1573:
which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. This was not the result of a sudden development or any sudden "discovery" of contextuality. From the 1950s anthropologists who studied peasant societies in Latin
America and Asia, had increasingly started to incorporate their local setting (the village) into its larger context, as in Redfield's famous distinction between 'small' and 'big' traditions (Redfield 1941). The 1970s also witnessed the emergence of Europe as a category of anthropological investigation. Boissevain's essay, "towards an anthropology of Europe" (Boissevain and Friedl 1975) was perhaps the first systematic attempt to launch a comparative study of cultural forms in Europe; an anthropology not only carried out in Europe, but an anthropology of Europe.
1577:
early ethnographies in Europe had sometimes done just that: carried out fieldwork in villages of
Southern Europe, as if they were isolated units or 'islands'. However, from the 1970s that tendency was openly criticised, and Jeremy Boissevain (Boissevain and Friedl 1975) said it most clearly: anthropologists had "tribalised Europe" and if they wanted to produce relevant ethnography they could no longer afford to do so. Contrary to what is often heard from colleagues in the political and social sciences, anthropologists have for nearly half a century been very careful to link their ethnographic focus to wider social, economic and political structures. This does not mean to abandon an ethnographic focus on very local phenomena, the care for detail.
1586:
political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz's comparative work on the
Balinese state is an early, famous example. There is today a rich canon of anthropological studies of the state (see for example Abeles 1990). Hastings Donnan, Thomas Wilson and others started in the early 1990s a productive subfield, an "anthropology of borders", which addresses the ways in which state borders affect local populations, and how people from border areas shape and direct state discourse and state formation (see for example Alvarez, 1996; Thomassen, 1996; Vereni, 1996; Donnan and Wilson, 1994; 1999; 2003).
1491:. As a result, they assumed that all societies were well-defined entities which sought to maintain their equilibrium and social order. Although the authors recognized that "Most of these societies have been conquered or have submitted to European rule from fear of invasion. They would not acquiesce in it if the threat of force were withdrawn; and this fact determines the part now played in their political life by European administration" the authors in the volume tended in practice to examine African political systems in terms of their own internal structures, and ignored the broader historical and political context of colonialism.
1616:, which over the last decades has established as one of the discipline's largest subfields. Political actors like states, governmental institutions, NGOs, International Organizations or business corporations are here the primary subjects of analysis. In their ethnographic work anthropologists have cast a critical eye on discourses and practices produced by institutional agents of development in their encounter with 'local culture' (see for example Ferguson 1994). Development anthropology is tied to global
1511:. Gluckman focused on social process and an analysis of structures and systems based on their relative stability. In his view, conflict maintained the stability of political systems through the establishment and re-establishment of crosscutting ties among social actors. Gluckman even suggested that a certain degree of conflict was necessary to uphold society, and that conflict was constitutive of social and political order.
657:
1479:. They rejected the speculative historical reconstruction of earlier authors and argued that "a scientific study of political institutions must be inductive and comparative and aim solely at establishing and explaining the uniformities found among them and their interdependencies with other features of social organization". Their goal was
1585:
and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and on the relationship between formal and informal
1572:
While for a whole century (1860 to 1960 roughly) political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in
1434:
tried to trace the evolution of human society from 'primitive' or 'savage' societies to more 'advanced' ones. These early approaches were ethnocentric, speculative, and often racist. Nevertheless, they laid the basis for political anthropology by undertaking a modern study inspired by modern science,
1541:
took a
Marxist approach and sought to understand the origins and development of inequality in human society. Marx and Engels had drawn on the ethnographic work of Morgan, and these authors now extended that tradition. In particular, they were interested in the evolution of social systems over time.
1576:
The turn toward the study of complex society made anthropology inherently more political. First, it was no longer possible to carry out fieldwork in say, Spain, Algeria or India without taking into account the way in which all aspects of local society were tied to state and market. It is true that
1988:
Herzfeld is also one of the few anthropologists who has analysed political elections. This is still a relatively neglected field of enquiry, despite the evident fact that it is exactly during election campaigns that alliances and local strategies of power come to the fore (see for example
Spencer
1589:
From the 1980s a heavy focus on ethnicity and nationalism developed. 'Identity' and 'identity politics' soon became defining themes of the discipline, partially replacing earlier focus on kinship and social organization. This made anthropology even more obviously political. Nationalism is to some
1545:
From the 1960s a 'process approach' developed, stressing the role of agents (Bailey 1969; Barth 1969). It was a meaningful development as anthropologists started to work in situations where the colonial system was dismantling. The focus on conflict and social reproduction was carried over into
1603:
as a cultural group with special codes of conduct, dressing, interaction etc. (Abélès, 1992; Wright, 1994; Bellier, 1995; Zabusky, 1995; MacDonald, 1996; Rhodes, 't Hart, and
Noordegraaf, 2007). Increasingly, anthropological fieldwork is today carried out inside bureaucratic structures or in
1526:. By the late 1960s, political anthropology was a flourishing subfield: in 1969 there were two hundred anthropologists listing the subdiscipline as one of their areas of interests, and a quarter of all British anthropologists listed politics as a topic that they studied.
