31:
635:
labeled as "cockroaches" in need of extermination. Despite its colossal scale, particularly within such a short period of time, the genocide was carried out almost entirely by hand, usually with the utilization of machetes and clubs. Various atrocities committed include the rape of thousands of Tutsi women, as well as the dismemberment and disfigurement of victims. Frequently the killers were people the victims knew personally—neighbors, workmates, former friends, sometimes even relatives through marriage. At least 500,000 Tutsis were killed, and approximately 2 million refugees (mostly Hutus) left for refugee camps of neighboring
Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and former Zaire.
607:
571:, all first-instance cases were to have completed trial by the end of 2008 (this date was later extended to the end of 2009) and all work was to be completed by 2010. As of 2009, the tribunal had finished 50 trials and convicted 29 accused persons, and another 11 trials were in progress and 14 individuals were awaiting trial in detention; but the prosecutor intended to transfer 5 to national jurisdiction for trial. 13 others were still at large, some suspected to be dead. The United Nations Security Council called upon the tribunal to finish its work by 31 December 2014 to prepare for its closure and transfer of its responsibilities to the
1140:
1021:
1451:, and crimes against humanity, before and during the period of the genocides of 1994. On 3 December 2003, the court found all three defendants guilty and sentenced Nahimana and Ngeze to life imprisonment and Barayagwiza to imprisonment for 35 years. On 28 November 2007, the Appeals Chamber partially allowed appeals against conviction from all three men, reducing their sentences to 30 years' imprisonment for Nahimana, 32 years' imprisonment for Barayagwiza and 35 years' imprisonment for Ngeze.
1068:
147:
619:
arbitrary construct based more on physical characteristics than ethnic background. However, the social differences between the Hutu and the Tutsi have traditionally allowed the Tutsi, with a strong pastoralist tradition, to gain social, economic, and political ascendancy over the Hutu, who were primarily agriculturalists. The distinction under colonial powers allowed Tutsis to establish ruling power until a Hutu revolution in 1959 abolished the Tutsi monarchy by 1961.
969:
870:
1212:
739:
1260:
945:
790:
1092:
1236:
921:
1164:
814:
1188:
842:
667:
997:
1280:
1116:
2617:
1486:
serving their sentences. The
Tribunal acquitted 14 individuals and transferred the cases against 10 individuals to national jurisdictions. Proceedings against nine individuals ended before a final judgment was rendered: two of whom had their charges dismissed by the Tribunal, two of whom had their charges withdrawn by the Prosecutor, and five of whom died.
1573:
International
Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States,
618:
The tension between the majority Hutu and the minority Tutsi had developed over time but was particularly emphasized late in the nineteenth century and early in the twentieth century as a result of German and
Belgian colonialism over Rwanda. The ethnic categorization of the two was an imposed and an
1396:
falls within the act of genocide. "...the
Chamber finds that in most cases, the rapes of Tutsi women in Taba, were accompanied with the intent to kill those women. ... In this respect, it appears clearly to the chamber that the acts of rape and sexual violence, as other acts of serious bodily and
1485:
The ICTR indicted a total of 96 individuals. The proceedings against one individual are suspended before the IRMCT. The ICTR (or the IRMCT as its successor) convicted 61 individuals: 25 of whom are currently serving sentences, 22 of whom have completed their sentences, and 14 of whom died while
657:
called for an investigation of the events, and acted to establish an international criminal tribunal to prosecute those individuals most responsible for the genocide. Adopting
Resolution 955, the Security Council created the ICTR on 8 November 1994 and the ICTR would also deal with other crimes
634:
Most of the killing during the
Rwandan genocide was carried out by the radical Hutu groups known as the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi. Radio broadcasts also were an integral part of the genocide, which further fueled the genocide by encouraging Hutu civilians to kill their Tutsi neighbours,
602:
refers to the mass slaughter of more than 800,000 ethnic Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu by government-directed gangs of Hutu extremist soldiers and police in Rwanda. The duration of the 1994 genocide is usually described as 100 days, beginning on April 6 and ending in mid-July.
1467:, and other members of his administration, for the assassination of his predecessor. This case was under the regular jurisdiction of the French courts because French citizens were also killed in the plane crash. The majority of genocide cases were handled by the so-called
652:
because using the term would make an obligation for the United States to send troops, which it was reluctant to do after several of its soldiers were killed during a humanitarian mission in
Somalia the previous year. Finally in July 1994, after the genocide was over, the
1397:
mental harm committed against the Tutsi, reflected the determination to make Tutsi women suffer and to mutilate them even before killing them, the intent being to destroy the Tutsi group while inflicting acute suffering on its members in the process." Presiding judge
630:
On April 6, 1994, a plane carrying then-President
Juvenal Habyarimana, and Cyprien Ntaryamira of Burundi was shot down, killing everyone on board. The Hutu held the RPF accountable and immediately began the genocide, targeted at both Tutsis and Hutu moderates.
