be dissolved in several 856:The active ingredient in pepper-spray is 272:"Mobile Gendarmerie platoons" within the 1795: 1300: 1211:Psychological Effects on Police Officers 1087: 1040: 934:Tear gas is a non-specific term for any 914: 837: 708:by the Cabinet of Ministers building in 446: 435: 396: 286: 239: 25: 1476: – Application of crowd psychology 1253:Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death 1203:Lack of support from family and friends 2678: 2643:"Experimental Riot Control: Riot Foam" 2564: 2105: 2075:"FM 19-15 CHPTR 9 Riot Control Agents" 1966:"Article II. Definitions and Criteria" 1715: 878:, was developed and is widely used in 564:Special riot hand weapons include the 2616: 2358: 2356: 2036:from the original on 24 October 2002. 1510: 897:available, which can be fired from a 2597: 2491: 2267:Adam-Troin, Jais (August 21, 2020). 1923: 1813: 1541:Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité 1523:Units for the Reinstatement of Order 1257: 688:at the March of Independence in 2011 2289: 2022:Do or die: Voices from Earth First! 2018:"CS Gas: How to combat the effects" 959:dibenz (b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR gas) 13: 2409: 2353: 964: 762:crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir 387: 218:Citizenship Amendment Act protests 14: 2697: 2657: 2467:Ridderbusch, Katja (2021-06-14). 2168:American Journal of Public Health 1664:Use of bayonets for crowd control 1590:Unidades de Intervención Policial 1573:Carabinieri Mobile Units Division 2663: 2024:(7). United Kingdom: 135. 1998. 1470: – Public security practice 1111:2009 G-20 London summit protests 930:for deploying tear gas canisters 773: 753: 737: 721: 693: 677: 658: 635: 619: 604: 320:New policing methods, including 2635: 2617:House, The White (2024-03-25). 2610: 2591: 2558: 2534: 2510: 2485: 2460: 2403: 2306: 2283: 2260: 2236: 2212: 2155: 2130: 2099: 2081: 2067: 2040: 2010: 1984: 1958: 1942: 1917: 1864::10.1371/journal.pone.0277864. 1307:New York City Police Department 1148: 1115:2010 student protests in London 833: 423:Between 2022 and 2023, several 2290:Hou, Wai Kai (February 2021). 1892: 1879: 1846: 1807: 1789: 1771: 1742: 1709: 1700: 1422:or disorientation of rioters. 684:Polish riot control police in 253:or use of excessive violence. 214:2018–2019 Gaza border protests 206:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 154:Nika Riots in the Roman Empire 1: 2331:10.3109/09638237.2015.1019047 1693: 1657:Pellet guns (pellet shotguns) 1616:Category:Riot control weapons 800:Category:Riot control weapons 65:people who are involved in a 2649:. How It Works. August 2011. 1749:Bruneteaux, Patrick (1996). 1610:Weapons used in riot control 1489:Non-military armored vehicle 1285:Metropolitan Police Officer 1129:who deployed this tactic in 807:(sometimes called RCAs) are 431: 170:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7: 2565:Lowell, Hugo (2021-08-03). 2473:Georgia Public Broadcasting 2302:– via Science Direct. 1425: 1296: 1238:Nervousness or restlessness 1167:police officers, including 1076:As a less aggressive step, 1024:Dispensing large quantities 955:chloroacetophenone (CN gas) 904: 828:Chemical Weapons Convention 587:In major unrest, police in 393:Black Lives Matter Protests 111:Long Range Acoustic Devices 10: 2702: 2598:Tait, Joshua (June 2020). 2492:Gear, Haven (2023-09-20). 2416:Health Psychology Research 1924:Gear, Haven (2019-07-09). 1632:Long Range Acoustic Device 1613: 1206:Ongoing personal conflicts 1200:Excessive social media use 1197:Prior exposure to violence 1191:Lower socioeconomic status 1036: 908: 876:pelargonic acid morpholide 849: 797: 645:troops attempting to keep 235: 119:armoured fighting vehicles 18: 1567:Territorial Support Group 1404:electromagnetic radiation 1127:Greater Manchester Police 535:less-than-lethal weaponry 459:had not been invented yet 455:and no helmet visors, as 342:Shanghai Municipal Police 2381:10.1177/0004867419899165 2180:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305874 1669: 1432:Demoralization (warfare) 1098:territorial police force 942:cloud at a steady rate. 895:pepper spray projectiles 794:Riot control agent (RCA) 612:French gendarmes mobiles 296:International Settlement 274:Departmental Gendarmerie 222:2022 Sri Lankan protests 210:2017 Venezuelan protests 19:Not to be confused with 1517:Garda Public Order Unit 1416:directed-energy weapons 1331:Pepper-spray projectile 1279:Capitol Police Officer 1250:Anxiety or restlessness 977:. All of them have low 2296:Annals of Epidemiology 2106:Seigel, Micol (2019). 