Caste - Knowledge

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both entomological and sociological data and clues to describe caste systems. He wrote "while the fundamental industries of man are dispersed throughout the insect world, the same kind of polymorphism appears again and again in different species of social insects which have reacted in the same manner as man, under the influence of the same environment, to ensure the supply and provision of subsistence." Comparing the caste system in India to caste polymorphism in insects, he noted, "where we find the organization of social insects developed to perfection, there also has been seen among human associations a minute and even rigid specialization of functions, along with ant- and bee-like societal integrity and cohesiveness." He considered the "resemblances between insect associations and caste-ridden societies" to be striking enough to be "amusing".

5150: 7295:: Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices but also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue." 9908:

de cagots, corrélant la recherche de conjoints lointains à l'épuisement des possibilités locales. A. Guerreau et Y. Guy, en utilisant la documentation gersoise exploitée par G. Loubès et les documents publiés par Fay pour le Béarn et la Chalosse (XVe–XVIIe s.) concluent que l'endogamie des cagots semble s'opérer au sein de trois sous-ensembles qui correspondent à ceux que distingue la terminologie à partir du XVIe siècle: agotes, cagots, capots. Au sein de chacun d'eux, les distances moyennes d'intermariage sont relativement importantes: entre 12 et 15 km en Béarn et Chalosse, plus de 30 km dans le Gers, dans une société où plus de la moitié des mariages se faisaient à l'intérieur d'un même village.

7009:. The guarantee of admittance to a certain proportion of people from oppressed castes is not enough to deal with the implications of divisions in higher education. For example, the reservation percentage can vary by state but is generally around 15% for Scheduled Castes, but 2019-20 data shows most universities miss this mark. Across the board, there is an average of 14.7% of scheduled caste students, meaning many universities are at a far lower rate than legislated. These reservation systems have backlash from upper caste groups, who claim that people are only admitted due to their caste status, as opposed to merit, in a similar argument playing out to affirmative action in the United States. 6215:). Sheikhs are in charge of both religious and administrative functions and are divided into three endogamous houses, Şemsanî, Adanî and Qatanî who are in turn divided into lineages. The Pîrs are in charge of purely religious functions and traditionally consist of 40 lineages or clans, but approximately 90 appellations of Pîr lineages have been found, which may have been a result of new sub-lineages arising and number of clans increasing over time due to division as Yazidis settled in different places and countries. Division could occur in one family, if there were a few brothers in one clan, each of them could become the founder of their own Pîr sub-clan ( 5971: 4940: 5437:, lit. "those under the power of another"). The castes were hereditary, though they were not rigid. They were more accurately a reflection of the interpersonal political relationships, a person is always the follower of another. People can move up the caste system by marriage, by wealth, or by doing something extraordinary; and conversely they can be demoted, usually as criminal punishment or as a result of debt. Shamans are the exception, as they are either volunteers, chosen by the ranking shamans, or born into the role by innate propensity for it. They are enumerated below from the highest rank to the lowest: 6658:. He then presents the Dime of Southwestern Ethiopia, amongst whom there operates a system which Todd claims can be unequivocally labelled as caste system. The Dime have seven castes whose size varies considerably. Each broad caste level is a hierarchical order that is based on notions of purity, non-purity and impurity. It uses the concepts of defilement to limit contacts between caste categories and to preserve the purity of the upper castes. These caste categories have been exclusionary, endogamous and the social identity inherited. 6665:, there were also traditionally groups labelled as castes. "Based on research done before the Derg regime, these studies generally presume the existence of a social hierarchy similar to the caste system. At the top of this hierarchy were the Kafa, followed by occupational groups including blacksmiths (Qemmo), weavers (Shammano), bards (Shatto), potters, and tanners (Manno). In this hierarchy, the Manjo were commonly referred to as hunters, given the lowest status equal only to slaves." 5691: 5014:, and thrives in the politics of democracy, where caste provides ready made constituencies to politicians. The globalisation and economic opportunities from foreign businesses has influenced the growth of India's middle-class population. Some members of the Chhattisgarh Potter Caste Community (CPCC) are middle-class urban professionals and no longer potters unlike the remaining majority of traditional rural potter members. There is persistence of caste in Indian 15151: 13858: 11889: 7219:, ranked groups based on heredity within rigid systems of social stratification, especially those that constitute Hindu India. Some scholars deny that true caste systems are found outside India. The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth and may only rarely be transcended. 6801: 9929:(15th–17th century) conclude that the endogamy of Cagots seems to operate within three subsets that correspond to those distinguished by terminology from the 16th century: agotes, cagots, capots. Within each of them, the average intermarriage distances are relatively long: between 12 and 15 km in Béarn and Chalosse, more than 30 km in the Gers, in a society where more than half of marriages took place at home, inside the same village.] 36: 5751:)" under the daimyo, with 80% of peasants under the 5% samurai class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification. 2938: 699: 6044:. The nobi population could fluctuate up to about one third of the population, but on average the nobi made up about 10% of the total population. In 1801, the vast majority of government nobi were emancipated, and by 1858 the nobi population stood at about 1.5% of the total population of Korea. The hereditary nobi system was officially abolished around 1886–87 and the rest of the nobi system was abolished with the 4751: 7084:, although attributing more weight to environmental explanations than the biological nonetheless believed that there were obstacles to the assimilation of blacks into American society and that an "accommodation stage" in a biracially organized caste system was required before full assimilation. He did disavow his position in 1937, suggesting that blacks were a minority and not a caste. The Indian sociologist 13868: 11918: 5258: 7013:

academic institutions. Universities are a crucial place of integration and moving to offer equitable opportunity beyond just attendance, but implementing protective policies to ensure students can be successful. Attendance at university has already been shown to impact how people view caste and has the potential to shape equity building beyond the current interpersonal and systemic relationship.

9910:[The extent of marital areas and the distribution of surnames are the main indices of cagot mobility. F. Bériac links the extension of the matrimonial areas of the Cagots of the different localities studied (from 20 to more than 35 km) to the importance and the relative density of the groups of cagots, correlating the search for distant spouses with the exhaustion of possibilities local. 7023:"When I was enrolled for an undergraduate course, I was vocal about his Dalit identity and vouched for the rights of Dalits and marginalized sections. Most of my upper-caste mates were against reservation. I was always typecast, stereotyped and even labeled with derogatory nicknames," Nishat Kabir, who is studying film at Ambedkar University in New Delhi, told Anadolu Agency. 7043:

protests and demonstrations against institutional discrimination. Students used tactics of information spreading from pamphlets and court cases, to public civil disobedience through marches and sit-ins to disrupt the flow of university life and lead to broader discussions. The student unrest was not unique to Allahabad University but was strong enough to last over 90 days.

6838:, by their colonial rulers. In the social and racial hierarchy, European Spaniards were at the apex, with legal rights and privileges. Lower racial groups (Africans, mixed-race castas, and pure indigenous), had fewer legal rights and lower social status. Unlike the rigid caste system in India, in colonial Spanish America there was some fluidity within the social order. 5589:) – the lowest class composed of the rest of the community who were not part of the enfranchised classes. They were further subdivided into the commoner class who had their own houses, the servants who lived in the houses of others, and the slaves who were usually captives from raids, criminals, or debtors. Most members of this class were equivalent to the European 4819:, the Census Commissioner, noted that "The principle suggested as a basis was that of classification by social precedence as recognized by native public opinion at the present day, and manifesting itself in the facts that particular castes are supposed to be the modern representatives of one or other of the castes of the theoretical Indian system." 6422:, with six sub-caste categories. Unlike other parts of the world, mobility is sometimes possible within sub-castes, but not across caste lines. Farmers and artisans have been, claims Richter, distinct castes. Certain sub-castes are shunned more than others. For example, exogamy is rare for women born into families of woodcarvers. 7001:

caste out of universities. This leads to their exclusion from the potential to be part of higher-paying jobs that are perceived as more elite. This social expectation and prevention of access to education and opportunity have elongated the struggle for financial and social equity amongst people from scheduled tribes and castes.

7243:, any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the "caste system" is uniquely developed in Hindu societies. 5027:

status of their son in law. In this case, the women are bearers of the egalitarian principle of the marriage. There would be no benefit in marrying a higher caste if the terms of the marriage did not imply equality. However, men are systematically shielded from the negative implications of the agreement.

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L'étendue des aires matrimoniales et la distribution des patronymes constituent les principaux indices de la mobilité des cagots. F. Bériac relie l'extension des aires matrimoniales des cagots des différentes localités étudiées (de 20 à plus de 35 km) à l'importance et la densité relative des groupes

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Academic + Faculty Discrimination: Discrimination may extend to the academic sphere, with students facing biased treatment, unfair grading, or limited access to academic resources based on their caste background. Instances of discrimination can involve faculty members, who may hold biases that affect

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contrasted the differences between discrimination in the United States and India. In India, there are complex religious features which make up the system, whereas in the United States race and color are the basis for differentiation. The caste systems in India and the United States have higher groups

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of France and Spain as an inferior caste, and a group of untouchables. While they had the same skin color and religion as the majority, in the churches they had to use segregated doors, drink from segregated fonts, and receive communion on the end of long wooden spoons. It was a closed social system.

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has put forth the argument that pre-1950s Tibetan society was functionally a caste system, in contrast to previous scholars who defined the Tibetan social class system as similar to European feudal serfdom, as well as non-scholarly western accounts which seek to romanticise a supposedly 'egalitarian'

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experienced over the last century. It is well known that urban centers tend to be less reliant on agriculture and are more progressive as a whole. As India's cities boomed in population, the job market grew to keep pace. Prosperity and stability were now more easily attained by an individual, and the

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have been found to be less likely to leave or divorce their husbands since they are of a relatively lower caste system, and have higher restrictions on their freedoms. On the other hand, Pahari women, of the northern mountains, have much more freedom to leave their husbands without stigma. This often

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A pure caste system is rooted in the religious order and may be thought of as a hierarchy of hereditary, endogamous, occupational groups with positions fixed and mobility barred by ritual distances between each caste. Empirically, the classical Hindu system of India approximated most closely to pure

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arguing that caste differences between higher caste Aryans and lower cast native-Indians being more due to religious factors. While the term remains contended, it is widely understood that this racial assessment is based on the way lower-caste people are treated. Africana diasporic groups who do not

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make up a small minority of the population with scholars noting that the exact number is hard to determine due to exclusion and lack of recognition from the government. Siddis and Kaffirs are considered untouchables due to their darker skin color alongside other physical factors that distinguish the

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In a review of social stratification systems in Africa, Richter reports that the term caste has been used by French and American scholars to many groups of West African artisans. These groups have been described as inferior, deprived of all political power, have a specific occupation, are hereditary

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The notion of caste encouraged a link between scholarship in entomology and sociology because it served as an example of a division of labour in which the participants seemed to be uncompromisingly adapted to special functions and sometimes even unique environments. To bolster the concept of caste,

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The clarity that comes from people sharing their experiences has led to significant pushback in the 21st century, where students have been centering fights for justice and equity, often based on movements that student activists of the past have used. Allahabad University has seen a spike in student

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Racial caste is embedded in the institutions that make up South Asia, particularly its governing bodies. When it comes to the electorate of India, voter preference is often based on race, caste, religion, alongside other attributing physical and political factors. This power imbalance alongside the

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have been endogamous social groups without any fixed hierarchy but subject to vague notions of rank articulated over time based on lifestyle and social, political, or economic status. Many of India's major empires and dynasties like the Mauryas, Shalivahanas, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas among many others,

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The initial observational studies of the division of labour in ant colonies attempted to demonstrate that ants specialized in tasks that were best suited to their size when they emerged from the pupae stage into the adult stage. A large proportion of the experimental work was done in species that

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The foundational divisions of caste have historically been seen as a determining factor in one's skills and career prospects. Today, many people perceive higher education as a means of achieving their own professional goals, but there are still methods based on caste assumptions used to keep lower

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are thus considered inferior for their darker skin and grouped in with the untouchables. Since caste is inherited at birth and is inflexible to change throughout a lifetime, this can lead to a racial caste system where colorism largely influences the mobility one has in their lifetime. Terminology

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Racial casteism is a term used to identify the relationship between caste, race, and colorism. In modern-day India, the caste system has expanded to include groups and identities from diasporic groups as well such as the Africana Siddis and Kaffirs. Siddis make up 40,000 of India's vast population

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study in 2021 criticizes Equality Labs findings and methodology noting Equality Labs study "relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. Therefore, it is likely that the

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who surrendered were settled in isolated communities throughout Goryeo to forestall rebellion. They were valued for their skills in hunting, herding, butchering, and making of leather, common skill sets among nomads. Over time, their ethnic origin was forgotten, and they formed the bottom layer of

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was influenced by Robert E. Park and adopted the concept of "caste" to describe race relations in the US. According to anthropologist Diane Rodgers, Mukerjee "proceeded to suggest that a caste system should be correctly instituted in the (US) South to ease race relations." Mukerjee often employed

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is perhaps the most powerful force for homogenization, whereas the state may be the defender of local difference and variety in some instances". The caste system, a relic of feudalistic economic systems, emphasizes differences between socio-economic classes that are obviated by openly free market

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Various sociologists have reported caste systems in Africa. The specifics of the caste systems have varied in ethnically and culturally diverse Africa; however, the following features are common – it has been a closed system of social stratification, the social status is inherited, the castes are

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is still a common practice in India and Hindu culture. Men are expected to marry within their caste, or one below, with no social repercussions. If a woman marries into a higher caste, then her children will take the status of their father. If she marries down, her family is reduced to the social

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Eighty-four percent of the SC/ST students surveyed said examiners had asked them about their caste directly or indirectly during their evaluations. One student said: "Teachers are fine till they do not know your caste. The moment they come to know, their attitude towards you changes completely."

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Reservation policies constitute a first step in providing access to admittance into higher education opportunities but do not overcome the overarching challenge of casteism. Caste-based discrimination and social stigma can still affect the experiences of students from marginalized communities in

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Affirmative Action has been a global phenomenon to develop more spaces in politics, jobs, and education for people from historically disadvantaged backgrounds, which has led to the reservation system being applied to universities. Even with these regulations, caste nevertheless remains a largely

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of the samurai class required the approval of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was also forbidden for a member of the samurai class to marry a peasant, craftsman, or merchant, but this was done through a loophole in which a person from a lower class was adopted into the samurai class and then married.

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The Brahmana caste was further subdivided by Dutch ethnographers into two: Siwa and Buda. The Siwa caste was subdivided into five: Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher-caste Brahmana men with lower-caste women. The

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system found in India. Ancient Sri Lankan texts such as the Pujavaliya, Sadharmaratnavaliya and Yogaratnakaraya and inscriptional evidence show that the above hierarchy prevailed throughout the feudal period. The repetition of the same caste hierarchy even as recently as the 18th century, in the

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Campus Facilities: Discrimination can also be observed in access to living facilities, food services, and other campus amenities. Students from marginalized castes may encounter difficulties in availing of these services without bias, and the living arrangements are often internally segregated.

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has been declining as a result of urbanisation and affirmative action programs. A subject of much scholarship by sociologists and anthropologists, the Hindu caste system is sometimes used as an analogical basis for the study of caste-like social divisions existing outside Hinduism and India. In

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Social Discrimination: Students from marginalized castes face social discrimination, exclusion, and/or isolation on campuses. This affects their general educational experience and mental well-being. Numerous cases of harassment and bullying based on caste lines have been reported, with drastic

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As West Africa evolved over time, sub-castes emerged that acquired secondary specialisations or changed occupations. Endogamy was prevalent within a caste or among a limited number of castes, yet castes did not form demographic isolates according to Tamari. Social status according to caste was

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did not. According to the new system, they were then required to fill in the blanks for surname in order to be registered as constituting separate households. Instead of creating their own family name, some cheonmins appropriated their masters' surname, while others simply took the most common

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Studies by Bhatt and Beteille have shown changes in status, openness, mobility in the social aspects of Indian society. As a result of modern socio-economic changes in the country, India is experiencing significant changes in the dynamics and the economics of its social sphere. While arranged

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system, as interpreted by the British rulers. It is well established that by the 9th century, kings from all the four Varnas, including Brahmins and Vaishyas, had occupied the highest seat in the monarchical system in Hindu India, contrary to the Varna theory. In many instances, as in Bengal,

7740:}}; Examples include the Bothpur and Vaddamanu inscriptions of Ganapati's general Malyala Gunda senani. The Kakatiyas also maintained marital relations with other Shudra families, such as the Kotas and the Natavadi chiefs. All these evidences indicate that the Kakatiyas were of Shudra origin. 6390:

has been and continues to be a major social issue. The Osu caste is determined by one's birth into a particular family irrespective of the religion practised by the individual. Once born into Osu caste, this Nigerian person is an outcast, shunned and ostracised, with limited opportunities or

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A social hierarchy chart based on old academic theories. Such hierarchical diagrams were removed from Japanese textbooks after various studies in the 1990s revealed that peasants, craftsmen, and merchants were in fact equal and merely social categories. Successive shoguns held the highest or

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economy was based on a caste system. The most common were metalworkers, fishermen, and carpenters. Lower caste participants consisted of mostly non-farm working immigrants, who at times were provided special privileges and held high positions in society. At the top were noblemen and direct

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marriages are still the most common practice in India, the internet has provided a network for younger Indians to take control of their relationships through the use of dating apps. This remains isolated to informal terms, as marriage is not often achieved through the use of these apps.

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entomologists and sociologists referred to the complementary social or natural parallel and thereby appeared to generalize the concept and give it an appearance of familiarity. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, the perceived similarities between the Indian caste system and

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Due to the challenges experienced on top of the normal pressure of being a student, the discrimination that Dalits and people of OBCs face has led to increased rates of suicide, with numerous examples shown to be tied directly to campus harassment and lack of administrative support.

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sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested".

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their interactions with students. This comes from the inherent hierarchical nature of caste having built centuries of prejudice against lower caste and indigenous students. This influences academic mentorship, guidance, and opportunities for students from marginalized backgrounds.

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McKim Marriott claims a social stratification that is hierarchical, closed, endogamous and hereditary is widely prevalent, particularly in western parts of Pakistan. Frederik Barth in his review of this system of social stratification in Pakistan suggested that these are castes.

5366:– societies which have a wealthy class based on property and the hosting of periodic prestige feasts. In some groups, it was an actual caste whose members had specialised leadership roles, married only within the same caste, and wore specialised clothing. These include the 6955:

and are perceived as untouchables under the caste framework.This categorization is paired with anti-black ideology in the country, that is often adapted by broader uses of the term caste in western countries, most notably the United States. Like the Siddis, Africana caste

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India has also implemented a form of Affirmative Action, locally known as "reservation groups". Quota system jobs, as well as placements in publicly funded colleges, hold spots for the 8% of India's minority, and underprivileged groups. As a result, in states such as

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system of racial classification, based on whether a person was of pure European, Indigenous or African descent, or some mix thereof, with the different groups being placed in a racial hierarchy; however, despite the etymological connection between the Latin American

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surname and its bongwan in the local area. Along with this example, activists within and outside the Korean government had based their visions of a new relationship between the government and people through the concept of citizenship, employing the term

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A survey on caste discrimination conducted by Equality Labs found 67% of Indian Dalits living in the US reporting that they faced caste-based harassment at the workplace, and 27% reporting verbal or physical assault based on their caste. However, the

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In a review published in 1977, Todd reports that numerous scholars report a system of social stratification in different parts of Africa that resembles some or all aspects of caste system. Examples of such caste systems, he claims, are to be found in

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showed strong variation in size. As the size of an adult was fixed for life, workers of a specific size range came to be called a "caste", calling up the traditional caste system in India in which a human's standing in society was decided at birth.

