41:
373:
49:
57:
65:
354:, on the rare occasions of caste mixing, the child is raised as Twa. If this is a common pattern with Twa groups, it may explain why the Twa are less physically distinct from their patrons than the Mbenga and Mbuti, where village men take Pygmy women out of the forest as wives. The Congolese variant of the name, at least in Mongo, Kasai, and Katanga, is
413:
in an unforested environment unfamiliar to them. Poverty, drugs and alcohol abuse were rampant, as well as a lack of education facilities, HIV as well as violence and discrimination against women and girls were higher among Batwa communities than among the neighboring Bantu communities.
221:
next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so.
160:
by
European writers, but the term is no longer preferred based on its cultural and geographic inaccuracy, as well as being seen as pejorative. Cultural groups are being reclassified by themselves based on their function in society, lineage, and land ties.
248:, as happened also with Bantu domestic animals in the rainforest. Perhaps there was additional selective pressure from farmers taking the tallest women back to their villages as wives. However, that is incidental to the social identity of the Pygmy/Twa.
244:, also their own languages. A mismatch in language between patron and client could later occur from population displacements. The short stature of the "forest people" could have developed in the millennia since the
1017:
643:
201:). As the Twa developed into full-time hunter-gatherers, the words were conflated, and the ritual role of the absorbed aboriginal peoples was transferred to the Twa.
409:
within its boundaries. As a result, the Batwa were evicted from the park. Since they had no title to the land, they were given no compensation. The Batwa became
892:
The Stone Age
Cultures of Northern Rhodesia: With Particular Reference to the Cultural and Climatic Succession in the Upper Zambezi Valley and Its Tributaries
523:. The latter is Taabwa territory, and the Twa are reported to live among the Taabwa. The former is reported to be the territory of Bemba-speaking Twa.
686:
382:
The Batwa of Uganda were forest dwellers who lived by gathering and hunting as their main source of food. They are believed to have lived in the
443:
931:
Francis, Michael (2009). "Silencing the past: historical and archaeological colonisation of the
Southern San in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa".
332:
The term Batwa is used to cover a number of different cultural groups, while many Batwa in various parts of the DRC call themselves
Bambuti.
732:
439:
435:
307:
53:
Twa populations according to Stokes. Only a few groups are shown, but these include several between the Kasai and Great Lakes Twa.
322:
621:
662:
912:
Explorations in
Ethnicity and Social Change among Zulu-speaking San Descendents of the Drakensberg Mountains, KwaZulu-Natal
847:
Kazadi, Ntole (2011). "Meprises et admires: l'ambivalence des relations entre les Bacwa (Pygmees) et les
Bahemba (Bantu)".
217:
All Pygmy and Twa populations live near or in agricultural villages. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of
1007:
1012:
785:
537:
1022:
1002:
391:
175:
It is often supposed that the Twa were the aboriginal inhabitants of the forest before the advent of agriculture.
279:
642:
Blench, Roger (1999), "Are the
African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction?", in Biesbrouck; Elders; Rossel (eds.),
156:—singular) are a group of indigenous Central African forager tribes. These cultural groups were formerly called
656:
230:
962:
Francis, Michael (2011). "Eland
Ceremony, Abatwa People's (Southern Africa)". In Downing, John D.H. (ed.).
933:
267:
45:
Twa populations according to
Hewlett & Fancher. From west to east: Ntomba, Kasai, , Great Lakes, Nsua .
504:, where the swampy terrain means that large-scale crops cannot be planted near the best fishing grounds.
69:
Twa populations scattered through shaded area, according to Blench. Several southern Twa areas are shown.
434:
The southern Twa today live in close economic symbiosis with the tribes among which they are scattered—
910:
588:
508:
501:
454:
These peoples live in desert environments. Accounts are limited and tend to confuse the Twa with the
997:
329:
in the
Northern Kivu province's refugee camps such as Mugunga and Mubambiro due to decades of war.
717:
777:
770:
768:
Hiernaux, Jean (1977), "Adaptation of the African to the rainforest", in Harrison, G. A. (ed.),
286:
in the west (about 14,000 Twa, more than the Great Lakes Twa in all countries), in the forest–
410:
326:
645:
Challenging Elusiveness: Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multidisciplinary Perspective
614:
Paths in the rainforests : toward a history of political tradition in equatorial Africa
750:
24:
8:
963:
402:
383:
450:. None of the individuals I have observed differs physically from the neighboring Bantu.
430:
had Twa populations when Europeans first arrived in the 16th century. Estermann writes,
950:
872:
864:
832:
Lehmann, D. (1977), "The Twa: People of the Kafue Flats", in Williams, Geoffrey (ed.),
520:
295:
275:
170:
61:
Twa/pygmoid populations according to Cavalli-Sforza. Several southern groups are added.
