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567:, an ethnic Hutu supported by more radical northern Rwandans, overthrew Kayibanda and had him and his wife apparently killed under house arrest. Many of his supporters were from his district in the north, descendants of Hutu kingdoms that had been semi-autonomous before the colonial period. The resulting administration proved better for Tutsis, as government-sponsored violence was more sporadic than under Kayibanda.
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The
Commandments declared that any form of relationship between Hutus and Tutsi women was forbidden; and that any Hutu who "marries a Tutsi woman", "befriends a Tutsi woman", or "employs a Tutsi woman as a secretary or a concubine" was a traitor to the Hutu people. It denounced Tutsis as dishonest in
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The society created conceptions of social status which were based on the groups' traditional pursuits: the Twa, working most directly with the earth (through pottery), were considered impure; the Hutu, still working with the ground but less so than the Twa, were in turn considered less pure than the
711:
The defeat of the government by the RPF ended the genocide, and the Hutu Power movement was defeated and suppressed. Many Hutu Power spokesmen were arrested after the genocide, charged and put on trial. Ngeze was convicted and sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment. In 2005, Mugesera was deported from
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gave a speech in
November, 1992, allegedly stating, "Do not be afraid, know that anyone whose neck you do not cut is the one who will cut your neck...Let them pack their bags, let them get going, so that no one will return here to talk and no one will bring scraps claiming to be flags!" The radio
551:, an ethnic Hutu, used ethnic tensions to preserve his own power. Hutu radicals, working with his group (and later against it), adopted the Hamitic hypothesis, portraying the Tutsi as outsiders, invaders, and oppressors of Rwanda. Some Hutu radicals called for the Tutsi to be "sent back to
629:. The repetition of Hutu Ten Commandments was an attempt to incite and mobilize the population to commit genocide against the Tutsi, who were portrayed as threatening the social and political order achieved since independence, and as envisioned by the
669:"; and declared that any Hutu who did business with a Tutsi was a traitor to the Hutu people. The Commandments declared that "The Hutu should stop having mercy on the Tutsi" and referred to the Tutsis as "common Tutsi enemy".
327:
621:
broadcast radio shows suggesting the end to toleration of the Tutsi, repeating the Hutu Ten
Commandments, and building support for the Hutu Power ideology. Two main voices of RTLM were announcers
42:
against the Tutsi and the members of their families, the moderate Hutu who opposed the killings, and the Twa, who were considered traitors. Hutu Power political parties and movements included the
189:
in censuses, which reinforced an artificial ethnic division and contributed to tensions between groups. In reality, the Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa possessed little cultural or genetic distinction.
539:
set up the first democratic elections in Rwanda to avoid more radical politics. As the majority population, the Hutu elected their candidates to most positions in the new government.
516:
Toward the end of
Belgian rule, the government began to favor the Hutu, who were organizing for more influence. More significantly, the Belgian administration feared the rise of
38:, and therefore, they are entitled to dominate and murder these two groups and other minorities. Espoused by Hutu extremists, widespread support for the ideology led to the 1994
185:
races of Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, the colonial administration favored the Tutsi at the expense of Hutu and Twa. In addition, they imposed a system of identity cards and
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were included in the government, but the Twa were included in it significantly less so than the Hutu, who were more numerous. The Tutsi/Hutu divide has been referred to as a
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63:
555:", a reference to their supposed homeland. This early concept of Hutu Power idealized a "pre-invasion" Rwanda: an ethnically pure territory dominated by the Hutu.
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Ethnicity and sociopolitcal change in Africa and other developing countries: a constructive discourse in state building. Lexington Books, 2008. Pp. 92.
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above-ground Tutsi. When
Germany, and later Belgium, colonized the kingdom, they interpreted the local division of races or ethnicity through the
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called for the supremacy of Hutus in Rwanda, calling for exclusive Hutu leadership over Rwanda's public institutions and public life, complete
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685:, radical Hutus began alleging that Habyarimana was being manipulated by Tutsis and non-radical Hutus. They maligned then-Prime Minister
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of Hutus from Tutsis, and complete exclusion of Tutsis from public institutions and public life. Hutu Power ideology reviled Tutsis as
53:
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703:. The Presidential Guard of the army killed Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana and several other leading moderate government officials.
