2082:
1517:
1709:). Service argued that chief rose to assume a managerial status to redistribute agricultural surplus to ecologically specialized communities within this territory (staple finance). Yet in re-studying the Hawaiian chiefdoms used as his case study, Timothy Earle observed that communities were rather self-sufficient. What the chief redistributed was not staple goods, but prestige goods to his followers that helped him to maintain his authority (wealth finance).
25:
1794:
whom controls specific territory or social units. Political control rests on the chief's ability to maintain access to a sufficiently large body of tribute, passed up the line by lesser chiefs. These lesser chiefs in turn collect from those below them, from communities close to their own center. At the apex of the status hierarchy sits the
2070:. The number of structural levels within such chiefdoms appears to be equal, or even to exceed those within the average state, but they have a different type of political organization and political leadership. Such types of political entities do not appear to have been created by the agriculturists (e.g., Kradin 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004).
1701:, Service's definition of chiefdoms as “redistribution societies with a permanent central agency of coordination” (Service 1962: 134) has been most influential. Many archaeologists, however, dispute Service's reliance upon redistribution as central to chiefdom societies, and point to differences in the basis of finance (
1793:
Reciprocal obligations are fulfilled by the nobles carrying out rituals that only they can perform. They may also make token, symbolic redistributions of food and other goods. In two- or three-tiered chiefdoms, higher-ranking chiefs have control over a number of lesser ranking individuals, each of
1833:
The Native
American tribes sometimes had ruling kings or satraps (governors) in some areas and regions. The Cherokee, for example, had an imperial-family ruling system over a long period of history. The early Spanish explorers in the Americas reported on the Indian kings and kept extensive notes
1769:
A single simple chiefdom is generally composed of a central community surrounded by or near a number of smaller subsidiary communities. All of the communities recognize the authority of a single kin group or individual with hereditary centralized power, dwelling in the primary community. Each
2874:: How did modern territorial states come to replace earlier forms of organization, defined by a wide variety of territorial and non-territorial forms of authority? Answering this question can help to explain both where our international political system came from and where it might be going....
1736:
Pauketat's provocation, however, has been accused of not offering a sound alternative to the chiefdom type. For while he claims that chiefdoms are a delusion, he describes
Cahokia as a civilization. This has been debated to uphold rather than challenge the evolutionary scheme he contests.
1725:'s 19th-century cultural evolution. From this perspective, pre-state societies are treated as underdeveloped, the savage and barbaric phases that preceded civilization. Pauketat argues that the chiefdom type is a limiting category that should be abandoned, and takes as his main case study
1720:
outlines how chiefdoms fail to account for the high variability of the archaeological evidence for middle-range societies. Pauketat argues that the evolutionary underpinnings of the chiefdom model are weighed down by racist and outdated theoretical baggage that can be traced back to
1761:
had as many as four social classes.) An individual might change social class during a lifetime by extraordinary behavior. A single lineage/family of the elite class becomes the ruling elite of the chiefdom, with the greatest influence, power, and prestige.
1838:" was somewhat like the Great Khans of Asia and eastern Europe. Much like an emperor, the Great Sun of North America is the best example of chiefdoms and imperial kings in North American Indian history. The Aztecs of Mexico had a similar culture.
1790:. Nobles are clearly distinct from commoners and do not usually engage in any form of agricultural production. The higher members of society consume most of the goods that are passed up the hierarchy as a tribute.
1850:(3300 BCE - 1700 BCE) was a hegemony of chiefdoms with supreme chiefs in each and a system of subsidiary chiefs. The ranks of the chiefs included ordinary chiefs, elders, priests or cattle-owners and head chiefs.
1809:
of collapse and renewal, in which tribal units band together, expand in power, fragment through some form of social stress, and band together again. An example of this kind of social organization were the
1917:. Traditional authority is a distinguishing feature in the landscape of contemporary Africa. It remains important in organising the life of people at the local level despite modern state structures.
