Society - Knowledge

97: 1182: 1051: 832: 77: 760: 1255: 86: 966: 308: 1353: 927: 484: 847:, rely heavily on machines powered by external sources for the mass production of goods. Whereas in pre-industrial societies the majority of labor takes place in primary industries focused on extracting raw materials (farming, fishing, mining, etc.), in industrial societies, labor is mostly focused on processing raw materials into finished products. Present-day societies vary in their degree of industrialization, with some using mostly newer energy sources (e.g. 334:, are highly social animals. This biological context suggests that the underlying sociability required for the formation of societies is hardwired into human nature. Human society features high degrees of cooperation, and differs in important ways from groups of chimps and bonobos, including the parental role of males, the use of language to communicate, the specialization of labor, and the tendency to build "nests" (multigenerational camps, town, or cities). 672:" due to their extended leisure time: Sahlins estimated that adults in hunter gatherer societies work three to five hours per day. This perspective has been challenged by other researchers, who have pointed out high mortality rates and perennial warfare in hunter-gatherer societies. Proponents of Sahlins' view argue that the general well-being of humans in hunter gatherer societies challenges the purported relationship between technological advancement and 1404: 8231: 8299: 951:, and levels of democracy. Although the concept of information society has been discussed since the 1930s, in the present day, it is almost always applied to ways that information technologies impact society and culture. It therefore covers the effects of computers and telecommunications on the home, the workplace, schools, government, and various communities and organizations, as well as the emergence of new social forms in cyberspace. 8282: 691: 8316: 8265: 1143:, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area. There is no generally accepted definition of what constitutes an ethnic group, and humans have evolved the ability to change affiliation with social groups relatively easily, including leaving groups with previously strong alliances, if doing so is seen as providing personal advantages. Ethnicity is separate from the concept of 614: 8248: 775:. Larger food supplies due to improved technology mean agrarian communities are larger than horticultural communities. A greater food surplus results in towns that become centers of trade. Economic trade in turn leads to increased specialization, including a ruling class, as well as educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religious figures, who do not directly participate in the production of food. 538:, which the Spanish used to justify their colonial occupation, was instead caused by the colonial occupation. Rizal compared the pre-colonial era, when the Filipinos controlled trade routes and had higher economic activity, to the period of colonial rule, and argued that exploitation, economic disorder, and colonial policies that discouraged farming led to a decreased interest in work. 817:, as historically found in South Asia, are associated with agrarian societies, where lifelong agricultural routines depend upon a rigid sense of duty and discipline. The scholar Donald Brown suggests that an emphasis in the modern West on personal liberties and freedoms was in large part a reaction to the steep and rigid stratification of agrarian societies. 737:

made it possible to cultivate crops and raise animals. Horticulturists use human labor and simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more seasons. When the land becomes barren, horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. They may return to the original

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theory that focuses on individuals and how the individual relates to society. Symbolic interactionists study humans' use of shared language to create common symbols and meanings, and use this frame of reference to understand how individuals interact to create symbolic worlds, and in turn, how these

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through organized conflict (i.e. war) has long been the subject of debate. One school of thought is that war evolved as a means to eliminate competitors, and that violence is an innate human characteristic. Humans commit violence against other humans at a rate comparable to other primates (although

1151:. Assigning ethnicity to a certain population is complicated, as even within common ethnic designations there can be a diverse range of subgroups, and the makeup of these ethnic groups can change over time at both the collective and individual level. Ethnic groupings can play a powerful role in the 977:

As the access to electronic information resources increased at the beginning of the 21st century, special attention was extended from the information society to the knowledge society. A knowledge society generates, shares, and makes available to all members of the society knowledge that may be used

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society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists typically live a nomadic life, moving their herds from one pasture to another. Community size in pastoral societies is similar to hunter-gatherers (about 50 individuals), but unlike hunter gatherers, pastoral societies

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Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots, that have been cleared from the jungle or forest, provide the main source of food in a horticultural society. These societies have a similar level of technology and complexity to pastoral societies. Along with pastoral societies, horticultural societies

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living in the 14th century, understood society, along with the rest of the universe, as having "meaningful configuration", with its perceived randomness attributable to hidden causes. Khaldun conceptualized social structures as having two fundamental forms: nomadic and sedentary. Nomadic life has

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Industrialization is associated with population booms and the growth of cities. Increased productivity, as well as the stability caused by improved transportation, leads to decreased mortality and resulting population growth. Centralized production of goods in factories and a decreased need for