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in times of war. In some Filipino ethnic groups, they were often tattooed extensively to record feats in battle and as protection against harm. They were sometimes further subdivided into different classes, depending on their relationship with the

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Bilhana, in his Sanskrit work Vikramanakadevacharitam claims the Chalukyas were born from the feet of Brahma, implying they were Shudras, while some sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma, and hence were Kshatriyas (Ramesh 1984, p.

6967:, initiated by Muslim Arabs. During the trade, enslaved Africans were often brought as court servants, herbalists, midwives, or as bonded labor. The limited awareness of these groups can be attributed to caste-ideology fueled from this trade. 5237:

other castes were similarly further sub-classified by 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to

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Since there was an economic advantage for a poor samurai class person to marry a wealthy merchant or peasant class woman, they would adopt a merchant or peasant class woman into the samurai class as an adopted daughter and then marry her.

12884: 1659: 5520:) the ruling class, either inclusive of or exclusive of the royal family. Most are descendants of the royal line or gained their status through wealth or bravery in battle. They owned lands and subjects, from whom they collected taxes. 7060:

in insects were used to create a correspondence or parallelism for the purpose of explaining or clarifying racial stratification in human societies; the explanations came particularly to be employed in the United States. Ideas from

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is determined at birth and makes them take up that Jati's occupation; members could and did change their occupation based on personal strengths as well as economic, social and political factors. A 2016 study based on the

7283:: What makes Indian society unique is the phenomenon of caste. Economic, religious, and linguistic differentiations, even race-based discrimination, are known elsewhere, but nowhere else does one see caste but in India. 2818:

in the primary modern sense of the English word 'caste' when they applied it to the thousands of endogamous, hereditary Indian social groups they encountered upon their arrival in India in 1498. The use of the spelling

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The process of creating a homogenized society by social engineering in both India and the Southern US has created other institutions that have made class distinctions among different groups evident. Anthropologist

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Shalivahana was born in a potter's house, by grace of Adi-Sheshan. William Cooke Taylor (1838). Examination and Analysis of the Mackenzie Manuscripts Deposited in the Madras College Library. Asiatic Society. pp.

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reported that "Every North Korean citizen is assigned a heredity-based class and socio-political rank over which the individual exercises no control but which determines all aspects of his or her life." Called

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Geographical factors also determine adherence to the caste system. Many Northern villages are more likely to participate in exogamous marriage, due to a lack of eligible suitors within the same caste. Women in

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hierarchical, certain castes are shunned while others are merely endogamous and exclusionary. In some cases, concepts of purity and impurity by birth have been prevalent in Africa. In other cases, such as the

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Yoshida, Sayuri (2009). "Why did the Manjo convert to Protestant? Social Discrimination and Coexistence in Kafa, Southwest Ethiopia?". In Ege, Svein; Aspen, Harald; Teferra, Birhanu; Bekele, Shiferaw (eds.).

7571: 6756:, to "introduce legislation on caste, including any necessary exceptions to the caste provisions, within the framework of domestic discrimination law". Section 9(5) of the Equality Act 2010 provides that "a 4538: 11281: 8991: 6094:, which was implemented by the loyalists' cabinet. Whereas the old registration system signified household members according to their hierarchical social status, the new system called for an occupation. 5044:

anxiety to marry quickly and effectively was reduced. Thus, younger, more progressive generations of urban Indians are less likely than ever to participate in the antiquated system of arranged endogamy.

6159:. It originated in 1946 and was entrenched by the 1960s, and consisted of 53 categories ranging across three classes: loyal, wavering, and impure. The privileged "loyal" class included members of the 7181: 5417:

societies. Most of them were usually divided into four to five caste systems with different names under different ethnic groups that roughly correspond to each other. The system was more or less

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inherited by off-springs automatically; but this inheritance was paternal. That is, children of higher caste men and lower caste or slave concubines would have the caste status of the father.

5018:. Caste associations have evolved into caste-based political parties. Political parties and the state perceive caste as an important factor for mobilisation of people and policy development. 7020:

consequences for the victims, but often none for the perpetrators. This promotes a hostile environment for students and hampers their ability to engage positively in the academic community.

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acceptance, regardless of his or her ability or merit. Obinna discusses how this caste system-related identity and power is deployed within government, Church and indigenous communities.

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Korean society. Their efforts included attacking social discrimination by upper class, authorities, and "commoners", and the use of degrading language against children in public schools.

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from participating in the formal economy and achieving economic success on parity with their white peers, or destroying that economic success in instances where it was achieved, such as

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capitalistic economic systems, which reward individual initiative, enterprise, merit, and thrift, thereby creating a path for social mobility. When the feudalistic slave economy of the

6630: 5090:(1382–1395) categorised Newars into 64 castes (Gellner 2001). A similar exercise was made during the reign of Mahindra Malla (1506–1575). The Hindu social code was later set up in the 4855:

system was never truly operational in society and there is no evidence of it ever being a reality in Indian history. The practical division of the society had always been in terms of

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Jayawardene, Sureshi M. (2016). "Racialized Casteism: Exposing the Relationship Between Race, Caste, and Colorism Through the Experiences of Africana People in India and Sri Lanka".

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in contemporary literature. In 2001, Dalits were 16.2% of India's population. Most of the 15 million bonded child workers are from the lowest castes. Independent India has witnessed

7623: 6342:, who have been described as an endogamous caste of West Africa who specialise in oral story telling and culture preservation. They have been also referred to as the bard caste. 6293:

who are kept as perennial manual workers. Estimates put their number at over 3.5 million residents who are discriminated, out of a total Yemeni population of around 22 million.

620: 5056:, where underprivileged populations predominate, over 80% of government jobs are set aside in quotas. In education, colleges lower the marks necessary for the Dalits to enter. 4251: 10380: 10196: 6239:

society was immensely complex, with separate systems of social organisation governing numerous different groups within the empire. Historians believe society comprised four

5696: 7772: 4973:. This constitution would also ban discrimination of the basis of the caste, though its practice in India remained intact. The Untouchable communities are sometimes called 9115: 7330:

caste. The system existed for some 3,000 years and continues today despite many attempts to get rid of some of its restrictions. It is essentially connected with Hinduism.

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regarded, by birth, as respectively, second and third in the hierarchy of Rwandese society. These groups were largely endogamous, exclusionary and with limited mobility.

6026:: literally "middle people"). This was a small class of specialised professions such as medicine, accounting, translators, regional bureaucrats, etc. Below that were the 4932:(community) refers to the thousands of actual endogamous social groups prevalent across the subcontinent. The classical authors scarcely speak of anything other than the 9070:

Pirbari, Dimitri; Mossaki, Nodar; Yezdin, Mirza Sileman (March 2020). "A Yezidi Manuscript:—Mišūr of P'īr Sīnī Bahrī/P'īr Sīnī Dārānī, Its Study and Critical Analysis".

7917: 4951:

in 1837, which confirms the popular perception and nature of caste as Jati, before the British colonial authorities made it applicable only to Hindus grouped under the

7751:

The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D.

2704:), follow lifestyles often linked to a particular occupation, hold a ritual status observed within a hierarchy, and interact with others based on cultural notions of 4916:, however ancient, could be applied to all the modern castes found in India, and " meant to identify and place several hundred million Indians within it." The terms 7604: 7581: 6090:, introduced systematic measures for abolishing the traditional class system. One measure was the new household registration system, reflecting the goals of formal 13347: 8045: 2128: 6980:

shifted away from race-conscious terms in South Asian antiquity, where Aryans had pre-conceived social hierarchies built off of race, to a caste framework during

11262: 9867: 8980: 12415: 5464:

is dependent on the willingness of their followers to render him respect and obedience. Most roles of the datu were judicial and military. In case of an unfit

1174: 7069:

influenced some sociologists who believed that some groups were predetermined to belong to a lower social or occupational status. Chiefly through the work of

14227: 2838:

system and South Asian caste systems (the former giving its name to the latter), it is controversial to what extent the two phenomena are really comparable.

9152:

The Yezidi religious textual tradition: from oral to written categories, transmission, scripturalisation and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts

3488: 306: 12618: 4717: 4489: 4485: 3952: 1385: 7966: 5534:) the spirit mediums, usually female or feminised men. While they were not technically a caste, they commanded the same respect and status as nobility. 4203: 3533: 2893:, according to the nature of the work of its members. Varna was not an inherited category and the occupation determined the varna. However, a person's 13742: 13125: 10301: 9113:

Omarkhali, Khanna (31 December 2008). "On the Structure of the Yezidi Clan and Tribal System and its Terminology among the Yezidis of the Caucasus".

7445: 6243:, which linguistic analysis indicates may have been referred to collectively as "pistras". The classes, from highest to lowest status, were priests ( 2539: 1900: 12569: 11493: 9940: 9911: 5286:

In the Philippines, pre-colonial societies do not have a single social structure. The class structures can be roughly categorised into four types:

4859:(birth groups), which are not based on any specific religious principle but could vary from ethnic origins to occupations to geographic areas. The 4593: 3906: 2671: 1336: 665: 9978: 8952:

Hwang, Kyung Moon (2004). "Citizenship, Social Equality and Government Reform: Changes in the Household Registration System in Korea, 1894–1910".

7952: 2708:, with certain castes considered as either more pure or more polluted than others. The term "caste" is also applied to morphological groupings in 6723:

with its rigid aristocracy can also be considered as a caste system. A formal political expression of the system was the system of three or four

6383: 4636: 11054:

Rodgers, Diane M. (2019). "Scientific Analogies and Hierarchical Thinking: lessons from the hive?". In Brekhus, Wayne H.; Ignatow, Gabe (eds.).

10354: 12490: 11503: 9761: 6680:

also have a class system, wherein the Wata, an acculturated hunter-gatherer group, represent the lowest class. Though the Wata today speak the

4737: 4732: 4165: 2731:

society into rigid social groups. Its roots lie in South Asia's ancient history and it still exists; however, the economic significance of the

1249: 323: 10403: 9810: 8566: 5703:

In Japan's history, social strata based on inherited position rather than personal merit, were rigid and highly formalised in a system called

11430: 11387: 8213: 5672: 4275: 4270: 13130: 11732: 11607: 8909:

Kim, Joong-Seop (1999). "In Search of Human Rights: The Paekchŏng Movement in Colonial Korea". In Shin, Gi-Wook; Robinson, Michael (eds.).

8659:[Marriage required the permission of the lord, but what about divorce? The life events of the Edo period "samurai"] (in Japanese). 7229: 6861: 5301:

Warrior societies – societies where a distinct warrior class exists, and whose membership depends on martial prowess. Examples include the

4173: 1905: 14955: 14830: 13100: 12711: 12253: 10274:

Ahuja, Amit, Susan, Ashish (2016). "Is Only Fair Lovely in Indian Politics? Consequences of Skin Color in a Survey Experiment in Delhi".

5149: 4788: 3107: 1875: 1478: 1004: 9890: 3918: 14840: 12400: 10200: 10163: 6935: 3769: 3247: 1159: 593: 9519:

Albert, Ethel M. (Spring 1960). "Socio-Political Organization and Receptivity to Change: Some Differences between Ruanda and Urundi".

6764:

amend the statutory definition of race to include caste and may provide for exceptions in the Act to apply or not to apply to caste".

6059:. However, everyone was not equal under the Christian congregation, and even so protests erupted when missionaries tried to integrate 5393:

Principalities – societies with an actual ruling class and caste systems determined by birthright. Most of these societies are either

15098: 11498: 6847: 6137: 5974:

A typical Yangban family scene from 1904. The Yoon family had an enduring presence in Korean politics from the 1800s until the 1970s.

4325: 3923: 3637: 3360: 3351: 311: 11354: 8490: 5183:

caste structure has been described as being based either on three categories—the noble triwangsa (thrice born), the middle class of

4947:, which consists of 72 full-color hand-painted images of men and women of various religions, occupations and ethnic groups found in 13996: 12335: 12223: 11956: 11568: 10372: 9658:

Freeman, D., and A. Pankhurst, eds. 2003. Peripheral people: The excluded minorities of Ethiopia. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.

6175:. She claims that a bad family background is called "tainted blood", and that by law this "tainted blood" lasts three generations. 4132: 1086: 974: 14947: 14885: 11588: 11573: 7780: 4701: 3800: 3313: 613: 8686: 4995:. In 2005, government recorded approximately 110,000 cases of reported violent acts, including rape and murder, against Dalits. 14927: 14258: 13904: 13843: 12574: 12345: 12163: 12148: 12143: 11989: 11518: 8608: 6623: 6071:

began to resist open social discrimination. They focused on social and economic injustices affecting them, hoping to create an

5107: 4263: 3787: 3782: 3777: 2958: 2856: 2640: 1341: 1096: 914: 899: 894: 726: 5136:

Kadayimpoth – Boundary books as well indicates the continuation of the tradition right up to the end of Sri Lanka's monarchy.

4761: 14922: 13871: 12405: 12128: 11275: 11244: 11212: 11178: 11144: 11111: 11084: 11038: 11009: 10987: 10954: 10883: 10827: 10794: 10751: 10717: 10671: 10641: 10610: 10442: 9857: 9684: 9569: 9250: 9159: 9042: 8918: 8886: 8845: 8804: 8471: 8442: 8375: 8289: 7927: 7876: 7847: 7809: 7730: 7681: 7555: 7312: 7266: 7197: 6976: 6866: 6406:

are derived from indigenous religious beliefs and discriminate against the "Osus" people as "owned by deities" and outcasts.

4966: 4897: 4802: 4517: 4303: 3948: 3742: 3623: 3528: 3493: 3274: 3207: 3141: 1164: 879: 354: 14932: 12906: 12228: 12040: 11425: 11365: 11336:

Auguste Comte on why and how castes developed across the world – in The Positive Philosophy, Volume 3 (see page 55 onwards)

9973: 9521: 9333: 8653: 8169: 6930:. Parts of the United States are sometimes divided by race and class status despite the national narrative of integration. 6808:

In colonial Spanish America (16th-early 19th centuries), there were legal divisions of society, the Republic of Spaniards (

6772: 4480: 4476: 4421: 4412: 3674: 3335: 3112: 3095: 2664: 1681: 979: 783: 658: 8720: 7154:

Described as a "Dalit rights organisation" and a "nonprofit organization focused on ending what it calls caste apartheid".

14965: 13552: 13222: 13135: 13026: 12701: 12521: 12153: 12138: 11652: 10257: 7608: 6963:

The migration of Africana groups such as the Siddis and Kaffirs to South Asia is widely considered to be a result of the

4654: 4649: 4525: 4298: 4198: 4142: 3563: 2341: 1997: 1910: 1801: 1468: 1286: 904: 889: 8055: 7988: 5425:

ultimately having control of all the lands of the community. The land is subdivided among the enfranchised classes, the

15113: 15093: 15072: 13120: 12601: 10930:

2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ...

7891: 7360:

2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ...

4678: 4626: 4588: 4282: 3913: 3435: 3229: 1895: 1368: 8528: 7077:, a group of sociologists sharing similar principles came to evolve around the creed of caste in the 1930s and 1940s. 15077: 14960: 14803: 12768: 12606: 12092: 12070: 11380: 10690: 10584: 10117: 9836: 9195:

common among ancient Iranian, Indian and Romans with one extra Iranian element (from Yashna xix/17). cf. Frye, p. 54.

8463: 8434: 6168: 5957: 4691: 4598: 3938: 3855: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3712: 3642: 3291: 1535: 1373: 835: 813: 587: 11340: 7631: 14825: 13505: 13342: 13242: 12706: 12596: 11076: 4936:, as it provided a convenient shorthand; but a problem arises when colonial Indologists sometimes confuse the two. 4239: 3796: 3550: 3511: 3069: 3047: 2294: 2123: 2017: 1473: 1363: 10340:"Caste in Twenty First Century India: Sociological Reflections on University Students' Perceptions in South India" 6571:

epic, led to the formation of blacksmith and bard castes among the people that ultimately became the Mali empire.

2861:

Modern India's caste system is based on the superimposition of an old four-fold theoretical classification called

13095: 12613: 12375: 12168: 11642: 11415: 6740: 5783:. While modern law has officially abolished the class hierarchy, there are reports of discrimination against the 4992: 4781: 4608: 3471: 3449: 3185: 3168: 2657: 1870: 1380: 1134: 919: 651: 9236: 8368:

The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597-1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion

7371:"Body, Dress, and Symbolic Capital: Multifaceted Presentation of PUGREE in Colonial Governance of British India" 5593:

class, who paid taxes and can be conscripted to communal tasks, but were more or less free to do as they please.

5549:) the martial class. They could own land and subjects like the higher ranks, but were required to fight for the 14815: 12238: 11632: 11478: 10242: 9373: 7104: 5762:

because it could lead to political maneuvering. For the same reason, marriages between daimyo and high-ranking

5460:

and immediate descendants. They are often further categorised according to purity of lineage. The power of the

4352: 3691: 989: 449: 12380: 1139: 15108: 14880: 14875: 14359: 13774: 13490: 12218: 10058: 10021: 10005: 8692:[Marriage among samurai in the Edo period was not easy. They needed permission from the shogunate.]. 7918:"'I would tell the other girls at school that I was Brahmin': The struggle to challenge India's caste system" 6067:

finding this attempt insensitive to traditional notions of hierarchical advantage. Around the same time, the

4727: 4631: 4502: 4344: 4188: 3828: 2571: 2279: 969: 288: 11345: 15103: 14937: 14902: 14853: 14577: 13053: 13001: 11979: 11949: 11922: 11647: 11627: 11373: 7124: 5950: 5666: 4845:(workmen/service providers). The texts do not mention any hierarchy or a separate, untouchable category in 4603: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4157: 3901: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3665: 1828: 1776: 716: 159: 11445: 10293: 8428: 6637:(Midgan) specialise in leather occupation. Along with the Tumal and Yibir, they are collectively known as 6457:

have social stratification systems that divide society by ethnic ties. The Mande class system regards the

5390:. In others, though wealth may give one prestige and leadership qualifications, it was not a caste per se. 2823:, with this latter meaning, is first attested in English in 1613. In the Latin American context, the term 15057: 15047: 14914: 14122: 13685: 13537: 12956: 12564: 12510: 11909: 11777: 11594: 9796:

A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

9444: 8654:"Kekkon wa shukun no kyoka ga hitsuyōdaga, rikon suru toki wa dōdatta? Edo jidai 'bushi' no isshō gyōji" 7868: 7839: 6618:

In Ethiopia, there have been a number of studies of castes. Broad studies of castes have been written by

5003: 4357: 4320: 4246: 4193: 4122: 3682: 3572: 3440: 3025: 2482: 2326: 1731: 1331: 1269: 15037: 14376: 13897: 13794: 12586: 12273: 11994: 11488: 11435: 10663: 9242: 7974: 7801: 7673: 7547: 6194: 6160: 5326: 4774: 4696: 4616: 4402: 4226: 4183: 4178: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3733: 3606: 3589: 3100: 3079: 2591: 1353: 1024: 731: 11324: 8529:"Dai 35-kai kyōkasho kara "shinōkōshō" ga kieta ̄ kōhen ̄-rei wa 3-nen kōhō uki 'ukikara' 8 tsuki-gō" 8023: 5988:) were an "untouchable" outcaste of Korea. The meaning today is that of butcher. It originates in the 5773:

had its own untouchable caste, shunned and ostracised, historically referred to by the insulting term

15062: 15002: 13147: 12961: 12863: 12748: 12422: 12390: 12050: 11984: 11460: 11455: 10900: 10743: 10576: 10339: 9676: 9622:

Pankhurst, Alula (1999). "'Caste' in Africa: the evidence from south-western Ethiopia reconsidered".

