1511:
formation are linked. He points out, for example, that the inherited estate of some
Sulawesi House societies in the kingdom of Luwu is composed of slaves; that is, the House's property is composed of another social rank of individuals. In this case, class and rank are synonymous. Because they are property, slaves are prevented from forming their own Houses. Commoners in those societies are of a different rank, but lack property, and therefore cannot form their own houses either. The way in which these lower classes were prevented from forming Houses was two-fold. On the one hand, they might be engaged in the agonistic exchange systems with Noble Houses that results in their using up and losing all of their House property. On the other hand, noble Houses at the centre of the state might engage in policies of divide and rule, urging different groups at the periphery to attack each other, take slaves, and these would form Houses which then intermarry with the Houses at the centre.
819:
overlapping ties to other Houses as well, through both mother's and father's kin. Their ability to assert a claim to membership in a House will depend on a number of criteria, such as their parents' participation, their ability to contribute to the House's upkeep, and their participation in its rituals. Successful claims of membership may bring special benefits, such as the right to utilize House resources with the consent of the core members.
790:' of kinship. Lévi-Strauss introduced the concept as an alternative to 'corporate kinship group' among the cognatic kinship groups of the Pacific region. The socially significant groupings within these societies have variable membership because kinship is reckoned bilaterally (through both father's and mother's kin) and come together for only short periods. Property, genealogy and residence are not the basis for the group's existence.
66:
20:
839:, not feudalism. That is, the House is not an economic class but a socially ranked group (e.g. a nobility) in a society organized around a system of social ranks; while a House may own property, it is thus not tied to a feudal mode of production. Schrauwers gives, as an alternate example, societies organized around slavery where a noble group's property are its slaves (such as the Kwakiutl case).
798:
Lévi-Strauss' most succinct definition of a House was that it is "a corporate body holding an estate made up of both material and immaterial wealth, which perpetuates itself through the transmission of its name, its goods and its titles down a real or imaginary line considered legitimate as long as
1510:
Although they may be referred to as House
Societies, not all societies with Houses have those Houses uniformly distributed among all ranks and classes. The House in Bali, as well as in the kingdom of Luwu in Sulawesi, is an "optional" kinship group. Schrauwers has argued that class and House
818:
Only the core group (the highest-ranking members) will inhabit the House as a residence. The other House members (which
Errington refers to as the "server group") will only come together on special ritual occasions, making this an "occasional kinship group." Other House members have multiple
814:
anthropologists to distinguish the various known types of society, are united in the house, as if, in the last analysis the spirit (in the eighteenth-century sense) of this institution expressed an effort to transcend, in all spheres of collective life, theoretically incompatible principles."
1464:
Houses are political in three ways; there is an intra-House politics by which leadership is determined and resources are allocated within the House, as well as an inter-House politics between rival Houses. These two forms of political engagement may be connected through agonistic exchange
813:
The House persists over time by transmitting its titles through conditional kinship principles: "patrilineal descent and matrilineal descent, filiation and residence, hypergamy and hypogamy, close marriage and distant marriage, heredity and election: all these notions which usually allow
835:. This has led some to ask if feudalism was an essential feature of House societies, and answering in the negative. Schrauwers, in contrast, has argued that House societies are characteristically organized around a system of
1469:. There is, lastly, also a politics of struggle and incorporation between highly ranked noble Houses and those groups like slaves and commoners who lack the resources to maintain their organization as a House.
1477:
Houses are tied together through oftentimes contradictory forms of kinship, whether descent or alliance. Given that Houses are not lineages, leadership is rarely ascribed by genealogical seniority alone (i.e.
809:
As a "moral person", it is an alternate metaphor replacing "blood" in defining the social identity of the group. As a symbol of the group, the House persists over generations and links the group to its sacred
1406:
686:
1550:
Joyce, Rosemary A. & Susan D. Gillespie (eds.). 2000. Beyond
Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1491:
1092:
726:
1498:
in
Sulawesi, were dominated by noble Houses that competed with each other for control of the state. These states have alternately been described as
1451:
1109:
657:
1379:
1499:
1097:
786:
The House society is a hybrid, transitional form between kin-based and class-based social orders, and is not one of Lévi-Strauss' '
1399:
1559:
Carsten, Janet & Stephen Hugh-Jones (eds.) About the House: Lévi-Strauss and Beyond. Cambridge
University Press, May 4, 1995
1140:
719:
1444:
669:
678:
1373:
1665:
Waterson, Roxanna (1995). "Houses and hierarchies in island
Southeast Asia". In Carsten J. and S. Hugh-Jones (ed.).
