Polygyny - Knowledge

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unjust or taboo. According to Natali Exposito, "in a study of the Ngwa Igbo Clan in Nigeria identified five principal reasons for men to maintain more than one wife: because having more than one wife allows the Ngwa husband to (1) have the many children that he desires; (2) heighten his prestige and boost his ego among his peers; (3) enhance his status within the community; (4) ensure a sufficient availability of labor to perform the necessary farm work and the processing of commercial oil-palm produce; and (5) satisfy his sexual urges." Out of all of the reasons stated none are beneficial to the wives, but instead only beneficial to the husbands. In Egypt, feminists have fought for polygamy to be abolished, but it is viewed as a basic human right so the fight has been unsuccessful. In countries where polygyny is practiced less frequently, women have more equality in the marriage and are better able to communicate their opinions about family planning.

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creating more children to increase the man's odds of getting into heaven. Again, the men control the finances and the women are commodities, carrying out the sexual goals of the men. There can be no gender equality in this scenario, which is incapable of being squared with any viable theory of women's rights." First wives in polygynous marriages are often in a difficult situation, when the law or religious code does not require their consent or input for new wives to be admitted in the marriage, so the first wife is forced to accept any new women brought into the family by the husband and to get along with them. Polygyny is criticized because of its asymmetrical, unequal marital arrangement, where the husband has sexual/romantic relations with several women, but the wives can only have such a relation with one man, their husband, which often leads to rigid gender roles in the marriage.

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the wealth which he can command". In Boserup's 1970 discussion of earlier analyses of polygynous systems, for example that of Little's work of the 1930s, that through the hard work, economic, and agricultural assistance of a man's several wives, a husband could afford to pay the bride price of a new wife and further his access to more land, meanwhile increasing his progeny. According to Boserup, writing in 1970, tribal rules of land tenure were still in force over much of the continent of Africa. In this system, members of a tribe which commands a certain territory had a native right to take land under cultivation for food production, and in many cases, also for the cultivation of cash crops. Under this tenure system, an additional wife is an economic asset that helps the family to expand its production.

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substantial. For polygamous unions in the UK to be viewed as valid, the people must live in a country where a person is allowed to have more than one spouse and get married in a nation that permits it. There is evidence of unregistered polygamous marriages in the UK, performed through religious ceremonies, that are not recognized under UK law. In May 2016, a cross-bench member of the British House of Lords Baroness Cox introduced the Arbitration and Mediation Services (Equality) Bill. This Bill would ensure that individuals in polygamous marriages and religiously recognized marriages not considered legal in the UK are informed that they could be without legal protection if they were caught by authorities.

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polygyny as a factor of traditional life. For example, many sub-Saharan African societies view polygyny as essential to expand their progeny and kinship, a practice of high cultural importance. In this case, it would be hard to determine whether the origin was that of high libido, as polygyny would be practiced regardless. Other explanations postulate that polygyny is a tool used to ward off inclinations towards infidelity. In a chapter comparing Sub-Saharan African polygyny, Boserup (1970) comments that in regions where polygyny is practiced, but for demographic and economic reasons must to be delayed for males until older ages, higher incidences of adultery and prostitution are expected to be present.

2861: 2183:. Local rulers of villages usually had the most wives as a sign of power and status. Conquerors of villages would often marry the daughters of the former leaders as a symbol of conquest. The practice of resource polygyny continued with the spread and expansion of Islam in Africa and Southeast Asia. Children born into these households were considered free. Children born to free or slave concubines were free, but had lesser status than those born to wives. Living arrangements varied between areas. In Africa, each wife usually had their own house, as well as property and animals. In many other parts of the world, wives lived together in seclusion, under one household. A 2063:

marriages because of what they have witnessed in the lives of other women who are currently in such relationships. The observed experiences of some of the women in polygynous unions tend to be characterized by frequent jealousy, conflicts, competition, tensions, and psychological stresses. Some of the husbands fail to share love and other resources equally; and envy and hatred, and sometimes violent physical confrontations become the order of the day among co-wives and their children. This discourages women from entering a polygynous marriage. Research shows that competition and conflict can intensify to unbearable level for co-wives causing women to commit

