875:
1330:
1108:
995:
73:
32:
1391:
175:
1169:
1995:
in 1988, that is, on-reservation gambling casinos, which have since become a US$ 14 billion industry nationwide. This has been imitated in many of the respective states that still have indigenous
American tribes. The money that this generates has engendered some political scandal. For example,
1972:
Mainstream
Americans often find pride and comfort in realizing that at least part of their ethnic ancestry is Native American, although the connection is usually only sentimental and not economic or cultural. Thus, there is some political power in one's ability to claim a Native American connection
1933:
by units of the United States Army in the nineteenth century, and were also subject to forced schooling in the decades afterward. Thus, it is uncommon for today's tribes to have a purely Native
American cultural background, and today Native Americans are in many ways simply another ethnicity of the
1078:(an essentially genealogical notion). The descriptive "tribal" requires an ethno-cultural identity (racial, linguistic, religious etc.) as well as some political (representative, legislative, executive and/or judicial) expression. In certain situations, and especially in a
1838:. As well, there may be traditional hereditary or charismatic chiefs, who are usually not part of the Indian Act-sanctioned formal government. There were 614 bands in Canada in 2012. There is also a national organization, the
1692:
of Ghana are constitutionally protected by the republican constitution of the country. The chiefs serve as custodians of all traditional lands and the cultures of the traditional areas. They also serve as members of the
Ghanaian
1741:
are politically recognized in South Africa because they derive their status, not only from tribal custom, but also from the
Traditional Leadership Clause of the country's current constitution. Some of them are members of the
1834:(formerly called "Indians"). Most bands have elected chiefs, either directly elected by all members of the band, or indirectly by the band council, these chiefs are recognized by the Canadian state under the terms of the
1952:
Historically, the U.S. government treated tribes as seats of political power, and made treaties with the tribes as legal entities. Be that as it may, the territory of these tribes fell under the authority of the
1901:
A chief might be considered to hold all political power, say by oratory or by example. But on the North
American continent, it was historically possible to evade the political power of another by migration. The
793:
2045:, nomadic Bedouins and many Iraqis and Syrians, are largely organized in tribes, many of whom have official representatives in governments. Tribal chiefs are known as
1195:
1945:
was a well-known chief of the
Cherokee Nation. Also, the chief may not free to wield power without the consent of a council of elders of some kind. For example:
1923:
2494:
1961:
were granted U.S. citizenship, and it was not until 1948 that the
Puebloans were granted the right to vote in state elections in New Mexico. In Wisconsin, the
196:
1758:. However, following constitutional reforms in 1993, a number of them were restored as politically neutral constituencies of the state by the government of
2061:
tribes people living in
Banuang Daan and Cabugao settlements in Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines. His position is recognized by the Filipino government.
479:
2283:
1063:
in "parliamentary" cultures, the war chief (may be an alternative or additional post in war time), the hereditary chief, and the politically dominant
2499:
2174:
1938:, a Navajo, left their jobs in the mainstream U.S. economy to become chairpeople of their tribal councils or similar self-government institutions.
838:
1796:
is used pejoratively to refer to those who hold the power through obscure networks of influence even though this type of fraud is not related to
2073:
have a Local Court Act which empowers chiefs to deal with crimes in their communities, thus assuring them of considerable effective authority.
1957:
as reservations held in trust for the tribes. Citizenship was formerly considered a tribal matter. For example, it was not until 1924 that the
1722:
496:
1792:. This concept was most widespread in Latin America in its different periods of history. In Spain and some Latin American countries, the word
2363:
766:
183:
484:
2015:
renovated their Inn of the
Mountain Gods to include gambling as well as the previous tourism, lodging, and skiing in the older Inn.