7496: 7370: 7189: 6915: 5970: 5736: 5122: 4826: 4533: 4460: 4438: 4335: 4290: 3728: 3518: 3480: 3377: 2812:, they used the word to mean a 'clan or lineage'. It was, however, the Portuguese who first employed 1922: 1736: 1630: 1515: 1181: 1149: 793: 721: 276: 10979: 10969: 6590:

were caste-like social stratification systems. Similarly, in 1961, Maquet notes that the society in

2808:'s Spanish dictionary (1569), means "race, lineage, tribe or breed". When the Spanish colonised the 15007: 14997: 14354: 14166: 13407: 13295: 13142: 12911: 12848: 12683: 12638: 12500: 12385: 12367: 12303: 12233: 12107: 11904: 10395: 9842: 9192: 8583: 6992:

rigid nature of caste can work against those of darker skin complexion to hold positions of power.

6964: 6151:

describes this "class structure" as an updating of the hereditary "caste system", a combination of

4722: 4384: 3506: 3325: 3219: 3151: 2980: 2963: 2188: 2076: 1917: 1686: 1615: 1450: 1405: 1259: 1144: 1124: 1054: 984: 850: 11335: 8223: 4869:

historically the kings and rulers had been called upon, when required, to mediate on the ranks of

15185: 15154: 15052: 14987: 13861: 13690: 13670: 13532: 13522: 13480: 13110: 12951: 12813: 12783: 12778: 12728: 12663: 12648: 12581: 12554: 12539: 11942: 11772: 11637: 11136: 10914: 10426: 9780: 9561: 8496:[Regarding the absence of the terms "Shi-no-Ko-Sho" and "Equality of the Four Classes"]. 8251: 7722: 7501: 7344: 6164: 5662: 5656: 4873:, which might number in thousands all over the subcontinent and vary by region. In practice, the 4709: 4553: 4114: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3632: 3430: 3282: 3257: 3057: 3035: 2487: 2467: 2321: 2311: 2269: 1885: 1726: 1580: 1550: 1545: 1495: 1430: 1415: 1348: 1321: 1306: 682: 577: 340: 12758: 11543: 9558:

The Premise of Inequality in Ruanda: A Study of Political Relations in a Central African Kingdom

5621:, which was a legal caste system. The order of four classes of people in descending order were: 4939: 1525: 15180: 15012: 14641: 14383: 13789: 13762: 13752: 13232: 13212: 13075: 12946: 12843: 12793: 12763: 12743: 12678: 12658: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12534: 12505: 12478: 12454: 12449: 12035: 12025: 11863: 11782: 11483: 9474:

Richter, Dolores (January 1980). "Further considerations of caste in West Africa: The Senufo".

9238:

Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750

7835: 6895: 6302: 6203:. Membership in the Yazidi society and a caste is conferred by birth. Pîrs and Sheikhs are the 5127:

The caste system in Sri Lanka is a division of society into strata, influenced by the textbook

4497: 4258: 3467: 3458: 3303: 3197: 2586: 2559: 2549: 2007: 1987: 1850: 1721: 1610: 1560: 1530: 1510: 1445: 1425: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1301: 1264: 1237: 1213: 1208: 778: 768: 567: 144: 75: 66: 20: 11196: 11162: 11095: 10938: 10782: 10701: 10621: 10594: 10197:"Social Realities of Indian Americans: Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey" 8872: 8831: 8818:

10 percent of the total population on average, but it could rise up to one-third of the total.

8796: 7300: 7250: 6004:, Korea systemised its own native class system. At the top were the two official classes, the 4885:, for example the Jats and Yadavs, straddled two Varnas i.e. Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, and the 15067: 15042: 15032: 15022: 15017: 14870: 13938: 13890: 13757: 13717: 13650: 13547: 13495: 13422: 13177: 12941: 12853: 12828: 12823: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12738: 12693: 12653: 12559: 12529: 12432: 12045: 11832: 11765: 11533: 11402: 11230: 11128: 10965: 10867: 10811: 10109: 9902: 7509: 7074: 6757: 5800: 5230: 5175: 5065: 5040: 4999: 4962: 2975: 2949: 2852: 2732: 2700:. Within such a system, individuals are expected to marry exclusively within the same caste ( 2693: 2554: 2514: 2447: 2336: 2284: 2203: 1952: 1716: 1620: 1595: 1590: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1505: 1460: 1420: 1326: 1296: 1191: 788: 641: 429: 27: 11513: 11395: 11063: 7524: 4943:

An image of a man and woman from the toddy-tapping community in Malabar from the manuscript

15128: 15123: 15027: 14897: 14848: 14242: 14208: 14193: 14029: 13976: 13628: 13162: 13036: 12753: 12718: 12668: 12643: 12464: 12427: 12158: 12020: 11893: 11842: 11837: 11528: 10875: 10819: 9032: 8328:

Rogers, John (February 2004). "Caste as a social category and identity in colonial Lanka".

7922: 7099: 7006: 6881:

which desire to retain their positions for themselves and thus perpetuate the two systems.

6826:, the offspring of unions between whites, blacks, and indigenous. The Republic of Indians ( 6744:

The socially isolated Cagots were endogamous, and chances of social mobility non-existent.

6724: 6684:, they have traditions of having previously spoken another language before adopting Oromo. 6496:

Tamari has described endogamous castes of over fifteen West African peoples, including the

6082:

of 1896, the class system of Korea was officially abolished. Following the collapse of the

5754:

Marriage between certain classes was generally prohibited. In particular, marriage between

4663: 4512: 3704: 3523: 3501: 2425: 1937: 1811: 1520: 1485: 1435: 1410: 1223: 1186: 909: 763: 434: 409: 164: 10633: 10626: 10143:"Group opposes protection from caste discrimination in California Varsity's faculty union" 9296:

Obinna, Elijah (2012). "Contesting identity: the Osu caste system among Igbo of Nigeria".

6699:

were traditionally sometimes treated as outcasts. As Gabboye, the Madhiban along with the

5290:

Classless societies – egalitarian societies with no class structure. Examples include the

8: 14512: 14317: 14292: 14272: 14176: 13804: 13665: 13300: 13202: 13182: 12971: 12879: 12838: 12818: 12788: 12688: 12483: 12298: 11812: 11737: 11715: 11710: 11657: 10771: 10434: 8986: 8746:

Newell, William H. (December 1961). "The Comparative Study of Caste in India and Japan".

8503: 7970: 7235: 7085: 6923: 6083: 4816: 4568: 4446: 4216: 3422: 3343: 3299: 3127: 3003: 2601: 2462: 2081: 1977: 1957: 1746: 1654: 1605: 1585: 1555: 1455: 1242: 1049: 637: 11523: 10418: 9893:[The cagots of the Pyrenees: an attested segregation, a poorly known mobility]. 6227:, who are each affiliated to a Pîr and a Sheikh priestly lineage assigned to the tribe. 14669: 14651: 14646: 14634: 14468: 14287: 14267: 14237: 14019: 13991: 13577: 13572: 13562: 13510: 13500: 13475: 13417: 13375: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13187: 12495: 11600: 11583: 11578: 11553: 11538: 11470: 11450: 11440: 11410: 11261:

Zwick-Maitreyi, M.; Soundararajan, T.; Dar, N.; Bheel, R. F.; Balakrishnan, P. (2018),

10568: 10236: 10083: 10075: 10038: 9755: 9727: 9719: 9641: 9604: 9538: 9501: 9493: 9390: 9350: 9313: 9095: 8765: 8409: 8345: 8194: 8186: 8018: 7947: 7576: 7454: 7398: 6970:

The racial understanding of caste has largely been debated by scholars, with some like

6927: 6907: 6903: 5989: 5759: 5562: 5523: 5506: 5478: 5406: 5083: 4970: 4659: 4468: 4451: 4379: 3720: 3555: 3403: 3321: 3013: 2990: 2366: 2361: 2351: 2299: 2289: 2264: 2198: 2156: 2066: 2061: 2056: 1962: 1254: 572: 474: 404: 193: 130: 80: 11026: 10222: 9925:

documentation exploited by G. Loubès and the documents published by Fay for Béarn and

6086:, the new cabinet, which became the Gwangmu government after the establishment of the 14674: 14592: 14329: 14282: 14220: 14049: 13836: 13747: 13675: 13660: 13459: 13402: 13207: 13115: 13006: 12926: 12773: 12075: 11807: 11688: 11271: 11240: 11208: 11174: 11170: 11140: 11107: 11080: 11034: 11005: 10983: 10950: 10879: 10851: 10823: 10790: 10747: 10713: 10709: 10686: 10667: 10637: 10606: 10580: 10438: 10316: 10168: 10123: 10113: 10087: 10042: 9916: 9832: 9731: 9680: 9565: 9542: 9505: 9394: 9354: 9317: 9246: 9165: 9155: 9132: 9099: 9087: 9038: 8914: 8882: 8841: 8800: 8785: 8697: 8660: 8619: 8467: 8438: 8371: 8349: 8310: 8285: 8198: 7872: 7843: 7805: 7754: 7726: 7677: 7551: 7402: 7390: 7308: 7262: 7258: 7193: 7066: 6956: 6911: 6857: 6832:) comprised all the various indigenous peoples, now classified in a single category, 6753: 6513: 6497: 6167:

officers' corps, the wavering class included peasants, and the impure class included

6052: 5082:

system superimposed. Inscriptions attest the beginnings of a caste system during the

3975: 3655: 3580: 3385: 2985: 2926: 2746:

were a category within the Hispanic sector but the social order was otherwise fluid.

2633: 2544: 2472: 2457: 2240: 2183: 1982: 1890: 1781: 1701: 1540: 818: 399: 384: 379: 10396:"India's Universities Are Falling Terribly Short on Addressing Caste Discrimination" 10002:

The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660–1720

6918:, with only rare but commonly touted exceptions to lasting personal success such as 6711:, and their general social status has improved with the expansion of urban centers. 15118: 14992: 14892: 14722: 14530: 14420: 14371: 14344: 14097: 14092: 13945: 13799: 13784: 13712: 13633: 13603: 13434: 13270: 12976: 12549: 12544: 12395: 12293: 11858: 11742: 11683: 11673: 11319: 11309:, Edited by Paul Hockings and Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, Amsterdam, 1987. 11059: 10430: 10195:

Badrinathan, Sumitra; Kapur, Devesh; Kay, Jonathan; Vaishnav, Milan (9 June 2021).

10106:

Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed

10067: 10030: 9824: 9711: 9702: 9633: 9624: 9596: 9534: 9530: 9485: 9476: 9382: 9346: 9342: 9305: 9124: 9079: 8961: 8757: 8687:"Edo jidai no buke no kekkon wa kantan janakatta. Bakufu no kyoka mo hitsuyōdatta" 8491:"'Shinōkōshō' ya ' sì mín píng děng ' No yōgo ga tsukawa rete inai koto ni tsuite" 8337: 8260: 8182: 8178: 8147: 8078: 7825: 7382: 7129: 6919: 6874:

used caste as an analogy to understand racial discrimination in the United States.

6871: 6387: 6216: 6208: 5816: 5379: 5314: 5310: 5295: 5192: 5133: 5087: 5036:

leads to better husbandry as his actions are not protected by social expectations.

5011: 4975: 4953: 4847: 4811: 4686: 4621: 4234: 4010: 3597: 3265: 3043: 2874: 2862: 2761: 2705: 2596: 2581: 2509: 2430: 2400: 2215: 2051: 1751: 1316: 1311: 1154: 1044: 544: 534: 514: 504: 11361:

International Dalit Solidarity Network: An international advocacy group for Dalits

11346:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

9409: 9083: 8724: 8721:"Class, Ethnicity and Nationality: Japan Finds Plenty of Space for Discrimination" 8265: 8246: 8152: 8133: 7386: 6426: 14863: 14555: 14366: 14112: 14102: 13814: 13722: 13618: 13567: 13427: 13412: 13392: 13357: 13070: 12981: 12916: 12723: 12673: 12459: 12318: 11847: 11619: 11508: 10997: 10845: 10735: 10419:"Transforming universities: Student activism, caste, and politics in North India" 9862: 9309: 7829: 7203: 7070: 6946:

became the first city in the United States to ban discrimination based on caste.

6877: 6853: 6761: 6662: 6619: 6583: 6541: 6517: 6326:

of Sudan, the exclusionary principle has been driven by evolving social factors.

6091: 6016:). Scholars had a significant social advantage over the warriors. Below were the 5812: 5053: 4668: 4644: 4507: 3545: 2611: 2519: 2415: 2356: 2208: 2193: 2173: 2138: 1845: 1756: 1691: 1490: 1440: 1218: 1069: 582: 539: 494: 479: 424: 174: 106: 101: 50: 16:

Formal and informal social stratification and classification which confers status

9828: 8936:

The Korean Paekjŏng under Japanese rule: the quest for equality and human rights

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Scott, William Henry (1979). "Class Structure in the Unhispanized Philippines".

7719:

Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra

15175: 14820: 14764: 14603: 14560: 14488: 14232: 14203: 14128: 14082: 14024: 13981: 13809: 13767: 13737: 13727: 13645: 13638: 13623: 13613: 13449: 13385: 13327: 13322: 13307: 13090: 13085: 13080: 12966: 12901: 12437: 12410: 12263: 11965: 11899: 11817: 11792: 11787: 11700: 10101: 9587: 9013: 8341: 7670:

Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present

7119: 7081: 6985: 6971: 6886: 6681: 6677: 6587: 6521: 6501: 6410: 6224: 6204: 6148: 6110: 6072: 6001: 5582: 5496: 5473: 5445: 5410: 5402: 5338: 5302: 5291: 5262: 5242: 5091: 5015: 4389: 4371: 4362: 4030: 3970: 3021: 2737: 2606: 2564: 2534: 2524: 2442: 2435: 2420: 2410: 2230: 2166: 2108: 2103: 2088: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1741: 1676: 1196: 1169: 1014: 690: 529: 519: 509: 454: 247: 9386: 9169: 8965: 7795: 6563:

populations, no later than 16th century. Tamari claims that wars, such as the

15169: 14661: 14458: 14247: 14117: 14107: 14065: 14039: 14034: 13971: 13931: 13821: 13444: 13380: 13365: 13227: 13192: 13172: 13043: 12986: 12921: 12340: 12243: 11882: 11802: 11678: 11563: 11420: 9136: 9091: 8536: 8498: 8314: 8218: 7394: 6899: 6688: 6651: 6537: 6509: 6414:

descendants of the original Songhai people, followed by freemen and traders.

6359: 6087: 5993: 5513: 5394: 5387: 5375: 5371: 5306: 4909: 4429: 4095: 4065: 3962: 3699: 3193: 3065: 2618: 2225: 2161: 2146: 2002: 1967: 1947: 1818: 1761: 1696: 1091: 994: 524: 459: 419: 414: 394: 282: 242: 237: 223: 213: 208: 111: 54: 10127: 9891:"Les cagots des Pyrénées: une ségrégation attestée, une mobilité mal connue" 9128: 7998: 7895: 6055:

activity in the late 19th century saw some improvement in the status of the

6036:: literally 'commoner'), farmers working their own fields. Korea also had a 4864:

were founded by people who would have been classified as Shudras, under the

14694: 14621: 14400: 14390: 14309: 14059: 13966: 13916: 13655: 13542: 13370: 13337: 13317: 13247: 13237: 13217: 13197: 12833: 12733: 12469: 12444: 12308: 12248: 12213: 12178: 12173: 11004:, (Macmillan social science library), Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference US, 10056:

Berreman, Gerald (September 1960). "Caste in India and the United States".

8748: 8541: 8307:

Caste ranking and community structure in five regions of India and Pakistan

8138: 6768: 6669: 6655: 6529: 6525: 6505: 6462: 6454: 6371: 6240: 6152: 5643: 5610: 5350: 5334: 5158: 4755: 3990: 3614: 3413: 3368: 3215: 2907: 2899: 2870: 2805: 2689: 2452: 2331: 2151: 2118: 2098: 2022: 2012: 1992: 1972: 1600: 1500: 1228: 1203: 1059: 999: 964: 929: 924: 499: 489: 484: 444: 439: 389: 188: 169: 10855: 7443:

Wilson, E. O. (1979). "The Evolution of Caste Systems in Social Insects".

6602:, noted Maquet, considered themselves as superior, with the more numerous 2727:

The paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste is the division of India's

14858: 14689: 14679: 14629: 14611: 14522: 14483: 14277: 14188: 14171: 13557: 13517: 13485: 13352: 13312: 13152: 13065: 13016: 12991: 12891: 12591: 12330: 12313: 12268: 12183: 11558: 11349: 11264:

Caste in the United States: A survey of Caste among South Asian Americans

11033:, Macmillan social science library, Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference US, 10863: 10767: 9266: 8578: 7572:"Genetic study suggests caste began to dictate marriage from Gupta reign" 7225: 6533: 6478: 6442: 6419: 6379: 6355: 6347: 6322: 6310: 6172: 6079: 6045: 5804: 5685: 5636: 5614: 5418: 5414: 5272: 5162: 5032: 4806: 4152: 4105: 4100: 4035: 3243: 3087: 2721: 2346: 2306: 2274: 2133: 2093: 1927: 1840: 1791: 1766: 1666: 1358: 1081: 1064: 1019: 934: 469: 464: 11396:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

10317:"Education and Caste Based Discrimination: A Sociological Understanding" 10294:"Indian student's fight against caste discrimination raises Dalit hopes" 9775:

Smith, Edwin William; Forde, Cyril Daryll; Westermann, Diedrich (1981).

9608: 8413: 7758: 5808: 14704: 14044: 13831: 13826: 13707: 13702: 13598: 13582: 13439: 13332: 13290: 13252: 13060: 13048: 13021: 13011: 12931: 12357: 12352: 12323: 12258: 12097: 11868: 11725: 11720: 11705: 10079: 9723: 9700:

Todd, D. M. (October 1977). "La Caste en Afrique? (Caste in Africa?)".

9645: 9497: 9371:

Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".

8837: 8769: 8190: 8082: 7490: 6890: 6367: 5690: 5363: 5049: 5039:

Chiefly among the factors influencing the rise of exogamy is the rapid

4558: 4127: 4080: 3540: 3390: 2628: 2623: 2504: 2499: 2395: 2371: 2220: 2113: 2071: 2027: 1835: 1823: 1796: 1786: 1706: 1108: 1103: 1074: 1009: 840: 361: 154: 149: 10906: 10789:, New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers, pp. 194–195, 7458: 7336: 7307:. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers. pp. 194–195. 7057: 6418:

and sometimes despised by others. Richter illustrates caste system in

4998:

The socio-economic limitations of the caste system are reduced due to

14750: 14745: 14712: 14684: 14572: 14567: 14503: 14478: 14425: 14339: 14054: 13986: 13732: 13680: 13397: 12996: 12123: 11760: 11693: 11548: 11204: 10975: 10946: 10602: 10147: 9748:

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies

9600: 8878: 8167:

Berreman, Gerald D. (1962). "Village Exogamy in Northernmost India".

8117: 7134: 6800: 6795: 6752:

In July 2013, the UK government announced its intention to amend the

6720: 6692: 6629: 6375: 6363: 6316: 6290: 6276: 6156: 5979: 5926: 5779: 5545: 5398: 5246: 5208: 5023: 4834: 4085: 4070: 4045: 4020: 4015: 3137: 2882: 2809: 2529: 2477: 2178: 1771: 874: 549: 218: 121: 9715: 9637: 9489: 9331:

Watson, James B. (Winter 1963). "Caste as a Form of Acculturation".

8761: 8069:

Sen, Ronojoy (2012). "The persistence of caste in Indian politics".