1354:
The
Registry was responsible for the overall administration and management of the ICTR. It also performed other legal functions assigned to it by the Tribunal's Rules of Procedure and Evidence, and was the Tribunal's channel of communication.
532:. Through several resolutions, the Security Council called on the tribunal to complete its investigations by end of 2004, complete all trial activities by end of 2008, and complete all work in 2012. The tribunal had jurisdiction over
647:
is regarded as a major failure. The international response to the Rwandan genocide was poor. For weeks, the major power nations denied that a genocide was taking place in Rwanda. The United States refused to call the incident
622:
The hostility between the two groups continued, as "additional rounds of ethnic tension and violence flared periodically and led to mass killings of Tutsi in Rwanda, such as in 1963, 1967, and 1973". The establishment of the
1401:
said in a statement after the verdict: "From time immemorial, rape has been regarded as spoils of war. Now it will be considered a war crime. We want to send out a strong message that rape is no longer a trophy of war."
2808:
1480:
277:
1384:
After an intense and precisely targeted campaign of a number of international non-governmental organizations, which aimed at raising awareness of gendered violence at the ICTR, the trial of
2745:
217:
2326:
Klaus Bachmann, Thomas Sparrow-Botero, Peter Lambertz: When justice meets politics. Independence and Autonomy of ad hoc international criminal tribunals, Peter Lang Int 2013
2364:
2621:
1779:
Peskin, Victor (2005). "Beyond Victor's Justice? The Challenge of Prosecuting the Winners at the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda".
338:
1298:
The Investigations Division was responsible for collecting evidence implicating individuals in crimes committed in Rwanda in 1994. Headed by a Chief of Investigations.
3246:
3281:
572:
2174:
1291:
The Office of the Prosecutor was divided into various units at the height of its activity, including the Investigations Division and the Prosecution Division:
2955:
2630:
961:
834:
627:(RPF) and its invasion from Uganda furthered ethnic hatred. A ceasefire in these hostilities led to negotiations between the government and the RPF in 1992.
3073:
3343:
1204:
731:
2342:
448:
3353:
2681:
541:
1228:
3241:
1714:
509:, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. The court eventually convicted 61 individuals and acquitted 14.
30:
1342:
1332:
1322:
568:
529:
2555:
658:
against international humanitarian law committed on the territory of Rwanda and neighboring states between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994.
3271:
2897:
2865:
2844:
1515:
1436:
1312:
1180:
862:
521:
494:
349:
315:
85:
3373:
2928:
575:(IRMCT or Mechanism) which had begun functioning for the ICTR branch on 1 July 2012. The Tribunal was officially closed on 31 December 2016.
525:
391:
2570:
3378:
2892:
644:
343:
1132:
1971:
Morrill, Hanna (2011). "Challenging Impunity - The Failure of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to Prosecute Paul Kagame".
1917:
3363:
3358:
3138:
3383:
3368:
3066:
3040:
420:
678:
The tribunal consisted of 16 judges in four "chambers" – three to hear trials, and one to hear appeals. In addition, there were 9
2368:
2200:
1834:
2762:
1525:
441:
238:
2674:
2482:
2459:
2226:""International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda (ICTR)", PiCT(Project on International Courts and Tribunals) 24 September 2013"
2023:
3035:
415:
1736:
1295:
The Prosecution Division was responsible for prosecuting all cases before the Tribunal. Headed by a Chief of Prosecutions.
3059:
1531:
3108:
2426:
2225:
1542:
2974:
2401:
2311:
2282:
1866:"International intervention, justice and national reconciliation: the role of the ICTY and ICTR in Bosnia and Rwanda"
434:
1424:" began on 23 October 2000. It was charged with the prosecution of the media which encouraged the genocide of 1994.
2994:
2989:
2984:
2792:
2767:
2667:
1359:
243:
154:
3022:
2870:
1689:
1665:
1641:
1595:
490:
3312:
3256:
2709:
191:
3128:
2550:
1552:
2575:
1814:
Keith, Kirsten MF (2009). "Justice at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Are Criticisms Just".
3276:
3261:
3090:
2499:
MacKinnon, Catharine A. (2009). "Prosecutor V. Nahimana, Barayagwiza, & Ngeze. Case No. ICTR 99-52-A".