1721:
and are therefore legally recognized. The traditional rulers and select chiefs usually serve as members of each federating state's
936:
distinguishes two stages of tribal societies: simple societies organized by limited instances of social rank and prestige, and more
2380:
786:
1788:
is a distorted form of government through which a political leader has total control of a rural society expressed as political
2087:
1743:
527:
971:
existing within larger colonial and post-colonial states, tribal chiefs may represent their tribe or ethnicity in a form of
831:
137:
109:
2000:
tribe, which fled their ancestral lands in New Mexico during the Pueblo revolt of 1680, and who then settled on land in
1377:
1155:
1042:
760:
221:
156:
59:
2432:
1359:
1137:
1024:
116:
2094:
1754:
The pre-colonial states that existed in what is today Uganda were summarily abolished following independence from
2489:
1935:
929:
824:
2407:
2212:
1355:
1187:
1133:
1020:
622:
94:
123:
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1866:
1351:
1208:, particularly in the last centuries, forced their central governments onto many remaining tribal societies.
1129:
1016:
461:
90:
45:
1056:
332:
1966:
1706:
105:
1991:
Because the Nations were sovereign, with treaty rights and obligations, the Wisconsin tribes innovated
20:
1211:
In some instances tribes have retained or regained partial self-government and their lifestyles, with
1839:
1668:
of the various tribes are legally empowered to serve as advisers to the government as members of the
449:
2049:, though this term is also sometimes applied as an honorific title to spiritual leaders of Sufism.
1954:
1694:
1340:
1118:
1005:
2242:
1680:, meetings of all of the members of the tribes, where political and social matters are discussed.
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2266:
1986:
1851:
1831:
1809:
1734:
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188:
83:
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1992:
1842:, which elects a "national chief" to act as spokesperson of all First Nations bands in Canada.
1813:
1313:
1194:
Classical sources of information about tribal societies are external descriptions such as from
740:
317:
248:
239:
2001:
814:
602:
1649:
2310:
1919:
1710:
944:). Stratified tribal societies led by tribal kings are thought to have flourished from the
607:
582:
337:
130:
8:
2474:
1591:
Maga'lÄhi and maga'hÄga, the first-borne male and female, respectively, joint heads of a
1198:, which identified societies, surrounding the societies of the ethnographers, as tribal.
810:
2260:
2236:
2201:
1307:
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937:
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577:
366:
303:
253:
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2218:
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2143:
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1270:
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1212:
572:
557:
552:
51:
1969:
with special car license plates; 87% of the county's population is Native American.
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2012:
1176:
1060:
717:
707:
687:
677:
2367:
2107:
2070:
2058:
1949:
men were not permitted to go to war without the consent of the council of women.
1942:
1825:
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1759:
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1071:
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755:
712:
667:
652:
597:
347:
279:
274:
1630:
1215:
having been fought for and some being secured on state or international levels.
916:
Tribal societies are sometimes categorized as an intermediate stage between the
1997:
1974:
1882:
1560:
1410:
1298:
1201:
909:
is a broadly applied concept, based on tribal concepts of societies of western
702:
692:
682:
627:
420:
2241:. Original from Harvard University: Published 1889 D. Appleton. 1889. p.