7544:

Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico

6856:, discrimination in the Southern United States in the 1930s against 6008:, which literally means "two classes". It was composed of scholars ( 5747: 5716: 5712: 5401:

to a degree. They include the larger coastal ethnic groups like the

35: 14759: 14731: 14717: 14584: 14550: 14508: 14493: 14453: 14198: 13697: 13527: 13454: 13105: 13031: 12936: 12896: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12133: 11853: 11236: 11103: 10227: 10071: 10034: 9926: 8792: 8050: 7341:

Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012

7062: 6981: 6804:

Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century

6696: 6673: 6647: 6634: 6403: 6236: 6200: 6102: 5906: 5763: 5450: 5355: 5221: 5095: 5007: 4838: 4055: 3159: 2903: 2728: 2709: 2701: 2494: 2316: 2235: 1880: 1806: 1711: 1671: 1039: 1034: 1029: 954: 949: 944: 884: 203: 11307:

Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honour of David G. Mandelbaum

10176: 9423:

Nadel, S. F. (1954). "Caste and government in primitive society".

2937: 14755: 14740: 14736: 14498: 14448: 14440: 14430: 14334: 14322: 14181: 14077: 14071: 12208: 12102: 12082: 12055: 12030: 11934: 11827: 11797: 9452: 8247:"Ecologic Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North Pakistan" 7114: 6943: 6708: 6595: 6450: 6446: 6399: 6351: 6334: 6143: 6131: 6098: 6005: 5938: 5888: 5852: 5625: 5558:. They traditionally went on seasonal raids on enemy settlements. 5501: 5267: 5217: 5199: 4987: 4948: 4842: 4830: 4090: 4050: 4040: 4005: 4000: 2886: 2878: 959: 845: 825: 798: 773: 698: 125: 11167:

Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World

10874:. Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, Sarah Whatmore. 8096:

Gandhi, Rag S. (1980). "From Caste to Class in Indian Society".

7653:

Crooke, William. "Social Types". In Risley, Herbert Hope (ed.).

2894: 2866: 14727: 14540: 14473: 14413: 14408: 14215: 13882: 13157: 12188: 12087: 12065: 12060: 12010: 11822: 11305:"Early Evidence for Caste in South India", pp. 467–492 in 9820: 9673:

Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society

7993: 7967:"Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population: Census 2001" 6735:

For centuries, through the modern times, the majority regarded

6591: 6438: 6430: 6286: 5932: 5870: 5836: 5755: 5573: 5567: 5539: 5472:

were almost always male, though in some ethnic groups like the

5434: 5226: 5212: 5203: 4147: 4075: 4060: 4025: 2890: 2692:

into which an individual is born within a particular system of

1932: 939: 830: 808: 803: 755: 9051: 8723:. South Asia Human Rights Documentation System. Archived from 5257: 5249:, and caste system studies in British colonies such as India. 5070:

The Nepali caste system resembles in some respects the Indian

14535: 14463: 13167: 11330: 10164:"Even in the U.S. he couldn't escape the label 'untouchable'" 7737:

Most of the Kakatiya records proudly describe them as Shudra.

7624:"Even with a Harvard pedigree, caste follows 'like a shadow'" 7531:. London, UK: Tavistock. pp. 231–256. GGKEY:EC3ZBGF5QC9. 6822: 6789: 6736: 6700: 6626:. and a later volume by Dena Freeman writing with Pankhurst. 6599: 6434: 6339: 6282: 6106: 5841: 5770: 5491: 5330: 4981: 4548: 4137: 3985: 3980: 2829: 2799: 2767: 2742: 1942: 198: 41: 10535: 10533: 26:"Caste system" redirects here. For the system in India, see 14545: 14087: 13779: 13608: 11073:

Debugging the Link between Social Theory and Social Insects

10932:

This is now the leading sense, which influences all others.

10223:"Seattle becomes first US city to ban caste discrimination" 10194: 9922: 7362:

This is now the leading sense, which influences all others.

6695:

agro-pastoral clans and the occupational clans such as the

6603: 6199:

There are three hereditary groups, often called castes, in

6037: 5920: 5708: 5630: 5590: 5456: 5180: 5154: 4900:

led by colonial administrator Herbert Hope Risley, all the

4809:

arbitrarily and incorrectly forced all Jātis into the four

4543: 2576: 2405: 9969:"Research report 91: Caste in Britain: Socio-legal Review" 9941:"Caste legislation introduction – programme and timetable" 8981:"North Korea caste system 'underpins human rights abuses'" 8460:

Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society

7831:

The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India

7412: 7016:

Several forms of discrimination manifest in universities:

6481:

societies also have class divisions. Other castes include

4829:

texts, describes society as divided into four categories:

10530: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10480: 9271: 7529:

The translation of culture essays to E.E. Evans-Pritchard

7109: 6607: 5353:

ethnic groups or ethnic groups which had seasonal raids (

4563: 3995: 2782: 2717: 2713: 10660:

Ant Encounters: Interaction Networks and Colony Behavior

10545: 10458: 10456: 10454: 8833:

Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives

7943:"Scaling Caste Walls With Capitalism's Ladders in India" 7865:

Homo hierarchicus: the caste system and its implications

7424: 2873:

conceptualised a society as consisting of four types of

9324: 9207:

The Persian Night: Iran under the Khomeinist Revolution

8115:

Gandhi, Divya (2 April 2016). "Running in the family".

7797:

Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of New India

10816:

Concise Dictionary of Social and Cultural Anthropology

10509: 10492: 10468: 10373:"India 'struggling' with casteism in higher education" 9817:

The invention of racism: Antiquity and the Middle Ages

8408:(2, Special Issue in Memory of Frank Lynch): 137–159. 7749:

Notes of Yuan Chwang, Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934).

6707:) have since obtained political representation within 6547:

no later than 14th century, and was present among the

11357:

by Marguerite Abadjian (Archive of the Baltimore Sun)

10451: 10019:

Warner, W. Lloyd (1936). "American Caste and Class".

8830:

Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (1 November 2011).

7465: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 5707:(身分制). At the top were the Emperor and Court nobles ( 2785: 2779: 2770: 2764: 10662:. Primers in Complex Systems. Princeton and Oxford: 10282:: 227–252 – via Cambridge University Press Journals. 9798:. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. pp. 13–14. 9774: 9069: 9018:

Nothing to Envy: Love, Life and Death in North Korea

8874:

Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

7046: 5191:(once born), much similar to the traditional Indian 4920:(conceptual classification based on occupation) and 2788: 2773: 11360: 11341:

Robert Merton on Caste and The Sociology of Science

9222:

Why the Middle East Lagged Behind: The Case of Iran

10625: 10265:: 323–345 – via EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier. 9034:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future 8979: 8784: 7489: 6473:(slaves and slave descendants) and the underclass 6465:in Senegal is divided into three main groups, the 13743:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 11165:. In Christensen, Karen; Levinson, David (eds.). 11031:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 11002:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 10628:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions 10134: 9191:These four are the three common "Indo-Euoropean" 9037:. Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. p. 186. 8321: 8014:"For 15 million in India, a childhood of slavery" 7773:"Census in Colonial India and the Birth of Caste" 7446:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6860:was similar to Indian castes in such features as 6223:). Mirîds are the lay caste and are divided into 6207:, which are represented by many sacred lineages ( 6097:While most Koreans by then had surnames and even 5006:. Nevertheless, the caste system still exists in 2540:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 15167: 10683:Ants at work: How an insect society is organized 10599:Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology 8046:"UN report slams India for caste discrimination" 7892:"The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1950" 7234:, Encyclopæida Britannica Online, archived from 2813: 13403:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 11260: 11232:Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology 10182: 9849: 8485: 8483: 8284:. Aldine Publishing Company. pp. 337–354. 8282:The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia 8280:Ahmed, Zeyauddin (1977). David, Kenneth (ed.). 7488: 7005:determining factor in the university system in 6814:), comprising European whites, African slaves ( 6771:led a project on "Caste in Britain" for the UK 5723: 2184:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 12885:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 11102:, vol. 1, Santa Barbara, CA; Oxford, UK: 10597:. In Barnard, Alan; Spencer, Jonathan (eds.). 10315:Kahali, Sonu; Sagarika, Sipra (October 2021). 10314: 9812:L'invention du racisme: Antiquité et Moyen-Âge 9176: 8561: 8559: 7605:"Caste originated during Gupta dynasty: Study" 6000:In 1392, with the foundation of the Confucian 5730: 4893:itself was subject to articulation over time. 1660:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 13898: 11950: 11381: 11194: 11126: 7418: 6995: 6833: 6827: 6815: 6809: 5958: 5468:, support may be withdrawn by his followers. 4908:categories. According to political scientist 4782: 2797: 2665: 659: 14802: 14582: 11733:Residential segregation in the United States 11100:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 10706:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 10632:. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. p. 10423:Universities as Transformative Social Spaces 9808: 8787:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 8523: 8521: 8480: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8011: 7255:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 7172: 7170: 6864:and marriage restrictions. In her 2020 book 6031: 6021: 5983: 5482:) co-rules as the female counterpart of the 2969:Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and 13101:List of people killed for being transgender 9819:]. Hors collection (in French). Paris: 9412:. International Humanist and Ethical Union. 8572:[Update on human rights awareness] 8556: 8531:第35回　教科書から『士農工商』が消えたー後編ー　令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号 7522: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7368: 5642:Southerners (people of the former Southern 4851:classifications. Scholars believe that the 4801:From 1901 onwards, for the purposes of the 4486:Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India 1876:List of people killed for being transgender 45:weaving bamboo baskets in a 1916 book. The 13905: 13891: 11957: 11943: 11388: 11374: 11056:The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Sociology 10201:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 9768: 9760:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9366: 9364: 9291: 9289: 9267:"Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression" 9224:. University Press of America. p. 72. 8696:(in Japanese). 6 June 2023. Archived from 7989:"Children pay high price for cheap labour" 7770: 7516: 6936:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 5951: 5661:There is significant controversy over the 4924:(groups) are two distinct concepts: while 4815:categories as described in ancient texts. 4789: 4775: 2796:) derives from the Spanish and Portuguese 2672: 2658: 666: 652: 594:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems 10971:Encyclopedia of International Development 10941:. In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.). 10337: 9621: 9585:Codere, Helen (1962). "Power in Ruanda". 9234: 9149: 9112: 8947: 8945: 8913:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 326. 8829: 8782: 8518: 8384: 8330:Indian Economic and Social History Review 8264: 8151: 7959: 7167: 6848:Caste discrimination in the United States 6622:has published a study of caste groups in 6138:Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 6048:of 1894, but traces remained until 1930. 4965:listed 1,108 Jatis across the country as 3638:National Judicial Appointments Commission 14790: 12224:Social determinants of health in poverty 11228: 11093: 10843: 10783:"Castes (part of Social Stratification)" 10780: 10592: 10551: 10276:Journal of race, ethnicity, and politics 10140: 10055: 9666: 9664: 9020:. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 26–27. 8870: 8679: 8656:結婚は主君の許可が必要だが、離婚するときはどうだった？江戸時代「武士」の一生行事 8304: 8166: 7940: 7477: 7471: 7430: 7301:"Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION)" 7298: 7288: 6799: 6703:and Tumaal (collectively referred to as 6628: 6333: 5969: 5722:Older scholars believed that there were 5689: 5256: 5148: 4945:Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India 4938: 4133:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 975:Social determinants of health in poverty 34: 11070: 11053: 11024: 10850:. New York and London: The Century Co. 10787:A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences 10733: 10619: 10567: 10539: 10524: 10503: 10486: 10474: 10394:Sitlhou, Makepeace (21 November 2017). 10393: 10291: 9744: 9473: 9361: 9286: 8866: 8864: 8640: 8426: 8420: 8361: 8359: 7856: 7824: 7305:A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences 7179: 6101:, although still substantial number of 5639:people (in the northern areas of China) 4957:categories from the 1901 census onwards 2918:This article is part of a series on the 614:Political and Legal Anthropology Review 15168: 11160: 11127:Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2005). 10809: 10680: 10657: 10462: 10406:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10383:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10360:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10304:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10292:Nagaraj, Anuradha (29 November 2021). 10161: 10018: 9855: 9584: 9555: 9518: 9370: 9330: 9295: 9204: 9057: 9012: 8942: 8745: 8601: 8451: 8327: 8114: 8095: 8012:Coursen-Neff, Zama (30 January 2003). 7862: 7716: 7602: 7541: 7442: 7080:The ecologically oriented sociologist 6975:fit the caste system reflected by the 6767:From September 2013 to February 2014, 6586:in 1960 claimed that the societies in 5758:and court nobles was forbidden by the 5108:Caste system among South Asian Muslims 4841:(farmers, merchants and artisans) and 4674:State Visits by Indian Prime Ministers 2857:Caste system among South Asian Muslims 270:Societies without hierarchical leaders 14789: 14146: 13886: 11938: 11369: 11287:from the original on 3 September 2021 11064:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190273385.013.28 10963: 10936: 10862: 10766: 10699: 10416: 10220: 10100: 9888: 9793: 9670: 9661: 9445:"Kingdoms of Ancient African History" 9422: 9219: 8951: 8646: 8457: 8430:An Introduction to Philippine History 8399: 8279: 8244: 8131: 7793: 7787: 7771:Samarendra, Padmanabh (5 June 2015). 7248: 7224: 6867:Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents 6598:can be best described as castes. The 6285:there exists a hereditary caste, the 5604: 5187:(twice born), and the lower class of 5139: 4928:is a theoretical four-part division, 4166:Proposed states and union territories 2902:of unrelated Indians determined that 2865:on the social ethnic grouping called 13867: 12907:Capital punishment for homosexuality 12229:Social determinants of mental health 11917: 11201:Encyclopedia of the Developing World 10995: 10370: 10141:Lakshman, Sriram (24 January 2022). 9999: 9974:Equality and Human Rights Commission 9870:from the original on 12 January 2021 9699: 9522:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9407: 9334:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 8994:from the original on 11 January 2022 8861: 8718: 8365: 8356: 8170:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 8098:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 7941:Polgreen, Lydia (21 December 2011). 7510:participating institution membership 6773:Equality and Human Rights Commission 6691:are divided into clans, wherein the 4961:Upon independence from Britain, the 1682:Capital punishment for homosexuality 980:Social determinants of mental health 13027:Genital modification and mutilation 11738:Segregation academy (United States) 11653:Sex segregation in public restrooms 10258:Journal of African American Studies 9154:. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 27. 9030: 8933: 8908: 8871:Campbell, Gwyn (23 November 2004). 8068: 7667: 6477:. In various parts of West Africa, 6461:slaves as inferior. Similarly, the 4904:were grouped under the theoretical 1802:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 14148: 14147: 11964: 11293: 10781:Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006), 10435:10.1093/oso/9780192865571.003.0008 10162:Walker, Nani Sahra (4 July 2021). 9426:Journal of Anthropological Society 8211: 8134:"Intermarriage in Caste Societies" 7652: 7621: 7580:. 16 February 2016. Archived from 7369:Kanti Ghosh, Sumit (18 May 2023). 7299:Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006). 6949: 5992:in the 11th century. The defeated 5795:are regarded as "ostracised". The 3436:Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2936: 2827:is sometimes used to describe the 14: 15197: 11313: 11195:Sooryamoorthi, Radhamany (2006). 11098:, in Rodriguez, Junius P. (ed.), 10872:The Dictionary of Human Geography 10704:. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). 8663:. 31 January 2022. Archived from 8464:Ateneo de Manila University Press 8435:Ateneo de Manila University Press 8245:Barth, Fredrick (December 1956). 7253:. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). 7047:Caste in sociology and entomology 6747: 6613: 6578: 6169:collaborators with Imperial Japan 5665:, especially with regards to the 5561:Commoners and slaves – (Visayan, 5144: 4247:Lieutenant Governor/Administrator 3643:National Legal Services Authority 3352:Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs 588:Political economy in anthropology 15150: 15149: 13912: 13866: 13857: 13856: 13506:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 13343:Law for Protection of the Nation 13243:White genocide conspiracy theory 11916: 11888: 11887: 11302:by David Ludden 11 December 2001 11077:Louisiana State University Press 10776:, Encyclopæida Britannica Online 10410: 10387: 10364: 10331: 10308: 10285: 10268: 10249: 10214: 10188: 9858:"The Last Untouchable in Europe" 9809:Delacampagne, Christian (1983). 9410:"Caste discrimination in Africa" 8132:Davis, Kingsley (13 June 2013). 6841: 6783: 6730: 6382:states of the country – scholar 6051:The opening of Korea to foreign 5699:, higher than most court nobles. 4749: 2841: 2760: 2295:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2124:Law for Protection of the Nation 2018:White genocide conspiracy theory 697: 13348:MSM blood donation restrictions 13096:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 11199:. In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.). 10913:(Second ed.), Oxford, UK: 10417:Kumar, Satendra (31 May 2022). 10371:Adil, Ahmad (24 January 2022). 10221:Matza, Max (22 February 2023). 10155: 10094: 10049: 10012: 9993: 9961: 9933: 9901:(1–3): 197–222 . Archived from 9882: 9802: 9787: 9750:. Trondheim. pp. 299–309 . 9738: 9693: 9652: 9615: 9578: 9549: 9512: 9467: 9437: 9416: 9401: 9259: 9228: 9213: 9198: 9185: 9143: 9106: 9063: 9024: 9006: 8972: 8927: 8902: 8823: 8776: 8739: 8712: 8689:江戸時代の武家の結婚は簡単じゃなかった。幕府の許可も必要だった 8634: 8298: 8273: 8238: 8205: 8160: 8125: 8108: 8089: 8062: 8038: 8005: 7981: 7934: 7910: 7894:. Lawmin.nic.in. Archived from 7884: 7818: 7764: 7743: 7717:Talbot, Austin Cynthia (2001). 7710: 7700: 7690: 7661: 7646: 7615: 7603:Kalyan, Ray (27 January 2016). 7596: 7148: 5157:. Photo from 1870, courtesy of 2129:MSM blood donation restrictions 1871:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 14791: 13361:(as religious or racial quota) 11300:Spectres of Agrarian Territory 11029:, in William A. Darity (ed.), 11025:Roberts, Nathaniel P. (2008), 11000:, in William A. Darity (ed.), 9535:10.1086/soutjanth.16.1.3629054 9374:The Journal of African History 9347:10.1086/soutjanth.19.4.3629284 8493:「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて 8183:10.1086/soutjanth.18.1.3629123 8054:. 2 March 2007. Archived from 7926:. 27 June 2022. Archived from 7564: 7535: 7436: 7105:Inter-caste marriages in India 6329: 6125: 5349:. This society is typical for 5252: 4833:(scholars and yajna priests), 2142:(as religious or racial quota) 450:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges 1: 13775:Second-generation gender bias 13491:Constitutional colorblindness 12219:Social determinants of health 10844:Mukerjee, Radhakamal (1926). 10327:(2) – via ResearchGate. 10059:American Journal of Sociology 10022:American Journal of Sociology 10006:University of Wisconsin Press 9856:Thomas, Sean (28 July 2008). 9823:. pp. 114–115, 121–124. 9084:10.1080/00210862.2019.1669118 8783:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). 8618:(in Japanese). Archived from 8582:(in Japanese). Archived from 8540:(in Japanese). Archived from 8502:(in Japanese). Archived from 8458:Scott, William Henry (1994). 8266:10.1525/aa.1956.58.6.02a00080 8153:10.1525/aa.1941.43.3.02a00030 7777:Economic and Political Weekly 7753:Poona: Oriental Book Agency. 7527:. In Beidelman, T. O. (ed.). 7387:10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 7161: 5745:), craftsmen, and merchants ( 5276: 4728:Pan-African e-Network project 2572:Second-generation gender bias 2280:Constitutional colorblindness 970:Social determinants of health 621:Journal of Legal Anthropology 289:The Art of Not Being Governed 11229:Winthrop, Robert H. (1991). 10974:, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: 10685:. New York: The Free Press. 10620:Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1999). 10338:Gundemeda, Nagaraju (2020). 10321:Social Issues & Problems 9948:Government Equalities Office 9408:Igwe, Leo (21 August 2009). 9310:10.1080/14725843.2011.614412 8567:"Jinken ishiki no appudēto" 7523:Pitt-Rivers, Julian (1971). 7291:, pp. 136–137. Quote: " 6540:. Castes appeared among the 6183: 6178: 5667:serfdom in Tibet controversy 5599: 5317:who had warriors called the 5169: 5116: 4877:may or may not fit into the 4807:British colonial authorities 4413:Ministry of External Affairs 3949:States and union territories 3624:Additional Solicitor General 2906:jatis originated during the 2749: 7: 13686:Medical model of disability 13538:Hate speech laws by country 11595:Brown v. Board of Education 11161:Sonnad, Subhash R. (2003). 11094:Salamone, Frank A. (1997), 10943:Social Science Encyclopedia 10870:. In Gregory, Derek (ed.). 10734:Lagasse, Paul, ed. (2007), 10681:Gordon, Deborah M. (1999). 10658:Gordon, Deborah M. (2010). 9895:Le Monde alpin et rhodanien 9829:10.3917/fayar.delac.1983.01 9556:Maquet, Jacques J. (1962). 8911:Colonial Modernity in Korea 8719:Nair, Ravi (18 June 2001). 7869:University of Chicago Press 7840:University of Chicago Press 7794:Dirks, Nicholas B. (2001). 7180:Lagasse, Paul, ed. (2007). 7092: 6910:prevented many industrious 6778: 6739:who lived primarily in the 6650:in communities such as the 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6220: 6212: 5724: 5341:refer to their warriors as 5101: 4881:classes and many prominent 4194:Community Development Block 3770:Vice Presidential elections 3675:Chief Election Commissioner 3564:Ministry of Law and Justice 3441:Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2971:Fundamental Duties of India 2483:Medical model of disability 2327:Hate speech laws by country 10: 15202: 13997:Weberian (three-component) 13795:Social model of disability 12274:Discrimination against men 11504:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 11071:Rodgers, Diane M. (2008). 10664:Princeton University Press 10560: 10241:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 9150:Omarkhali, Khanna (2017). 9116:Journal of Kurdish Studies 8342:10.1177/001946460404100104 7802:Princeton University Press 7674:Cambridge University Press 7548:Cambridge University Press 6996:Caste and higher education 6889:elaborates on how "global 6845: 6793: 6787: 6687:The traditionally nomadic 6300: 6274: 6195:Yazidi social organization 6192: 6188: 6129: 5683: 5654: 5193:BKVS social stratification 5173: 5120: 5105: 5063: 2850: 2804:, which, according to the 2592:Social model of disability 1025:Discrimination against men 627:Journal of Law and Society 347:Colonialism and resistance 25: 18: 15145: 15086: 14978: 14946: 14913: 14839: 14811: 14798: 14785: 14703: 14660: 14620: 14602: 14521: 14439: 14399: 14308: 14301: 14256: 14159: 14155: 14142: 14005: 13959: 13955: 13926: 13852: 13591: 13468: 13261: 13148:Opposition to immigration 12872: 12519: 12366: 12116: 12066:Race / Ethnicity 12003: 11972: 11877: 11751: 11666: 11618: 11549:Apartheid in South Africa 11469: 11401: 11133:A Dictionary of Sociology 10968:, in Forsyth, Tim (ed.), 10911:Oxford English Dictionary 10901:Oxford English Dictionary 10744:Columbia University Press 10740:The Columbia Encyclopedia 10577:Stanford University Press 10347:Asian and African Studies 10000:Cope, R. Douglas (1994). 9889:Jolly, Geneviève (2000). 9677:Columbia University Press 9387:10.1017/S0021853700025718 9235:Chaudhuri, K. N. (1990). 8966:10.1017/S0026749X04001106 8614:[Family status]. 8427:Arcilla, José S. (1998). 7497:Oxford English Dictionary 7419:Scott & Marshall 2005 7190:Columbia University Press 7186:The Columbia Encyclopedia 6714: 6398:class systems of eastern 6296: 6032: 6022: 5984: 5946: 5731: 5676:ancient Tibetan society. 5609:During the period of the 5123:Caste system in Sri Lanka 3713:State Election Commission 3481:Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud 1923:Opposition to immigration 809:Race / Ethnicity 301:Non-western state systems 277:African Political Systems 15119:Pre-industrial East Asia 13143:Occupational segregation 12912:Compulsory sterilization 10937:Parry, Jonathan (2003). 10700:Gupta, Dipankar (2008). 10593:Béteille, André (2002). 10575:, Stanford, California: 9060:, pp. 28, 197, 202. 8934:Kim, Joong-Seop (2003). 8688: 8655: 8610: 8568: 8530: 8492: 8305:Marriott, McKim (1960). 7249:Gupta, Dipankar (2008). 7141: 6965:Indian Ocean Slave Trade 6320:of East Africa, and the 6270: 6040:population known as the 5990:Khitan invasion of Korea 5822: 5801:minority groups in Japan 5679: 5650: 5382:peoples, as well as the 5059: 3940:Administrative divisions 3856:State Assembly elections 3314:Leader of the Opposition 3208:Leader of the Opposition 2964:Basic structure doctrine 2846: 1918:Occupational segregation 1687:Compulsory sterilization 14167:Administrative detainee 13671:Internalized oppression 13533:Fighting Discrimination 13523:Fat acceptance movement 13481:Anti-discrimination law 13121:Native American mascots 11773:Anti-miscegenation laws 11608:Anti-miscegenation laws 11325:Encyclopædia Britannica 11137:Oxford University Press 11027:"Anthropology of Caste" 10964:Pavri, Firooza (2004), 10945:. London and New York: 10915:Oxford University Press 10427:Oxford University Press 9781:Oxford University Press 9562:Oxford University Press 9129:10.2143/jks.6.0.2038092 9031:Cha, Victor D. (2013). 8437:. p. 14–16. 8252:American Anthropologist 8212:R., A. (13 June 2013). 7836:Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber 7723:Oxford University Press 7502:Oxford University Press 7345:Oxford University Press 6862:residential segregation 6606:and the least numerous 6230: 6063:into worship, with non- 5741:of "samurai, peasants ( 5663:social classes of Tibet 5657:Social classes of Tibet 5359:) into enemy territory. 5153:A Sudra caste man from 4971:positive discrimination 4912:, Risley believed that 4837:(rulers and warriors), 3551:Pendency of court cases 3450:Code of Civil Procedure 3431:Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 3283:Harivansh Narayan Singh 3058:Prime Minister of India 3036:Vice President of India 2468:Internalized oppression 2322:Fighting Discrimination 2312:Fat acceptance movement 2270:Anti-discrimination law 1896:Native American mascots 326:and the State in Africa 14583: 13790:Social identity threat 13763:Reverse discrimination 13753:Racial color blindness 13233:Violence against women 13213:Sex-selective abortion 11864:White Australia policy 11783:Corporative federalism 9921:and Y. Guy, using the 7973:. 2004. Archived from 7863:Dumont, Louis (1980), 6960:group as lower caste. 6896:southern United States 6834: 6828: 6816: 6811:República de Españoles 6810: 6805: 6642: 6343: 6303:Caste system in Africa 6118:("people") and later, 6105:, mostly consisted of 5975: 5700: 5283: 5166: 5074:system, with numerous 4993:caste-related violence 4958: 4477:Diplomatic missions of 3743:Presidential elections 3657:Elections and Politics 3459:Supreme Court of India 2941: 2814: 2798: 2587:Social identity threat 2560:Reverse discrimination 2550:Racial color blindness 2008:Violence against women 1988:Sex-selective abortion 568:Circumscription theory 355:Europe and the People 324:Technology, Tradition, 58: 53:found in the state of 21:Caste (disambiguation) 15124:Pre-industrial Europe 13758:Religious intolerance 13718:Political correctness 13548:Intersex human rights 13496:Cultural assimilation 13178:Religious persecution 12942:Disability hate crime 11833:Religious intolerance 11169:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 10876:John Wiley & Sons 10820:John Wiley & Sons 10810:Morris, Mike (2012). 10573:The Meiji Restoration 10110:Yale University Press 9905:on 13 February 2023. 9794:Lewis, I. M. (1999). 9671:Lewis, I. M. (2008). 9205:Taheri, Amir (1986). 8214:"Indian Reservations" 7779:: 7–8. Archived from 7668:Roy, Kaushik (2012). 7525:"On the word 'caste'" 7075:University of Chicago 6803: 6632: 6567:war described in the 6337: 6275:Further information: 6193:Further information: 6161:Korean Workers' Party 5973: 5711:), together with the 5693: 5537:Warriors – (Visayan: 5489:Nobility – (Visayan: 5476:, the female shaman ( 5260: 5176:Balinese caste system 5152: 5066:Caste system in Nepal 5041:urbanisation in India 4942: 4679:State Visits to India 4353:Municipal Corporation 4271:Deputy Chief Minister 3829:Rajya Sabha elections 3692:Election Commissioner 2940: 2853:Caste system in India 2733:caste system in India 2694:social stratification 2555:Religious intolerance 2515:Political correctness 2337:Intersex human rights 2285:Cultural assimilation 1953:Religious persecution 1717:Disability hate crime 642:cultural anthropology 430:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 283:Papuan Big man system 38: 28:Caste system in India 14981: or countries 14792:By country or region 14030:Class discrimination 13163:Political repression 12169:Anti-left handedness 12159:Anti-intellectualism 11843:Second-class citizen 11838:Reservation in India 11564:United Arab Emirates 11494:Bulgaria and Romania 11173:. pp. 115–121. 11135:. Oxford; New York: 10996:Ramu, G. N. (2008), 10712:. pp. 246–250. 10605:. pp. 136–137. 10601:. New York; London: 9564:. pp. 135–171. 8954:Modern Asian Studies 8366:Boon, James (1977). 7977:on 13 February 2021. 7842:. pp. 116–117. 7542:Vinson, Ben (2018). 7261:. pp. 246–250. 