1814:Bell, Eugenia (2020). 1803:. Steve Jackson Games. 1706:A Hash House Haul 1915 1559:Special Tactical Squad 1396:directed-energy weapon 1314: 1131:Manchester city centre 1093: 1049: 931: 847: 728:Riot control group of 647:Vietnam War protesters 566:wooden or rubber baton 521:The initial choice of 460: 444: 401: 322:combat pistol shooting 315:May Thirtieth Movement 303: 245: 35: 2647:How It Works Magazine 1904:Amnesty International 1832:10.1353/tyr.2020.0102 1388:Active denial systems 1361:for riot control and 1304: 1091: 1044: 918: 841: 730:Rio de Janeiro Police 450: 439: 400: 290: 243: 41:measures are used by 29: 2672:at Wikimedia Commons 1887:Journalism and Media 1553:Police Tactical Unit 1535:Mobile Brigade Corps 1235:Increased heart rate 805:Riot control agents 334:William E. Fairbairn 269:National Gendarmerie 230:Mahsa Amini protests 202:Bloody Sunday (1972) 198:Río Piedras massacre 190:Bloody Sunday (1905) 182:Sharpeville massacre 174:Kent State Shootings 2604:The Washington Post 2428:10.52965/001c.93904 1579:Mobile Unit (Italy) 1569:(London in England) 1102:Police Support Unit 812:lachrymatory agents 666:Syrian riot control 382:Straits Settlements 326:hand to hand combat 123:aerial surveillance 83:less lethal weapons 2410:Santre, Siriporn. 2224:Lethal in Disguise 2112:American Quarterly 2095:on April 20, 2009. 1547:Mobile Gendarmerie 1529:Rapid Action Force 1511:Riot control units 1474:Crowd manipulation 1402:. The ADS directs 1315: 1133:on 9 August 2011. 1125:, most notably by 1123:2011 England Riots 1094: 1050: 932: 911:Lachrymatory agent 848: 700:Defensive line of 498:to employing more 461: 445: 410:Black Lives Matter 402: 338:Eric Anthony Sykes 304: 282:Mobile Gendarmerie 262:A Hash House Fraud 246: 226:2022 Kazakh unrest 162:Haymarket Massacre 36: 2668:Media related to 2174:(11): 1704–1710. 2142:emergency.cdc.gov 1735:10.4000/ahrf.1961 1622:Non-lethal weapon 1398:developed by the 1281:Howard Liebengood 1263:January 6th, 2021 1258:January 6th Riots 920:Gendarmes mobiles 893:. There are also 866:genus, including 595:, fire hoses, or 589:armoured vehicles 186:Mendiola Massacre 32:training exercise 2693: 2667: 2651: 2650: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2199: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2056:, archived from 2055: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1896: 1890: 1883: 1877: 1860:(12): e0277864. 1850: 1844: 1843: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1728:(342): 253–255. 1713: 1707: 1704: 1687: 1680: 1598: 1584:Riot Police Unit 1494: 1485: 1458: 1449: 1438:Free speech zone 1247:Reduced Appetite 1071:"beanbag" rounds 983:organic solvents 928:grenade launcher 824:chemical warfare 777: 757: 741: 725: 697: 681: 662: 651:Washington, D.C. 649:from rioting in 639: 623: 608: 500:less-than-lethal 476:less-than-lethal 441:Colombian Police 425:protests in Peru 347: 61:, disperse, and 2701: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2676: 2675: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2627: 2625: 2623:The White House 2615: 2611: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2500: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2465: 2461: 2408: 2404: 2361: 2354: 2311: 2307: 2288: 2284: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2250: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2104: 2100: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2063:on 28 July 2004 2060: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1932: 1922: 1918: 1909: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1880: 1851: 1847: 1820:The Yale Review 1812: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1747: 1743: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1684:Geneva Protocol 1681: 1677: 1672: 1637:Plastic bullets 1618: 1612: 1592: 1513: 1492: 1483: 1456: 1447: 1428: 1299: 1267:Donald J. Trump 1260: 1213: 1164: 1151: 1067:plastic bullets 1039: 1026: 967: 965:Decontamination 913: 907: 854: 836: 802: 796: 789: 778: 769: 758: 749: 742: 733: 726: 717: 698: 689: 682: 673: 663: 654: 640: 631: 624: 615: 609: 547:plastic bullets 529:(e.g. 12 gauge 434: 390: 388:Modern Examples 376:, and colonial 370:armed robberies 354:organised crime 345: 238: 178:Soweto Uprising 166:Banana Massacre 158:Boston Massacre 137:, face visors, 105:, and electric 55:security forces 43:law enforcement 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2699: 2689: 2688: 2674: 2673: 2659: 2658:External links 2656: 2653: 2652: 2634: 2609: 2590: 2557: 2533: 2509: 2484: 2459: 2402: 2375:(3): 232–243. 