1674:
leaders of tribes. Another feature of chiefdoms is therefore pervasive social inequality. They are ranked societies, according to the scheme of progressive sociopolitical development formulated by
1822:. Although commonly referred to as tribes, anthropologists classified their society as chiefdoms. They had a complex social hierarchy consisting of kings, a warrior aristocracy, common freemen,
2052:(principalities) where circles of influence were more important than central power. The concept counteracts modern tendencies to look for unified political power like that of the large
680:
2183:
366:
1545:
1689:: "An autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief" (Carneiro 1981: 45).
1706:
1702:
725:
2338:
1643:
Within general theories of cultural evolution, chiefdoms are characterized by permanent and institutionalized forms of political leadership (the
2544:
2914:
383:
2014:
as their ethnographic parallel (Berezkin 1995). Frantsouzoff (2000) finds a more developed example of such type of polities in ancient South
1834:
during what is now called the conquest. Some of the native tribes in the
Americas had princes, nobles, and various classes and castes. The "
1589:, which is often monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'. These elites can form a political-ideological
1650:
Chiefdoms are described as intermediate between tribes and states in the progressive scheme of sociopolitical development formulated by
2008:, with a pronounced autonomy of single-family households. These communities have been analyzed recently by Berezkin, who suggests the
653:
2312:
2110:
2045:
762:
371:
2132:
Berezkin, Yu. E. 1995. "Alternative Models of Middle Range
Society" and " 'Individualistic' Asia vs. 'Collectivistic' America?", in
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2066:
has demonstrated that an alternative to the state seems to be represented by the supercomplex chiefdoms created by some nomads of
2796:
1538:
673:
2648:
2242:
Kradin, Nikolay N. 2002. "Nomadism, Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral
Societies in Theories of Historical Development",
414:
2757:
2719:
2681:
1805:
have demonstrated through research that chiefdoms are a relatively unstable form of social organization. They are prone to
718:
1712:
Some scholars contest the utility of the chiefdom model for archaeological inquiry. The most forceful critique comes from
2858:
2844:
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1531:
89:
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647:
108:
61:
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1745:
Chiefdoms are characterized by the centralization of authority and pervasive inequality. At least two inherited
68:
2751:
2520:
2487:
2405:
2143:/ Ed. by G. D. Jones and R. R. Kautz, pp. 37–79. Cambridge, UK – New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
1972:
1223:
1178:
509:
46:
2146:
Carneiro, R. L. 1991. "The Nature of the
Chiefdom as Revealed by Evidence from the Cauca Valley of Colombia",
1049:
348:
1766:
is typically an organizing principle, while marriage, age, and sex can affect one's social status and role.
2924:
219:
75:
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1782:
A complex chiefdom is a group of simple chiefdoms controlled by a single paramount center and ruled by a
1243:
758:
2821:
2819:
Source: 'Mapping the
Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change' by Jordan Branch, in
2004:
In prehistoric South-West Asia, alternatives to chiefdoms were the non-hierarchical systems of complex
1064:
1859:, a work on politics written some time between the 4th century BC and 2nd century AD by Indian author
2552:
2033:
1847:
1563:
336:
57:
42:
2056:
kingdoms and nation states, which one scholar posited were an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century
1955:), also known as Headmen or Chieftains, were tribal leaders recognized as imperial officials by the
814:
2150:/ Ed. by A.T. Rambo and K. Gillogly, pp. 167–90. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
2929:
1926:
1472:
1039:
637:
400:
35:
2934:
2057:
1867:(or "Raja-mandala,") as circles of friendly and enemy states surrounding the state of a king (
1671:
1487:
1054:
627:
204:
135:
126:
2840:
Mapping the
Sovereign State: Cartographic Technology, Political Authority, and Systemic Change
2909:
1730:
1698:
1482:
1345:
942:
701:
489:
1758:
2640:
The
Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script
494:
469:
224:
8:
2667:
India, the
Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200
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2100:
2048:, which in turn describes the diffuse patterns of political power distributed among
1575:
1477:
1198:
1029:
981:
809:
742:
459:
444:
439:
1889:. Each clan, tribe, kingdom, and empire had its traditional leader, king, or queen.