1934:
secular American people. Because formal education is now respected, some like
1676:. In addition to this, they also serve as the ex officio chairs of the tribal
1620:
Pilung, a title for village, municipal and paramount chiefs and rulers of the
2463:
2222:
2170:
2162:
2147:
2122:
2112:
2024:
2005:
1958:
1890:
1886:
1784:
1755:
1492:
1463:
1183:
1083:
933:
697:
632:
592:
587:
567:
455:
415:
410:
396:
386:
381:
284:
1278:
2158:
2139:
2083:
1911:
1874:
1862:
1689:
1606:
1571:
1506:
1446:
1425:
1421:
984:
925:
917:
672:
662:
657:
617:
612:
562:
361:
2011:
Many of the tribes use professional management for their money. Thus, the
2336:
2018:
The Navajo nation defeated bids to open casinos in 1994, but by 2004 the
1930:
1789:
1650:
Modern states or regions providing an organized form of tribal chiefships
1586:
1529:
1516:
1496:
1484:
1439:
1244:
1205:
1079:
1064:
921:
910:
879:
642:
637:
1290:
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1835:
1738:
1536:
1453:
1390:
1286:
1282:
1087:
1075:
961:
953:
534:
327:
322:
1962:
1877:, where trees were rare, some tribes typically dwelt in skin-covered
1626:
1274:
945:
874:
722:
391:
294:
2411:
1329:
1107:
994:
72:
2019:
1946:
1915:
1907:
1870:
1522:
1512:
1414:
1395:
1179:
1172:
949:
941:
868:
376:
1556:
1070:
The term is usually distinct from chiefs at lower levels, such as
2284:"Okudzeto, 13 others appointed by Akufo-Addo to Council of State"
2178:
2004:, has paid for a low probable return to the tribe because of the
1856:
1614:
1575:
1429:
1262:
1240:
1235:
1090:
of such tribal, clan or village chiefs would be referred to as a
1055:
The most common types are the chairman of a council (usually of "
887:
883:
298:
2262:
A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, Or, Trade Language of Oregon
1559:
and Aliʻi nui were the chiefs and high chiefs of the islands of
174:
2046:
1478:
1469:
1303:
957:
2161:
has exhibits with artifacts, dress, tools, and pottery of the
2057:
Apo Rodolfo Aguilar (Kudol I) serves as the chieftain of the
1903:
1665:
1565:
1488:
1459:
1266:
1230:
906:
891:
864:
371:
289:
1873:
historically built dwellings from the bark of trees. On the
1861:
Generally, a tribe or nation is considered to be part of an
1812:, a recognized ethnic constituency of Bolivia, are led by a
1481:(Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa peoples, South Africa and Zimbabwe)
1249:
Oubutu (among the Kalinago people of the southern Caribbean)
1168:
1893:
of the Southwest built their dwellings of stone and earth.
1878:
1816:
whose title is also recognized by the Bolivian government.
1642:
1636:
1502:
2370:. Aadnc-aandc.gc.ca (2010-09-15). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
2203:
Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective
2408:"4.2 million dollars in political contributions in Texas"
1914:
during the 18th century. Two Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois,
1830:
The band is the fundamental unit of governance among the
1621:
1435:
1259:
in the Pacific Northwest of the present-day United States
1273:, later adopted by the Spanish to refer to all heads of
1252:
Rajiv (among the central Trinidadian people of Freeport)
1310:
nations of present-day New England in the United States
1475:
Mogho Naba (in the Ouagadougou region of Burkina Faso)
1409:
Ishe or She for male chiefs and Shekadzi for a woman (
1218:
928:
with centralized, super-regional government based in
1910:
who migrated further west to the sparsely populated
2361:
Frequently Asked Questions About Aboriginal Peoples
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2200:
1717:, they derive their powers from various so-called
1885:by trade, while other Plains tribes, such as the
2461:
2175:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
19:"Chieftain" redirects here. For other uses, see
2455:List of Tribal Governments in the United States
2433:"Why is Roman Reigns Called the Tribal Chief?"
1857:Historical cultural differences between tribes
1723:State Council of Traditional Rulers and Chiefs
1472:(in the Hausaland region of Niger and Nigeria)
1082:context, the most powerful member of either a
2495:Titles and offices of Native American leaders
1896:
1550:
832:
1980:
2381:"JS Online: Tribal casino dispute heats up"
1583:Meena means Chief of tribals in South Asia.
1358:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1136:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1023:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1688:The offices and traditional realms of the
839:
825:
767:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
2450:Death of Andamanese Tribal Chief in India
2153:
1378:Learn how and when to remove this message
1156:Learn how and when to remove this message
1043:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
2134:
1941:Not all tribal leaders are or were men.
1595:clan, through the maternal line, of the
1389:
1167:
873:
199:of all important aspects of the article.
2500:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
2252:
2229:
2198:
1234:(mapudungun: longko, "head") among the
787:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
2462:
1770:typify the Ugandan chieftaincy class.