954:
876:
781:
652:
617:
406:
299:
40:
969:
946:
942:
856:
485:
291:
481:
475:
303:
271:
257:
245:
188:
83:
79:
20:
713:
The early inhabitants of the Upemba depression, the Democratic Republic of Congo
516:
241:
240:
and consequently developed into separate ethnic groups, sometimes, as with the
973:
801:
991:
489:
344:
711:
447:
367:
351:
336:
834:
Development and Ecology in the Lower Kafue Basin in the Nineteen Seventies
493:
471:
311:
180:
176:
56:
372:
868:
589:"Who are the Batwa people? | The Batwa Cultural Trail | Cultural Tours"
512:
455:
283:
237:
48:
515:
on the Zambia–Congo border. There are two obvious possibilities: the
467:
340:
261:
64:
860:
401:
In 1992 the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest became a national park and a
294:
in the south-center, and in the savanna swamps scattered throughout
562:
387:
532:
427:
287:
218:
157:
497:
423:
395:
197:
335:
Arab and colonial accounts speak of Twa on either side of the
480:
The Twa of these countries live in swampy areas, such as the
318:
226:
225:
Roger Blench has proposed that Twa (Pygmies) originated as a
733:"Looking for solutions for North Kivu's vulnerable Pygmies"
321:
has a native population of approx 7000 BaTwa. According to
894:. South Africa: The South African Archaeological Society.
687:"Meet the enchanting Batwa Tribe of Bwindi | andBeyond"
209:
are Bantu plural forms, translating to "Twa people".
1018:
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
398:
living mainly in areas bordering other Bantu Tribes.
776:, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, pp.
212:
803:Forced Out of the Forest: The Lost Tribe of Uganda
769:
19:For the Twa people of the Great Lakes region, see
989:
731:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
236:, economically specialized groups which became
821:. Vol. I. Africana Publishing Company.
325:more than 10,000 BaTwa are displaced from
816:
179:argues that the original meaning of the (
817:Estermann, Carlos (1976). Gibson (ed.).
772:Population Structure and Human Variation
767:
637:
635:
633:
371:
961:
930:
908:
831:
709:
651:, Universiteit Leiden, pp. 41–60,
611:
278:, there are notable populations in the
990:
846:
836:, University of Zambia, pp. 41–46
819:The Ethnography of Southwestern Angola
641:
605:
586:
561:
461:
195:used for the western (Mbuti) pygmies (
965:Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media
889:
883:
630:
417:
730:
229:like they are today, much like the
13:
968:. SAGE Publications. p. 172.
918:(PhD). University of KwaZulu-Natal
902:
392:Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
266:Twa live scattered throughout the
14:
1034:
616:. University of Wisconsin Press.
538:Classification of Pygmy languages
347:and its tributary the "Bussera".
213:Relation to the Bantu populations
234:blacksmith castes of West Africa
63:
55:
47:
39:
16:Group of Central African peoples
840:
825:
810:
793:
390:National parks that border the
274:of the dense forests under the
947:10.1080/23323256.2009.11499985
761:
743:
724:
703:
679:
580:
550:
405:to protect the 350 endangered
1:
612:Vansina, Jan (October 1990).
573:
298:in the south-east, as in the
23:. For TWA as an acronym, see
934:Anthropology Southern Africa
710:Dlamini, Nonhlanhla (2014).
587:Client, U. B. (2022-09-23).
171:African Pygmies § Names
7:
800:Vice News (July 17, 2015).
526:
10:
1039:
890:Clark, J. Desmond (1950).
465:
365:
255:
168:
18:
1008:Ethnic groups in Botswana
974:10.4135/9781412979313.n83
909:Francis, Michael (2007).
361:
191:, bushpeople", alongside
122:
114:
106:
98:
93:
78:
73:
38:
1013:Ethnic groups in Namibia
543:
377:Dancing Batwa in Uganda.
251:
1023:Ethnic groups in Zambia
1003:Ethnic groups in Angola
718:University of Cape Town
500:; only the Twa fish in
164:
452:
379:
755:Minority Rights Group
593:Uganda Budget Safaris
560:in Congo. Pronounced
432:
411:conservation refugees
375:
270:. In addition to the
169:Further information:
519:, and the swamps of
511:also shows Twa near
25:TWA (disambiguation)
751:"Batwa and Bambuti"
668:on January 26, 2012
556:A local variant of
462:Zambia and Botswana
403:World Heritage Site
384:Bwindi Impenetrable
35:
521:Lake Mweru Wantipa
418:Angola and Namibia
380:
33:
806:(video). YouTube.
691:www.andbeyond.com
623:978-0-299-12574-5
502:Southern Province
407:mountain gorillas
300:Upemba Depression
130:
129:
89:
88:
1030:
984:
982:
980:
958:
941:(3–4): 106–116.