2222:" arrangement was reported to have been observed, in which some wives who are unable to bear children, find fulfillment in the children and family provided by a husband taking additional wives. Some of the men indicated that they were pressured by their parents to marry another wife, who could contribute additional income to the family. Some of the young polygynous men indicated that they were trapped in polygyny because of the large number of single women who needed and were willing to take them as husbands although they were already married. Most of those second and third wives were older women who had not yet married. 1806:. Polygynous countries usually have a higher fertility rate, fewer savings reserves, and a lower GDP. A 2014 study estimates that fertility would decrease by 40 percent, savings would increase by 70 percent and GDP would increase by 170 percent if polygyny were banned. Monogamous societies present a surge in economic productivity because monogamous men are able to save and invest their resources due to having fewer children. Polygynous societies have a higher concentration of men investing into methods of mating with women, whereas monogamous men invest more into their families and other related institutions. 2133:

polygynist practices often leave women at a disadvantage if they make the decision to remove themselves from the polygynist lifestyle. To leave the marriage, women must repay their bride price. Though this is simple in thought, this is not simple in execution. To prevent their wives from leaving, husbands will often keep the bride price at high levels, which is often at an unpayable level for women. In most cases, women do not have access to their children if they decide to leave polygyny, nor are they allowed to take them, due to cultural ideas of ownership in relation to progeny.

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Australia ruled on March 6, 2016 that it is illegal to have polygamous marriages. However, foreign marriages that have potential to be polygamous when it was started will be legally recognized in Australia. The court defined a potentially polygamous marriage as if the marriage is not yet polygamous, but if the country where the marriage marginally taken place permits polygamous marriages of either partner to the original marriage at a later date. Indigenous populations of Australia have been noted to engage in polygamous relationships.

140: 3332:, his first wife, for 25 years, until she died. After her death, he married multiple women, mostly widows, for social and political reasons. He had a total of nine wives, but not all at the same time, depending on the sources in his lifetime. The Qur'an does not give preference in marrying more than one wife. One reason cited for polygyny is that it allows a man to give financial protection to multiple women, who might otherwise not have any support (e.g. widows). However, the wife can set a condition, in the 1090:

usually done by men and older boys (along with hunting, fishing and the raising of livestock). Wives, on the other hand, are responsible for other aspects of cultivating, food processing and providing meals and for performing domestic duties for the family. Boserup notes that though the work completed by women calculates for a larger percentage of the tasks that form the basis of sub-Saharan life, women often do not receive the majority portion of the benefits that accompany economic and agricultural success.

3221: 3478:(also known as the European wool carder bee) exhibit this behavior. Males claim patches of floral plants, ward off conspecific males and other resource competitors, and mate with the multiple females who forage in their territories. Males of many species attract females to their territory by either gathering in a lek or going out in search of dispersed females. In polygyny relationships in animals, the female is the one who provides most of the parental care for the offspring. 298:, polygyny is common and deeply rooted in the culture, with 11 percent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa living in such marriages (25 percent of the Muslim population and 3 percent of the Christian population, as of 2019). Polygyny is especially widespread in West Africa, with the countries estimated to have the highest polygyny prevalence in the world as of 2019 being Burkina Faso (36%), Mali (34%) and Gambia (30%). Outside of Africa, the highest prevalence is in 38: 10053: 2288:. Polygynous marriages of individuals over the age of 15 accounts for approximately 30,000 (0.1%) people in 2001. Both Islamic law and cultural family laws create a system in which Muslim men are encouraged to take up to four wives. Several factors for this include infertility or long-term illness of the first wife, excessive wealth on the part of the husband enabling him to support widowed or divorced mothers, and the economic benefits of large families. 2545:

was away. Concubines had a lower status than full wives, generally not being seen in public with their husband and not having rights to decisions in the house. Children from concubines were considered inferior to those of the wife and did not receive equal wealth/legacy from their father. However they were considered legitimate, therefore had many more rights to inheritance of status and wealth than illegitimate children conceived outside a marriage.