790:, urban minority versus peasant majority, and literate minority versus illiterate majority. This results in two distinct subcultures; the urban elite versus the peasant masses. Moreover, this means cultural differences within agrarian societies are greater than differences between them. 243:

The term "society" often refers to a large group of people in an ordered community, in a country or several similar countries, or the 'state of being with other people', e.g. "they lived in medieval society." The term dates back to at least 1513 and comes from the 12th-century French

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usually consist of multiple communities—the average pastoral society contains thousands of people. This is because pastoral groups tend to live in open areas where movement is easy, which enables political integration. Pastoral societies tend to create a food surplus, and have

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Another school of thought suggests that war is a relatively recent phenomenon and appeared due to changing social conditions. While not settled, the current evidence suggests warlike behavior only became common about 10,000 years ago, and in many regions even more recently.

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Post-industrial societies are societies dominated by information and services, rather than the production of goods. Advanced industrial societies see a shift toward an increase in service sectors, over manufacturing. Service industries include education, health and finance.

1020:, and patterns of behavior that relate to an individual's social status. In functionalist thought, individuals form the structure of society by occupying social roles. According to symbolic interactionism, individuals use symbols to navigate and communicate roles. 946:

of information is a significant activity. Proponents of the idea that modern-day global society is an information society posit that information technologies are impacting most important forms of social organization, including education, economy, health, government,

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In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's ancestors' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other

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patterns. Societies can have many different forms of government, various ways of understanding kinship, and different gender roles. Human behavior varies immensely between different societies; humans shape society, but society in turn shapes human beings.

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Phylogenetic analysis predicts 2% of human deaths to be caused by homicide, which approximately matches the rate of homicide in band societies. However, rates of violence vary widely according to societal norms, and rates of homicide in societies that have

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The main form of food production in hunter-gatherer societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent

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Trade, the voluntary exchange of goods and services, has long been an aspect of human societies, and it is seen as a characteristic that differentiates humans from other animals. Trade has even been cited as a practice that gave

526:), which Khaldun argued arose from kinship, shared customs, and a shared need for defense. Sedentary life, in Khaldun's view, was marked by secularization, decreased social cohesion, and increased interest in luxury. Rizal was a 599:, is the main economic activity. These societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. These subdivisions are hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, and agrarian. 572:

has a profound effect on patterns of community. Hunter-gatherer tribes have, at times, settled around seasonal food stocks to become agrarian villages. Villages have grown to become towns and cities. Cities have turned into

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throughout human history, with various ways of allocating power, and with different levels and means of control over the population. In early history, distribution of political power was determined by the availability of

745:(religious leaders), and traders. This role specialization allows horticultural societies to create a variety of artifacts. Scarce, defensible resources can lead to wealth inequalities in horticultural political systems. 1214:

of different locations. As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased, leading to the further development of governance within and between communities.

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land several years later and begin the process again. By rotating their garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a long period of time. This allows them to build permanent or semi-permanent villages.

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Gurven, Michael; Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique; Hooper, Paul L.; Kaplan, Hillard; Quinlan, Robert; Sear, Rebecca; Schniter, Eric; von Rueden, Christopher; Bowles, Samuel; Hertz, Tom; Bell, Adrian (19 February 2010).

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Where productivity increased and populations grew, farming communities and technologies spread into regions that had been only thinly populated before, thereby laying the foundations for new regions of agrarian

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On the whole, industrial societies are marked by the increased power of human beings. Technological advancements mean that industrial societies have increased potential for deadly warfare. Governments use

982:. A knowledge society differs from an information society in that it transforms information into resources that allow society to take effective action, rather than only creating and disseminating 215:. Societies construct roles and other patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or concepts acceptable or unacceptable—these expectations around behavior within a given society are known as 3412: 1109:). These culturally defined relationships are referred to as kinship. In many societies, it is one of the most important social organizing principles and plays a role in transmitting status and 435:

of government, family, religion and culture. Marx argues that the economic base determines the superstructure, and that throughout history, societal change has been driven by conflict between

506:, and that their analysis of non-Western cultures is therefore limited in scope. As examples of nonwestern thinkers who took a systematic approach to understanding society, al-Attas mentions 2525:

Reports on hunters and gatherers of the ethnological present—specifically on those in marginal environments—suggest a mean of three to five hours per adult worker per day in food production.