1624:
as it concerns the management and redistribution of both ideational and real resources (see for example Hart 1982). In this vein, Escobar (1995) famously argued that international development largely helped to reproduce the former colonial power structures.
1632:, post-communism, gender, multiculturalism, migration, citizenship, not to forget the umbrella term of globalization. It thus makes sense to say that while anthropology was always to some extent about politics, this is even more evidently the case today.
1553:
Interest in anthropology grew in the 1970s. A session on anthropology was organized at the Ninth
International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in 1973, the proceedings of which were eventually published in 1979 as
1594:
discusses why nationalism came into being. He sees the invention of the printing press as the main spark, enabling shared national emotions, characteristics, events and history to be imagined through common readership of newspapers.
1580:
In a more direct way, the turn towards complex society also signified that political themes increasingly were taken up as the main focus of study, and at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study
1502:
argued that it was necessary to understand how societies changed through time rather than remaining static and in equilibrium. A special version of conflict oriented political anthropology was developed in the so-called
1607:
The concern with political institutions has also fostered a focus on institutionally driven political agency. There is now an anthropology of policy making (Shore and Wright 1997). This focus has been most evident in
1598:
The interest in cultural/political identity construction also went beyond the nation-state dimension. By now, several ethnographies have been carried out in the international organizations (like the EU) studying the
1604:
companies. And bureaucracy can in fact only be studied by living in it – it is far from the rational system we and the practitioners like to think, as Weber himself had indeed pointed out long ago (Herzfeld 1992).
2090:
Abélès, Marc (2010) "State" in Alan
Barnard and Jonathan Spencer (eds.), The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, 2nd. ed., London and New York: Routledge, pp. 666–670.
1590:
extent simply state-produced culture, and to be studied as such. And ethnicity is to some extent simply the political organization of cultural difference (Barth 1969). Benedict
Anderson's book
1483:: to classify societies into a small number of discrete categories, and then compare them in order to make generalizations about them. The contributors of this book were influenced by
2145:
Horvath, A. & B. Thomassen (2008) 'Mimetic errors in liminal schismogenesis: on the political anthropology of the trickster', International
Political Anthropology 1, 1: 3 – 24.
578:
1550:'s work on the Kabyle (1977) was strongly inspired by this development, and his early work was a marriage between French post-structuralism, Marxism and process approach.
2176:
Thomassen, Bjørn (1996) "Border Studies in Europe: Symbolic and Political Boundaries, Anthropological Perspectives", Europaea. Journal of the Europeanists, 2 (1): 37–48.
2118:
Brachet, Julien and Scheele, Judith. (2019) The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1999:
Roy, Martin; Neveu, Catherine (3 April 2023). "A philosophy of the theory of "acts of citizenship" woven into the fabric of a political anthropology of citizenship".
1893:
2142:
Herzfeld, Michael (1992). The Social Production of Indifference. Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
2133:
Ferguson, James (1994) The Antipolitics Machine: "Development". Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2127:
Donnan, Hasting and Thomas M. Wilson (eds.) (2003) "European States at Their Borderlands", Focaal: European Journal of Anthropology, Special Issue, 41 (3).
264:
2121:
Donnan, Hastings and Thomas M. Wilson (eds.) (1994) Border Approaches: Anthropological Perspectives on Frontiers, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
2148:
Leach, Edmund (1954) Political Systems of Highland Burma. A Study of Kachin Social Structure, London, LSE and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
623:
281:
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Spencer, Jonathan (2007) Anthropology, Politics, and the State. Democracy and Violence in South Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2185:
Zabusky, Stacia E. (1995) Launching Europe. An Ethnography of European Cooperation in Space Science, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2100:
Alvarez, Robert R. (1995) "The Mexican-US Border: The Making of an Anthropology of Borderlands", Annual Review of Anthropology, 24: 447–70.