7238:on 24 October 2023, 7100:Estates of the realm 6725:estates of the realm 6165:Korean People's Army 6053:Christian missionary 5828:Joseon class system 5799:are one of the main 5327:Cordillera highlands 5325:. Similarly, in the 5195:— or on four castes 4898:1901 Census of India 4697:Sino-Indian Disputes 4660:Foreign aid by India 4655:Extradition Treaties 4589:Non-Aligned Movement 4503:Overseas Citizenship 4345:Municipal Governance 4304:Legislative Assembly 4204:Urban Agglomerations 4174:Autonomous Divisions 3898:National coalitions 3705:Sukhbir Singh Sandhu 1938:Political repression 920:Anti-left handedness 910:Anti-intellectualism 435:Wolfgang Fikentscher 410:Henri J. M. Claessen 165:Pantribal sodalities 19:For other uses, see 14513:Vanniar (Chieftain) 13666:Historical eugenics 13203:Segregation academy 13183:Religious terrorism 12972:Enemy of the people 12880:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 12406:Jehovah's Witnesses 12299:Perpetual foreigner 11711:Exclusionary zoning 11658:Separatist feminism 11436:Partition of Bengal 10569:Beasley, William G. 10183:Equality Labs, 2018 9981:on 27 February 2023 9449:africankingdoms.com 9193:social tripartition 8990:. UK. 6 June 2012. 8987:The Daily Telegraph 8506:on 30 November 2023 8058:on 19 January 2024. 7971:Government of India 7955:on 24 October 2023. 7655:The People of India 7500:(Online ed.). 7086:Radhakamal Mukerjee 6829:República de Indios 6469:(freeborn/nobles), 5882:intermediate class 5829: 4963:Indian Constitution 4817:Herbert Hope Risley 4702:Disputes with Nepal 4692:Indo-Pakistani Wars 4447:Kirti Vardhan Singh 4321:Official Opposition 4299:Legislative Council 4123:Andaman and Nicobar 3797:Lok Sabha elections 3666:Election Commission 3423:Indian criminal law 3344:Pramod Chandra Mody 3300:Jagat Prakash Nadda 3292:Leader of the House 3186:Leader of the House 2463:Historical eugenics 1978:Segregation academy 1958:Religious terrorism 1747:Enemy of the people 1655:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 1165:Jehovah's Witnesses 1050:Perpetual foreigner 578:Left–right paradigm 15094:18th-century Spain 14948:Standard of living 14652:Upper middle class 14647:Lower middle class 14238:Political prisoner 14020:Chattering classes 13992:Spoon class theory 13578:Social integration 13573:Self-determination 13563:Racial integration 13511:Diversity training 13501:Cultural pluralism 13476:Affirmative action 13376:Racial segregation 13286:Crime of apartheid 13188:Religious violence 12698:Indigenous people 12093:Sexual orientation 11601:Massive resistance 11589:School segregation 11584:Separate but equal 11509:Dominican Republic 11411:Partition of India 11239:. pp. 27–30. 10847:Regional Sociology 10185:, pp. 20, 27. 9298:African Identities 9220:ʻAlamdārī, Kāẓim. 9209:. Encounter books. 8402:Philippine Studies 8226:on 24 October 2023 8083:10.5509/2012852363 8019:The New York Times 7948:The New York Times 7871:, pp. 66–67, 7628:The World from PRX 7584:on 24 October 2023 7577:The Indian Express 7058:caste polymorphism 6972:Dr. B. R. Ambedkar 6928:Madame C.J. Walker 6908:white supremacists 6904:domestic terrorism 6878:Gerald D. Berreman 6852:In the opinion of 6820:), and mixed-race 6806: 6643: 6555:, as well as some 6344: 6261:), and commoners ( 5976: 5827: 5791:underclasses. The 5760:Tokugawa shogunate 5701: 5605:China and Mongolia 5284: 5167: 5140:Outside South Asia 5004:affirmative action 4959: 4896:Starting with the 4825:, as mentioned in 4469:Vinay Mohan Kwatra 4452:Pabitra Margherita 4380:District Panchayat 4199:Metropolitan Areas 3322:Mallikarjun Kharge 3014:President of India 2991:Uniform Civil Code 2942: 2367:Social integration 2362:Self-determination 2352:Racial integration 2300:Diversity training 2290:Cultural pluralism 2265:Affirmative action 2157:Racial segregation 2067:Crime of apartheid 1963:Religious violence 1465:Indigenous people 836:Sexual orientation 573:Legal anthropology 475:Thomas Blom Hansen 405:Robert L. Carneiro 194:Segmentary lineage 131:Leveling mechanism 81:legal anthropology 59: 15163: 15162: 15141: 15140: 15137: 15136: 14974: 14973: 14781: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14773: 14772: 14675:Lumpenproletariat 14177:illegal immigrant 14138: 14137: 14050:Classless society 13880: 13879: 13748:Racism by country 13676:Intersectionality 13661:Heteronormativity 13460:Voter suppression 13208:Sexual harassment 13007:Forced conversion 12927:Cultural genocide 12597:African Americans 12416:post–Cold War era 12401:Eastern Orthodoxy 12154:Anti-drug addicts 12149:Anti-homelessness 12076:Scientific racism 11932: 11931: 11808:Majority minority 11689:Ethnic federalism 11471:Ethnic and racial 11431:Greece and Turkey 11277:978-0-692-94411-0 11270:, Equality Labs, 11246:978-0-313-24280-9 11214:978-0-415-97662-6 11207:. pp. 252–. 11180:978-0-7619-2598-9 11171:SAGE Publications 11146:978-0-19-860987-2 11113:978-0-87436-885-7 11086:978-0-8071-3369-9 11040:978-0-02-865967-1 11011:978-0-02-865967-1 10989:978-0-415-25342-0 10956:978-0-415-28560-5 10885:978-1-4443-5995-4 10829:978-1-4443-3209-4 10796:978-0-202-30878-4 10753:978-0-231-14446-9 10719:978-1-4129-2694-2 10710:SAGE Publications 10708:. Thousand Oaks: 10673:978-0-691-13879-4 10643:978-0-87779-044-0 10612:978-0-415-28558-2 10542:, pp. 81–82. 10489:, pp. 80–82. 10444:978-0-19-286557-1 10169:Los Angeles Times 9845:on 19 April 2023. 9686:978-0-231-70084-9 9571:978-0-19-823168-4 9252:978-0-521-31681-1 9161:978-3-447-10856-0 9044:978-0-06-199850-8 8920:978-0-674-00594-5 8888:978-1-135-75917-9 8847:978-1-4384-3777-4 8806:978-0-87436-885-7 8661:The Asahi Shimbun 8544:on 30 August 2023 8473:978-971-550-135-4 8444:978-971-550-261-0 8377:978-0-521-21398-1 8291:978-90-279-7959-9 7878:978-0-226-16963-7 7849:978-0-226-73137-7 7826:Rudolph, Lloyd I. 7811:978-0-691-08895-2 7732:978-0-19803-123-9 7683:978-1-107-01736-8 7622:Martin, Phillip. 7557:978-1-107-02643-8 7508:(Subscription or 7433:, pp. 27–30. 7314:978-0-202-30878-4 7268:978-1-4129-2694-2 7259:SAGE Publications 7257:. Thousand Oaks: 7206:on 1 October 2023 7199:978-0-231-14446-9 7067:natural selection 6986:third century BCE 6957:Sri Lanka Kaffirs 6916:Black Wall Street 6912:African Americans 6754:Equality Act 2010 5968: 5967: 5803:, along with the 5619:Four Class System 5296:Kalanguya peoples 5078:divisions with a 4799: 4798: 4526:Foreign Relations 4518:Visa requirements 4461:Foreign Secretary 4439:Minister of State 4404:Foreign Relations 4143:Jammu and Kashmir 4115:Union territories 3976:Arunachal Pradesh 3914:Political parties 3734:Electronic voting 3729:Electoral College 3607:Solicitor General 3581:Arjun Ram Meghwal 3405:Law and Judiciary 3386:Arjun Ram Meghwal 3378:Minister of State 3336:Secretary General 3237:Utpal Kumar Singh 3230:Secretary General 3080:Cabinet secretary 2931: 2928:Politics of India 2877:, or categories: 2754:The English word 2682: 2681: 2545:Racism by country 2473:Intersectionality 2458:Heteronormativity 2241:Voter suppression 1983:Sexual harassment 1782:Forced conversion 1702:Cultural genocide 1364:African Americans 1175:post–Cold War era 1160:Eastern Orthodoxy 905:Anti-drug addicts 900:Anti-homelessness 819:Scientific racism 676: 675: 400:Jeremy Boissevain 385:Georges Balandier 380:E. Adamson Hoebel 15193: 15153: 15152: 14980: 14881:Mexican-American 14809: 14808: 14800: 14799: 14787: 14786: 14588: 14531:Business magnate 14421:Knowledge worker 14306: 14305: 14194:dual or multiple 14157: 14156: 14144: 14143: 14098:Social exclusion 14093:Social cleansing 14007: 13957: 13956: 13946:Economic classes 13907: 13900: 13893: 13884: 13883: 13870: 13869: 13860: 13859: 13800:Social privilege 13785:Social exclusion 13713:Police brutality 13634:Multiculturalism 13604:Amatonormativity 13435:Social exclusion 13271:Age of candidacy 13071:Homeless dumping 12977:Ethnic cleansing 11959: 11952: 11945: 11936: 11935: 11920: 11919: 11891: 11890: 11859:Social apartheid 11743:Social exclusion 11716:Forced migration 11684:Ethnic cleansing 11674:Auto-segregation 11416:Northern Ireland 11390: 11383: 11376: 11367: 11366: 11288: 11286: 11269: 11257: 11255: 11253: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11090: 11067: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11021: 11020: 11018: 10992: 10960: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10859: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10777: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10696: 10677: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10631: 10616: 10589: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10528: 10522: 10507: 10501: 10490: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10466: 10460: 10449: 10448: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10344: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10289: 10283: 10272: 10266: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10240: 10232: 10218: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10192: 10186: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10016: 10010: 10009: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9977:. Archived from 9965: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9945: 9937: 9931: 9930: 9920: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9841:. Archived from 9806: 9800: 9799: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9772: 9766: 9765: 9759: 9751: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9668: 9659: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9601:10.2307/25604523 9582: 9576: 9575: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9516: 9510: 9509: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9451:. Archived from 9441: 9435: 9434: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9405: 9399: 9398: 9368: 9359: 9358: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9293: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9202: 9196: 9189: 9183: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9078:(1–2): 223–257. 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9010: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8983: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8949: 8940: 8939: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8868: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8813: 8790: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8727:on 31 March 2022 8716: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8588: 8575: 8563: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8525: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8487: 8478: 8477: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8397: 8382: 8381: 8363: 8354: 8353: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8259:(6): 1079–1089. 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8222:. Archived from 8209: 8203: 8202: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8022:. Archived from 8009: 8003: 8002: 8001:on 27 June 2017. 7997:. Archived from 7985: 7979: 7978: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7951:. Archived from 7938: 7932: 7931: 7930:on 13 July 2024. 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7898:on 28 March 2015 7888: 7882: 7881: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7768: 7762: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7714: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7630:. Archived from 7619: 7613: 7612: 7611:on 1 March 2024. 7607:. Archived from 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7505: 7493: 7486: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7365: 7354: 7352: 7332: 7323: 7321: 7285: 7277: 7275: 7245: 7221: 7213: 7211: 7202:. Archived from 7188:. New York, NY: 7174: 7155: 7152: 7130:Social exclusion 6898:was dismantled, 6872:Isabel Wilkerson 6837: 6831: 6819: 6813: 6388:Osu caste system 6314:of Nigeria, the 6266: 6260: 6255:), secretaries ( 6254: 6248: 6109:and slaves, and 6035: 6034: 6025: 6024: 6012:) and warriors ( 5997:Korean society. 5987: 5986: 5960: 5953: 5918:lowborn people ( 5830: 5826: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5727: 5281: 5278: 5243:Spanish colonies 5088:Jayasthiti Malla 5052:or those in the 4976:Scheduled Castes 4967:Scheduled Castes 4803:Decennial Census 4791: 4784: 4777: 4756:India portal 4754: 4753: 4752: 4723:Look East policy 4687:Kashmir Conflict 4422:Cabinet Minister 4405: 4336:Local Government 4219: 4011:Himachal Pradesh 3941: 3919:National parties 3658: 3598:R. Venkataramani 3590:Attorney-General 3406: 3361:Cabinet Minister 3266:Jagdeep Dhankhar 3130: 3044:Jagdeep Dhankhar 3006: 2952: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2817: 2803: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2712:insects such as 2674: 2667: 2660: 2597:Social privilege 2582:Social exclusion 2510:Police brutality 2431:Multiculturalism 2401:Amatonormativity 2216:Social exclusion 2052:Age of candidacy 1846:Homeless dumping 1752:Ethnic cleansing 701: 678: 677: 668: 661: 654: 562:Related articles 545:Douglas R. White 535:Jonathan Spencer 515:Marshall Sahlins 505:Sally Falk Moore 61: 60: 15201: 15200: 15196: 15195: 15194: 15192: 15191: 15190: 15166: 15165: 15164: 15159: 15133: 15082: 14970: 14942: 14909: 14893:Underprivileged 14835: 14794: 14793: 14769: 14699: 14656: 14616: 14598: 14517: 14435: 14395: 14297: 14252: 14151: 14150: 14134: 14113:Social position 14103:Social mobility 14001: 13951: 13922: 13921: 13911: 13881: 13876: 13848: 13723:Polyculturalism 13619:Civil liberties 13587: 13568:Reappropriation 13469:Countermeasures 13464: 13393:Racial steering 13359:Numerus clausus 13263: 13257: 12982:Ethnic conflict 12917:Corrective rape 12868: 12515: 12362: 12254:HIV/AIDS stigma 12112: 12061:Mental disorder 11999: 11968: 11963: 11933: 11928: 11873: 11848:Separate school 11753: 11747: 11662: 11614: 11465: 11397: 11394: 11316: 11296: 11294:Further reading 11291: 11284: 11278: 11267: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11197:"Caste Systems" 11185: 11183: 11181: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11106:, p. 133, 11087: 11075:. Baton Rouge: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11016: 11014: 11012: 10990: 10957: 10949:. p. 131. 10920: 10918: 10905: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10693: 10674: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10613: 10587: 10563: 10558: 10550: 10546: 10538: 10531: 10523: 10510: 10502: 10493: 10485: 10481: 10473: 10469: 10461: 10452: 10445: 10415: 10411: 10392: 10388: 10369: 10365: 10357: 10342: 10336: 10332: 10313: 10309: 10290: 10286: 10273: 10269: 10254: 10250: 10234: 10233: 10219: 10215: 10205: 10203: 10193: 10189: 10181: 10177: 10160: 10156: 10139: 10135: 10120: 10102:Scott, James C. 10099: 10095: 10054: 10050: 10017: 10013: 9998: 9994: 9984: 9982: 9967: 9966: 9962: 9952: 9950: 9943: 9939: 9938: 9934: 9914: 9887: 9883: 9873: 9871: 9863:The Independent 9854: 9850: 9839: 9807: 9803: 9792: 9788: 9773: 9769: 9753: 9752: 9743: 9739: 9716:10.2307/1158345 9698: 9694: 9687: 9669: 9662: 9657: 9653: 9638:10.2307/1160872 9620: 9616: 9583: 9579: 9572: 9554: 9550: 9517: 9513: 9490:10.2307/1158641 9472: 9468: 9458: 9456: 9443: 9442: 9438: 9421: 9417: 9406: 9402: 9369: 9362: 9329: 9325: 9294: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9265: 9264: 9260: 9253: 9233: 9229: 9218: 9214: 9203: 9199: 9190: 9186: 9181: 9177: 9162: 9148: 9144: 9111: 9107: 9072:Iranian Studies 9068: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9045: 9029: 9025: 9014:Demick, Barbara 9011: 9007: 8997: 8995: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8950: 8943: 8932: 8928: 8921: 8907: 8903: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8881:. p. 163. 8869: 8862: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8840:. p. 141. 8828: 8824: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8781: 8777: 8762:10.2307/3023467 8744: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8717: 8713: 8703: 8701: 8700:on 7 March 2024 8690: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8668: 8667:on 7 March 2024 8657: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8625: 8623: 8622:on 7 March 2024 8612: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8573: 8570: 8565: 8564: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8494: 8489: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8456: 8452: 8445: 8425: 8421: 8398: 8385: 8378: 8364: 8357: 8326: 8322: 8303: 8299: 8292: 8278: 8274: 8243: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8210: 8206: 8165: 8161: 8130: 8126: 8113: 8109: 8094: 8090: 8071:Pacific Affairs 8067: 8063: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8026:on 4 April 2023 8010: 8006: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7939: 7935: 7916: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7792: 7788: 7783:on 21 May 2024. 7769: 7765: 7748: 7744: 7733: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7666: 7662: 7651: 7647: 7637: 7635: 7634:on 29 July 2024 7620: 7616: 7601: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7558: 7540: 7536: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7487: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7441: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7350: 7348: 7335: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7209: 7207: 7200: 7175: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7095: 7071:W. Lloyd Warner 7049: 6998: 6984:'s rise in the 6977:scheduled tribe 6952: 6950:Racial casteism 6854:W. Lloyd Warner 6850: 6844: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6781: 6750: 6733: 6717: 6620:Alula Pankhurst 6616: 6584:Ethel M. Albert 6581: 6425:Similarly, the 6386:finds that the 6332: 6305: 6299: 6279: 6273: 6233: 6205:priestly castes 6197: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6134: 6128: 6092:social equality 6084:Gabo government 5964: 5825: 5728: 5688: 5682: 5659: 5653: 5607: 5602: 5339:Kalinga peoples 5279: 5255: 5178: 5172: 5147: 5142: 5125: 5119: 5110: 5104: 5068: 5062: 4795: 4766: 4762:Other countries 4750: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4712: 4683: 4641: 4637:Pacific Islands 4613: 4528: 4498:Nationality law 4494: 4473: 4456: 4434: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4394: 4385:Block Panchayat 4367: 4338: 4293: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4208: 4170: 4162: 4110: 3956: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3930: 3895: 3851: 3824: 3792: 3765: 3738: 3723: 3709: 3687: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3629: 3619: 3602: 3585: 3566: 3556:Other tribunals 3546:Nyaya Panchayat 3498: 3494:Bar Association 3485: 3461: 3445: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3395: 3373: 3354: 3331: 3309: 3287: 3270: 3251: 3225: 3203: 3181: 3164: 3145: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3092: 3075: 3053: 3031: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2995: 2981:Judicial review 2970: 2954: 2950: 2927: 2917: 2859: 2851:Main articles: 2849: 2844: 2778: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2738:Spanish America 2678: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2520:Polyculturalism 2416:Civil liberties 2388: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2357:Reappropriation 2257: 2256:Countermeasures 2249: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2174:Racial steering 2140:Numerus clausus 2044: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032: 1757:Ethnic conflict 1692:Corrective rape 1647: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1289: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1127: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1005:HIV/AIDS stigma 867: 859: 858: 857: 856: 855: 804:Mental disorder 748: 740: 739: 738: 737: 736: 709: 672: 632: 631: 608: 600: 599: 583:State formation 563: 555: 554: 540:Bjorn Thomassen 495:Elizabeth Mertz 480:Ted C. Lewellen 425:Pierre Clastres 375: 374:Major theorists 367: 366: 357:Without History 356: 325: 261: 253: 252: 175:Paramount chief 107:Achieved status 102:Ascribed status 94:Status and rank 90: 79: 51:Scheduled Caste 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15199: 15189: 15188: 15186:Discrimination 15183: 15178: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15146: 15143: 15142: 15139: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15114:Ottoman Empire 15111: 15106: 15101: 15099:Ancient Greece 15096: 15090: 15088: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15080: 15075: 15073:United Kingdom 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14984: 14982: 14976: 14975: 14972: 14971: 14969: 14968: 14966:Home-ownership 14963: 14958: 14952: 14950: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14919: 14917: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14906: 14905: 14900: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14868: 14867: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14845: 14843: 14837: 14836: 14834: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14821:American Dream 14818: 14812: 14806: 14796: 14795: 14783: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14775: 14774: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14767: 14762: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14734: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14709: 14707: 14701: 14700: 14698: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14666: 14664: 14658: 14657: 14655: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14638: 14637: 14626: 14624: 14618: 14617: 14615: 14614: 14608: 14606: 14600: 14599: 14597: 14596: 14589: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14564: 14563: 14558: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14527: 14525: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14515: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14445: 14443: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14417: 14416: 14405: 14403: 14397: 14396: 14394: 14393: 14388: 14387: 14386: 14381: 14380: 14379: 14364: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14349: 14348: 14347: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14326: 14325: 14314: 14312: 14303: 14299: 14298: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14264: 14262: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14233:Migrant worker 14230: 14225: 14224: 14223: 14213: 14212: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14186: 14185: 14184: 14179: 14169: 14163: 14161: 14153: 14152: 14149:By demographic 14140: 14139: 14136: 14135: 14133: 14132: 14129:Status Anxiety 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14083:Ranked society 14080: 14075: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14025:Class conflict 14022: 14017: 14011: 14009: 14008: topics 14003: 14002: 14000: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13982:Mudsill theory 13979: 13974: 13969: 13963: 13961: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13949: 13942: 13935: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13913: 13910: 13909: 13902: 13895: 13887: 13878: 13877: 13875: 13874: 13864: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13846: 13841: 13840: 13839: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13768:Reverse racism 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13738:Prisoner abuse 13735: 13730: 13728:Power distance 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13694: 13693: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13646:Ethnic penalty 13643: 13642: 13641: 13639:Neurodiversity 13636: 13626: 13624:Dehumanization 13621: 13616: 13614:Cisnormativity 13611: 13606: 13601: 13595: 13593: 13592:Related topics 13589: 13588: 13586: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13450:State religion 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13431: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13386:Nuremberg Laws 13383: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13328:Ghetto benches 13325: 13323:Gerrymandering 13320: 13315: 13310: 13308:Gender pay gap 13305: 13304: 13303: 13298: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13267: 13265: 13262:Discriminatory 13259: 13258: 13256: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13091:Lavender scare 13088: 13086:Kill Haole Day 13083: 13081:Indian rolling 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13057: 13056: 13046: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12967:Eliminationism 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12902:Cancel culture 12899: 12894: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12876: 12874: 12873:Manifestations 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12769:Middle Eastern 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12526: 12524: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12513: 12511:Zoroastrianism 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12487: 12486: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12442: 12441: 12440: 12438:Untouchability 12435: 12425: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12372: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12321: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12264:Leprosy stigma 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12120: 12118: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12073: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12007: 12005: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11976: 11974: 11970: 11969: 11966:Discrimination 11962: 11961: 11954: 11947: 11939: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11926: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11885: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11818:Nuremberg Laws 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11793:Ghetto benches 11790: 11788:Discrimination 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11757: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11701:Ethnopluralism 11698: 11697: 11696: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11670: 11668: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11624: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11598: 11586: 11581: 11571: 11569:United Kingdom 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11475: 11473: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11407: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11392: 11385: 11378: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11358: 11355:Class In Yemen 11352: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11315: 11314:External links 11312: 11311: 11310: 11303: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11276: 11258: 11245: 11226: 11213: 11192: 11179: 11158: 11145: 11139:. p. 66. 