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234:
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2889:
2431:"Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia"
2203:
1980:
1977:
1951:
1647:), centralized decision-making, economic interdependence, and social hierarchy.
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2447:
2430:
2257:, and T. Barfield (p. 73-87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies,
1774:
and/or subservient relationship to the ruling elite of the primary community.
1604:, particularly when they are understood as not necessarily states, but having
2903:
2896:
et al. Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues. Volgograd, Uchitel, 2004.
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2313:"Chiefdoms and kingdoms in Africa: Why they are neither states nor empires"
2215:
Kradin, Nikolay N. 2000. "Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective", in
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describes a chiefdom as a form of social organization more complex than a
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Chiefdoms and chiefs are sometimes identified as the same as kingdoms and
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2231:: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in:
2202:: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in:
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Form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies
2480:
The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology
2302:
2136:, Ed. N. N. Kradin & V. A. Lynsha. Vladivostok: Dal'nauka: 75–83.
2095:
2010:
1971:. The arrangement is generally known as the Native Chieftain System (
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Kradin, Nikolay N. 2003. "Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline",
24:
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794:
2339:"Complex Chiefdoms vs Early States: The Evolutionary Perspective"
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2041:
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1726:
1685:
The most succinct definition of a chiefdom in anthropology is by
1659:
1605:
1586:
1122:
959:
949:
185:
1574:. Chiefdoms have been discussed, depending on their scope, as a
2053:
2049:
2037:
2015:
1985:
1968:
1827:
1786:. Complex chiefdoms have two or even three tiers of political
1286:
2341:. Evolution: Trajectories of Social Evolution. pp. 96–129
2139:
Carneiro, R. L. 1981. "The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State",
2155:
How Chiefs Came to Power: The Political Economy of Prehistory
2120:
1823:
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258:
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community will have its own leaders, which are usually in a
2036:
up to the early 19th century, the metaphysical view of the
2019:
1937:
1869:
1620:, one model of human social development rooted in ideas of
1597:
2396:
Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective
2026:
2176:: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
1841:
2361:
Access to Origins: Affines, Ancestors, and Aristocrats
2160:
Frantsouzoff S. A. 2000. "The Society of Raybūn", in
1885:
African people was structured before the arrivals of
1692:
2077:
1931:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2393:
2272:
2227:, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 274-288).
2198:, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 242-257).
2172:, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 258-265).
2901:
1582:analogue or early state system or institution.
2239:et al. (р. 501–524). Volgograd: Uchitel', 2004.
2233:The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues
2212:et al. (р. 300–324). Volgograd: Uchitel', 2004.
2205:The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues
2363:. Austin, TX: Univ Of Texas Press. p. 4.
2705:Indian Political Thought: Themes and Thinkers
1539:
719:
2568:Chiefdoms and Other Archaeological Delusions
2141:The Transition to Statehood in the New World
1999:
2708:. Pearson Education India. pp. 11–13.
2545:"Timothy Earle: Department of Anthropology"
1718:Chiefdom and Other Archaeological Delusions
2739:
2670:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 188–189.
2657:
2633:
2435:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2157:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
1920:
1546:
1532:
726:
712:
654:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
2852:
2446:
2111:Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)
1680:egalitarian - ranked - stratified - state
763:List of countries by system of government
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2890:Was the Chiefdom a Congelation of Ideas?
2565:
2279:Claessen, Henri J. M. (September 2022).
2278:
2513:Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology
2428:
2391:
1585:Usually a chief's position is based on
674:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
2902:
2836:
2336:
1562:is a political organization of people
330:Societies without hierarchical leaders
2915:Anthropological categories of peoples
2702:Singh, Prof. Mahendra Prasad (2011).