2179:
Vereni, Pietro (1996) "Boundaries, Frontiers, Persons, Individuals: Questioning 'Identity' at National Borders", Europaea, 2 (1): 77–89.
1628:
Many other themes have over the last two decades been opened up which, taken together, are making anthropology increasingly political:
551:
2170:
Shore, Chris and Susan Wright (eds.) (1997) Anthropology of Policy: Critical Perspectives on Governance and Power, London, Routledge.
269:
2130:
Escobar, Arturo (1995) Encountering Development, the making and unmaking of the Third World, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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1344:
571:
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McDonald, Maryon (1996). "Unity and Diversity: Some tensions in the construction of Europe", in: Social Anthropology 4-1: 47–60.
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2109:
Bellier, Irene (1995). "Moralité, langues et pouvoirs dans les institutions européennes", Social Anthropology, 3 (3): 235–250.
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2112:
Boissevain, Jeremy and John Friedl (1975) Beyond the Community: Social Process in Europe, The Hague: University of Amsterdam.
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as the key to understanding political organization, and emphasized the role of the 'gens' or lineage as an object of study.
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Sharma, Aradhana and Akhil Gupta (eds.) (2006) The Anthropology of the State: A Reader, Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell.
2157:
Rhodes, Rod, A.W Paul 't Hart and Mirko Noordegraaf (eds.) (2002) Observing Government Elites, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
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By the 1960s this transition work developed into a full-fledged subdiscipline which was canonized in volumes such as
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Bailey, Frederick G. (1969) Strategems and Spoils: A Social Anthropology of Politics, New York: Schocken Books, Inc.
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609:
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407:
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Fortes, Meyer and E. E. Evans-Pritchard (eds.) (1940) African Political Systems, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
1359:
1349:
246:
2139:
Hart, Keith (1982) The Political Economy of West African Agriculture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1941:
2124:
Donnan, Hasting and Thomas M. Wilson (1999) Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State, Oxford: Berg.
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Political anthropology developed in a very different way in the United States. There, authors such as
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1080:
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234:
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is the comparative study of politics in a broad range of historical, social, and cultural settings.
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Bourdieu, Pierre. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Redfield, Robert (1941) The Folk Culture of Yucutan, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1558:. A newsletter was created shortly thereafter, which developed over time into the journal
1439:. In a move that would be influential for future anthropology, this early work focused on
8:
2106:
Barth, Fredrik (1959) Political Leadership among the Swat Pathans, London: Athlone Press.
1749:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015
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Political anthropology has its roots in the 19th century. At that time, thinkers such as
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Marxist approaches that came to dominate French political anthropology from the 1960s.
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Political anthropology's contemporary literature can be traced to the 1940 publication
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Wright, Susan (ed.) (1994) The Anthropology of Organizations, London: Routledge.
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Abélès, Marc (1992) La vie quotidienne au Parlement européen, Paris: Hachette.
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Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
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1918:"ethnography | Definition, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"
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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
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Abélès, Marc (1990) Anthropologie de l'État, Paris: Armand Colin.
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1458:, and German political philosopher, journalist, and economist
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1942:"Political Phenomenon - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
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Anthropology concerned with states and their institutions
1494:
Several authors reacted to this early work. In his work
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1454:, German sociologist, jurist, and political economist
2026:
Caglar, Ayse (2015). "Citizenship, Anthropology of".
1635:
1416:
1760:
2190:
1640:Some notable political anthropologists include:
2080:Journal of International Political Anthropology
1835:. London: Keegan Paul International. p. 4.
1785:
1561:PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review
1391:
617:
1799:harvp error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2002 (
1556:Political Anthropology: The State of the Art
1767:. Boston, MA: Bergin and Garvey. pp.
1398:
1384:
624:
610:
552:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
1446:Among the principal architects of modern
1998:
1819:http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/
1758:
1877:
1791:
1763:Political Anthropology: An Introduction
572:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
2191:
2058:
2025:
1894:"Stateless Society | Encyclopedia.com"
1845:
1830:
1435:especially the approaches espoused by
228:Societies without hierarchical leaders
16:Comparative study of group decisions
1815:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1496:Political Systems of Highland Burma
13:
2036:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12180-4
1813:Kim, Sung Ho (2007). "Max Weber".
14:
2215:
1966:"Definition of IDENTITY POLITICS"
1636:Notable political anthropologists
1417:History of political anthropology
546:Political economy in anthropology
655:
2052:
2019:
1992:
1982:
1958:
1934:
2204:Subfields of political science
2059:Koster, Martijn (2021). "18".