3166:"The Goods and Requirements of Conjugal Love" states "The unity of marriage, distinctly recognized by our Lord, is made clear in the equal personal dignity which must be accorded to husband and wife in mutual and unreserved affection. Polygamy is contrary to conjugal love which is undivided and exclusive." There are small numbers of Roman Catholic theologians that claim polygyny can be an authentic form of marriage in certain regions such as Africa. 1098: 1726:

has less help in cultivation and is likely to have little or no help for felling trees. According to Boserup's historical data, women living in such a structure also welcome one or more co-wives to share with them the burden of daily labor. However, the second wife will usually do the most tiresome work, almost as if she were a servant to the first wife, and will be inferior to the first wife in status. A 1930s study of the

1846:. Rich and powerful Viking men tended to have many wives and concubines, and these polygynous relationships might have led to a shortage of eligible women for the average Viking male. Due to this, the average Viking man could have been forced to perform riskier actions to gain wealth and power to be able to find suitable women. Viking men would often buy or capture women and make them into their wives or concubines. The 416: 2218:

dare to use force to take their livestock or other goods from them. Interviews with some of the contemporary Logoli men and women who recently made polygynous marriages yielded data which suggest that marrying another wife is usually approached with considerable thought and deliberation by the man. It may or may not involve or require the consent of the other wives and prospective wife's parents. A type of "

3173:, there has often been a tension between the Western Christian insistence on monogamy and the traditional practice of polygamy. In some instances in recent times there have been moves for accommodation; in other instances, churches have resisted such moves strongly. African Independent Churches have sometimes referred to those parts of the Old Testament that describe polygamy in defending the practice. 3144:, who, for many years, had been living "constantly in a state of adultery and fornication", a dispensation to take a second wife. The double marriage was to be done in secret, however, to avoid public scandal. Some fifteen years earlier, in a letter to the Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück, Luther stated that he could not "forbid a person to marry several wives, for it does not contradict Scripture." ( 3446:(or other countries where the practice was not prohibited by their tradition and was not illegal) are not subject to this Israeli law. But Mizrahi Jews are not permitted to enter into new polygamous marriages in Israel. However polygamy may still occur in non-European Jewish communities that exist in countries where it is not forbidden, such as Jewish communities in Yemen and the Arab world. 2347: 2800:

require couples to register a religious marriage in the registry of civil marriages (whilst in the neighbouring Bosnia, failing to do so can result in a fine), individuals seeking to practice polygamy are not restricted to do so. One of the best known examples was the chief Mufti of the Islamic Community in Serbia, Dr. Muamer Zukorlic, who was simultaneously married to three women.

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sometimes used to avoid fighting by establishing unequivocally each wife's rights and obligations. Although there are several harmful aspects of this practice related to women, there are some reported personal and economic advantages for women such as sharing household and child rearing responsibilities. Also, wives share companionship and support with co-wives.

1996:, and massive prestige to the families of suicide terrorists. Citing Atran and other anthropological research showing that 99 percent of Palestinian suicide terrorists are male, that 86 percent are unmarried, and that 81 percent have at least six siblings (larger than the average Palestinian family size), cognitive scientist 1899:, more than one-third of women are married to a man who has more than one wife, and a study of 240,000 children in 29 African countries has also shown that, after controlling for other factors, children in polygynous families were more likely to die young. A 2019 study of 800 rural African ethnic groups published in the 2903:

In the 21st century, several sources have claimed as many as 60,000 fundamentalist Latter-day Saints in the United States, with fewer than half of them living in polygamous households. Others have suggested that there may be as few as 20,000 Mormon fundamentalists with only 8,000 to 15,000 practicing

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Serbian Law, which in turn is based on the French Civil Code, permits individuals to only be married monogamously. However, the jurisdiction of the civil law exclusively oversees the marriages conducted in civilian ceremonies, and not those conducted in the religious ones. Given that the law does not

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The ecological association between polygyny and HIV prevalence is shown to be negative at the sub-national level. HIV prevalence tends to be lower in countries where the practice of polygyny is common, and within countries it is lower in areas with higher levels of polygyny. Proposed explanations for

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Various methods have been used to reduce the amount of jealousy and conflict among wives. These include sororal polygyny, in which the co-wives are sisters; and hut polygyny, in which each wife has her own residence and the husband visits them in rotation. A clear status hierarchy among wives is also

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Research shows that polygyny is widely practiced where societies are destabilized, more violent, more likely to invade neighbors and more likely to fail. This has been attributed to the inequality factor of polygyny, where if the richest and most powerful 10 percent of males have four wives each, the