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693:, an act that at the time people speculated was done by Tutsi extremists, Hutu Power forces mobilized militia, most notably
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paramilitary militia. The belief in the theory that Hutu people are superior is most common in
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the education system must be composed of a Hutu majority (reflecting the population); and
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586:, an entrepreneur recruited by the government to combat the Tutsi publication
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652:', though the term had also been a self-description by members of the Tutsi
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1009:, Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke (eds). London: Transaction Publishers.
896:"Auschwitz to Rwanda: the link between science, colonialism and genocide"
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We Wish to Inform You That
Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families
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101:, a document that served as the basis of the Hutu Power ideology. The
1113:: Primary sources from the Rwandan genocide, including articles from
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and migrating southwards, and having brought "civilization" to the
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574:(RPF) invasion, Habyarimana turned to inflaming ethnic tensions.
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In Rwanda, ex-Quebecker’s genocide trial stokes ethnic tensions
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The Path of a
Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire
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The Path of a
Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire
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The Path of a
Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire
138:, or a Tutsi king; Historical evidence suggests that Hutu and
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Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration)
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With economic conditions difficult, and threatened by the
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National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development
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938:(Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press) pp. 113–115.
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CTV.ca | "Top court upholds Mugesera deportation order"
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to Rwanda to stand trial for his role in the killings.
598:, a radical Hutu Power newsletter. He published the "
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Jones, Bruce (2000). "The Arusha Peace Process", in
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the Rwandan armed forces should be exclusively Hutu.
992:Joan and Dixon Kamukama (2000). "Kakwenzire", in
934:John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (eds.) (1999).
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1005:Chalk, Frank (2002). "Hate Radio in Rwanda", in
699:, and mobs to carry out the mass killings of the
665:business whose "only aim is the supremacy of his
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26:ideology that asserts the ethnic superiority of
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30:, often in the context of being superior to
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177:origin, having originated from modern-day
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681:) between the Rwandan government and the
618:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
54:Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
62:paramilitary militia, and the governing
983:, World Statesmen, accessed 15 Sep 2010
936:Genocide in Rwanda: A Collective Memory
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1019:Supreme Court of Canada – Decisions –
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563:In 1973, general and defense minister
1117:and transcripts of broadcasts by RTLM
606:Hutu and Tutsi should not intermarry;
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205:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
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1136:Nationalist movements in Africa
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840:1993 ethnic violence in Burundi
333:International Criminal Tribunal
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512:Shift in Belgian colonial rule
242:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
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16:Supremacist ideology in Rwanda
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1089:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
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535:. Then-Belgian High Resident
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948:Taylor, Christopher (2001).
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547:The first elected president
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270:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira
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673:Mobilization for genocide
169:European authors such as
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115:Tutsi-dominated monarchy
572:Rwandan Patriotic Front
389:International community
384:Rwandan Patriotic Front
799:Incitement to genocide
794:Accusation in a mirror
789:Genocide justification
654:Rwanda Patriotic Front
394:United Nations Mission
687:Agathe Uwilingiyimana
600:Hutu Ten Commandments
592:, created and edited
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349:Impuzamugambi militia
304:Musha Church massacre
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113:bent on restoring a
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951:Sacrifice as Terror
829:Burundian Civil War
565:Juvénal Habyarimana
400:UN Security Council
354:Interahamwe militia
321:Parties responsible
1161:Ethnic nationalism
1081:Gourevitch, Philip
1027:2007-03-11 at the
954:. Berg Publishers.
824:History of Burundi
747:Racial nationalism
742:Ethnic nationalism
549:Grégoire Kayibanda
529:Congo-LĂ©opoldville
442:Massacres of Hutus
309:Nyarubuye massacre
252:Rwandan Revolution
171:John Hanning Speke
164:Hamitic hypothesis
24:ethnic supremacist
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