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Subdivisions of these categories vary, and classifications are often based on level of technology, communication, and economy. One example of such a classification comes from sociologist

1287:, exchanged over short distances. In contrast, throughout antiquity and the medieval period, some of the most influential long-distance routes carried food and luxury goods, such as the 3018: 1334:

in the division of wealth among humans; as of 2018 in China, Europe, and the United States, the richest tenth of humans hold more than seven-tenths of those regions' total wealth.

1117:, according to which marriage between certain kinds of kin relations are prohibited; and some societies also have rules of preferential marriage with certain other kin relations. 778:

Agrarian societies are especially noted for their extremes of social classes and rigid social mobility. As land is the major source of wealth, social hierarchy develops based on

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The landowning strata typically combine government, religious, and military institutions to justify and enforce their ownership, and support elaborate patterns of consumption,

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use the market to amass large amounts of wealth. Working conditions in factories are generally restrictive and harsh. Workers, who have common interests, may organize into

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Horan, Richard D.; Bulte, Erwin; Shogren, Jason F. (September 2005). "How trade saved humanity from biological exclusion: an economic theory of Neanderthal extinction".

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who lists: (1) hunting and gathering; (2) horticultural; (3) agricultural; and (4) industrial; as well as specialized societies (e.g., fishing or herding).

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behavior by groups. Social norms, which can both be informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society, as well as be codified into

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All human societies organize, recognize and classify types of social relationships based on relations between parents, children and other descendants (

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As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to a more complex division of labor. Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople,

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Egyptian family riding on a donkey-drawn cart in 2019. Familial relationships are one of the most important organizing principles in many societies.

2762: 407:, for example, believed that society constitutes a separate "level" of reality, distinct from both biological and inorganic matter. Explanations of 1135:

together as a group based on shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. These shared attributes can be a common set of traditions,

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Hill, Kim; Hurtado, A. M.; Walker, R. S. (April 2007). "High adult mortality among Hiwi hunter-gatherers: Implications for human evolution".

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and other domestic roles. Gender roles have varied historically, and challenges to predominant gender norms have recurred in many societies.

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Gómez, José María; Verdú, Miguel; González-Megías, Adela; Méndez, Marcos (October 2016). "The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence".

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had therefore to be constructed within this level, individuals being merely transient occupants of comparatively stable social roles.

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Societies vary based on level of technology and type of economic activity. Larger societies with larger food surpluses often exhibit

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advances to cultivate crops over a large area. Lenski differentiates between horticultural and agrarian societies by the use of the

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insects. The social group enables its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis.

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Sociologists tend to classify societies based on their level of technology, and place societies in three broad categories:

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The division of humans into male and female gender roles has been marked culturally by a corresponding division of norms,

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describes society as "dialectic": Society is created by humans, but this creation turns in turn creates or molds humans.

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According to the functionalist school of thought, individuals in society work together like organs in the body to create

7940: 3636:"When does a social norm catch the worm? Disentangling social normative influences on sustainable consumption behaviour" 2291:

Glassman, Ronald M. (20 June 2017). "The Importance of City-States in the Evolution of Democratic Political Processes".

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The sociologic emphasis placed on functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism, has been criticized as

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and providing additional food sources when hunting was sparse. Such trade networks did not exist for the now-extinct

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Semenova, Alla (14 April 2011). "Would You Barter with God? Why Holy Debts and Not Profane Markets Created Money".

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is commonly the lot of the primary producer. Rulers of agrarian societies often do not manage their empire for the

2955: 2443:(1968). "Discussions, Part II: Notes on the Original Affluent Society". In Lee, Richard B.; DeVore, Irven (eds.). 6841: 6692: 5394: 633:. The need for mobility also limits the size of these societies, and they usually only form small groups such as 4633: 2925:"Domestication Alone Does Not Lead to Inequality: Intergenerational Wealth Transmission among Horticulturalists" 1050: 223:, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual basis. 8042: 7895: 6781: 4992: 4550: 3877: 1623: 1233: 5282: 4258: 8082: 7955: 7177: 6208: 5978: 1071: 8351: 7980: 7975: 7669: 6707: 6340: 2796: 1079: 4594: 8101: 7995: 7990: 7775: 5500: 4602: 4416: 2724: 2661: 1198: 1186: 1144: 200:; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. 8237: 188:

authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (

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In a pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal

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Mingst, Karen A.; Karns, Margaret P.; Lyon, Alynna J. (2022). "The United Nations in World Politics".