1713:aren't mentioned in Nigeria's current
1532:people of Calabar in Southern Nigeria)
1243: â tribal Cacique (chief) of the
443:Societies without hierarchical leaders
195:Please consider expanding the lead to
16:Leader of a tribal society or chiefdom
2405:
2337:"Maga'hÄga: Highest Ranking Daughter"
2334:
2308:
2258:
2076:
1744:National House of Traditional Leaders
2335:Marsh, Kelly G. (October 14, 2020).
2309:Marsh, Kelly G. (October 14, 2020).
2128:
1869:. For example, the forest-dwelling
1356:adding citations to reliable sources
1323:
1134:adding citations to reliable sources
1101:
1021:adding citations to reliable sources
988:
902:There is no definition for "tribe".
168:
95:adding citations to reliable sources
66:
25:
1889:, built their lodges of earth. The
967:In the case of tribal societies of
940:led by chieftains or tribal kings (
897:
13:
2090:"The Tribal Chief" as part of his
1219:Terms of specific tribal chiefdoms
14:
2511:
2443:
761:Political economy in anthropology
41:This article has multiple issues.
2311:"Maga'lÄhi: Highest Ranking Son"
2041:Arabs, in particular peninsular
1926:for the Iroquois Confederation.
1845:
1778:
1394:Badge of office of Chief Gambo,
1328:
1106:
993:
173:
71:
30:
2425:
2082:American professional wrestler
1728:
1639:, Fijian Chief, Malay for Queen
1491:(also in Nigeria, with various
187:may be too short to adequately
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
2399:
2383:. Dec 31, 2005. Archived from
2373:
2354:
2328:
2302:
2276:
2192:
2052:
1542:Uyini (meaning 'lord') of the
1188:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
623:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
197:provide an accessible overview
1:
2207:. Chicago, IL: Random House.
2185:
1773:
1466:of Botswana and South Africa)
1398:
952:, albeit in competition with
794:Journal of Legal Anthropology
462:The Art of Not Being Governed
1255:Tyee, a tribal chief of the
1074:(geographically defined) or
978:
7:
2238:The Popular Science Monthly
2101:
1967:Menominee County, Wisconsin
1865:, usually sharing cultural
1707:Nigerian traditional rulers
1659:
1654:
1223:
10:
2516:
2410:. NBC News. Archived from
2406:Myers, Lisa (2005-04-20).
2265:. Cramoisy Press. p.
2064:
1984:
1897:Political power in a tribe
1849:
1823:
1803:
1700:
1664:In Botswana, the reigning
1645:, Malay and Filipino Chief
1551:Oceania and Southeast Asia
1306:, term of chiefdom of the
1097:
982:
800:Journal of Law and Society
520:Colonialism and resistance
21:Chieftain (disambiguation)
18:
2199:Service, Elman R (1976).
2177:(especially those of the
2036:
1981:Economic power in a tribe
1840:Assembly of First Nations
1819:
1749:
1539:people of Central Nigeria
1319:
1213:Indigenous peoples rights
1182:tribe who defeated three
474:Non-western state systems
450:African Political Systems
1955:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1881:, usually acquiring the
1695:National House of Chiefs
1683:
1265:, a term used among the
2031:
1987:Economy of the Iroquois
1852:Tribe (Native American)
1832:First Nations in Canada
1735:king of the Zulu Nation
1525:(Nandi people in Kenya)
1445:Gbong Gwom Jos (of the
1277:whom they encountered:
1196:Greco-Roman ethnography
985:Chiefdom § Concept
499:and the State in Africa
2490:Positions of authority
2259:Gibbs, George (1863).