11124: 11112: 11091: 11085: 11068: 11051: 11039: 11022: 11010: 10993: 10988: 10961: 10955: 10934: 10897: 10884: 10878:. p. 72. 10860: 10841: 10828: 10822:. p. 33. 10818:. Malden, MA: 10807: 10795: 10778: 10764: 10752: 10731: 10718: 10697: 10691: 10678: 10672: 10655: 10642: 10617: 10611: 10590: 10585: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10554:, p. 228. 10544: 10529: 10508: 10491: 10479: 10467: 10450: 10443: 10409: 10386: 10377:Anadolu Ajansı 10363: 10330: 10307: 10284: 10267: 10248: 10213: 10187: 10175: 10154: 10133: 10118: 10093: 10072:10.1086/222839 10066:(2): 120–127. 10048: 10035:10.1086/217391 10029:(2): 234–237. 10011: 9992: 9960: 9932: 9912:Alain Guerreau 9881: 9848: 9837: 9801: 9786: 9783:. p. 853. 9767: 9737: 9710:(4): 398–412. 9692: 9685: 9660: 9651: 9632:(4): 485–509. 9614: 9588:Anthropologica 9577: 9570: 9548: 9511: 9466: 9455:on 19 May 2019 9436: 9415: 9400: 9381:(2): 221–250. 9360: 9341:(4): 356–379. 9323: 9304:(1): 111–121. 9285: 9258: 9251: 9227: 9212: 9197: 9184: 9182:Nicolle, p. 11 9175: 9160: 9142: 9105: 9062: 9050: 9043: 9023: 9005: 8971: 8960:(2): 355–387. 8941: 8938:. p. 147. 8926: 8919: 8901: 8887: 8860: 8846: 8822: 8805: 8775: 8738: 8711: 8678: 8645: 8633: 8600: 8589:on 6 June 2023 8555: 8517: 8479: 8472: 8450: 8443: 8419: 8383: 8376: 8355: 8320: 8297: 8290: 8272: 8237: 8204: 8159: 8146:(3): 376–395. 8124: 8107: 8088: 8077:(2): 363–369. 8061: 8037: 8004: 7980: 7958: 7933: 7909: 7883: 7877: 7855: 7848: 7817: 7810: 7786: 7763: 7742: 7731: 7709: 7699: 7689: 7682: 7660: 7645: 7614: 7595: 7563: 7556: 7534: 7515: 7476: 7464: 7453:(4): 204–210. 7435: 7423: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7381:(2): 334–365. 7366: 7343:, Oxford, UK: 7333: 7313: 7296: 7286: 7267: 7246: 7222: 7198: 7176: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7120:Priestly caste 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7082:Robert E. Park 7048: 7045: 6997: 6994: 6951: 6948: 6887:James C. Scott 6846:Main article: 6843: 6840: 6788:Main article: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6749: 6748:United Kingdom 6746: 6732: 6729: 6716: 6713: 6682:Oromo language 6678:Horn of Africa 6615: 6614:Horn of Africa 6612: 6588:Central Africa 6580: 6579:Central Africa 6577: 6331: 6328: 6301:Main article: 6298: 6295: 6272: 6269: 6241:social classes 6232: 6229: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6149:Barbara Demick 6130:Main article: 6127: 6124: 6002:Joseon dynasty 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5902: 5901: 5900:common people 5898: 5895: 5892: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5824: 5821: 5684:Main article: 5681: 5678: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5579:kiapangdilihan 5559: 5535: 5521: 5487: 5474:Banwaon people 5439: 5438: 5391: 5360: 5315:B'laan peoples 5299: 5265:royal couple ( 5254: 5251: 5234: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5174:Main article: 5171: 5168: 5146: 5145:Southeast Asia 5143: 5141: 5138: 5134:Kandyan-period 5121:Main article: 5118: 5115: 5106:Main article: 5103: 5100: 5098:(1603–1636). 5092:Gorkha Kingdom 5064:Main article: 5061: 5058: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4710:Foreign Policy 4708: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4627:European Union 4624: 4619: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4604:United Nations 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4492: 4483: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390:Gram Panchayat 4387: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4372:Panchayati Raj 4366: 4365: 4363:Town Panchayat 4360: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4259:Chief Minister 4256: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4031:Madhya Pradesh 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3971:Andhra Pradesh 3967: 3966: 3958: 3957: 3947: 3944: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3801:Constituencies 3791: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3633:Law Commission 3628: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3529:Chief Justices 3521: 3519:Gram Nyayalaya 3516: 3515: 3514: 3507:District Court 3504: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3318: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3275:Deputy Speaker 3269: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3212: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3190: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3169:Deputy Speaker 3163: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3146: 3136: 3133: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3062: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3040: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3022:Droupadi Murmu 3018: 3017: 3009: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2933: 2932: 2922: 2921: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2751: 2748: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2565:Reverse racism 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2535:Prisoner abuse 2532: 2527: 2525:Power distance 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2443:Ethnic penalty 2440: 2439: 2438: 2436:Neurodiversity 2433: 2423: 2421:Dehumanization 2418: 2413: 2411:Cisnormativity 2408: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2387:Related topics 2386: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2231:State religion 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2167:Nuremberg Laws 2164: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2109:Ghetto benches 2106: 2104:Gerrymandering 2101: 2096: 2091: 2089:Gender pay gap 2086: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1866:Lavender scare 1863: 1861:Kill Haole Day 1858: 1856:Indian rolling 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1742:Eliminationism 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1677:Cancel culture 1674: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1646:Manifestations 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1536:Middle Eastern 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1270:Zoroastrianism 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1197:Untouchability 1194: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1015:Leprosy stigma 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 871: 870: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 854: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 822: 821: 816: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 758: 752: 751: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 741: 735: 734: 729: 724: 719: 713: 712: 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 694: 693: 691:Discrimination 687: 686: 674: 673: 671: 670: 663: 656: 648: 645: 644: 634: 633: 630: 629: 624: 617: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 530:Aidan Southall 527: 522: 520:James C. Scott 517: 512: 510:Rodney Needham 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 455:Ernest Gellner 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 351: 350: 348: 344: 343: 337: 336: 334: 330: 329: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 303: 302: 299: 297: 293: 292: 285: 280: 272: 271: 268: 266: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 248:Ritual warfare 245: 240: 234: 233: 231: 230:Law and custom 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 185: 184: 182: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 140: 138: 134: 133: 128: 119: 114: 109: 104: 98: 97: 95: 91: 89:Basic concepts 88: 87: 84: 83: 72: 71: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15198: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15181:Social status 15179: 15177: 15174: 15173: 15171: 15156: 15148: 15147: 15144: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15085: 15079: 15078:United States 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14979:Other regions 14977: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14953: 14951: 14949: 14945: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14916: 14912: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14873: 14872: 14869: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14850: 14847: 14846: 14844: 14842: 14838: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14813: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14804:United States 14801: 14797: 14788: 14784: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14710: 14708: 14706: 14702: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14663: 14659: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14631: 14628: 14627: 14625: 14623: 14619: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14605: 14601: 14595: 14594: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14524: 14520: 14514: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14446: 14444: 14442: 14438: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14415: 14412: 14411: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14402: 14398: 14392: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14368: 14365: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14324: 14321: 14320: 14319: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14311: 14307: 14304: 14300: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14255: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14243:Socioeconomic 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14191: 14190: 14187: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14174: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14145: 14141: 14131: 14130: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14118:Social stigma 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14108:Social orphan 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14073: 14068: 14067: 14066:Nouveau riche 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14040:Class traitor 14038: 14036: 14035:Class society 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14004: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13972:Gilbert model 13970: 13968: 13965: 13964: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13948: 13947: 13943: 13941: 13940: 13936: 13934: 13933: 13929: 13928: 13925: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13908: 13903: 13901: 13896: 13894: 13889: 13888: 13885: 13873: 13865: 13863: 13855: 13854: 13851: 13845: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13834: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13822:Social stigma 13820: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13802: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13445:State atheism 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13381:Jim Crow laws 13379: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13366:One-drop rule 13364: 13362: 13360: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13281:Blood quantum 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13260: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13228:Victimisation 13226: 13224: 13223:Trans bashing 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13193:Religious war 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13173:Racialization 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13044:Glass ceiling 13042: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12987:Ethnic hatred 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12922:Counter-jihad 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12713: 12712:United States 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12576: 12575:United States 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12518: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12496:Protestantism 12494: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12477: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12411:LDS or Mormon 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12365: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12341:Transmisogyny 12339: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12329: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12244:Gerontophobia 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12164:Anti-intersex 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12139:Anti-albinism 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12115: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12002: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11980:Institutional 11978: 11977: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11960: 11955: 11953: 11948: 11946: 11941: 11940: 11937: 11925: 11924: 11915: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11897: 11896: 11895: 11886: 11884: 11883:Pillarisation 11880: 11879: 11876: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11803:Jim Crow laws 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11750: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11727: 11724: 11723: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11679:Balkanization 11677: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11665: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11609: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11596: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11574:United States 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11391: 11386: 11384: 11379: 11377: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11362: 11359: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11283: 11279: 11273: 11266: 11265: 11259: 11248: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11233: 11227: 11216: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11193: 11182: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11159: 11148: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11125: 11115: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11092: 11088: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11052: 11042: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11023: 11013: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10994: 10991: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10958: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10935: 10933: 10929: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10887: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10842: 10831: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10808: 10798: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10779: 10775: 10774: 10769: 10765: 10755: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10732: 10721: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10698: 10694: 10692:0-684-85733-2 10688: 10684: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10656: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10630: 10629: 10623: 10618: 10614: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10591: 10588: 10586:0-8047-0815-0 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10553: 10552:Mukerjee 1926 10548: 10541: 10536: 10534: 10527:, p. 82. 10526: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10506:, p. 81. 10505: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10488: 10483: 10477:, p. 80. 10476: 10471: 10465:, p. 26. 10464: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10446: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10390: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10367: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10311: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10288: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10264: 10260: 10259: 10252: 10244: 10238: 10230: 10229: 10224: 10217: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10184: 10179: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10158: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10119:0-300-07016-0 10115: 10112:. p. 8. 10111: 10108:. New Haven: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10060: 10052: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10015: 10007: 10003: 9996: 9980: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9964: 9949: 9942: 9936: 9928: 9924: 9918: 9913: 9909: 9904: 9900: 9897:(in French). 9896: 9892: 9885: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9852: 9844: 9840: 9838:9782213011172 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9813: 9805: 9797: 9790: 9782: 9778: 9771: 9763: 9757: 9749: 9741: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9704: 9696: 9688: 9682: 9679:. p. 8. 9678: 9674: 9667: 9665: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9589: 9581: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9515: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9470: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9419: 9411: 9404: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9375: 9367: 9365: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9327: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9292: 9290: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9262: 9254: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9231: 9223: 9216: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9188: 9179: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9066: 9059: 9054: 9046: 9040: 9036: 9035: 9027: 9019: 9015: 9009: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8982: 8975: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8946: 8937: 8930: 8922: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8890: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8867: 8865: 8849: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8826: 8819: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8779: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8742: 8726: 8722: 8715: 8699: 8695: 8694:Livedoor News 8691: 8682: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8649: 8642: 8637: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8604: 8585: 8581: 8580: 8571: 8562: 8560: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8537:Uki, Kumamoto 8533: 8524: 8522: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8499:Tokyo Shoseki 8495: 8486: 8484: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8362: 8360: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8241: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8219:The Economist 8215: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8163: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8128: 8120: 8119: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7880: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7813: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7703: 7693: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7656: 7649: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7492: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7474:, p. 66. 7473: 7472:Béteille 2002 7468: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7439: 7432: 7431:Winthrop 1991 7427: 7421:, p. 66. 7420: 7415: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7316: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7289:Béteille 2002 7287: 7284: 7282: 7270: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7171: 7166: 7151: 7147: 7136: 7135:Warrior caste 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7053: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7008: 7002: 6993: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6961: 6958: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6937: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6920:Maggie Walker 6917: 6913: 6909: 6906:committed by 6905: 6901: 6900:Jim Crow laws 6897: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6873: 6870:, journalist 6869: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6842:United States 6839: 6836: 6830: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6784:Latin America 6776: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6745: 6742: 6741:Basque region 6738: 6731:Basque region 6728: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6689:Somali people 6685: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6565:Sosso-Malinke 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6429:societies in 6428: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6402:and southern 6401: 6397: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6384:Elijah Obinna 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6354:– especially 6353: 6349: 6341: 6336: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6268: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6249:), warriors ( 6247: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6123: 6122:("citizen"). 