3635: 8305: 7024: 6967: 6552: 2864: 1360: 1132: 669: 646: 38: 17: 5725: 831: 7865: 5635: 4983: 3372: 3280: 1473: 1059: 939: 568:

Some cultures have developed over time toward more complex forms of organization and control. This

396: 372: 63: 4775: 3375:(2002). "Cyberspace: Beyond the Information Society?". In Armitage, John; Roberts, Joanne (eds.). 1330:

that looks at how societies distribute scarce resources among different people. There are massive

8202: 8192: 7845: 7765: 7182: 6771: 6682: 5842: 4347: 3929: 2612: 943: 900: 432: 380: 7579: 8135: 7172: 7152: 7002: 6672: 6300: 3920:(2005). "Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour-market Outcomes of Women across OECD Countries". 1148: 1025: 906: 884: 630: 590: 502:, for example, argues that Western thinkers are particularly interested in the implications of 468: 7039: 4226: 3970:(2000). "Beyond Kinship: An Introduction". In Joyce, Rosemary A.; Gillespie, Susan D. (eds.). 1549: 8254: 7326: 7281: 7092: 6687: 5135: 5095: 1886: 1377: 844: 814: 783: 642: 227: 76: 7142: 5209: 4464:

Harrison, J. Frank (2010) . "Forms and Models of Government". In Sekiguchi; Masashi (eds.).

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Conflict theorists take the opposite view, and posit that individuals and social groups or

109: 7306: 649:. There are no formal political offices containing real power in band societies, rather a 8: 8150: 8025: 7905: 7875: 7795: 7321: 7261: 6582: 6502: 5678: 4638: 4264: 3808: 2213: 2097: 2093: 1478: 1463: 1331: 921: 888: 727: 499: 444: 231: 7069: 5413: 5328: 4034: 1584: 887:

to exert greater control over the populace. Industrial societies also have an increased

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Evolution for Everyone: How Darwin's Theory Can Change the Way We Think About Our Lives

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Lapinski, Maria Knight; Rimal, Rajiv N. (May 2005). "An Explication of Social Norms".

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The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society

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Hierarchy, History, and Human Nature: The Social Origins of Historical Consciousness

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Phillips, Fred; Yu, Ching-Ying; Hameed, Tahir; El Akhdary, Mahmoud Abdullah (2017).

2951: 1951: 404: 371:

In Western sociology, there are three dominant paradigms for understanding society:

8341: 8175: 8165: 8005: 7935: 7705: 7624: 7619: 7544: 7519: 7464: 7454: 7444: 7414: 7394: 7384: 7251: 7246: 7204: 7147: 6944: 6627: 6622: 6597: 6542: 6517: 6158: 5913: 5889: 5812: 5788: 5461: 5417: 5376: 5332: 5205: 4931: 4732: 4674: 4497: 4393: 4314: 4306: 4181: 4048: 4038: 3933: 3828: 3731: 3722:(Winter 1997). "Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the "Failure" of Internationalism". 3719: 3650: 3529: 3484: 3447: 3320: 3272: 3027: 2939: 2786:"Managing abundance, not chasing scarcity: the real challenge for the 21st century" 2665: 2652:

Kaplan, David (Autumn 2000). "The Darker Side of the 'Original Affluent Society'".

2546: 2512: 2474: 2440: 2300: 2171: 2109: 1947: 1665: 1619: 1323: 935: 754: 685: 665: 641:, usually with fewer than 50 people per community. Bands and tribes are relatively 274:('fellowship,' 'alliance', 'association'), which in turn was derived from the noun 204: 137: 7609: 6104: 2304: 1163:

as the predominant form of political organization in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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of ethnopolitical units. Ethnic identity has been closely tied to the rise of the

353:, although others disagree. Social group living may have evolved in humans due to 8346: 8185: 8140: 8062: 7735: 7654: 7614: 7584: 7569: 7534: 7529: 7499: 7474: 7459: 7434: 7419: 7354: 7331: 7316: 7301: 7286: 7157: 7112: 7097: 7087: 6909: 6904: 6761: 6756: 6736: 6724: 6063:

Time, Labour, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory

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Lee, Richard B.; Daly, Richard H. (1999). "Introduction: Foragers & Others".