2701:
2663:
2510:
2477:
2330:
2044:(i.e., circle) is used to describe a
2599:Beck, Robin (2009). "On Delusions".
2598:
2358:
2251:Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution
1967:Chinese governments, principally in
1880:
1842:Chiefdoms on the Indian subcontinent
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2779:"Traditional authorities in Africa"
2134:Alternative Pathways to Early State
2058:advances in map-making technologies
1777:
13:
2861:from the original on June 29, 2017
2845:University of California, Berkeley
2281:"Before the early state and after"
1740:
1693:Chiefdoms in archaeological theory
14:
2951:
2883:
2837:Branch, Jordan Nathaniel (2011).
2825:, Volume 65, Issue 1, Winter 2011
2184:Chiefdom: Precursor of the Tribe?
648:Political economy in anthropology
2244:Journal of World-System Research
2217:Alternatives of Social Evolution
2188:Alternatives of Social Evolution
2162:Alternatives of Social Evolution
2080:
1932:Native chieftain system in China
1515:
23:
2830:
2789:
2771:
2760:from the original on 2022-10-12
2733:
2722:from the original on 2022-10-12
2695:
2684:from the original on 2022-10-12
2627:
2592:
2559:
2126:
2046:Southeast Asian political model
1658:. A chief's status is based on
1656:band - tribe - chiefdom - state
1593:relative to the general group.
34:needs additional citations for
2537:
2504:
2478:Fried, Morton Herbert (1976).
2471:
2422:
2385:
2352:
2285:Social Evolution & History
2148:Profiles in Cultural Evolution
1990:
1976:
1873:). Also see Suhas Chatterjee,
1608:representation or government.
1600:, and therefore understood as
1224:Intergovernmental organisation
1179:Separation of church and state
510:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
2805:. Summer 2011. Archived from
2429:Sahlins, Marshall D. (1963).
2400:. Chicago, IL: Random House.
2317:African Studies Centre Leiden
2265:
681:Journal of Legal Anthropology
349:The Art of Not Being Governed
2743:Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom
2566:Pauketat, Timothy R (2011).
2551:. 2017-03-30. Archived from
2511:Earle, Timothy, ed. (2004).
1875:Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom
1021:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
2643:. E.J. Brill. p. 133.
2259:Russian Academy of Sciences
2073:
1089:(socio-economic ideologies)
759:List of forms of government
10:
2956:
2892:by Robert L. Carneiro. In
2822:International Organization
2740:Chatterjee, Suhas (1995).
1935:
1924:
1863:, similarly describes the
1814:who conquered the western
1759:ancient Hawaiian chiefdoms
1729:, a central place for the
1632:, and less complex than a
1611:
687:Journal of Law and Society
407:Colonialism and resistance
2854:10.1017/S0020818310000299
2797:"How Maps Made the World"
2746:. Publications Pvt. Ltd.
2515:. Cambridge Univ. Press.
2448:10.1017/S0010417500001729
2392:Service, Elman R (1976).
2000:Alternatives to chiefdoms
1950:
1848:Indus Valley Civilisation
1210:(geo-cultural ideologies)
361:Non-western state systems
337:African Political Systems
1662:, so it is inherited or
2549:Northwestern University
2337:Grinin, Leonid (2022).
2034:Southeast Asian history
1927:Chiefdoms of Hispaniola
1921:Chiefdoms in Hispaniola
1473:Administrative division
1417:International relations
386:and the State in Africa
2940:Political anthropology
2664:Avari, Burjor (2007).
2253:. Ed. by N.N. Kradin,
2219:. Ed. by N.N. Kradin,
2190:. Ed. by N.N. Kradin,
2164:. Ed. by N.N. Kradin,
2025:of the 1st millennium
2006:acephalous communities
1893:call the king or chef
1618:anthropological theory
628:Circumscription theory
415:Europe and the People
384:Technology, Tradition,
2783:www.library.oapen.org
1911:, and Ashanti people
1731:Mississippian culture
1699:archaeological theory
1666:, in contrast to the
1483:Democratic transition
1346:Self-governing colony
943:Military dictatorship
702:cultural anthropology
490:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
343:Papuan Big man system
2180:Korotayev, Andrey V.