2146:has an exhibit on the
1762:. Such figures as the
1405:
1191:
894:
741:Circumscription theory
528:Europe and the People
497:Technology, Tradition,
2002:El Paso County, Texas
1850:Further information:
1393:
1175:, a chieftain of the
1171:
877:
815:cultural anthropology
603:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
456:Papuan Big man system
2387:on December 31, 2005
1920:the Great Peacemaker
1906:, for example, were
1810:Afro-Bolivian people
1733:Such figures as the
1574:systems of northern
1352:improve this section
1130:improve this section
1059:") and/or a broader
1017:improve this section
938:stratified societies
608:Wolfgang Fikentscher
583:Henri J. M. Claessen
338:Pantribal sodalities
91:improve this article
2086:has been using the
1965:has its own county
1546:of Southern Nigeria
863:is the leader of a
751:Leftâright paradigm
2366:2013-09-22 at the
2290:. 14 February 2017
2077:In popular culture
1705:Although both the
1428:people of central
1406:
1314:Afro-Bolivian king
1192:
969:indigenous peoples
956:civilisations and
895:
746:Legal anthropology
648:Thomas Blom Hansen
578:Robert L. Carneiro
367:Segmentary lineage
304:Leveling mechanism
254:legal anthropology
2144:Chicago, Illinois
2129:Explanatory notes
1798:pre-Columbian era
1764:kabaka of Buganda
1388:
1387:
1380:
1295:Nicarao (cacique)
1271:Caribbean islands
1257:Chinookan peoples
1166:
1165:
1158:
1053:
1052:
1045:
960:beginning in the
932:. Anthropologist
849:
848:
573:Jeremy Boissevain
558:Georges Balandier
553:E. Adamson Hoebel
232:
231:
224:
214:
213:
167:
166:
159:
141:
64:
2507:
2437:
2436:
2435:. 29 March 2022.
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:on March 5, 2016
2403:
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2273:
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2249:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2206:
2196:
2156:
2137:
2013:Mescalero Apache
1617:), Lepen Palikir
1604:, in the Samoan
1509:of Sierra Leone)
1403:
1400:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1332:
1324:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1110:
1102:
1061:popular assembly
1048:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1028:
997:
989:
898:Tribal societies
882:tribal chief of
878:A portrait of a
841:
834:
827:
735:Related articles
718:Douglas R. White
708:Jonathan Spencer
688:Marshall Sahlins
678:Sally Falk Moore
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2368:Wayback Machine
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2108:House of chiefs
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2079:
2071:Solomon Islands
2067:
2055:
2039:
2034:
1989:
1983:
1943:Wilma Mankiller
1936:Peter MacDonald
1922:, formulated a
1899:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1828:
1826:Band government
1822:
1806:
1781:
1776:
1768:omukama of Toro
1760:Yoweri Museveni
1752:
1731:
1703:
1686:
1674:House of Chiefs
1672:, the national
1670:Ntlo ya Dikgosi
1662:
1657:
1652:
1597:Mariana Islands
1553:
1535:Tor Tiv of the
1401:
1384:
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1367:
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1349:
1333:
1322:
1226:
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1151:
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1111:
1100:
1092:paramount chief
1049:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1014:
998:
987:
981:
973:self-government
948:stage into the
905:The concept of
900:
845:
805:
804:
781:
773:
772:
756:State formation
736:
728:
727:
713:Bjorn Thomassen
668:Elizabeth Mertz
653:Ted C. Lewellen
598:Pierre Clastres
548:
547:Major theorists
540:
539:
530:Without History
529:
498:
434:
426:
425:
348:Paramount chief
280:Achieved status
275:Ascribed status
267:Status and rank
263:
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228:
217:
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210:
204:
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194:
182:This article's
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35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2480:Heads of state
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2445:
2444:External links
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1982:
1979:
1975:Black Seminole
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1824:Main article:
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1800:civilizations
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1727:
1709:and the wider
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1633:in New Zealand
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1589:
1584:
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1569:
1568:, 'ariki henua
1563:
1561:Hawaii Islands
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1528:Obong (of the
1526:
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1299:Tupac Amaru II
1269:Nation of the
1260:
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983:Main article:
980:
977:
899:
896:
865:tribal society
847:
846:
844:
843:
836:
829:
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734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
703:Aidan Southall
700:
695:
693:James C. Scott
690:
685:
683:Rodney Needham
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
628:Ernest Gellner
625:
620:
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458:
453:
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441:
439:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
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421:Ritual warfare
418:
413:
407:
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403:Law and custom
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364:
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264:
262:Basic concepts
261:
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230:
229:
212:
211:
191:the key points
181:
179:
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165:
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106:"Tribal chief"
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
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2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Tribal chiefs
2468:
2467:
2465:
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2453:
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2447:
2434:
2428:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2382:
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2362:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2271:tyee Chinook.