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in New York City, which houses one of the world's largest political organizations

1152: 1106: 1067: 979: 868: 810: 608: 472: 424: 354: 189: 121: 4293:"The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research" 1352: 1101:). There is also a third type of familial relationship applied to godparents or 8197: 8052: 7960: 7950: 7679: 7554: 7539: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7449: 7424: 7379: 7359: 7221: 7192: 7167: 7122: 7102: 7064: 7019: 6899: 6889: 6746: 6577: 6390: 6100: 6058: 6016: 5670: 5627: 5585: 5193: 4981:

Yang, Bin (March 2011). "The Rise and Fall of Cowrie Shells: The Asian Story".

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3469:"Six critical remarks on science and the construction of the knowledge society" 3452: 3435: 3095: 1774: 1498: 1483: 1409: 1376:

humans kill adults at a relatively high rate and have a relatively low rate of

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made use of long-distance trade routes to exchange goods and ideas, leading to

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The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution

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and alliances, the largest being the United Nations with 193 member states.

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Foundations of Sociology: Towards a Better Understanding of the Human World

5927: 5909: 5893: 5826: 5808: 5792: 5453: 5368: 4967: 4760: 4328: 4290: 4062: 3937: 3812: 3009: 2590: 1743: 1628:(First ed.). New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 26–48. 1508: 1488: 1448: 1443: 1433: 1299: 1160: 1114: 1028:, which argues that roles provide scripts that govern social interactions. 1013: 860: 786:

is characterized by three coinciding contrasts: governing class versus the

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In the latter half of the 20th century, theorists began to view society as

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Clutton-Brock, T.; West, S.; Ratnieks, F.; Foley, R. (12 November 2009).

4780: 3816: 3013: 1423: 1319: 1288: 1280: 1203: 1110: 1041: 999: 876: 848: 806: 706: 507: 440: 436: 316: 117: 5421: 5336: 5016: 4017:"Evolution of kinship structures driven by marriage tie and competition" 3489: 3468: 3102:(11th ed.). Oxford University Press, Incorporated. pp. 35–37. 1942:

Hall, Peter M. (2007). "Symbolic Interaction". In Ritzer, George (ed.).

1310:; the oldest being in the form of cattle and the most widely used being 8047: 7855: 7755: 7604: 7524: 7296: 7187: 7029: 6972: 6949: 6914: 6863: 6853: 6821: 6766: 6592: 6572: 6497: 6461: 6365: 6350: 6275: 6200: 6166: 5734:(Winter 2018 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 5046: 4502:

A Political History of the World: Three Thousand Years of War and Peace

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and strong cultural attitudes against violence stand at about 0.01%.

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The willingness of humans to kill other members of their species

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a major advantage over other hominids; evidence suggests early

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Industrial societies, which emerged in the 18th century in the

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Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a

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is based on personal qualities. The family forms the main

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who theorized about colonial societies. Rizal argued that

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that affect the people that they govern. There have been

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Lewis, Jerome (September 2008). Watkins, Stuart (ed.).

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in physical environments that made survival difficult.

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in the highest level of sociability on the spectrum of

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An information society is a society where the usage,

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who conceived of society as operating on an economic

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involved in persistent social interaction or a large