1910:
1886:
1871:
1839:
1824:
1807:
1752:
1743:
1345:Anthropologists by nationality
408:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
2073:
2013:10.1080/13621025.2023.2171254
579:Journal of Legal Anthropology
247:The Art of Not Being Governed
2065:. London: Sage Publications.
1821:(Retrieved 17 February 2010)
7:
1719:
1614:anthropology of development
10:
2220:
1846:Fortes (1940). p. 15.
1421:
1365:List of indigenous peoples
585:Journal of Law and Society
305:Colonialism and resistance
1880:Anthropology and Politics
1833:African Political Systems
1468:African Political Systems
1110:Cross-cultural comparison
259:Non-western state systems
235:African Political Systems
1736:
1610:Development anthropology
1489:structural functionalism
1282:Historical particularism
1970:www.merriam-webster.com
1817:(24 August 2007 entry)
1450:are French sociologist
1115:Participant observation
284:and the State in Africa
2062:Political anthropology
1878:Vincent, Joan (1990).
1831:Fortes, Meyer (1940).
1759:Lewellen, Ted (1983).
1583:political organization
1516:Political Anthropology
1411:Political anthropology
1257:Cross-cultural studies
526:Circumscription theory
313:Europe and the People
282:Technology, Tradition,
1946:www.sciencedirect.com
1677:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
1622:economic anthropology
1477:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
600:cultural anthropology
388:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
241:Papuan Big man system
1898:www.encyclopedia.com
1350:Anthropology by year
1287:Boasian anthropology
1262:Cultural materialism
1247:Actor–network theory
845:Paleoanthropological
393:Wolfgang Fikentscher
368:Henri J. M. Claessen
123:Pantribal sodalities
2001:Citizenship Studies
1726:Political sociology
1302:Performance studies
1195:Kinship and descent
1135:Cultural relativism
785:Paleoethnobotanical
760:Ethnoarchaeological
536:Left–right paradigm
1922:www.britannica.com
1731:Legal anthropology
1667:Robert L. Carneiro
1322:Post-structuralism
1081:Research framework
531:Legal anthropology
433:Thomas Blom Hansen
363:Robert L. Carneiro
152:Segmentary lineage
89:Leveling mechanism
39:legal anthropology
2166:978-1-4051-1468-4
2096:978-0-415-40978-0
2045:978-0-08-097087-5
1859:Missing or empty
1701:Carolyn Nordstrom
1659:Jeremy Boissevain
1654:Georges Balandier
1618:political economy
1518:(1966) edited by
1505:Manchester school
1408:
1407:
1307:Political economy
1130:Thick description
927:Political economy
790:Zooarchaeological
750:Bioarchaeological
634:
633:
358:Jeremy Boissevain
343:Georges Balandier
338:E. Adamson Hoebel
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503:Douglas R. White
493:Jonathan Spencer
473:Marshall Sahlins
463:Sally Falk Moore
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1697:Ted C. Lewellen
1672:Pierre Clastres
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1548:Pierre Bourdieu
1539:Eleanor Leacock
1485:Radcliffe-Brown
1432:Sir Henry Maine
1428:Lewis H. Morgan
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453:Elizabeth Mertz
438:Ted C. Lewellen
383:Pierre Clastres
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332:Major theorists
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2007:(3): 385–405.