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A report by the secretariat of the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) quotes: "one of the strongest appeals of polygyny to men in Africa is precisely its economic aspect, for a man with several wives commands more land, can produce more food for his household and can achieve a high status due to

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Goody's observation regarding African male farming systems is discussed and supported by anthropologists Douglas R. White and Michael L. Burton in their article, "Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare", where the authors note: "Goody (1973) argues against the female contributions

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in the West African state of Sierra Leone concluded that a plurality of wives is an agricultural asset, since a large number of women makes it unnecessary to employ wage laborers. Polygyny is considered an economic advantage in many rural areas. In some cases, the economic role of the additional wife

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If you fear you might fail to give orphan women their ˹due˺ rights ˹if you were to marry them˺, then marry other women of your choice—two, three, or four. But if you are afraid you will fail to maintain justice, then ˹content yourselves with˺ one or those ˹bondwomen˺ in your possession. This way you

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On the other hand, the Roman Catholic Church criticizes polygyny in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Under paragraph 2387 of "Other offenses against the dignity of marriage" of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, it states "is not in accord with the moral law". Additionally, paragraph 1645 of

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Polygyny where wives are of equal status had always been illegal in China, and had been considered a crime in some dynasties. In family laws from Tang to Qing Dynasties, the status of a wife, concubines and maid-mistresses could not be altered. However, concubinage was supported by law until the end

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The original wife (or legal wife) was referred to as the 正室 zhèngshì /정실 (main room) both in China, Japan and Korea. 大婆 dàpó ("big woman/big wife") is the slang term. Both terms indicate the orthodox nature and hierarchy. The official wife was called "big mother" (大媽 dàmā), mother or aunt. The child

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sees polygyny as a form of oppression of women; she wrote: "In polygamy, also not a victimless crime, the practice is built on the subjugation of women to the men's needs and demands. Moreover, for many of the religious polygamists, the women are nothing but the means to a particular doctrinal end –

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An elderly cultivator, with several wives and likely several young male children, benefits from having a much larger workforce within his household. By the combined efforts of his young sons and young wives, he may gradually expand his cultivation and become more prosperous. A man with a single wife

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Also ˹forbidden are˺ married women—except ˹female˺ captives in your possession. This is God's commandment to you. Lawful to you are all beyond these—as long as you seek them with your wealth in a legal marriage, not in fornication. Give those you have consummated marriage with their due dowries. It

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states that "a man who is not satisfied with one woman and seeks out other women is on the path to decline". Other fragments in the Buddhist scripture seem to treat polygamy unfavorably, leading some authors to conclude that Buddhism generally does not approve of it or alternatively regards it as a

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Polygyny is legal in Yemen, a majority Muslim nation, which follows Islamic tradition where polygyny is acceptable up to four wives only if the husband treats all wives justly. Seven percent of married women in Yemen are a part of polygamous relationship. Reports conducted in the country have shown

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of the imperial China (1911). In the past, Emperors could and often did have hundreds to thousands of concubines. Rich officials and merchants of the elite also took concubines in addition to legal wives. The first wife was the head or mother wife; other wives were under her headship if the husband

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Despite the historical and cultural history of polygyny among Muslim South Africans, polygynous unions are officially illegal on the national level in South Africa. After 1994, various laws such as the freedom of religion in the South African Constitution, the ratification of the UN's Convention on

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Efforts to abolish the practice and de facto recognition of polygyny have been widely apparent throughout the recent years in Malawi; led mainly by anti-AIDS organizations and feminist groups. An effort led in 2008 to outlaw polygyny in the country was fiercely opposed by Islamic religious leaders,

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While polygynous marriages are not legally recognized under the civil marriage laws of Malawi, customary law affords a generous amount of benefits to polygynous unions, ranging from inheritance rights to child custody. It has been estimated that nearly one in five women in Malawi live in polygynous

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sub ethnic groups. Taking additional wives was regarded as one of the fundamental indicators of a successfully established man. Large families enhanced the prestige of Logoli men. Logoli men with large families were also capable of obtaining justice, as they would be feared by people, who would not