2078:
1510:
1897:
Schabas, William A. (2010). "Victor's Justice: Selecting Situations at the International Criminal Court".
567:, interim Prime Minister, pleaded guilty. According to the ICTR's Completion Strategy, in accordance with
3317:
3098:
2152:
1722:
2474:
2393:
Learning in Modern International Society On the Cognitive Problem: Solving Abilities of Political Actors
2148:
606:
3154:
3082:
2913:
1363:
375:
1762:"ICTR Expected to close down in 2015 | United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
3307:
1520:
989:
164:
1957:
2979:
611:
2339:
3165:
2940:
2860:
2739:
2719:
1761:
1084:
624:
579:
537:
333:
1460:
3322:
3297:
3190:
3001:
2885:
2451:
1500:
1448:
1432:
1415:
2875:
2303:
2274:
1936:
1701:
1677:
357:
2780:
2391:
1944:
1835:"The Impunity Gap of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Causes and Consequences"
1653:
1607:
1338:
253:
2443:
3266:
3123:
1997:
1918:"Let's Be Friends: The United States, Post-Genocide Rwanda, and Victor's Justice in Arusha"
806:
478:
8:
3223:
3170:
3133:
1621:
1505:
1252:
937:
700:
654:
587:
486:
2251:
3207:
3202:
3175:
3113:
2785:
2724:
2532:
2524:
1796:
1428:
1411:
688:
judges were assigned to Chambers II and III. There was an additional pool of 9 further
549:
258:
201:
3118:
2734:
2714:
2704:
2536:
2516:
2478:
2455:
2444:
2422:
2397:
2362:
Quoted in citation for honorary doctorate, Rhodes University, April 2005 accessed at
2350:
2307:
2278:
1932:
1846:
1800:
1398:
1385:
1379:
1308:
502:
206:
196:
186:
2475:
Ingelaere, B. 2016. Inside Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: Searching Justice after Genocide.
2338:, ICTR-96-4-T, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 2 September 1998,
3236:
3185:
2935:
2775:
2690:
2508:
1924:
1877:
1788:
599:
498:
397:
248:
172:
3348:
3302:
3103:
2923:
2918:
2346:
2049:
2027:
1328:
470:
385:
2131:
1882:
1865:
1547:
1427:
On 19 August 2003, at the tribunal in Arusha, life sentences were requested for
1156:
3006:
2591:
1740:
1393:
782:
2442:
Jones, Adam (2010). "Genocide and Mass Violence". In Laura J. Shepherd (ed.).
1792:
3337:
3051:
2827:
2645:
2632:
2520:
1850:
1536:
1318:
1060:
564:
298:
2595:
2587:
2565:
2229:
1358:
The Registry was headed by the Registrar, who was the Representative of the
3143:
2945:
2817:
2560:
1468:
1440:
1367:
1108:
1013:
913:
560:
380:
288:
146:
129:
2566:
Topical digests of the case law of ICTR and ICTY, Human Rights Watch, 2004
2832:
1928:
1495:
1481:
List of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1464:
583:
545:
303:
2528:
2729:
1421:
211:
3212:
2512:
2107:
1619:
1389:
553:
2551:
International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page
3180:
2659:
2578:(English + French + Kinyarwanda + Swahili) covering the ICTR trials
692:
judges who would be called on in the case of a judge being absent.
680:
533:
517:
98:
75:
2838:
2581:
2419:
The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda: The Role of Bystanders
666:
309:
133:
1279:
578:
The tribunal's failure to prosecute war crimes committed by the
3197:
2616:
1284:
671:
586:
was widely criticized, to the point of being characterized as "
513:
506:
71:
61:
2603:
2822:
1283:
Offices of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in
293:
2300:
From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994
2271:
From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994
2812:
2746:
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
3247:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2600:
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1620:
International Justice Resource Center (7 February 2010).
1463:
was also pursuing a case against the current President,
528:. In 1998 the operation of the tribunal was expanded in
109:
3282:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2604:
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
2175:"In Africa, Bill Clinton Toils for a Charitable Legacy"
2138:(compiling several individual reports), March 31, 2004
1471:, a modernized customary dispute resolution mechanism.
573:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
483:
Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda
2416:
2336:
The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu (Trial Judgement)
2102:
2100:
1715:"Rwanda genocide court says mandate extended to 2009"
1683:
524:. From 2006, Arusha also became the location of the
2571:
A case before the ICTR: Jean Kambanda - TRIAL WATCH
3237:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
2097:
1839:Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
610:Photographs of genocide victims displayed at the
16:1994 court of the United Nations Security Council
3335:
3267:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
3242:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2584:- collection of interviews with tribunal members
2192:
1373:
2561:Human Rights Watch Report, "Genocide in Rwanda"
2389:
1311:, late 1994 to 30 September 1996 (by virtue of
3081:
1832:
1659:
1516:International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia
497:in order to adjudicate people charged for the
86:United Nations Security Council Resolution 955
3067:
2675:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1635:
1589:
442:
2956:National Unity and Reconciliation Commission
1725:on March 5, 2016 – via uk.reuters.com.
1447:newspaper. They were charged with genocide,
645:United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
638:
1574:between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994
1454:
1274:
475:Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda
3344:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3252:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3074:
3060:
2951:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2682:
2668:
2622:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2256:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1983:
1331:, 15 September 1999 to 14 September 2003 (
526:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
463:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
449:
435:
29:
3272:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
2845:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
2501:The American Journal of International Law
2498:
2302:. University of Wisconsin Press. p.
2297:
2273:. University of Wisconsin Press. p.
2268:
1881:
1437:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
1341:, 15 September 2003 to 31 December 2015 (
3354:United Nations Security Council mandates
2477:Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (
2073:
2071:
2050:"Rwanda Genocide: 100 days of slaughter"
1863:
1278:
665:
605:
2172:
1970:
1915:
1896:
1833:Haskell, Leslie; Waldorf, Lars (2011).
1321:, 1 October 1996 to 15 September 1999 (
593:
3336:
2417:Grunfeld, Fred; Anke Huijboom (2007).
1778:
1526:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
3055:
2663:
2441:
2198:
2068:
1973:Brooklyn Journal of International Law
1816:Law in Context: A Socio-Legal Journal
1813:
3374:Organizations disestablished in 2015
2689:
2396:. Springer Netherlands. p. 87.
888:
489:established in November 1994 by the
3379:United Nations courts and tribunals
2609:
1613:
1532:The Church and the Rwandan genocide
1370:was Registrar. after January 2013.
757:
13:
2492:
2132:"Rwanda/UN: Acknowledging Failure"
1035:
706:
14:
3395:
3364:Aftermath of the Rwandan genocide
3359:Organizations established in 1994
2544:
2446:Gender Matters in Global Politics
2173:Chozick, Amy (4 September 2012).
2149:"Ambush in Mogadishu: Transcript"
1543:Global Justice or Global Revenge?
661:
2615:
1704: page 1. 18 July 2008.
1459:French investigating magistrate
1258:
1234:
1210:
1186:
1162:
1138:
1114:
1090:
1066:
1019:
995:
967:
943:
929:President ICTR, presiding judge
919:
868:
840:
812:
788:
737:
684:judges, making 25 in all. All 9
569:Security Council Resolution 1503
501:and other serious violations of
155:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
145:
3384:Incitement to genocide case law
3369:1994 establishments in Tanzania
2468:
2435:
2410:
2383:
2356:
2329:
2320:
2291:
2262:
2244:
2218:
2166:
2141:
2125:
2042:
2026:. History. 2009. Archived from
2016:
1964:
1916:Reydams, Luc (1 January 2013).
1909:
1890:
1857:
1826:
1807:
1772:
1721:. July 29, 2008. Archived from
1690:United Nations Security Council
1666:United Nations Security Council
1642:United Nations Security Council
1596:United Nations Security Council
1349:
491:United Nations Security Council
283:International Criminal Tribunal
22:International Criminal Tribunal
3313:International humanitarian law
3257:Special Court for Sierra Leone
2710:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
2576:Hirondelle News Agency, Arusha
1754:
1729:
1707:
1565:
1302:
512:In 1995, it became located in
192:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1:
2582:Voices of the Rwanda Tribunal
2201:"Exclusive: Rwanda Revisited"
2199:Lynch, Colum (5 April 2015).
1582:
1553:Yvonne Ntacyobatabara Basebya
1443:, director and editor of the
1405:
1374:The Case of Jean-Paul Akayesu
3277:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3262:International Criminal Court
2365:"Rhodes - Rhodes University"
2112:Holocaust Memorial Day Trust
1511:International Criminal Court
1474:
1435:, persons in charge for the
953:Vice-president ICTR, member
7:
3318:International speech crimes
3099:Customary international law
1883:10.1080/1475483032000137084
1489:
10:
3400:
3139:Convention Against Torture
3083:International criminal law
2914:Great Lakes refugee crisis
2252:"Office of the Prosecutor"
1864:Humphrey, Michael (2003).