712:
1763:"Houses, hierarchy, headhunting and exchange; Rethinking political relations in the Southeast Asian realm of Luwu"
1541:
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1987. Anthropology and Myth: Lectures, 1951-1982. R. Willis, trans. Oxford: Basil
Blackwell.
1804:
1437:
1235:
806:
The House is a corporate body ("moral person") holding an estate made up of both material and immaterial goods.
751:
and political relations are organized around membership in corporately-organized dwellings rather than around
1074:
454:
945:
496:
48:
543:
799:
this continuity can express itself in the language of kinship or of affinity and, most often, of both."
169:
1062:
423:
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861:
852:
756:
519:
376:
89:
764:
588:
1799:
1427:
1215:
836:
827:
Most of the examples of ‘sociétés à maison’ cited by Lévi-Strauss, with the exception of the
702:
662:
1220:
1195:
950:
345:
329:
258:
8:
1423:
698:
371:
194:
189:
1358:
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1190:
979:
916:
866:
628:
478:
474:
469:
335:
1185:
1170:
1165:
633:
613:
324:
253:
243:
184:
179:
1730:"H(h)ouses, E(e)states and Class: On the Importance of Capitals in central Sulawesi"
1697:"H(h)ouses, E(e)states and Class: On the Importance of Capitals in central Sulawesi"
1604:"H(h)ouses, E(e)states and Class: On the Importance of Capitals in central Sulawesi"
1774:
1741:
1708:
1615:
1330:
1320:
1300:
1290:
828:
760:
618:
418:
413:
393:
239:
124:
1368:
1325:
1280:
1265:
1210:
960:
892:
887:
787:
771:". The concept has been applied to understand the organization of societies from
652:
608:
603:
583:
578:
573:
548:
464:
459:
319:
218:
210:
174:
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558:
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340:
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94:
1779:
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1746:
1729:
1713:
1696:
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1603:
1793:
1505:
1479:
1310:
1245:
1205:
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1068:
1028:
1023:
1009:
994:
897:
752:
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563:
403:
284:
159:
99:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1230:
1225:
1175:
974:
955:
780:
740:
398:
289:
248:
214:
204:
109:
1255:
1250:
772:
623:
501:
154:
144:
1147:
940:
935:
568:
553:
268:
1335:
1004:
907:
832:
149:
38:
25:
1490:
A number of traditional
Southeast Asian kingdoms, such as those in
1466:
989:
776:
139:
134:
129:
114:
104:
34:
911:
748:
119:
57:
1482:). Leadership of a House is gained through status competition.
84:
65:
30:
19:
984:
902:
164:
1684:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 96–128.
1654:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 233–39.
1495:
199:
1506:
Political struggles between classes within a House society
1573:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 236.
1669:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–4.
1639:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 184.
1588:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 194.
1597:
1595:
822:
1592:
1485:
1472:
1791:
831:Indians of the North-west coast of Canada, were
793:
1445:
802:There are three elements to this definition:
720:
1767:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1734:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1701:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1682:Meaning and Power in a Southeast Asian Realm
1652:Meaning and Power in a Southeast Asian Realm
1634:
1608:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
1583:
1571:Meaning and Power in a Southeast Asian Realm
1526:
658:Matrilineal / matrilocal societies
1760:
1727:
1694:
1601:
1531:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1452:
1438:
1380:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
763:". The concept was originally proposed by
727:
713:
1778:
1745:
1712:
1679:
1649:
1619:
1568:
1667:About the House: Lévi-Strauss and Beyond
1664:
18:
1514:
1400:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
1792:
1056:Societies without hierarchical leaders
842:
670:Sex and Repression in Savage Society
13:
823:House societies and social ranking
679:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship
14:
1816:
1520:
1374:Political economy in anthropology
170:Parallel / cross cousins
64:
1754:
1721:
1688:
1673:
1658:
1643:
1628:
1577:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1486:Inter-House political struggle
1473:Intra-House political struggle
1236:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
16:Society organized in dwellings
1:
1635:Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1982).