2268:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2248:
2247:tyee Chinook.
2244:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:Plains tribes
2168:
2164:
2163:Pueblo people
2160:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2123:Petty kingdom
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Indirect rule
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2025:fait accompli
2022:casino was a
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2006:Jack Abramoff
2003:
1999:
1994:
1993:Indian gaming
1988:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:Pueblo people
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1931:were pacified
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1891:Pueblo people
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1853:
1846:United States
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1785:El caciquismo
1779:Latin America
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:Great Britain
1747:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1691:
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1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1644:
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1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:, a chief of
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1623:
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1600:
1598:
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1590:
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1585:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:(amongst the
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:Tswana people
1462:(amongst the
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1368:November 2022
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1337:This section
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1325:
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1237:
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1232:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1184:Roman legions
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1157:
1149:
1146:November 2022
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1115:This section
1113:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:confederation
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:village chief
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1036:
1033:November 2022
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1002:This section
1000:
996:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:Elman Service
931:
927:
923:
919:
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912:
908:
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893:
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732:
731:
724:
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714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
698:Elman Service
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:David Graeber
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
593:John Comaroff
591:
589:
588:Jean Comaroff
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Fredrik Barth
566:
564:
561:
559:
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533:
531:
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519:
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512:
511:
508:
506:Legal systems
505:
504:
501:
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494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
483:
481:
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468:
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451:
447:
446:
442:
440:
437:
436:
430:
429:
422:
419:
417:
416:Legal culture
414:
412:
411:Customary law
409:
408:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:Theatre state
395:
393:
390:
388:
387:House society
385:
383:
382:Petty kingdom
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
344:
341:
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326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
308:
305:
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300:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Social status
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
265:
259:
258:
255:
250:
247:
246:
243:
241:
236:
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226:
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208:
198:
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190:
185:
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176:
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161:
158:
150:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108: â
107:
103:
102:Find sources:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
74:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2427:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:the original
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2385:the original
2375:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2314:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2202:
2194:
2169:tribes, the
2159:Field Museum
2154:
2150:earth lodge.
2140:Field Museum
2135:
2084:Roman Reigns
2068:
2056:
2040:
2023:
2017:
2010:
1990:
1971:
1951:
1940:
1928:
1924:constitution
1912:Ohio Country
1900:
1875:Great Plains
1863:ethnic group
1860:
1829:
1807:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1753:
1732:
1729:South Africa
1718:
1715:constitution
1704:
1687:
1677:
1663:
1613:Nahnmwarki (
1605:
1601:
1572:Grade-taking
1517:Akan peoples
1507:Temne people
1447:Berom people
1374:
1365:
1350:Please help
1338:
1229:
1210:
1200:
1193:
1152:
1143:
1128:Please help
1116:
1069:
1054:
1039:
1030:
1015:Please help
1003:
966:
926:civilization
918:band society
915:
904:
901:
860:
856:
853:tribal chief
852:
850:
799:
792:
785:
765:
673:Sidney Mintz
663:Ralph Linton
658:Edmund Leach
618:Morton Fried
613:Meyer Fortes
563:F. G. Bailey
495:
460:
448:
433:Case studies
392:Ethnic group
362:Band society
342:
237:
218:
202:
186:
184:lead section
153:
144:
134:
127:
120:
113:
101:
89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
2053:Philippines
2008:publicity.