1478:
1409:
1377:
1364:Bongani Christopher Majola
376:Great Lakes refugee crisis
220:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira
3308:Joint criminal enterprise
3290:
3221:
3152:
3089:
3031:
3015:
2964:
2906:
2853:
2801:
2755:
2697:
2421:. Brill. pp. 21–22.
2298:Guichaoua, André (2015).
2269:Guichaoua, André (2015).
1998:"Rwanda Genocide of 1994"
1793:10.1080/14754830590952152
1521:Joint criminal enterprise
990:Bakhtiyar R.Tuzmukhamedov
639:Establishment of the ICTR
125:
120:
104:
91:
81:
67:
57:
49:
41:
37:
28:
21:
3228:(in order of foundation)
2556:TRIAL: Cases before ICTR
2390:Claudia Hofmann (2008).
2353:(accessed 13 April 2010)
1899:John Marshall Law Review
1737:"ICTR - Status of Cases"
1558:
1455:Related legal activities
1275:Office of the Prosecutor
612:Genocide Memorial Center
3166:Crimes against humanity
2941:Rwandan genocide denial
2861:Rwandan Patriotic Front
2720:Belgian colonial empire
2596:procedural history note
2002:Encyclopedia Britannica
1870:Journal of Human Rights
1781:Journal of Human Rights
1656: 22 February 1995.
625:Rwandan Patriotic Front
580:Rwandan Patriotic Front
538:crimes against humanity
339:International community
334:Rwandan Patriotic Front
3323:Universal jurisdiction
3298:Command responsibility
3191:Incitement to genocide
3129:United Nations Charter
3023:Double genocide theory
3002:Kwibuka T20 Tournament
2886:Operation Support Hope
2866:International response
2450:. Routledge. pp.
2083:World Without Genocide
2024:"The Rwandan Genocide"
1952:Cite journal requires
1610: 8 November 1994.
1501:Command responsibility
1449:incitement to genocide
1433:Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza
1416:Jean Bosco Barayagwiza
1388:established the legal
1288:
695:The column denoted by
675:
615:
546:Additional Protocol II
482:
474:
344:United Nations Mission
2349:¶.733. Available at:
1339:Hassan Bubacar Jallow
1282:
669:
609:
358:Opération "Turquoise"
299:Impuzamugambi militia
254:Musha Church massacre
3224:International courts
3124:Nuremberg principles
2624:at Wikimedia Commons
2232:on 27 September 2013
2136:AfricaFocus Bulletin
1929:10.2139/ssrn.2197823
1680: 30 April 1998.
1461:Jean-Louis Bruguière
1360:UN Secretary-General
807:Solomy Balungi Bossa
670:An ICTR building in
594:The Rwandan genocide
559:The first trial, of
542:Common Article Three
540:, and violations of
152:Human skulls at the
3171:Crime of aggression
3134:Genocide Convention
2971:Genocide memorials
2898:UNSC Resolution 935
2876:Opération Turquoise
2642: /
1506:Genocide Convention
1420:The trial against "
1253:Khalida Rashid Khan
962:Gberdao Gustave Kam
938:Florence Rita Arrey
835:Lee Gacugia Muthoga
701:order of precedence
655:UN Security Council
487:international court
350:UN Security Council
304:Interahamwe militia
271:Parties responsible
92:Number of positions
3176:Crime of apartheid
3114:Geneva Conventions
2929:Massacres of Hutus
2725:Rwandan Revolution
2646:3.3677°S 36.6965°E
2345:2012-10-12 at the
2179:The New York Times
2085:. 21 February 2017
2079:"Rwandan Genocide"
1429:Ferdinand Nahimana
1412:Ferdinand Nahimana
1289:
676:
616:
582:or try RPF leader
554:internal conflicts
552:(which deals with
550:Geneva Conventions
392:Massacres of Hutus
259:Nyarubuye massacre
202:Rwandan Revolution
3331:
3330:
3157:international law
3119:Nuremberg Charter
3109:Hague Conventions
3049:
3048:
2735:Rwandan Civil War
2715:Kingdom of Rwanda
2705:History of Rwanda
2620:Media related to
2592:Michael P. Scharf
2588:Introductory note
2483:978-0-299-30970-1
2461:978-0-203-86494-4
2205:foreignpolicy.com
1399:Navanethem Pillay
1386:Jean-Paul Akayesu
1380:Jean-Paul Akayesu
1309:Richard Goldstone
1272:
1271:
1205:Arlette Ramaroson
1033:
1032:
889:Trial Chamber III
886:
885:
755:
754:
732:Mparany Rajohnson
563:, began in 1997.