1584:Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1982).
1527:Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1982).
1407:Journal of Legal Anthropology
1075:The Art of Not Being Governed
312:Household forms and residence
377:Classificatory terminologies
7:
1761:Schrauwers, Albert (1997).
1728:Schrauwers, Albert (2004).
1695:Schrauwers, Albert (2004).
1602:Schrauwers, Albert (2004).
794:House societies and kinship
10:
1821:
1680:Errington, Shelly (1989).
1650:Errington, Shelly (1989).
1569:Errington, Shelly (1989).
1413:Journal of Law and Society
1133:Colonialism and resistance
1780:10.1163/22134379-90003928
1747:10.1163/22134379-90003735
1714:10.1163/22134379-90003735
1621:10.1163/22134379-90003735
1465:institutions such as the
1087:Non-western state systems
1063:African Political Systems
1112:and the State in Africa
1805:Political anthropology
1354:Circumscription theory
1141:Europe and the People
1110:Technology, Tradition,
687:"The Traffic in Women"
520:Coming of Age in Samoa
41:
1428:cultural anthropology
1216:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
1069:Papuan Big man system
788:elementary structures
783:and medieval Europe.
703:Cultural anthropology
663:Feminist anthropology
455:Australian Aboriginal
22:
1515:Notes and references
1494:, or the kingdom of
1221:Wolfgang Fikentscher
1196:Henri J. M. Claessen
951:Pantribal sodalities
594:Bronisław Malinowski
29:noble "Houses" in a
1637:The Way of the Mask
1586:The Way of the Mask
1529:The Way of the Mask
1364:Left–right paradigm
843:Houses and politics
765:Claude Lévi-Strauss
747:is a society where
699:Social anthropology
589:Claude Lévi-Strauss
372:Kinship terminology
195:Joking relationship
190:Posthumous marriage
1359:Legal anthropology
1261:Thomas Blom Hansen
1191:Robert L. Carneiro
980:Segmentary lineage
917:Leveling mechanism
867:legal anthropology
629:David M. Schneider
475:Polyandry in Tibet
42:
1462:
1461:
1186:Jeremy Boissevain
1171:Georges Balandier
1166:E. Adamson Hoebel
769:sociétés à maison
767:who called them "
737:
736:
634:Marilyn Strathern
614:Stephen O. Murray
528:
527:
435:
434:
353:
352:
307:
306:
1812:
1785:
1784:
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1758:
1752:
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1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1348:Related articles
1331:Douglas R. White
1321:Jonathan Spencer
1301:Marshall Sahlins
1291:Sally Falk Moore
847:
846:
761:House of Windsor
729:
722:
715:
647:Related articles
619:Michelle Rosaldo
448:
447:
366:
365:
234:
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221:
79:
78:
68:
56:Anthropology of
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43:
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1394:
1386:
1385:
1369:State formation
1349:
1341:
1340:
1326:Bjorn Thomassen
1281:Elizabeth Mertz
1266:Ted C. Lewellen
1211:Pierre Clastres
1161:
1160:Major theorists
1153:
1152:
1143:Without History
1142:
1111:
1047:
1039:
1038:
961:Paramount chief
893:Achieved status
888:Ascribed status
880:Status and rank
876:
865:
845:
825:
796:
733:
701:
693:
692:
689:
682:
673:
653:Alliance theory
648:
640:
639:
638:
609:Lewis H. Morgan
604:Henrietta Moore
584:Eleanor Leacock
579:Louise Lamphere
574:Roger Lancaster
549:Tom Boellstorff
538:
537:Major theorists
530:
529:
506:
483:
445:
437:
436:
431:
424:Dravidian
363:
355:
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219:Nurture kinship
209:
175:Cousin marriage
76:
17:
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5:
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1316:Aidan Southall
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1306:James C. Scott
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1296:Rodney Needham
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1016:Law and custom
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875:Basic concepts
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559:W. D. Hamilton
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300:Patrilineality
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295:Matrilineality
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75:Basic concepts
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1773:(3): 356–80.