2352: 2325:(5): 289–293. 2305: 2282: 2259: 2235: 2211: 2154: 2129: 2118:(2): 519–539. 2098: 2080: 2066: 2039: 2009: 1983: 1957: 1941: 1916: 1891: 1878: 1845: 1806: 1788: 1770: 1764:978-2724606768 1763: 1741: 1708: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1450: 1444:Personal armor 1441: 1435: 1427: 1424: 1412:Dazzler lasers 1333:launchers are 1329:riot control. 1298: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1226:Breonna Taylor 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1163: 1160: 1150: 1147: 1078:mounted police 1063:rubber bullets 1038: 1035: 1025: 1022: 971:vapor pressure 966: 963: 909:Main article: 906: 903: 872:United Kingdom 850:Main article: 835: 832: 795: 792: 791: 790: 779: 772: 770: 759: 752: 750: 743: 736: 734: 727: 720: 718: 699: 692: 690: 683: 676: 674: 664: 657: 655: 641: 634: 632: 625: 618: 616: 614:using tear gas 610: 603: 599:are deployed. 597:mounted police 568:; the African 484:rubber bullets 433: 430: 389: 386: 251:fraternization 237: 234: 194:Ponce massacre 131:mounted police 99:rubber bullets 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2698: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2076: 2070: 2059: 2052: 2051: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2013: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1888: 1882: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1799: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1766: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1724:(in French). 1723: 1719: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1685: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1647:Rubber bullet 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468:Crowd control 1466: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:U.S. military 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:sound cannons 1374: 1373:Low frequency 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1294: 1288: 1287:Jeffrey Smith 1284: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 962: 960: 956: 952: 947: 943: 941: 937: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 902: 900: 899:paintball gun 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864: 859: 853: 845: 840: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 810: 806: 801: 787: 783: 776: 771: 767: 766:stone pelting 763: 756: 751: 748:in the 1950s. 747: 740: 735: 731: 724: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 696: 691: 687: 680: 675: 671: 667: 661: 656: 652: 648: 644: 638: 633: 629: 622: 617: 613: 607: 602: 601: 600: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 578:water cannons 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 559:incapacitants 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 467: 458: 457:polycarbonate 454: 449: 442: 438: 429: 426: 421: 420: 419:Peru Protests 416: 413: 411: 406: 399: 395: 394: 385: 383: 379: 375: 374:United States 371: 367: 361: 359: 355: 351: 346:1920s — 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 309: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 283: 277: 275: 270: 265: 263: 259: 258:Keystone Cops 254: 252: 242: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 115:water cannons 112: 108: 104: 103:stun grenades 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 78: 76: 72: 71:demonstration 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 22: 21:crowd control 2686:Riot control 2670:Riot control 2646: 2637: 2626:. Retrieved 2622: 2612: 2603: 2593: 2582:. Retrieved 2571:The Guardian 2570: 2560: 2549:. Retrieved 2545: 2536: 2525:. Retrieved 2521: 2512: 2501:. Retrieved 2497: 2487: 2476:. Retrieved 2472: 2462: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2372: 2368: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2251:. Retrieved 2248:www.apha.org 2247: 2238: 2227:. Retrieved 2223: 2214: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2146:. Retrieved 2144:. 