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Studies of the Ngwa group in eastern Nigeria shows that on average, women in polygynous unions are 22–26 percent less fertile than women in monogamous unions. Data shows that the greater the intensity of polygyny, the lower the fertility of successive wives: 15 percent deficit for first wives; a 37

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virus has informed women's decisions about entering polygynous marriages. Some view polygyny as a means to prevent men from taking random sexual partners and potentially introducing STIs into relationships. Interviews conducted with some of the Logoli tribe in Kenya suggested they feared polygynous

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Polygyny in West Africa, the region of the world where the practice is most common, exists in a societal context where historical factors, such as the slave trade, and the local religion, Islam, interact creating a culture where polygyny is widespread. The slave trade's impact on the male-to-female

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Most research into the determinants of polygyny has focused on macro-level factors. Widespread polygyny is linked to the kinship groups that share descent from a common ancestor. Polygyny also served as "a dynamic principle of family survival, growth, security, continuity, and prestige", especially

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West Africa, showing higher female agricultural contributions in East Africa and higher polygyny rates in West Africa, especially in the West African savanna, where one finds especially high male agricultural contributions. Goody says, "The reasons behind polygyny are sexual and reproductive rather

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hosted a regional conference in Africa, in which the acceptance of polygynists and their wives into full membership by the Lutheran Church in Liberia was defended as being permissible. The Lutheran Church in Liberia, while permitting men to retain their wives from marriages prior to being received

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In Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia in the Premodern Era, circa 600 BCE – 1600 CE, both monogamy and polygyny occurred. Polygyny occurred even in areas of where monogamy was prevalent. Wealth played a key role in the development of family life during these times. Wealth meant the

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For example, studies in Malawi have shown that for men and women in polygynous marriages, the rate of HIV is between 10–15 percent. About 14 percent of Malawi's population is infected with HIV, which causes AIDS, according to official figures. There are approximately 78,000 AIDS-related deaths and

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Studies show there are two mechanisms that could lead to higher prevalence rates of HIV in men and women who are in polygynous unions: partners in polygynous unions have more extra-marital relationships and thus increase each other's exposure to HIV; women who are recruited into a polygynous union

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due to psychological distress. Findings show that the wife order can affect life satisfaction. According to Bove and Valeggia, women who are senior wives often misuse their position to obtain healthcare benefits in countries where only one wife can become a recipient. The conflict between co-wives

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have shown that there have been more mothers than fathers in the genetic record of the human species, meaning that the proportion of females that have reproduced in each generation has generally been greater than the proportion of men that reproduced. The authors of one 2014 study attributed these

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and over 40 important figures had more than one wife, such as Esau, Elkanah, and Solomon. Moses had two or three wives; Zipporah, the daughter of Hobab and the "Cushite" woman, even though some Bible interpreters dispute this. However, Deuteronomy 17:17 does state that the king shall not have too

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A criticism against polygyny is that in almost all cultures and religious communities that practice it, polygyny is the only form of polygamy that is allowed; and, as such, this violates modern principles of equality between men and women, especially as in many such places females having multiple

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An analysis by James Fenske (2012) found that child mortality and ecologically-related economic shocks had a stronger association with rates of polygamy in Sub-Saharan Africa rather than female agricultural contributions (which are typically relatively small in the West African savanna and Sahel,

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have no rules against polygyny, though the practice itself in modern times is rare, and is not found at all among Karaites living in countries where polygamy is against the law. The husband, however, is only allowed to take other wives if he has the means and ability to treat them equally to the

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are legal. Polygyny in South Africa is practiced among the indigenous Bantu ethnic groups of South Africa, and also within the Muslim community. Although it was widespread in ancient times, it is now only common amongst richer men and men of status, such as chiefs and kings, including the former

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such as Professor John O. Ifediora, who believes that women should be equal to men and not subject to them in marriage. Professor Ifediora also believes that polygyny is a "hindrance to social and economic development" in the continent of Africa due to women's lack of financial control. Standard

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Inequality between husbands and wives is common in countries where polygyny is more frequently practiced because of limited education. In Africa polygyny was believed to be part of the way to build an empire. It was not until the post-colonialism era in Africa that polygyny began to be viewed as