1973:(as in the
1929:The tribes
1790:clientelism
1719:Chiefs laws
1711:chieftaincy
1622:Yap Islands
1587:Iroijlaplap
1449:of Nigeria)
1442:of Nigeria)
1440:Igbo people
1402: 1979
1293:, Lempira,
1245:Tupi people
1206:colonialism
1065:medicineman
922:Paleolithic
911:Afroeurasia
643:Ulf Hannerz
638:Lesley Gill
2475:Government
2464:Categories
2418:2012-03-08
2214:0394316355
2186:References
2173:, and the
2118:Opperhoofd
2092:villainous
1985:See also:
1883:lodgepoles
1836:Indian Act
1739:rain queen
1454:Luo people
1413:people of
1308:Algonquian
1287:Tenamaxtli
1283:Tecun Uman
1279:Cuauhtémoc
1241:Morubixaba
1088:federation
1076:clan chief
962:Bronze Age
924:stage and
535:Cargo cult
438:Acephelous
328:Matriarchy
323:Patriarchy
310:Leadership
117:newspapers
46:improve it
2341:Guampedia
2315:Guampedia
2223:974107713
2167:Northwest
2095:character
1963:Menominee
1627:Rangatira
1607:fa'amatai
1519:of Ghana)
1499:holders).
1339:does not
1275:chiefdoms
1117:does not
1004:does not
979:Chieftain
946:Neolithic
942:chiefdoms
857:chieftain
723:Eric Wolf
295:Age grade
249:Political
205:July 2019
189:summarize
147:June 2010
52:talk page
2485:Politics
2364:Archived
2346:10 March
2320:10 March
2288:GhanaWeb
2102:See also
2059:Tagbanwa
2020:Shiprock
1947:Cherokee
1916:Hiawatha
1908:Iroquois
1871:Chippewa
1774:Americas
1766:and the
1737:and the
1660:Botswana
1593:Chamorro
1523:Orkoiyot
1513:Omanhene
1415:Zimbabwe
1396:Rhodesia
1291:AtlĂĄcatl
1224:Americas
1180:Cherusci
1177:Germanic
1173:Arminius
1080:colonial
950:Iron Age
869:chiefdom
780:Journals
377:Chiefdom
354:Polities
240:a series
238:Part of
2391:Jul 16,
2179:Midwest
2088:moniker
2065:Oceania
2047:sheikhs
1804:Bolivia
1794:cacique
1701:Nigeria
1678:kgotlas
1615:Pohnpei
1576:Vanuatu
1430:Nigeria
1420:Agwam (
1360:removed
1345:sources
1263:Cacique
1236:Mapuche
1186:in the
1138:removed
1123:sources
1098:History
1025:removed
1010:sources
958:empires
920:of the
888:Gujarat
884:Dahewan
861:headman
485:Mandala
318:Big man
299:Age set
131:scholar
2294:23 May
2221:
2211:
2165:, the
2148:Pawnee
2037:Arabia
1904:Mingos
1887:Pawnee
1867:values
1820:Canada
1750:Uganda
1666:kgosis
1655:Africa
1610:system
1580:Ibedul
1544:Ukelle
1493:Yoruba
1470:Lamido
1320:Africa
1304:Sachem
1202:States
1057:elders
930:cities
811:Social
480:Negara
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
2043:Arabs
1998:Tigua
1879:tipis
1690:nanas
1684:Ghana
1631:MÄori
1602:Matai
1566:Ariki
1557:Aliʻi
1489:Oloye
1479:Nkosi
1460:Kgosi
1452:Ker (
1426:Bajju
1422:Atyap
1411:Shona
1267:Taino
1231:Lonco
1086:or a
954:urban
907:tribe
892:India
859:, or
469:State
372:Tribe
343:Chief
333:Elder
290:Caste
138:JSTOR
124:books
2393:2020
2348:2021
2322:2021
2296:2023
2219:OCLC
2209:ISBN
2157:The
2138:The
2069:The
2032:Asia
1996:the
1918:and
1814:king
1808:The
1643:Datu
1637:Ratu
1530:Efik
1503:Obai
1497:Bini
1495:and
1487:and
1424:and
1343:any
1341:cite
1204:and
1121:any
1119:cite
1008:any
1006:cite
880:Koli
813:and
514:Kapu
110:news
2243:260
2142:in
1977:).
1537:Tiv
1485:Oba
1436:Eze
1354:by
1132:by
1019:by
886:in
867:or
251:and
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