2019-05-16 2141: 2132: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2093:the original 2083: 2069: 2058:the original 2049: 2042: 2021: 2012: 2000:. Retrieved 1995: 1986: 1974:. Retrieved 1969: 1960: 1950: 1944: 1933:. Retrieved 1929: 1919: 1908:. Retrieved 1906:. 2024-07-18 1903: 1894: 1886: 1881: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1826:(2): 45–55. 1823: 1819: 1809: 1791: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1702: 1678: 1652:Water cannon 1642:Pepper spray 1603:Çevik Kuvvet 1555:(Hong Kong) 1504:Snatch squad 1462:Baton charge 1390:(ADS) are a 1371: 1353: 1316: 1291: 1261: 1230: 1222:George Floyd 1214: 1186: 1173: 1165: 1156: 1152: 1149:Consequences 1138:baton charge 1135: 1119:snatch squad 1095: 1075: 1051: 1027: 1018: 1003: 968: 948: 944: 933: 884: 861: 855: 852:Pepper spray 834:Pepper spray 816:pepper spray 804: 803: 745: 712:during 2013 586: 563: 557:, and other 543:pepper spray 520: 504: 496:lethal force 488:pepper spray 462: 453:riot shields 422: 418: 417: 408: 405:George Floyd 403: 392: 391: 362: 336:and officer 328:skills, and 319: 305: 278: 266: 255: 247: 151: 147:riot shields 135:riot helmets 95:pepper spray 79: 73:or unlawful 51:paramilitary 39:Riot control 38: 37: 2002:26 December 1868:1932-6203. 1593: [ 1561:(Hong Kong) 1537:(Indonesia) 1480:Crowd crush 1367:Sticky foam 1363:area denial 1355:Stink bombs 1181:Yellow Vest 1177:Arab Spring 704:unitmen in 593:police dogs 511:riot police 366:kidnappings 358:opium trade 330:knife fight 264:" in 1915. 127:police dogs 69:, unlawful 2628:2024-08-12 2584:2024-07-31 2551:2024-07-31 2527:2024-07-31 2503:2024-08-12 2498:Haven Gear 2478:2024-07-31 2253:2024-07-30 2229:2024-07-30 2148:2024-08-11 1935:2024-07-23 1930:Haven Gear 1910:2024-08-11 1694:References 1614:See also: 1392:non-lethal 1384:infrasound 1335:projectile 1327:non-lethal 1194:Female sex 987:Hydrolysis 979:solubility 809:non-lethal 798:See also: 714:Euromaidan 486:, batons, 292:The centre 139:body armor 2579:0261-3077 2436:2420-8124 2422:: 93904. 2389:1440-1614 2339:1360-0567 2188:0090-0036 2124:1080-6490 2030:1462-5989 1876:36476759. 1872:9728865. 1840:1467-9736 1682:e.g. the 1519:(Ireland) 1420:blindness 1349:paintball 1241:Trembling 1055:riot guns 1047:Edinburgh 924:gas masks 922:carrying 887:concealed 858:capsaicin 842:A German 788:) in 2013 782:Gezi Park 716:protests. 706:riot gear 643:U.S. Army 513:may have 507:side arms 471:gas masks 432:Equipment 284:in 1954. 143:gas masks 2680:Category 2454:38375073 2445:10875161 2397:31989834 2347:25992868 2206:32941068 2034:Archived 1992:"CS Gas" 1976:31 March 1854:PLOS ONE 1605:(Turkey) 1549:(France) 1543:(France) 1525:(Greece) 1498:Kettling 1426:See also 1297:Research 1244:Sweating 1113:and the 1107:kettling 1059:tear gas 1057:to fire 975:aerosols 936:chemical 905:Tear gas 863:Capsicum 786:Istanbul 764:against 746:Celerini 744:Italian 702:"Berkut" 670:Damascus 628:gendarme 539:tear gas 515:holsters 480:tear gas 380:and the 356:and the 350:Shanghai 311:Shanghai 308:colonial 300:Shanghai 91:tear gas 85:such as 47:military 2197:7542293 1599:(Spain) 1586:(Japan) 1575:(Italy) 1531:(India) 1346:caliber 1338:weapons 1319:Netguns 1037:Tactics 940:aerosol 868:chilies 820:rioting 672:in 2012 653:, 1967. 570:sjambok 531:shotgun 523:tactics 348: 340:of the 302:, 1928. 294:of the 260:short " 236:History 75:protest 59:control 34:in 2011 2577: 2452: 2442: 2434: 2395: 2387: 2345: 2337: 2273:Lancet 2204: 2194: 2186: 2122: 2028: 1838: 1761: 1627:CS gas 1351:guns. 991:alkali 957:, and 926:and a 880:Russia 686:Warsaw 555:batons 551:tasers 537:(e.g. 533:) and 527:lethal 492:tasers 490:, and 378:Cyprus 107:tasers 87:batons 63:arrest 2546:DCist 2522:DCist 2061:(PDF) 2054:(PDF) 1801:(PDF) 1781:[ 1753:[ 1670:Notes 1597:] 1380:sound 1359:smell 1218:RCA’s 1082:horse 1033:-19. 891:rings 768:mobs. 626:This 574:lathi 466:melee 2575:ISSN 2450:PMID 2432:ISSN 2393:PMID 2385:ISSN 2343:PMID 2335:ISSN 2202:PMID 2184:ISSN 2120:ISSN 2026:ISSN 2004:2008 1978:2018 1970:OPCW 1874:PMID 1866:ISSN 1836:ISSN 1759:ISBN 1414:are 1342:PAVA 1313:500X 1311:LRAD 1224:and 1169:PTSD 1143:pain 1007:and 710:Kyiv 368:and 228:and 145:and 67:riot 2440:PMC 2424:doi 2377:doi 2327:doi 2192:PMC 2176:doi 2172:110 1870:PMC 1862:doi 1828:doi 1824:108 1730:doi 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