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Archived from 2605:Keeley, Lawrence H. 2483:Stone Age Economics 2176:Barnes, Harry Elmer 2034:, pp. 109–110. 1920:, pp. 104–105. 1868:, pp. 103–104. 1856:, pp. 103–108. 1811:Wilson, David Sloan 1479:Reciprocal altruism 1464:Outline of religion 1277:cultural explosions 1240:Trade and economics 942:, manipulation and 922:Information society 728:Subsistence pattern 664:The anthropologist 500:Syed Farid al-Attas 445:means of production 239:Etymology and usage 29:Page version status 8125:Types of societies 8038:Political violence 8033:Political theology 8016:Left-wing politics 8011:Political spectrum 6065:. United Kingdom: 5628:Lenski, Gerhard E. 5586:Lenski, Gerhard E. 3385:. pp. 21–33. 3283:. pp. 21–22. 2222:Palgrave Macmillan 2214:Alatas, Syed Farid 2184:Dover Publications 2114:10.1111/johs.12314 1932:, p. 21, 108. 1469:Outline of society 1459:Outline of culture 1429:Group cohesiveness 1369: 1264: 1191: 1088:reproductive labor 1070:, rights, duties, 1056: 1032:Gender and kinship 1026:dramaturgical lens 975: 932: 841: 827:Industrial society 765: 703: 622: 570:cultural evolution 492: 321: 219:. So far as it is 35: 8211: 8210: 8091: 8090: 8001:Philosophy of law 7946:Conflict theories 7786:The Spirit of Law 7693: 7692: 6742:Original position 6159:Williams, Raymond 6122:978-0-470-15123-5 6113:SAGE Publications 6076:978-0-521-56540-0 5992:978-0-333-96050-9 5688:978-1-59451-578-1 5603:978-0-07-037172-9 5554:978-1-711493-98-5 5408:(7624): 180–181. 5323:(7624): 233–237. 4826:978-0-415-22940-1 4809:Stearns, Peter N. 4688:978-1-003-03826-9 4673:. pp. 1–20. 4560:978-0-520-24476-4 4511:978-0-241-35204-5 4498:Holslag, Jonathan 4475:978-1-84826-969-9 4425:SAGE Publications 4357:978-0-19-829534-1 4131:978-1-111-34956-1 4090:978-0-19-989315-7 3978:. pp. 1–21. 3918:Fortin, Nicole M. 3887:978-0-7637-8975-6 3720:Legro, Jeffrey W. 3584:978-0-8014-8323-3 3333:SAGE Publications 3321:Mattelart, Armand 3109:978-0-19-994602-0 3085:, pp. 78–82. 3026:. p. 15830. 2877:978-1-285-44563-2 2515:on 1 October 2019 2314:978-3-319-51695-0 2231:978-1-137-41133-4 2058:978-0-385-07305-9 2002:978-1-259-87032-3 1961:978-1-4051-2433-1 1896:978-0-13-700161-3 1824:978-0-385-34092-2 1666:Godelier, Maurice 1635:978-0-374-22734-0 1620:Fukuyama, Francis 1519:Societal collapse 1359:'s retreat after 1212:temperate climate 1103:adoptive children 961:Knowledge society 712:specialized labor 479:Non-Western views 457:microsociological 205:social structures 26: 16:(Redirected from 8359: 8327: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8310: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8293: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8259: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8242: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8222: 8193:Proto-Industrial 8118: 8111: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8006:Political ethics 7996:Machiavellianism 7936:Authoritarianism 7921: 7911: 7901: 7891: 7881: 7871: 7861: 7851: 7841: 7831: 7821: 7811: 7801: 7791: 7781: 7771: 7761: 7751: 7741: 7731: 7721: 7711: 6787: 6786: 6728: 6664: 6654:Balance of power 6628:Social democracy 6623:Social Darwinism 6598:Multiculturalism 6543:Environmentalism 6518:Communitarianism 6225: 6218: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6096: 6054: 6012: 5979:Jenkins, Richard 5974: 5972: 5970: 5964: 5941: 5931: 5921: 5872: 5841:. New York, NY: 5830: 5820: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5708: 5669:Nolan, Patrick; 5665: 5634:(5th ed.). 5623: 5595: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5542: 5530: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5399: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5043: 5037: 5036: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4819:. pp. 7–9. 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4669:(6th ed.). 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4599: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4548: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4350:. pp. 4–7. 4339: 4333: 4332: 4322: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4261: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4189: 4168:(15 June 2006). 4166:Chandra, Kanchan 4162: 4156: 4155: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4077:Chandra, Kanchan 4073: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4046: 4029:(5): 2378–2384. 4012: 4006: 4005: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3825:Elsevier Science 3813:Smelser, Neil J. 3805: 3799: 3793: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3699: 3692: 3658: 3640: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3492: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3024:Elsevier Science 3010:Smelser, Neil J. 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2960: 2929: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2869: 2848: 2839: 2833: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2801: 2790: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2511:. 