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Of the 1,231 societies listed in the 1980 Ethnographic Atlas, 186 were found to be monogamous; 453 had occasional polygyny; 588 had more frequent polygyny; and 4 had polyandry. Some research has shown that males living in polygynous marriages may live 12 percent longer. Polygyny may be practiced

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Scholars have argued that in farming systems where men do most of the agriculture work, a second wife can be an economic burden rather than an asset. In order to feed an additional wife, the husband must either work harder himself or he must hire laborers to do part of the work. In such regions,

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While the marriage of a woman to more than one man at a time is forbidden, a Karaite man could in principle have more than one wife provided he could fulfill all his duties towards both women. However, the right of the husband to take a second wife could be restricted through the inclusion of a

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According to Michael Coogan, "olygyny continued to be practiced well into the biblical period, and it is attested among Jews as late as the second century CE." The incidence was limited, however, and it was likely largely restricted to the wealthy. By the first century, both the expense and the

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Polygyny is legal in Somalia and most commonly seen throughout Muslim communities. According to the Muslim tradition, men can have up to four wives. For a man to gain additional wives in Somalia, it must be granted by the court and it has to be proven that the first wife is either imprisoned or

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may be a factor in polygyny, although others have downplayed its significance. The sex drive as a factor in some Asian cultures was sometimes associated with wealthy men and those that were adjunct to an aristocracy, although such libidinal perceptions were at times discarded in favor of seeing

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can remarry without divorce from her previous husband, as her marriage with non-Muslim husband is Islamically dissolved on her fleeing. A non-Muslim woman captured during war by Muslims, can also remarry, as her marriage with her non-Muslim husband is Islamically dissolved at capture by Muslim

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In some regions of shifting cultivation where polygyny is most frequently recorded, labor is often starkly divided between genders. In many of these cases, the task of felling trees in preparation of new plots, the fencing of fields against wild animals, and sometimes the planting of crops, is

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Polygyny varies according to a woman's age, religion and educational experience. Research conducted in the city of Ibadan, the second largest city in Nigeria, shows that non-educated women are significantly more likely (58%) to be in a polygynous union compared to college educated women (4%).

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nearly eight centuries ago. He contended that polygyny is unjust to wives and children. He also argues that it creates rival stepchildren and forces them to compete for attention, food, and shelter. According to Aquinas, polygyny violates the requirements of fidelity between husband and wife.

1750:, Goody notes that in some of the sparsely-populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa, much of the work is done by women. This favored polygynous marriages, in which men sought to monopolize the production of women "who are valued both as workers and as child bearers." 2332:

Polygyny is not legal in Australia. The Marriage Act of 1961 under section 94 states that any person who knowingly marries another whose marriage is legally ongoing carries out the act of bigamy. The penalty of bigamy is up to five years of imprisonment. The Full Court of the Family Court of

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In the UK, there are believed to be up to 20,000 polygamous marriages in Britain's Muslim community, even though bigamy is an offence. All marriages that happen within the United Kingdom must be monogamous and meet the requirements of the relevant legislation to be perceived as legitimately

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is used for a pattern of mating in which a male animal has more than one female mate in a breeding season. Males get their mates by defending the females directly or holding resources that the females want and need. This is known as resource defense polygyny and males of the bee species

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are more likely to be HIV positive than those who marry a monogamous husband. In addition to these two mechanisms, variation in HIV prevalence rates by union type is possibly due to individuals in polygynous unions are typically part of a sexual network with concurrent partnerships.

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the protective effect of polygyny include the distinctive structure of sexual networks produced by polygyny, the disproportionate recruitment of HIV positive women into marriages with a polygynous husband, and the lower coital frequency in conjugal dyads of polygynous marriages.

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Polygyny in eusocial insects means that some insects living in colonies have not only one queen, but several queens. Solitary species of insects take part in this practice in order to maximize their reproductive success of the widely dispersed females, such as the bee species

3336:, that the husband cannot marry another woman during their marriage. In such a case, the husband cannot marry another woman as long as he is married to his wife. According to traditional Islamic law, each of those wives keeps their property and assets separate; and are paid 2084:

percent deficit for second wives; and a 46 percent deficit for third or more wives. Studies show that seems to exist because of the widening age gap between the successive order of wives and because of the decreasing exposure to coitus, if all coitus occurs in marriage.