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661:, archived from
650:
639:
628:
627:
609:
603:
602:
600:
599:
584:
567:
565:
554:
486:Bangweulu Swamps
426:through central
304:floating islands
91:
90:
67:
59:
51:
43:
36:
32:
1038:
1037:
1033:
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998:African Pygmies
988:
987:
978:
976:
921:
919:
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905:
903:Further reading
900:
899:
888:
884:
861:10.2307/1159357
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757:. 19 June 2015.
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529:
507:The geneticist
478:
476:Bangweulu Batwa
466:Main articles:
464:
420:
370:
364:
272:Great Lakes Twa
264:
258:Great Lakes Twa
256:Main articles:
254:
246:Bantu expansion
215:
189:hunter-gatherer
173:
167:
80:Bantu languages
68:
62:
60:
54:
52:
46:
44:
31:
28:
21:Great Lakes Twa
17:
12:
11:
5:
1036:
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1005:
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986:
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855:(4): 836–847.
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563:[tʃwa]
548:
547:
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541:
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535:
528:
525:
517:Luapula Swamps
509:Cavalli-Sforza
463:
460:
419:
416:
363:
360:
339:southwest of
317:The island of
253:
250:
214:
211:
166:
163:
128:
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29:
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866:
862:
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854:
851:(in French).
850:
843:
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787:9780521213998
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531:
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524:
522:
518:
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510:
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495:
491:
490:Lukanga Swamp
487:
483:
482:Twa fishermen
477:
473:
469:
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457:
451:
449:
445:
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348:
346:
345:Tshuapa River
343:, and on the
342:
338:
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324:
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315:
313:
309:
306:, and around
305:
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148:—plural, and
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50:
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26:
22:
977:. Retrieved
964:
938:
932:
920:. Retrieved
911:
891:
885:
852:
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833:
827:
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812:
802:
795:
771:
763:
754:
745:
736:
726:
712:
705:
694:. Retrieved
690:
681:
670:, retrieved
663:the original
644:
613:
607:
596:. Retrieved
592:
582:
557:
552:
506:
479:
453:
433:
421:
400:
381:
376:
368:Echuya Batwa
355:
349:
337:Lomami River
334:
331:
327:Virunga Park
316:
280:swamp forest
265:
231:
224:
216:
206:
202:
196:
192:
184:
174:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
30:Ethnic group
672:October 26,
494:Kafue Flats
472:Lukanga Twa
312:Luvua River
181:Proto-Bantu
992:Categories
979:31 October
922:31 October
696:2024-02-12
658:9057890186
598:2024-02-12
574:References
513:Lake Mweru
366:See also:
350:Among the
290:swamps of
284:Lake Tumba
276:Ruwenzoris
238:endogamous
955:143103640
877:145198759
468:Kafwe Twa
422:Southern
341:Kisangani
302:with its
262:Mongo Twa
74:Languages
527:See also
440:Havakona
388:Mgahinga
219:ecotones
115:Language
869:1159357
778:187–218
716:(PhD).
533:Pygmies
484:of the
436:Ngambwe
428:Namibia
310:on the
296:Katanga
288:savanna
282:around
183:) word
177:Vansina
158:Pygmies
123:Country
953:
875:
867:
849:Africa
784:
655:
620:
498:Zambia
492:, and
474:, and
424:Angola
396:Rwanda
362:Uganda
308:Kiambi
207:Abatwa
198:Bayaka
150:OmuTwa
142:OvaTwa
136:(also
126:Butwa
107:People
99:Person
84:French
951:S2CID
916:(PDF)
873:S2CID
865:JSTOR
737:UNHCR
666:(PDF)
649:(PDF)
544:Notes
448:Himba
444:Zimba
352:Mongo
323:UNHRW
319:Idjwi
292:Kasai
268:Congo
252:Congo
242:Ligbi
227:caste
203:Batwa
187:was "
154:Mutwa
146:Batwa
110:Batwa
102:Mutwa
981:2018
924:2018
782:ISBN
674:2011
653:ISBN
618:ISBN
446:and
394:and
386:and
260:and
232:Numu
205:and
193:yaka
185:*twa
165:Name
132:The
118:(NA)
970:doi
943:doi
857:doi
558:Twa
496:of
456:San
356:Cwa
152:or
144:or
138:Cwa
134:Twa
94:Twa
34:Twa
994::
949:.
939:32
937:.
871:.
863:.
853:51
780:,
753:.
735:.
689:.
632:^
591:.
488:,
470:,
458:.
442:,
438:,
358:.
314:.
140:,
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983:.
972::
957:.
945::
926:.
879:.
859::
739:.
720:.
699:.
626:.
601:.
566:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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