561:Jean-Paul Akayesu
503:international law
459:
458:
207:Rwandan Civil War
197:Kingdom of Rwanda
187:History of Rwanda
140:
139:
24:for Rwanda (ICTR)
3391:
3291:Related concepts
3229:
3186:Genocidal intent
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3052:
2936:Second Congo War
2748:
2691:Rwandan genocide
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:-3.3677; 36.6965
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2619:
2540:
2513:10.2307/20456724
2486:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2367:. Archived from
2360:
2354:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2228:. Archived from
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1766:unictr.irmct.org
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1739:. Archived from
1733:
1727:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1702:S/RES/1824(2008)
1687:
1681:
1678:S/RES/1165(1998)
1663:
1657:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1593:
1576:
1569:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1085:Patrick Robinson
1076:Presiding judge
1072:
1070:
1069:
1040:
1039:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1001:
999:
998:
973:
971:
970:
949:
947:
946:
925:
923:
922:
893:
892:
874:
872:
871:
846:
844:
843:
818:
816:
815:
798:Presiding judge
794:
792:
791:
762:
761:
758:Trial Chamber II
743:
741:
740:
711:
710:
600:Rwandan genocide
588:victor's justice
499:Rwandan genocide
451:
444:
437:
398:Second Congo War
249:Gikondo massacre
218:Assassination of
173:Rwandan genocide
157:
149:
142:
141:
116:
113:
111:
53:31 December 2015
33:
19:
18:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3303:Superior orders
3286:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3217:
3159:
3156:
3148:
3104:Peremptory norm
3085:
3080:
3050:
3045:
3027:
3011:
2960:
2924:First Congo War
2919:Kibeho massacre
2902:
2849:
2809:People indicted
2797:
2751:
2744:
2693:
2688:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2612:
2547:
2495:
2493:Further reading
2490:
2489:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2347:Wayback Machine
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2267:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2108:"1994: Rwanda""
2106:
2105:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2004:. 5 August 2016
1996:
1995:
1984:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1895:
1891:
1862:
1858:
1831:
1827:
1812:
1808:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1688:
1684:
1664:
1660:
1654:S/RES/977(1995)
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1608:S/RES/955(1994)
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1457:
1418:
1410:Main articles:
1408:
1382:
1376:
1352:
1343:Resolution 1505
1333:Resolution 1259
1329:Carla Del Ponte
1323:Resolution 1047
1305:
1277:
1259:
1257:
1235:
1233:
1211:
1209:
1187:
1185:
1163:
1161:
1139:
1137:
1115:
1113:
1091:
1089:
1067:
1065:
1038:
1036:Appeals Chamber
1020:
1018:
996:
994:
968:
966:
944:
942:
920:
918:
891:
869:
867:
841:
839:
813:
811:
789:
787:
760:
738:
736:
709:
707:Trial Chamber I
664:
641:
596:
530:Resolution 1165
455:
426:
425:
411:
403:
402:
386:First Congo War
371:
363:
362:
354:
351:
329:
321:
320:
285:
281:
278:People indicted
272:
264:
263:
234:
226:
225:
222:
219:
182:
158:
153:
151:
108:
96:
45:8 November 1994
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3155:Crimes against
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3007:Survivors Fund
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2882:United States
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2763:Initial events
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2740:Arusha Accords
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2626:
2625:
2611:
2610:External links
2608:
2607:
2606:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2545:External links
2543:
2542:
2541:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2467:
2460:
2434:
2428:978-9004157811
2427:
2409:
2402:
2382:
2380:March 23, 2007
2355:
2328:
2319:
2312:
2290:
2283:
2261:
2243:
2217:
2191:
2165:
2140:
2124:
2096:
2067:
2056:. 7 April 2014
2041:
2015:
1982:
1963:
1954:|journal=
1908:
1889:
1876:(4): 495–505.
1856:
1825:
1806:
1787:(2): 213–231.
1771:
1753:
1728:
1706:
1682:
1658:
1634:
1612:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1479:Main article:
1476:
1473:
1456:
1453:
1407:
1404:
1394:genocidal rape
1378:Main article:
1375:
1372:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1313:Resolution 936
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:Czech Republic
1016:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
992:
987:
983:
982:
975:
964:
959:
955:
954:
951:
940:
935:
931:
930:
927:
916:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
890:
887:
884:
883:
876:
865:
860:
856:
855:
848:
837:
832:
828:
827:
820:
809:
804:
800:
799:
796:
785:
783:William Sekule
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
759:
756:
753:
752:
745:
734:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
708:
705:
699:indicates the
672:Kigali, Rwanda
663:
662:ICTR structure
660:
640:
637:
595:
592:
522:Resolution 977
495:Resolution 955
457:
456:
454:
453:
446:
439:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
395:
388:
383:
378:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
352:Resolution 935
348:
346:
341:
336:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
313:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
239:Initial events
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
216:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
160:
159:
150:
138:
137:
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
106:
102:
101:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3396:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Slave trading
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:Historigraphy
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:Commemoration
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Impuzamugambi
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:(1): 97–103.