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1327:Systems theory
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1319:
1314:
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1267:Culture theory
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923:
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850:Primatological
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747:
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723:Archaeological
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690:Archaeological
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683:
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664:
661:
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651:
645:
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632:
631:
629:
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621:
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582:
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543:
538:
533:
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522:
519:
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514:
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500:
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490:
488:Aidan Southall
485:
480:
478:James C. Scott
475:
470:
468:Rodney Needham
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:Ernest Gellner
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62:
56:
55:
53:
49:
47:Basic concepts
46:
45:
42:
41:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2216:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
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2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
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2150:
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2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
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2099:
2097:
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2078:
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2064:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1866:
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1797:
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1778:9780897890281
1774:
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1755:
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1727:
1724:
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1713:
1711:
1710:Audra Simpson
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1698:
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1690:
1688:
1687:David Graeber
1685:
1683:
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1675:
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1668:
1665:
1663:John Borneman
1662:
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1557:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:Elman Service
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:Victor Turner
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
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1370:Organizations
1368:
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1317:Structuralism
1315:
1313:
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1303:
1300:
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1292:Functionalism
1290:
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1183:sociocultural
1181:
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1145:Emic and etic
1143:
1141:
1140:Ethnocentrism
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
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1089:
1088:Anthropometry
1086:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Ethnopoetical
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Transpersonal
1006:
1004:
1001:
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994:
991:
989:
988:Psychological
986:
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976:
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949:
948:Institutional
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Environmental
914:
912:
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904:
902:
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894:
892:
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831:
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783:
781:
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766:
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755:Environmental
753:
751:
748:
746:
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731:
728:
727:
724:
719:
718:
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627:
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583:
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523:
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509:
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483:Elman Service
481:
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469:
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461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:David Graeber
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:John Comaroff
376:
374:
373:Jean Comaroff
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Fredrik Barth
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
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310:
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291:Legal systems
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201:Legal culture
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196:Customary law
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187:
186:
183:
182:Theatre state
180:
178:
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173:
172:House society
170:
168:
167:Petty kingdom
165:
163:
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155:
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141:
138:
137:
134:
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106:
104:
101:
100:
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78:
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73:
71:
70:Social status
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
35:
32:
31:
28:
26:
21:
20:
2199:Anthropology
2061:
2054:
2027:
2021:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1936:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1861:|title=
1841:
1832:
1826:
1809:
1787:
1762:
1754:
1745:
1714:Joan Vincent
1682:Meyer Fortes
1649:F. G. Bailey
1639:
1627:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1544:
1531:Morton Fried
1528:
1515:
1513:
1509:Max Gluckman
1500:Edmund Leach
1495:
1493:
1473:Meyer Fortes
1471:, edited by
1466:
1464:
1445:
1425:
1410:
1409:
1355:Bibliography
1297:Interpretive
1272:Diffusionism
1241:Key theories
1227: /
1157:Key concepts
1068:Sociological
1048:Ethnological
982:
835:Neurological
820:Evolutionary
765:Experiential
649:Anthropology
584:
577:
570:
550:
458:Sidney Mintz
448:Ralph Linton
443:Edmund Leach
403:Morton Fried
398:Meyer Fortes
348:F. G. Bailey
280:
245:
233:
218:Case studies
177:Ethnic group
147:Band society
33:
24:
22:
2030:: 637–642.
1692:Dolly Kikon
1645:Marc Abélès
1524:Marc Swartz
1225:Colonialism
1168:Development
1125:Reflexivity
1093:Ethnography
1043:Descriptive
901:Development
840:Nutritional
815:Biocultural
740:Battlefield
428:Ulf Hannerz
423:Lesley Gill
2193:Categories
2074:References
1975:2022-10-14
1951:2022-10-14
1927:2022-10-14
1903:2022-10-14
1205:Prehistory
1058:Historical
1031:Linguistic
943:Historical
911:Ecological
803:Biological
705:Linguistic
695:Biological
320:Cargo cult
223:Acephelous
113:Matriarchy
108:Patriarchy
95:Leadership
1852:cite book
1460:Karl Marx
1456:Max Weber
1178:Evolution
1173:Ethnicity
1105:Ethnology
983:Political
891:Cognitive
830:Molecular
508:Eric Wolf
80:Age grade
34:Political
1720:See also
1481:taxonomy
1360:Journals
1277:Feminism
1063:Semiotic
1003:Symbolic
998:Religion
933:Feminist
921:Economic
871:Cultural
825:Forensic
780:Maritime
775:Forensic
770:Feminist
745:Biblical
735:Aviation
700:Cultural
641:a series
639:Part of
565:Journals
162:Chiefdom
139:Polities
25:a series
23:Part of
1612:or the
1498:(1954)
1441:kinship
1422:Origins
1215:Society
1163:Culture
978:Musical
973:Museums
968:Medical
953:Kinship
906:Digital
881:Applied
673:History
668:Outline
270:Mandala
103:Big man
84:Age set
2164:
2094:
2042:
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1796:p. 107
1775:
1537:, and
1190:Gender
1120:Holism
1018:Visual
993:Public
896:Cyborg
866:Social
730:Aerial
710:Social
596:Social
265:Negara
1737:Notes
1339:Lists
1220:Value
1098:cyber
1013:Urban
963:Media
958:Legal
684:Types
254:State
157:Tribe
128:Chief
118:Elder
75:Caste
2162:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2040:ISBN
1865:help
1801:help
1773:ISBN
1620:and
1522:and
1487:and
1475:and
1430:and
1210:Race
1200:Meme
938:Food
598:and
299:Kapu
2032:doi
2009:doi
1769:2–4
886:Art
36:and
2195::
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1850:{{
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