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Berger 453: 417: 415:Conflict theory 389: 377:conflict theory 369: 363: 355:group selection 351:animal ethology 313:social ethology 305: 299: 294: 250:(modern French 241: 139: 135: 128: 127: 126: 125: 122:military parade 102: 101: 100: 91: 90: 89: 81: 80: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8365: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8329: 8328: 8311: 8294: 8292:from Wikiquote 8277: 8260: 8243: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8136:Pre-industrial 8132: 8129: 8128: 8121: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8053:Social justice 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7961:Egalitarianism 7958: 7953: 7951:Contractualism 7948: 7943: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7912: 7902: 7892: 7882: 7872: 7862: 7852: 7842: 7832: 7822: 7812: 7802: 7792: 7782: 7772: 7762: 7752: 7742: 7732: 7722: 7712: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Overton window 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6578:Libertarianism 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6198: 6197: 6175: 6155: 6121: 6097: 6075: 6055: 6033: 6013: 5991: 5975: 5932: 5873: 5851: 5837:, ed. (2002). 5835:Calhoun, Craig 5831: 5772: 5726:"Social Norms" 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5687: 5666: 5644: 5624: 5602: 5582: 5553: 5531: 5509: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5382: 5304: 5270: 5239: 5185: 5153: 5086: 5063: 5047:Chown, John F. 5038: 4973: 4930:(2): 376–400. 4912: 4881: 4848: 4825: 4799: 4766: 4710: 4687: 4657: 4624: 4586: 4559: 4533: 4510: 4489: 4474: 4456: 4433: 4417:Kumar, Krishan 4403: 4371: 4356: 4334: 4311:10.1086/491747 4305:(4): 519–532. 4283: 4248: 4217: 4157: 4130: 4112: 4089: 4068: 4007: 3984: 3959: 3909: 3886: 3864: 3841: 3800: 3798:, p. 112. 3785: 3783:, p. 111. 3773: 3711: 3649:(3): 635–654. 3626: 3583: 3563: 3528:(2): 127–147. 3512: 3459: 3446:(3): 175–191. 3426: 3391: 3364: 3341: 3312: 3289: 3264: 3262:, p. 528. 3252: 3250:, p. 102. 3240: 3238:, p. 205. 3228: 3226:, p. 223. 3216: 3204: 3202:, p. 328. 3192: 3190:, p. 319. 3180: 3178:, p. 208. 3168: 3166:, p. 221. 3156: 3154:, p. 101. 3139: 3137:, p. 315. 3127: 3125:, p. 112. 3115: 3108: 3087: 3075: 3040: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2944:10.1086/648587 2914: 2912:, p. 165. 2899: 2876: 2840: 2825: 2823:, p. 267. 2813: 2802:on 13 May 2013 2776: 2741: 2715: 2644: 2621: 2596: 2545:(4): 443–454. 2529: 2491: 2466: 2445:Man the Hunter 2432: 2430:, p. 142. 2420: 2418:, p. 146. 2408: 2385: 2363: 2361:, p. 134. 2348: 2346:, p. 135. 2336: 2313: 2283: 2268: 2253: 2230: 2220:. London, UK: 2205: 2172:Becker, Howard 2163: 2096:(March 2021). 2080: 2057: 2036: 2024: 2001: 1983: 1960: 1934: 1922: 1910: 1895: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1823: 1802: 1777:(April 2012). 1761: 1701: 1678: 1657: 1634: 1608: 1573: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499:Social capital 1496: 1491: 1486: 1484:Secret society 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1410:Society portal 1397: 1394: 1365:Adolph Northen 1339: 1336: 1328:social science 1241: 1238: 1168: 1165: 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1033: 1030: 1022:Erving Goffman 996: 993: 991: 988: 959:Main article: 956: 953: 920:Main article: 917: 914: 899:Main article: 896: 893: 873:businesspeople 853:nuclear energy 825:Main article: 822: 819: 784:stratification 753:Main article: 750: 747: 719: 716: 684:Main article: 681: 678: 674:human progress 607:Main article: 604: 601: 589:Main article: 586: 585:Pre-industrial 583: 563:Gerhard Lenski 556:postindustrial 548:pre-industrial 543: 540: 480: 477: 452: 449: 421:social classes 416: 413: 405:Émile Durkheim 388: 385: 362: 359: 298: 295: 293: 290: 240: 237: 228:stratification 217:societal norms 108:: A family in 104: 103: 94: 93: 92: 83: 82: 74: 73: 72: 71: 70: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8364: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8326:from Wikidata 8325: 8324: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8278: 8275:from Wikinews 8274: 8273: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8217: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8171:Horticultural 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8107: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7986:Jurisprudence 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7816:Rights of Man 7813: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7727: 7726:De re publica 7723: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7346:20th and 21st 7344: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079:18th and 19th 7077: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6935:Nizam al-Mulk 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6618:Republicanism 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6176:0-85664-289-4 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6034:0-07-037165-2 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5950:(67): 51–60. 5949: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5852:0-19-512371-9 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5645:0-07-037181-4 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5510:0-8165-1060-1 5506: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5492: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5309: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5173: 5170:. July 2000. 5169: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5064:0-415-10279-0 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4916: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4715: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4628: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4583: 4582:civilization. 