2506:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2403:9783531907895
2399:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2371:on 2008-10-01
2370:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2323:
2315:
2313:9780299298203
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2284:9780299298203
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2030:on 2017-07-02
2029:
2025:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1743:on 2009-07-21
1742:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:Lyal S. Sunga
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1469:gacaca courts
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:, as well as
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:Louise Arbour
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1267:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:United States
1064:
1062:
1061:Theodor Meron
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
993:
991:
988:
985:
984:
980:
976:
965:
963:
960:
957:
956:
952:
941:
939:
936:
933:
932:
928:
917:
915:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
881:
877:
866:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
849:
838:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
821:
810:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
786:
784:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
767:
764:
763:
750:
746:
735:
733:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
716:
713:
712:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:
673:
668:
659:
656:
651:
646:
636:
632:
628:
626:
620:
613:
608:
604:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
565:Jean Kambanda
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
432:
430:
429:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
407:
406:
399:
396:
393:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
353:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
325:
324:
317:
314:
312:
311:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
284:
279:
275:
274:
268:
267:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
230:
229:
221:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
178:
177:
174:
171:
170:
166:
162:
161:
156:
148:
144:
143:
135:
131:
128:
124:
119:
115:
107:
103:
100:
94:
90:
87:
84:
82:Authorized by
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
3251:
3144:Rome Statute
3036:Bibliography
2950:
2946:Gacaca court
2837:
2818:Genocidaires
2802:Perpetrators
2781:Musha Church
2627:
2599:
2504:
2500:
2470:
2445:
2437:
2418:
2412:
2392:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:the original
2358:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2299:
2293:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2236:24 September
2234:. Retrieved
2230:the original
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2143:
2135:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:
2087:. Retrieved
2082:
2058:. Retrieved
2053:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2001:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1945:cite journal
1911:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
1731:
1723:the original
1718:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1615:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1572:
1567:
1548:Hans Köchler
1541:
1484:
1458:
1444:
1441:Hassan Ngeze
1426:
1419:
1383:
1368:South Africa
1357:
1353:
1350:The Registry
1290:
1229:Andrésia Vaz
1181:Carmel Agius
1157:Mehmet GĂĽney
1109:Fausto Pocar
1014:Robert Fremr
978:
974:Burkina Faso
914:Vagn Joensen
879:
863:Seon Ki Park
851:
823:
748:
696:
694:
689:
685:
679:
677:
649:
642:
633:
629:
621:
617:
597:
577:
558:
511:
466:
462:
460:
416:Bibliography
381:Gacaca court
308:
289:Genocidaires
282:
130:Vagn Joensen
95:16 permanent
58:Jurisdiction
3041:Filmography
2833:Interahamwe
2649: /
1571:Full name:
1496:Anees Ahmed
1465:Paul Kagame
1303:Prosecutors
875:South Korea
584:Paul Kagame
479:Kinyarwanda
421:Filmography
42:Established
3338:Categories
3208:Starvation
2772:Massacres
2768:Chronology
2730:Hutu Power
2698:Background
2637:36°41′47″E
2375:2008-02-27
2184:18 October
2158:27 October
1747:2010-04-13
1694:Resolution
1670:Resolution
1646:Resolution
1600:Resolution
1583:References
1422:hate media
1406:Media Case
1217:Madagascar
744:Madagascar
690:ad literim
316:RTLM radio
244:Chronology
212:Hutu Power
181:Background
3213:War crime
2907:Aftermath
2786:Nyarubuye
2634:3°22′04″S
2537:229169281
2521:0002-9300
2351:unhcr.org
1851:0149-9246
1845:(1): 49.