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1311:Elman Service
1309:
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1246:David Graeber
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1234:
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1227:
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1206:John Comaroff
1204:
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1201:Jean Comaroff
1199:
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1181:Fredrik Barth
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1119:Legal systems
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1029:Legal culture
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1010:Theatre state
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1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:House society
998:
996:
995:Petty kingdom
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
966:
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962:
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932:
929:
928:
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922:
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918:
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913:
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906:
904:
901:
899:
898:Social status
896:
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834:
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791:
789:
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778:
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770:
766:
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759:, as in the "
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:house society
742:
730:
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723:
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711:
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632:
630:
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625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
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602:
600:
599:Margaret Mead
597:
595:
592:
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587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
564:Gilbert Herdt
562:
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321:
318:
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293:
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288:
286:
285:Ambilineality
283:
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281:
280:
276:
275:
270:
267:
265:
264:House society
262:
260:
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255:
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168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Bride service
158:
156:
153:
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148:
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138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
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111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
100:Consanguinity
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
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81:
80:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
21:
1800:Anthropology
1770:
1766:
1756:
1740:(1): 72–94.
1737:
1733:
1723:
1707:(1): 86–90.
1704:
1700:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1611:
1607:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1509:
1489:
1476:
1463:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1378:
1286:Sidney Mintz
1276:Ralph Linton
1271:Edmund Leach
1231:Morton Fried
1226:Meyer Fortes
1176:F. G. Bailey
1108:
1073:
1061:
1046:Case studies
1005:Ethnic group
999:
975:Band society
850:
837:social ranks
826:
817:
801:
797:
785:
781:North Africa
768:
744:
741:anthropology
738:
677:
668:
518:
477: /
444:Case studies
425:
290:Unilineality
263:
249:Matrilateral
242: /
217: /
213: /
205:Cohabitation
110:Incest taboo
24:
1614:(1): 75–6.
1256:Ulf Hannerz
1251:Lesley Gill
773:Mesoamerica
624:Gayle Rubin
362:Terminology
277:Linealities
155:Bride price
145:Concubinage
1794:Categories
1148:Cargo cult
1051:Acephelous
941:Matriarchy
936:Patriarchy
923:Leadership
569:Don Kulick
554:Jack Goody
544:Diane Bell
470:Philippine
346:Patrilocal
330:Matrilocal
325:Matrifocal
269:Avunculate
259:Collateral
1336:Eric Wolf
908:Age grade
862:Political
511:Sexuality
426:(debated)
244:Bilateral
150:Polyandry
39:Indonesia
33:village,
26:tongkonan
1502:states.
1467:Potlatch
1393:Journals
990:Chiefdom
967:Polities
853:a series
851:Part of
829:Kwakiutl
810:origins.
777:Moluccas
775:and the
757:lineages
488:Feminist
479:in India
419:Sudanese
414:Hawaiian
394:Iroquois
385:By group
336:Neolocal
320:Extended
240:Cognatic
185:Sororate
180:Levirate
140:Polygamy
135:Polygyny
130:Monogamy
115:Endogamy
105:Marriage
95:Affinity
49:a series
47:Part of
35:Sulawesi
1500:mandala
1098:Mandala
931:Big man
912:Age set
749:kinship
497:Chambri
465:Chinese
460:Burmese
341:Nuclear
228:Descent
211:Fictive
120:Exogamy
90:Lineage
58:kinship
31:Torajan
1424:Social
1093:Negara
833:feudal
254:Lineal
125:Moiety
85:Family
51:on the
23:Three
1082:State
985:Tribe
956:Chief
946:Elder
903:Caste
502:Mosuo
404:Omaha
165:Dowry
1496:Luwu
1492:Bali
1426:and
1127:Kapu
743:, a
399:Crow
215:Milk
200:Clan
1775:doi
1771:153
1742:doi
1738:160
1709:doi
1705:160
1616:doi
1612:160
864:and
779:to
755:or
739:In
1796::
1769:.
1765:.
1736:.
1732:.
1703:.
1699:.
1610:.
1606:.
1594:^
855:on
37:,
1783:.
1777::
1750:.
1744::
1717:.
1711::
1624:.
1618::
1453:e
1446:t
1439:v
910:/
728:e
721:t
714:v
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