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4434:1-4129-0101-4 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4260: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3985:0-8122-3547-9 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3842:0-08-043076-7 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3392:0-8264-6035-6 3388: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3342:0-7619-4948-8 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3290:0-674-16986-7 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3041:0-08-043076-7 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2817: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2742:0-521-57109-X 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2622:0-19-509112-4 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2492:0-202-01098-8 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2417: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2386:0-521-57109-X 2382: 2379:. p. 3. 2378: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2345: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2281:, p. 96. 2280: 2275: 2273: 2266:, p. 99. 2265: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1867: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1679:2-213-61490-3 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1514:Social system 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1494:Social action 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1419:Civil society 1417: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1400: 1393: 1391: 1390:legal systems 1385: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312:cowrie shells 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1221:The Economist 1216: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:consanguinity 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 987: 985: 981: 972: 967: 962: 952: 950: 945: 941: 937: 928: 923: 913: 908: 902: 892: 890: 889:environmental 886: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 856: 854: 850: 846: 838: 833: 828: 818: 816: 815:Caste systems 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 780:landownership 776: 774: 770: 769:technological 761: 756: 746: 744: 739: 736: 729: 725: 718:Horticultural 715: 713: 708: 700: 696: 692: 687: 677: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 619: 615: 610: 600: 598: 592: 582: 580: 579:nation-states 576: 571: 566: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 515: 514:(1861–1896). 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 489: 485: 476: 474: 470: 465: 463: 458: 448: 446: 442: 441:those who own 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 412: 410: 406: 402: 401:Auguste Comte 398: 394: 387:Functionalism 384: 382: 378: 374: 373:functionalism 368: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 318: 314: 309: 304: 289: 287: 283: 278: 272: 271: 265: 260: 254: 248: 236: 233: 229: 224: 222: 221:collaborative 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180: 176: 172: 166: 133: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 98: 87: 78: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 8321: 8304: 8287: 8270: 8258:from Commons 8253: 8236: 8215: 8067: 7966:Elite theory 7914: 7904: 7894: 7884: 7874: 7864: 7854: 7844: 7834: 7824: 7814: 7804: 7794: 7784: 7774: 7764: 7754: 7744: 7734: 7724: 7714: 7704: 7003:Guicciardini 6959:Early modern 6782:Philosophers 6732:Open society 6668:Body politic 6538:Distributism 6528:Conservatism 6523:Confucianism 6442:Gerontocracy 6432:Dictatorship 6386:Sovereignty‎ 6380: 6376:Ruling class 6266:Emancipation 6251:Citizenship‎ 6162: 6147:. 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Retrieved 1553: 1544: 1509:Social order 1489:Sociobiology 1449:Open society 1444:Mass society 1434:High society 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1332:inequalities 1294:Early human 1293: 1281:Neanderthals 1272: 1269:Homo sapiens 1268: 1265: 1219: 1217: 1208:fertile soil 1192: 1161:nation state 1130: 1115:incest taboo 1092: 1057: 1014:Social roles 1012: 1000:Social norms 998: 976: 973:control room 940:distribution 933: 910: 881: 877:labor unions 861:urbanization 857: 842: 792: 777: 766: 740: 731: 724:Horticulture 704: 697:men perform 663: 623: 594: 567: 560: 545: 523: 517:Khaldun, an 516: 493: 466: 454: 418: 390: 370: 361:In sociology 336: 322: 242: 225: 213:social roles 202: 198:institutions 175:social group 131: 129: 105: 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 8238:Definitions 8151:Circumpolar 7840:(1835–1840) 7720:(c. 350 BC) 7710:(c. 375 BC) 7327:Tocqueville 7292:Saint-Simon 7257:Montesquieu 7108:Bolingbroke 7040:Machiavelli 6920:Ibn Khaldun 6885:Alpharabius 6878:Middle Ages 6703:Natural law 6678:Common good 6603:Nationalism 6563:Imperialism 6533:Corporatism 6508:Colonialism 6488:Agrarianism 6467:Technocracy 6447:Meritocracy 6427:Bureaucracy 6417:Aristocracy 5204:: 124–128. 4781:Smithsonian 4731:(1): 1–29. 4180:: 397–424. 3932:: 416–438. 3619:22 December 3373:Lyon, David 2965:19 December 2664:: 287–484. 1710:Goody, Jack 1424:Consumerism 1378:infanticide 1308:commodities 1300:gift giving 1289:spice trade 1230:autocracies 1226:democracies 1204:fresh water 1111:inheritance 1042:Gender role 1016:are norms, 944:integration 916:Information 807:common good 659:social unit 643:egalitarian 575:city-states 508:Ibn Khaldun 496:Eurocentric 339:E.O. 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