1801:143431169
1475:Indictees
1390:precedent
1133:Liu Daqun
614:in Kigali
485:) was an
410:Resources
370:Aftermath
126:Currently
121:President
50:Dissolved
3181:Genocide
2975:Bisesero
2854:Response
2529:20456724
2343:Archived
2054:BBC News
1490:See also
1265:Pakistan
979:ad litem
977:Member (
950:Cameroon
880:ad litem
878:Member (
852:ad litem
850:Member (
824:ad litem
822:Member (
795:Tanzania
749:ad litem
747:Member (
686:ad litem
681:ad litem
650:genocide
534:genocide
520:, under
518:Tanzania
328:Response
165:a series
163:Part of
99:ad litem
76:Tanzania
68:Location
3091:Sources
2995:Nyamata
2990:Ntarama
2985:Murambi
2839:Kangura
2811:by the
2776:Gikondo
2602:in the
2598:on the
2210:8 April
1937:2197823
1719:Reuters
1700:.
1676:.
1652:.
1606:.
1528:(RULAC)
1445:Kangura
1287:, 2003.
1268:Member
1244:Member
1241:Senegal
1220:Member
1196:Member
1172:Member
1148:Member
1124:Member
1100:Member
1097:Jamaica
1052:Status
1049:Country
1029:Member
1005:Member
981:judge)
926:Denmark
905:Status
902:Country
882:judge)
854:judge)
826:judge)
774:Status
771:Country
751:judge)
723:Status
720:Country
548:of the
310:Kangura
134:Denmark
112:.unictr
105:Website
3349:Arusha
3198:Piracy
2980:Kigali
2893:UNAMIR
2871:France
2756:Events
2535:
2527:
2519:
2481:
2458:
2454:–147.
2425:
2400:
2340:p. 166
2310:
2281:
2117:5 July
2089:5 July
2060:5 July
2034:5 July
2008:5 July
1979:: 683.
1935:
1905:: 535.
1849:
1799:
1696:
1672:
1648:
1622:"ICTR"
1602:
1431:, and
1285:Arusha
1263:
1239:
1215:
1191:
1169:Turkey
1167:
1143:
1119:
1095:
1071:
1024:
1002:Russia
1000:
972:
948:
924:
873:
845:
819:Uganda
817:
793:
742:
514:Arusha
507:Rwanda
471:French
280:by the
233:Events
167:on the
72:Arusha
62:Rwanda
2823:Akazu
2533:S2CID
2525:JSTOR
1921:(PDF)
1822:: 78.
1797:S2CID
1692:
1668:
1644:
1627:2 May
1598:
1559:Notes
1392:that
1193:Malta
1145:China
1121:Italy
1046:Judge
899:Judge
847:Kenya
768:Judge
717:Judge
294:Akazu
2813:ICTR
2793:Rape
2594:and
2517:ISSN
2479:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2238:2013
2212:2015
2186:2012
2160:2009
2119:2017
2091:2017
2062:2017
2036:2017
2010:2017
1958:help
1933:SSRN
1847:ISSN
1698:1824
1674:1165
1629:2023
1414:and
643:The
598:The
544:and
467:ICTR
461:The
114:.org
2590:by
2509:doi
2505:103
2452:127
2304:299
2275:297
2153:PBS
1925:doi
1878:doi
1789:doi
1650:977
1604:955
1546:by
1366:of
1249:12.
1225:10.
1177:11.
1010:18.
986:13.
958:17.
859:16.
831:15.
803:14.
728:19.
590:".
556:).
505:in
493:in
110:www
3340::
2531:.
2523:.
2515:.
2503:.
2485:).
2306:.
2277:.
2254:.
2203:.
2177:.
2151:.
2134:,
2110:.
2099:^
2081:.
2070:^
2052:.
2000:.
1985:^
1977:37
1975:.
1949::
1947:}}
1943:{{
1931:.
1923:.
1903:43
1901:.
1872:.
1868:.
1843:34
1841:.
1837:.
1820:27
1818:.
1795:.
1783:.
1764:.
1717:.
1362:.
1201:9.
1153:6.
1129:8.
1105:7.
1081:5.
1057:3.
934:2.
910:1.
779:4.
703:.
536:,
516:,
481::
477:;
473::
469:;
97:9
74:,
3075:e
3068:t
3061:v
2683:e
2676:t
2669:v
2539:.
2511::
2464:.
2431:.
2406:.
2378:.
2316:.
2287:.
2258:.
2240:.
2214:.
2188:.
2162:.
2121:.
2093:.
2064:.
2038:.
2012:.
1960:)
1956:(
1939:.
1927::
1886:.
1880::
1874:2
1853:.
1803:.
1791::
1785:4
1768:.
1750:.
1631:.
1345:)
1335:)
1325:)
1315:)
1043:#
896:#
765:#
714:#
697:#
674:.
465:(
450:e
443:t
436:v
394:)
390:(
136:)
132:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