6121: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6088:Korean Empire 6085: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5972: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5811:and those of 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5777:, now called 5776: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5726: 5725:Shi-nō-kō-shō 5720: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5695:near-highest 5692: 5687: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5518:bangsa mataas 5515: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5388:Ibaloi people 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5137: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5114: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4969:in 1950, for 4968: 4964: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4949:Madura, India 4946: 4941: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4910:Lloyd Rudolph 4907: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827:ancient Hindu 4824: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4738:Narendra Modi 4736: 4734: 4733:Indira Gandhi 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4632:Latin America 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4430:S. Jaishankar 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4399: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4189:Sub-districts 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4096:Uttar Pradesh 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3935: 3934: 3925: 3924:State parties 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3700:Gyanesh Kumar 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3652: 3651: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468:Chief Justice 3465: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3194:Narendra Modi 3192: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3066:Narendra Modi 3064: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3000: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2842:In South Asia 2839: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2793: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2740:, mixed-race 2739: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2619:Social stigma 2617: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2226:State atheism 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2162:Jim Crow laws 2160: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2147:One-drop rule 2145: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2062:Blood quantum 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2040: 2039: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2003:Victimisation 2001: 1999: 1998:Trans bashing 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1968:Religious war 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1948:Racialization 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1819:Glass ceiling 1817: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762:Ethnic hatred 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1697:Counter-jihad 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1642: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479:United States 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1342:United States 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1255:Protestantism 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1170:LDS or Mormon 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1092:Transmisogyny 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 995:Gerontophobia 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 915:Anti-intersex 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 890:Anti-albinism 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 863: 862: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 820: 817: 815: 812: 811: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 744: 743: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 717:Institutional 715: 714: 705: 704: 700: 696: 695: 692: 689: 688: 684: 680: 679: 669: 664: 662: 657: 655: 650: 649: 647: 646: 643: 639: 636: 635: 628: 625: 623: 622: 618: 616: 615: 611: 610: 604: 603: 596: 595: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 559: 558: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 525:Elman Service 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 460:David Graeber 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 420:John Comaroff 418: 416: 415:Jean Comaroff 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 395:Fredrik Barth 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 371: 370: 363: 360: 358: 353: 352: 349: 346: 345: 342: 339: 338: 335: 333:Legal systems 332: 331: 328: 327: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 300: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 286: 284: 281: 279: 278: 274: 273: 269: 267: 264: 263: 257: 256: 249: 246: 244: 243:Legal culture 241: 239: 238:Customary law 236: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224:Theatre state 222: 220: 217: 215: 214:House society 212: 210: 209:Petty kingdom 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 127: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 112:Social status 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 96: 93: 92: 86: 85: 82: 77: 74: 73: 70: 68: 63: 62: 56: 55:Uttar Pradesh 52: 48: 44: 43: 37: 33: 29: 22: 15129:Soviet Union 15104:Ancient Rome 14961:Homelessness 14886:Upper Middle 14758: / 14739: / 14730: / 14695:Working poor 14591: 14578:Robber baron 14401:Intellectual 14391:Royal family 14355:Ancient Rome 14209:second-class 14127: 14070: 14069: / 14064: 14060:High society 14014: 13967:Elite theory 13944: 13937: 13930: 13917:Social class 13656:Gender-blind 13543:Human rights 13371:Racial quota 13358: 13338:Jewish quota 13318:Gerontocracy 13313:Gender roles 13291:Disabilities 13276:Blood purity 13248:Wife selling 13238:White flight 13218:Slut-shaming 13198:Scapegoating 13116:Murder music 12789:Palestinians 12607:South Africa 12592:Black people 12570:South Africa 12391:Christianity 12381:Baháʼí Faith 12309:Sectarianism 12249:Heterosexism 12214:Ephebiphobia 12179:Antisemitism 12174:Anti-Masonry 12041:Hair texture 12015: 11921: 11892: 11643:Saudi Arabia 11593: 11559:Saudi Arabia 11446:Saudi Arabia 11323: 11306: 11299: 11263: 11250:. Retrieved 11231: 11218:. Retrieved 11203:. New York: 11200: 11184:. Retrieved 11166: 11150:. Retrieved 11132: 11117:, retrieved 11099: 11072: 11055: 11046:24 September 11044:, retrieved 11030: 11017:24 September 11015:, retrieved 11001: 10970: 10942: 10931: 10927: 10919:, retrieved 10910: 10899: 10889:. Retrieved 10871: 10864:Nagar, Richa 10846: 10833:. Retrieved 10815: 10800:, retrieved 10786: 10772: 10768:Madan, T. N. 10759:24 September 10757:, retrieved 10742:, New York: 10739: 10723:. Retrieved 10705: 10682: 10659: 10649:24 September 10647:. Retrieved 10627: 10598: 10572: 10547: 10540:Rodgers 2008 10525:Rodgers 2008 10504:Rodgers 2008 10487:Rodgers 2008 10482: 10475:Rodgers 2008 10470: 10422: 10412: 10399: 10389: 10376: 10366: 10350: 10346: 10333: 10324: 10320: 10310: 10297: 10287: 10279: 10275: 10270: 10262: 10256: 10251: 10226: 10216: 10204:. Retrieved 10190: 10178: 10167: 10157: 10146: 10136: 10105: 10096: 10063: 10057: 10051: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10001: 9995: 9983:. Retrieved 9979:the original 9972: 9963: 9951:. Retrieved 9947: 9935: 9906: 9903:the original 9898: 9894: 9884: 9872:. Retrieved 9861: 9851: 9843:the original 9816: 9811: 9804: 9795: 9789: 9776: 9770: 9747: 9740: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9672: 9654: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9595:(1): 45–85. 9592: 9586: 9580: 9557: 9551: 9529:(1): 46–74. 9526: 9520: 9514: 9484:(1): 37–54. 9481: 9475: 9469: 9457:. Retrieved 9453:the original 9448: 9439: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9403: 9378: 9372: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9301: 9297: 9276:. Retrieved 9270: 9261: 9237: 9230: 9221: 9215: 9206: 9200: 9187: 9178: 9151: 9145: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9053: 9033: 9026: 9017: 9008: 8996:. Retrieved 8985: 8974: 8957: 8953: 8935: 8929: 8910: 8904: 8892:. Retrieved 8873: 8851:. Retrieved 8832: 8825: 8817: 8810:. Retrieved 8786: 8778: 8756:(10): 3–10. 8753: 8749:Asian Survey 8747: 8741: 8729:. Retrieved 8725:the original 8714: 8702:. Retrieved 8698:the original 8693: 8681: 8669:. Retrieved 8665:the original 8648: 8643:, p. 22 8641:Beasley 1972 8636: 8624:. Retrieved 8620:the original 8615: 8603: 8591:. Retrieved 8584:the original 8577: 8546:. Retrieved 8542:the original 8535: 8508:. Retrieved 8504:the original 8497: 8459: 8453: 8429: 8422: 8405: 8401: 8367: 8336:(1): 51–77. 8333: 8329: 8323: 8306: 8300: 8281: 8275: 8256: 8250: 8240: 8228:. Retrieved 8224:the original 8217: 8207: 8177:(1): 55–58. 8174: 8168: 8162: 8143: 8139:AnthroSource 8137: 8127: 8116: 8110: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8056:the original 8049: 8040: 8028:. Retrieved 8024:the original 8017: 8007: 7999:the original 7992: 7983: 7975:the original 7961: 7953:the original 7946: 7936: 7928:the original 7921: 7912: 7900:. Retrieved 7896:the original 7886: 7864: 7858: 7830: 7820: 7796: 7789: 7781:the original 7776: 7766: 7750: 7745: 7736: 7718: 7712: 7702: 7692: 7669: 7663: 7654: 7648: 7638:10 September 7636:. Retrieved 7632:the original 7627: 7617: 7609:the original 7598: 7586:. Retrieved 7582:the original 7575: 7566: 7543: 7537: 7528: 7518: 7495: 7467: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7426: 7414: 7378: 7374: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7349:, retrieved 7340: 7326: 7325: 7318:. Retrieved 7304: 7292: 7280: 7279: 7272:. Retrieved 7254: 7240: 7239: 7236:the original 7230: 7226:Madan, T. N. 7216: 7215: 7210:24 September 7208:. Retrieved 7204:the original 7185: 7150: 7079: 7054: 7050: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7003: 6999: 6990: 6969: 6962: 6953: 6941: 6932: 6924:Annie Malone 6902:and acts of 6883: 6876: 6865: 6851: 6821: 6807: 6769:Meena Dhanda 6766: 6751: 6734: 6718: 6704: 6686: 6672:of southern 6670:Borana Oromo 6667: 6660: 6644: 6638: 6617: 6582: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6455:Sierra Leone 6424: 6416: 6408: 6395: 6393: 6345: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6280: 6235:Pre-Islamic 6234: 6198: 6153:Confucianism 6142: 6135: 6119: 6115: 6111:untouchables 6096: 6077: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6041: 6027: 6017: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5977: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5905: 5887: 5869: 5864:noble class 5851: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5737:four classes 5721: 5704: 5702: 5671: 5660: 5644:Song dynasty 5618: 5611:Yuan dynasty 5608: 5586: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5531: 5527: 5526:– (Visayan: 5517: 5509: 5500: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5383: 5367: 5364:plutocracies 5354: 5351:head-hunting 5346: 5342: 5322: 5318: 5285: 5271:), from the 5266: 5238: 5235: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5159:Tropenmuseum 5128: 5126: 5111: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5046: 5038: 5029: 5020: 5000:urbanisation 4997: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4822: 4821: 4810: 4800: 4554:Commonwealth 4459: 4437: 4420: 4370: 4358:Municipality 4343: 4113: 3991:Chhattisgarh 3961: 3889: 3854: 3827: 3795: 3768: 3741: 3690: 3673: 3622: 3615:Tushar Mehta 3605: 3588: 3571: 3466: 3448: 3421: 3414:Law of India 3376: 3369:Kiren Rijiju 3359: 3334: 3312: 3290: 3273: 3256: 3228: 3216:Rahul Gandhi 3206: 3184: 3176: 3167: 3150: 3078: 3056: 3034: 3012: 2976:Human rights 2951:Constitution 2916: 2908:Gupta Empire 2900:DNA analysis 2871:Vedic period 2860: 2835: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2806:John Minsheu 2755: 2753: 2741: 2726: 2698:caste system 2697: 2690:social group 2685: 2683: 2453:Gender-blind 2332:Human rights 2152:Racial quota 2139: 2119:Jewish quota 2099:Gerontocracy 2094:Gender roles 2072:Disabilities 2057:Blood purity 2023:Wife selling 2013:White flight 1993:Slut-shaming 1973:Scapegoating 1891:Murder music 1556:Palestinians 1374:South Africa 1359:Black people 1337:South Africa 1150:Christianity 1140:Baháʼí Faith 1060:Sectarianism 1000:Heterosexism 965:Ephebiphobia 930:Antisemitism 925:Anti-Masonry 784:Hair texture 626: 619: 612: 592: 500:Sidney Mintz 490:Ralph Linton 485:Edmund Leach 445:Morton Fried 440:Meyer Fortes 390:F. G. Bailey 322: 287: 275: 260:Case studies 219:Ethnic group 189:Band society 116: 64: 46: 40: 32: 15048:New Zealand 14765:Untouchable 14690:Proletariat 14680:Pea-pickers 14630:Bourgeoisie 14318:Aristocracy 14204:naturalized 14199:native-born 13558:Nonviolence 13553:LGBT rights 13518:Empowerment 13486:Anti-racism 13408:Segregation 13353:No kid zone 13153:Persecution 13066:Hate speech 13017:Gay bashing 12992:Ethnic joke 12947:Dog whistle 12892:Blood libel 12587:Azerbaijani 12491:Neopaganism 12484:Persecution 12450:Persecution 12433:Persecution 12396:Catholicism 12331:Transphobia 12314:Supremacism 12269:Lesbophobia 12184:Aporophobia 12144:Anti-autism 11995:Taste-based 11990:Statistical 11778:Black Codes 11726:labor camps 11633:Afghanistan 11350:Susan Bayly 10978:, pp. 10907:"caste, n." 10463:Gordon 2010 10004:. Madison: 9915: [ 9243:CUP Archive 9123:: 104–119. 9058:Demick 2010 8894:14 February 8853:14 February 8812:14 February 8731:30 November 8579:Shimonoseki 8569:人権意識のアップデート 7902:30 November 7867:, Chicago: 7337:"caste, n." 6624:SW Ethiopia 6491:Cordonniers 6443:Ivory Coast 6420:Ivory Coast 6330:West Africa 6289:-descended 6264:Vastryoshan 6252:Arteshtaran 6126:North Korea 6080:Gabo reform 6073:egalitarian 6046:Gabo Reform 5697:court ranks 5686:Edo society 5673:Heidi Fjeld 5617:enforced a 5615:Kublai Khan 5587:kakatamokan 5571:; Tagalog: 5563:Maguindanao 5543:; Tagalog: 5530:; Tagalog: 5507:Kapampangan 5444:Royalty – ( 5421:, with the 5419:feudalistic 5407:Kapampangan 5280: 1590 5273:Boxer Codex 5253:Philippines 5163:Netherlands 5033:North India 4513:Visa policy 4291:Legislative 4153:Lakshadweep 4106:West Bengal 4101:Uttarakhand 4036:Maharashtra 3683:Rajiv Kumar 3502:Bar Council 3244:Rajya Sabha 3113:Secretaries 3108:Departments 3088:Rajiv Gauba 2688:is a fixed 2347:Nonviolence 2342:LGBT rights 2307:Empowerment 2275:Anti-racism 2189:Segregation 2134:No kid zone 1928:Persecution 1841:Hate speech 1792:Gay bashing 1767:Ethnic joke 1722:Dog whistle 1667:Blood libel 1354:Azerbaijani 1250:Neopaganism 1243:Persecution 1209:Persecution 1192:Persecution 1155:Catholicism 1082:Transphobia 1065:Supremacism 1020:Lesbophobia 935:Aporophobia 895:Anti-autism 732:Taste-based 727:Statistical 470:Ulf Hannerz 465:Lesley Gill 15170:Categories 15038:Luxembourg 14928:Inequality 14593:Superclass 14384:Hereditary 14360:Post-Roman 14351:Patrician 14221:adolescent 14045:Classicide 13832:Stereotype 13827:Speciesism 13708:Oppression 13703:Oikophobia 13599:Allophilia 13583:Toleration 13440:Sodomy law 13333:Internment 13253:Witch-hunt 13131:Blackhawks 13061:Hate group 13049:Hate crime 13022:Gendercide 13012:Freak show 13002:Excellence 12962:Employment 12932:Defamation 12864:Vietnamese 12859:Venezuelan 12749:Lithuanian 12423:Falun Gong 12358:Xenophobia 12353:Vegaphobia 12336:Non-binary 12294:Pedophobia 12259:Homophobia 12071:Skin color 12031:Disability 12004:Attributes 11985:Structural 11881:See also: 11869:Xenophobia 11721:Internment 11706:Ethnocracy 10353:(1). SAV. 9985:21 October 9866:. London. 9560:. London: 9459:22 October 9278:22 October 9170:1007841078 8998:3 November 8838:SUNY Press 8795:. p. 8230:4 December 8104:(2): 1–14. 7512:required.) 7162:References 6891:capitalism 6794:See also: 6661:Among the 6346:Among the 6173:landowners 5655:See also: 5577:; Tausug: 5395:Indianized 5213:knighthood 5054:north-east 5050:Tamil Nadu 4889:status of 4835:Kshatriyas 4283:Ministries 4218:Federalism 4158:Puducherry 4128:Chandigarh 4081:Tamil Nadu 3541:Lok Adalat 3524:High Court 3391:L. Murugan 3129:Parliament 3096:Ministries 3005:Government 2904:endogamous 2629:Stereotype 2624:Speciesism 2505:Oppression 2500:Oikophobia 2396:Allophilia 2372:Toleration 2221:Sodomy law 2114:Internment 2028:Witch-hunt 1906:Blackhawks 1836:Hate group 1824:Hate crime 1797:Gendercide 1787:Freak show 1777:Excellence 1737:Employment 1707:Defamation 1631:Vietnamese 1626:Venezuelan 1516:Lithuanian 1182:Falun Gong 1109:Xenophobia 1104:Vegaphobia 1087:Non-binary 1045:Pedophobia 1010:Homophobia 814:Skin color 774:Disability 747:Attributes 722:Structural 362:Cargo cult 265:Acephelous 155:Matriarchy 150:Patriarchy 137:Leadership 15063:Sri Lanka 14956:Education 14923:Household 14816:Affluence 14751:Rat tribe 14713:Ant tribe 14685:Precariat 14670:Lazzaroni 14612:Bohemians 14573:Overclass 14568:Old money 14504:Spartiate 14479:Kshatriya 14469:Hashashin 14426:Professor 14367:Political 14340:Oligarchy 14330:Hanseaten 14248:Stateless 14228:Convicted 14160:By status 14123:Subaltern 14055:Euthenics 13987:New class 13805:Christian 13733:Prejudice 13681:Masculism 13629:Diversity 13423:religious 13398:Redlining 12997:Ethnocide 12957:Education 12849:Ukrainian 12784:Pakistani 12774:Mongolian 12702:Australia 12684:Hungarian 12639:Colombian 12619:Bulgarian 12501:Rastafari 12455:Ahmadiyya 12368:Religious 12346:Trans men 12304:Pregnancy 12239:Gayphobia 12234:Fatphobia 12129:Acephobia 12124:Arophobia 12108:Viewpoint 11761:Apartheid 11694:Bantustan 11579:Civil War 11403:Religious 11331:Casteless 11252:10 August 11205:Routledge 11152:10 August 10976:Routledge 10947:Routledge 10928:caste, n. 10926:) Quote: 10891:10 August 10835:10 August 10802:10 August 10603:Routledge 10237:cite news 10148:The Hindu 10088:143949609 10043:146641210 9756:cite book 9732:144428371 9543:142847876 9506:146454269 9395:162509491 9355:155805468 9318:144982023 9137:1370-7205 9100:214483496 9092:0021-0862 8879:Routledge 8609:"Kakaku" 8350:143883066 8315:186146571 8199:131367161 8118:The Hindu 7403:258804155 7395:1475-9756 7358:caste, n. 7320:10 August 6942:In 2023, 6796:Mestizaje 6721:feudalism 6719:European 6693:Rahanweyn 6516:, Moors, 6487:Forgerons 6317:Beni Amer 6291:Al-Akhdam 6277:Al-Akhdam 6184:Kurdistan 6179:West Asia 6157:Communism 6078:With the 6069:baekjeong 6065:baekjeong 6061:baekjeong 6057:baekjeong 5980:baekjeong 5927:baekjeong 5819:descent. 5797:burakumin 5793:burakumin 5789:burakumin 5780:burakumin 5626:Mongolian 5600:East Asia 5546:maharlika 5532:katalonan 5399:Islamized 5380:Kankanaey 5368:kadangyan 5311:Tagakaulo 5231:servitude 5200:Brahminas 5170:Indonesia 5117:Sri Lanka 5024:Hypergamy 5012:patrimony 4669:Sanctions 4622:East Asia 4508:Passports 4227:Executive 4184:Districts 4179:Divisions 4086:Telangana 4071:Rajasthan 4046:Meghalaya 4021:Karnataka 4016:Jharkhand 3721:Elections 3138:Lok Sabha 3101:Ministers 2959:Amendment 2883:Kshatriya 2810:New World 2750:Etymology 2736:colonial 2706:exclusion 2602:Christian 2530:Prejudice 2478:Masculism 2426:Diversity 2204:religious 2179:Redlining 1772:Ethnocide 1732:Education 1616:Ukrainian 1551:Pakistani 1541:Mongolian 1469:Australia 1451:Hungarian 1406:Colombian 1386:Bulgarian 1260:Rastafari 1214:Ahmadiyya 1125:Religious 1097:Trans men 1055:Pregnancy 990:Gayphobia 985:Fatphobia 880:Acephobia 875:Arophobia 851:Viewpoint 550:Eric Wolf 122:Age grade 76:Political 57:in India. 15155:Category 15087:Historic 15008:Colombia 14998:Cambodia 14933:Personal 14831:Mobility 14760:Freedman 14746:Plebeian 14732:Prisoner 14718:Commoner 14604:Creative 14585:Seigneur 14551:Nobility 14509:Vanniyar 14494:Pendekar 14454:Cossacks 14088:Snobbery 13960:Theories 13862:Category 13844:The talk 13780:Snobbery 13698:Net bias 13528:Feminism 13455:Ugly law 13296:Catholic 13264:policies 13111:Mortgage 13106:Lynching 13037:examples 13032:Genocide 12952:Economic 12937:Democide 12897:Bullying 12814:Romanian 12779:Nigerian 12729:Japanese 12664:Georgian 12649:Filipino 12582:Assyrian 12555:Armenian 12545:American 12540:Albanian 12522:National 12506:Yazidism 12428:Hinduism 12386:Buddhism 12289:Nepotism 12284:Misogyny 12279:Misandry 12204:Cronyism 12199:Clannism 12194:Biphobia 12134:Adultism 12051:Language 11894:Category 11854:Shunning 11850:(Canada) 11813:Nativism 11667:Dynamics 11544:Rhodesia 11539:Portugal 11534:Malaysia 11499:Bulgaria 11441:Portugal 11282:archived 11237:ABC-CLIO 11220:5 August 11186:5 August 11119:5 August 11104:ABC-CLIO 10921:5 August 10866:(2011). 10770:(2012), 10725:5 August 10571:(1972), 10404:Archived 10400:The Wire 10381:Archived 10355:Archived 10302:Archived 10228:BBC News 10128:37392803 10104:(1998). 9927:Chalosse 9868:Archived 9609:25604523 9016:(2010). 8992:Archived 8793:ABC-CLIO 8616:Kotobank 8414:42632474 8051:CBC News 8030:22 March 7923:ABC News 7828:(1984). 7761:, p. 331 7351:5 August 7274:5 August 7228:(2012), 7125:Propiska 7093:See also 7063:heredity 6982:Buddhism 6779:Americas 6775:(EHRC). 6758:Minister 6697:Madhiban 6674:Ethiopia 6648:Ethiopia 6635:Madhiban 6514:Minianka 6404:Cameroon 6237:Sassanid 6201:Yazidism 6103:cheonmin 5942:, etc.) 5907:Cheonmin 5809:Hokkaidō 5764:hatamoto 5743:hyakushō 5705:mibunsei 5613:, ruler 5528:babaylan 5479:babaiyon 5451:kadatoan 5356:mangayaw 5294:and the 5245:such as 5222:commerce 5181:Balinese 5102:Pakistan 5096:Ram Shah 5086:period. 5084:Licchavi 5016:politics 5008:endogamy 4839:Vaishyas 4831:Brahmins 4664:to India 4645:Diaspora 4490:to India 4481:in India 4235:Governor 4056:Nagaland 3953:Capitals 3573:Minister 3258:Chairman 3160:Om Birla 2986:Taxation 2722:termites 2710:eusocial 2702:endogamy 2641:The talk 2577:Snobbery 2495:Net bias 2317:Feminism 2236:Ugly law 2077:Catholic 2043:Policies 1886:Mortgage 1881:Lynching 1812:examples 1807:Genocide 1727:Economic 1712:Democide 1672:Bullying 1581:Romanian 1546:Nigerian 1496:Japanese 1431:Georgian 1416:Filipino 1349:Assyrian 1322:Armenian 1312:American 1307:Albanian 1287:national 1265:Yazidism 1187:Hinduism 1145:Buddhism 1040:Nepotism 1035:Misogyny 1030:Misandry 955:Cronyism 950:Clannism 945:Biphobia 885:Adultism 794:Language 683:a series 681:Part of 607:Journals 204:Chiefdom 181:Polities 67:a series 65:Part of 15058:Romania 15053:Nigeria 14938:Poverty 14841:Classes 14826:History 14737:Peasant 14723:Outcast 14662:Working 14642:Burgher 14499:Samurai 14489:Ocēlōtl 14449:Chhetri 14441:Warrior 14431:Scholar 14345:Russian 14335:Magnate 14323:Aristoi 14302:By type 14189:Citizen 14182:refugee 14078:Poverty 14072:Parvenu 14006:Related 13977:Marxian 13939:Stratum 13872:Commons 13651:Figleaf 13076:Housing 12844:Turkish 12794:Pashtun 12764:Mexican 12744:Kurdish 12724:Italian 12674:Haitian 12659:Finnish 12634:Chinese 12629:Chechen 12624:Catalan 12614:Bengali 12535:African 12520:Ethnic/ 12479:Judaism 12470:Sunnism 12460:Shi'ism 12376:Atheism 12209:Elitism 12098:Species 12036:Genetic 12026:Dialect 11923:Commons 11828:Rankism 11798:Hafrada 11752:Related 11648:Judaism 11524:Germany 11484:Bahrain 11461:Myanmar 11456:Bahrain 11322:at the 11163:"Caste" 11129:"caste" 11096:"Caste" 10998:"Caste" 10966:"Caste" 10939:"Caste" 10868:"caste" 10812:"caste" 10736:"Caste" 10702:"Caste" 10622:"Caste" 10595:"Caste" 10561:Sources 10298:Reuters 10080:2773155 9874:28 July 9724:1158345 9646:1160872 9498:1158641 9433:: 9–22. 8770:3023467 8704:7 March 8671:7 March 8626:7 March 8593:7 March 8548:7 March 8510:7 March 8191:3629123 7759:3793499 7588:5 April 7491:"caste" 7375:Textile 7251:"Caste" 7182:"Caste" 7115:Kamaiya 7073:at the 6944:Seattle 6760:may by 6709:Somalia 6676:in the 6596:Burundi 6569:Sunjata 6557:Songhay 6553:Soninke 6543:Malinke 6522:Soninke 6518:Manding 6502:Songhay 6498:Tukulor 6451:Senegal 6447:Liberia 6411:Songhai 6400:Nigeria 6360:Anambra 6352:Nigeria 6287:African 6258:Dabiran 6246:Asravan 6217:Kurdish 6209:Kurdish 6189:Yazidis 6144:Songbun 6132:Songbun 6120:kungmin 6099:bongwan 6028:sangmin 6018:jung-in 6006:Yangban 5994:Khitans 5939:gisaeng 5889:Sangmin 5853:Yangban 5846:Status 5817:Chinese 5583:Maranao 5524:Shamans 5502:maginoo 5497:Tagalog 5446:Visayan 5435:vassals 5411:Visayan 5403:Tagalog 5386:of the 5384:baknang 5370:of the 5347:maingal 5303:Mandaya 5292:Mangyan 5268:maginoo 5263:Tagalog 5209:Satrias 5189:ekajāti 5185:dwijāti 4988:Harijan 4843:Shudras 4650:History 4539:BIMSTEC 4309:Speaker 4091:Tripura 4051:Mizoram 4041:Manipur 4006:Haryana 4001:Gujarat 3248:Members 3152:Speaker 2887:Vaishya 2879:Brahmin 2448:Figleaf 1851:Housing 1611:Turkish 1561:Pashtun 1531:Mexican 1511:Kurdish 1491:Italian 1441:Haitian 1426:Finnish 1401:Chinese 1396:Chechen 1391:Catalan 1381:Bengali 1302:African 1285:Ethnic/ 1238:Judaism 1229:Sunnism 1219:Shi'ism 1135:Atheism 960:Elitism 841:Species 779:Genetic 769:Dialect 312:Mandala 145:Big man 126:Age set 15013:France 14993:Belize 14988:Africa 14915:Income 14871:Middle 14864:Gentry 14728:Outlaw 14635:Petite 14622:Middle 14556:Landed 14541:Gentry 14474:Knight 14414:Priest 14409:Clergy 14372:Family 14310:Ruling 14259:collar 14216:Clique 13932:Status 13837:threat 13691:autism 13428:sexual 13418:racial 13301:Jewish 13158:Pogrom 13136:Chiefs 13126:Braves 12854:Uyghur 12829:Somali 12824:Slavic 12809:Romani 12804:Quebec 12799:Polish 12739:Korean 12734:Jewish 12707:Canada 12694:Indian 12679:Hazara 12654:Fulani 12565:France 12530:Afghan 12465:Sufism 12189:Audism 12117:Social 12046:Height 11910:racial 11905:gender 11823:Racism 11754:topics 11620:Gender 11529:Israel 11519:France 11489:Brazil 11479:Canada 11426:Serbia 11421:Israel 11274: 11243: 11211: 11177: 11143: 11110: 11083: 11037: 11008: 10986: 10953: 10917:, 1989 10882: 10856:899573 10854: 10826: 10793: 10750: 10716: 10689: 10670: 10640: 10609: 10583: 10441: 10206:9 June 10126: 10116: 10086: 10078: 10041: 9953:2 June 9835: 9821:Fayard 9777:Africa 9730: 9722: 9703:Africa 9683: 9644: 9625:Africa 9607: 9568: 9541: 9504: 9496: 9477:Africa 9393: 9353: 9316: 9249: 9168: 9158: 9135: 9098: 9090: 9041: 8917: 8885: 8844: 8803: 8768: 8470: 8441: 8412: 8374: 8348: 8313: 8288: 8197: 8189: 7994:UNICEF 7875: 7846: 7808: 7757: 7729: 7680: 7554: 7459:986579 7457: 7401: 7393: 7347:, 1989 7327:Castes 7311: 7265: 7196: 6926:, and 6858:Blacks 6823:castas 6817:negros 6737:Cagots 6715:Europe 6652:Gurage 6592:Rwanda 6561:Fulani 6545:people 6538:Tuareg 6536:, and 6534:Fulani 6510:Senufo 6489:, and 6483:Griots 6479:Fulani 6439:Guinea 6431:Gambia 6372:Ebonyi 6297:Africa 6225:tribes 6010:munban 5933:mudang 5871:Jungin 5837:Hangul 5813:Korean 5785:buraku 5756:daimyo 5748:chōnin 5717:daimyō 5713:Shōgun 5633:people 5574:alipin 5568:ulipon 5540:timawa 5514:Tausug 5454:) the 5413:, and 5378:, and 5376:Bontoc 5372:Ifugao 5362:Petty 5343:mengal 5333:, the 5323:magani 5319:bagani 5313:, and 5307:Bagobo 5247:Mexico 5239:castas 5227:Sudras 5218:Wesias 5204:priest 4934:varnas 4906:varnas 4866:Varnas 4853:Varnas 4805:, the 4617:Africa 4148:Ladakh 4076:Sikkim 4066:Punjab 4061:Odisha 4026:Kerala 3963:States 3534:Judges 3489:Judges 3177:Vacant 2891:Shudra 2875:varnas 2869:. The 2743:castas 2720:, and 2634:threat 2488:autism 2209:sexual 2199:racial 2082:Jewish 1933:Pogrom 1911:Chiefs 1901:Braves 1621:Uyghur 1596:Somali 1591:Slavic 1576:Romani 1571:Quebec 1566:Polish 1506:Korean 1501:Jewish 1474:Canada 1461:Indian 1446:Hazara 1421:Fulani 1332:France 1297:Afghan 1224:Sufism 940:Audism 866:Social 789:Height 638:Social 307:Negara 49:are a 15176:Caste 15109:Aztec 15068:Tibet 15043:Nepal 15033:Italy 15023:India 15018:Haiti 15003:China 14903:Under 14898:Lower 14876:Black 14859:Donor 14854:Black 14849:Upper 14756:Slave 14705:Under 14561:Petty 14536:Elite 14523:Upper 14464:Harii 14459:Cuāuh 14293:White 14273:Green 14172:Alien 14015:Caste 13815:white 13168:Purge 12834:Tatar 12759:Māori 12754:Malay 12719:Irish 12669:Greek 12644:Croat 12602:China 12560:Asian 12445:Islam 12319:White 12056:Looks 12021:Class 12016:Caste 11973:Forms 11900:caste 11628:Islam 11554:Spain 11451:Spain 11320:Caste 11285:(PDF) 11268:(PDF) 10773:caste 10358:(PDF) 10343:(PDF) 10084:S2CID 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3986:Bihar 3981:Assam 3907:INDIA 2863:varna 2847:India 2836:casta 2830:casta 2825:caste 2821:caste 2815:casta 2800:casta 2756:caste 2729:Hindu 2686:caste 2612:white 1943:Purge 1601:Tatar 1526:Māori 1521:Malay 1486:Irish 1436:Greek 1411:Croat 1369:China 1327:Asian 1204:Islam 1070:White 799:Looks 764:Class 760:Caste 708:Forms 296:State 199:Tribe 170:Chief 160:Elder 117:Caste 47:Basor 42:Basor 15028:Iran 14741:Serf 14546:Lord 14484:Nair 14377:List 14288:Pink 14278:Grey 14268:Blue 14257:By " 13810:male 13609:Bias 13054:LGBT 12839:Thai 12819:Serb 12689:Igbo 12550:Arab 12324:Male 12103:Size 12083:Rank 11766:laws 11638:Iran 11514:Fiji 11272:ISBN 11254:2012 11241:ISBN 11222:2012 11209:ISBN 11188:2012 11175:ISBN 11154:2012 11141:ISBN 11121:2012 11108:ISBN 11081:ISBN 11048:2012 11035:ISBN 11019:2012 11006:ISBN 10984:ISBN 10951:ISBN 10923:2012 10893:2012 10880:ISBN 10852:OCLC 10837:2012 10824:ISBN 10804:2012 10791:ISBN 10761:2012 10748:ISBN 10727:2012 10714:ISBN 10687:ISBN 10668:ISBN 10651:2012 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