1801:Anthropologists and
1757:) are present. (The
495:Wolfgang Fikentscher
470:Henri J. M. Claessen
225:Pantribal sodalities
43:improve this article
2925:Forms of government
2359:Helm, Mary (2010).
2153:Earle, T. K. 1997.
1818:in the 5th century
1522:Politics portal
1407:Supranational union
1316:Dependent territory
1229:National government
638:Left–right paradigm
2613:10.1353/nso.0.0011
2570:. AltaMira Press.
1733:of North America.
1687:Robert L. Carneiro
1622:cultural evolution
633:Legal anthropology
535:Thomas Blom Hansen
465:Robert L. Carneiro
254:Segmentary lineage
191:Leveling mechanism
141:legal anthropology
2847:. pp. 1–36.
2809:on 11 August 2011
2650:978-81-204-0491-5
2255:Dmitri Bondarenko
2225:Dmitri Bondarenko
2196:Dmitri Bondarenko
2170:Dmitri Bondarenko
2101:Chief of the Name
1881:African chiefdoms
1556:
1555:
1507:
1506:
1478:Democracy indices
1453:
1452:
1256:
1255:
1065:Semi-presidential
990:
989:
736:
735:
460:Jeremy Boissevain
445:Georges Balandier
440:E. Adamson Hoebel
119:
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2843:(Ph.D. thesis).
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2802:Wilson Quarterly
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1812:Germanic Peoples
1778:Complex category
1714:Timothy Pauketat
1548:
1541:
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1311:Associated state
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1244:Internationalism
1234:World government
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605:Douglas R. White
595:Jonathan Spencer
575:Marshall Sahlins
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2482:. McGraw-Hill.
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2910:Anthropology
2894:Grinin L. E.
2871:
2870:
2863:. Retrieved
2839:
2832:
2820:
2818:
2811:. Retrieved
2807:the original
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2762:. Retrieved
2742:
2735:
2724:. Retrieved
2704:
2697:
2686:. Retrieved
2666:
2659:
2639:
2629:
2604:
2601:Native South
2600:
2594:
2567:
2561:
2553:the original
2548:
2539:
2512:
2506:
2479:
2473:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2395:
2387:
2360:
2354:
2343:. Retrieved
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2319:. 2002-02-21
2316:
2293:. Retrieved
2288:
2284:
2274:
2250:
2243:
2232:
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2161:
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2147:
2140:
2133:
2127:Bibliography
2106:Band society
2062:
2031:
2009:
2003:
1991:
1989:
1942:
1941:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1884:
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1868:
1856:Arthashastra
1854:
1852:
1845:
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1816:Roman Empire
1800:
1792:
1781:
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1723:Lewis Morgan
1717:
1711:
1696:
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1676:Morton Fried
1655:
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1638:civilization
1630:band society
1615:
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1436:Middle power
1363:Vassal state
1357:Buffer state
1355:
1331:Puppet state
1326:Protectorate
1302:Client state
1292:Principality
1118:Distributism
1060:Presidential
938:Dictatorship
862:Gerontocracy
784:rule by many
757:
741:Part of the
686:
679:
672:
652:
560:Sidney Mintz
550:Ralph Linton
545:Edmund Leach
505:Morton Fried
500:Meyer Fortes
450:F. G. Bailey
382:
347:
335:
320:Case studies
279:Ethnic group
263:
249:Band society
124:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2857:. 3469226.
2607:: 111–120.
2246:8: 368–388.
2229:Vladivostok
2200:Vladivostok
2174:Vladivostok
2040:called the
1865:Rajamandala
1591:aristocracy
1564:represented
1441:Great power
1426:Small power
1368:Viceroyalty
1239:Nationalism
1103:Colonialism
1083:Libertarian
1045:Directorial
922:rule by one
902:Technocracy
897:Stratocracy
877:Meritocracy
867:Kleptocracy
857:Aristocracy
530:Ulf Hannerz
525:Lesley Gill
2904:Categories
2764:2015-11-20
2753:8185880727
2726:2015-11-20
2688:2015-11-20
2522:0521448018
2489:0075535793
2407:0394316355
2345:2024-02-26
2323:2024-02-26
2295:2024-02-26
2266:References
2023:Hadhramawt
1992:Tǔsī Zhìdù
1914:Asantehene
1899:Fon people
1891:Ewe people
1602:monarchies
1446:Superpower
1402:Superstate
1397:Federation
1392:Devolution
1378:Federalism
1219:City-state
892:Plutocracy
887:Particracy
751:government
422:Cargo cult
325:Acephelous
215:Matriarchy
210:Patriarchy
197:Leadership
99:April 2013
69:newspapers
58:"Chiefdom"
2920:Ethnology
2621:201784072
2586:768479880
2531:611267761
2498:748982203
2465:145254059
2457:1475-2999
2416:974107713
2379:640095710
2235:. Ed. by
2208:. Ed. by
2096:Cacicazgo
2011:Apa Tanis
1895:Togbui Ga
1887:Europeans
1836:Great Sun
1796:paramount
1788:hierarchy
1772:tributary
1606:monarchic
1576:stateless
1273:Unitarism
1249:Globalism
1155:Religious
1143:Tribalism
1133:Socialism
1128:Feudalism
1113:Despotism
1108:Communism
1098:Anarchism
1035:Communist
982:Stateless
972:Anarchism
933:Despotism
917:Autocracy
907:Theocracy
872:Kritarchy
840:Oligarchy
825:Socialist
779:Democracy
610:Eric Wolf
182:Age grade
136:Political
2872:Abstract
2865:March 5,
2859:Archived
2758:Archived
2720:Archived
2682:Archived
2637:(1992).
2116:Tanistry
2074:See also
2054:European
1965:Qing-era
1877:(1995).
1861:Chanakya
1755:commoner
1716:, whose
1664:ascribed
1568:governed
1560:chiefdom
1321:Dominion
1050:Legalist
1030:Absolute
1015:Republic
1010:Monarchy
882:Noocracy
852:Anocracy
805:Economic
795:Demarchy
667:Journals
264:Chiefdom
241:Polities
127:a series
125:Part of
2813:28 July
2068:Eurasia
2042:mandala
2018:in the
1973:Chinese
1947:Chinese
1764:Kinship
1727:Cahokia
1672:Big Man
1660:kinship
1612:Concept
1587:kinship
1463:Related
1158:Secular
1123:Fascism
960:Anarchy
950:Tyranny
810:Liberal
372:Mandala
205:Big man
186:Age set
83:scholar
2750:
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2050:Mueang
2038:cosmos
2016:Arabia
1988::
1986:pinyin
1975::
1969:Yunnan
1963:, and
1949::
1904:, the
1897:, the
1828:slaves
1826:, and
1807:cycles
1287:Empire
1199:Global
830:Others
820:Social
800:Direct
698:Social
367:Negara
85:
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2617:S2CID
2461:S2CID
2186:, in
2121:Tribe
1824:serfs
1751:elite
1645:chief
1636:or a
1634:state
1628:or a
1626:tribe
1598:kings
1580:state
1572:chief
1570:by a
1204:Local
356:State
259:Tribe
230:Chief
220:Elder
177:Caste
90:JSTOR
76:books
2867:2012
2815:2011
2748:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2582:OCLC
2572:ISBN
2527:OCLC
2517:ISBN
2494:OCLC
2484:ISBN
2453:ISSN
2412:OCLC
2402:ISBN
2375:OCLC
2365:ISBN
2020:Wadi
1961:Ming
1957:Yuan
1943:Tusi
1938:Tusi
1870:raja
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401:Kapu
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