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and literally means "she who occupied the side room". This word was also used in both Korea and Japan. They were also called 妾 qiè/첩 in China and Korea. The common terms referring to the second woman, and the act of having the second woman respectively, are 二奶

2840:. This puts women who are not legally married to their husband at disadvantage to any legal wife in terms of securing inheritance. It is thought that present-day polygamy is much less common than it once was, in particularly compared with the time before the 2249:

Followers of traditional African religions are expected to have as many wives as they can afford. Muslim men are allowed up to 4 wives and only if they can be provided for and treated equally. Christians are typically (and expected to be) monogamous.

2324:, yet there are no legal restrictions against the practice itself, which has been reported to be quite widespread in the coastal country. As of 2019, it was estimated that about nearly 20% of married women aged 15–49 are in polygynous unions. 3305:

soldiers. This permission is given to such women in verse 4:24 of Quran. The verse also emphasizes transparency, mutual agreement and financial compensation as prerequisites for matrimonial relationship as opposed to prostitution; it says:

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Lampert, Kathrin P.; Pasternak, Vanessa; Brand, Philipp; Tollrian, Ralph; Leese, Florian; Eltz, Thomas (April 2014). "'Late' male sperm precedence in polyandrous wool-carder bees and the evolution of male resource defence in Hymenoptera".

3238:, Muslim men are allowed to practice polygyny, that is, they can have more than one wife at the same time. Muslim men can have up to four wives at a time. Polyandry, the practice of a woman having more than one husband, is not permitted. 3340:

and maintenance separately by their husband. Usually the wives have little to no contact with each other and lead separate, individual lives in their own houses, and sometimes in different cities, though they all share the same husband.

3057:" Supporters of polygamy argue this use of the phrase in relation to prostitution in this verse, means "becoming one flesh" refers to a merely physical, rather than spiritual, union, even when it is used about marriage in other verses. 3205:

had only one wife, as monogamy was regarded as the morally superior type of marriage, polygyny remained customary and widely acceptable among Hindus until it was legally abolished for Hindus in India by the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955.

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at birth is actually slightly biased in favour of males (the natural sex ratio is around 105 boys/100 girls at birth; generally in the range of 103–107); presently in some countries this is even more biased in favor of males due to

7152: 2836:. Wives that share the same husband are often relatives, such as sisters, who live in the same community. Having the same husband does not imply women belong to the same household. Mapuche polygamy has no legal recognition in 3106:'one-woman man'), vigilant, sober, of good behavior, given to hospitality, apt to teach". Verse 12 has similar advice regarding deacons having only one wife. Similar counsel is repeated in the first chapter of the 1908:

In a 2011 doctoral thesis, anthropologist Kyle R. Gibson reviewed three studies documenting 1,208 suicide attacks from 1981 to 2007 and found that countries with higher polygyny rates correlated with greater production of

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Goody, however, observes that the correlation is imperfect, and also describes more traditionally male-dominated though relatively extensive farming systems, such as those common in much of West Africa, particularly the

2522:. Prevalence of polygyny in India is very low: among married women, only 1.68 percent of Hindus, 2.45 percent of Muslims, 2.16 percent of Christians, and 1.16 percent of other religions live in polygynous marriages. 3371:

Countries that allow polygyny typically also require a man to obtain permission from his previous wives before marrying another; they may require the man to prove that he can financially support multiple wives. In

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affair, and normally Buddhist monks do not participate in it (though in some sects priests do marry). Hence marriage receives no religious sanction. Forms of marriage, in consequence, vary from country to country.

2076:, and paranoia. As well as this reduced marital/life satisfaction and low self-esteem has been shown to be more prevalent among women in polygynous relationships when compared to women in monogamous relationships. 2676:

in the early 1950s. Although illegal in the country, polygamy is encouraged by certain religious circles, and the number of practitioners has increased. This trend appears linked with the advent of fundamentalist

2700:, has also been influenced by this trend in Bosnia. They have suggested creating an entire Islamic jurisdiction including polygamy, but these proposals have been rejected by Serbia. The top cleric, the Mufti of 3249:

And one of His signs is that He created for you spouses from among yourselves so that you may find comfort in them. And He has placed between you compassion and mercy. Surely in this are signs for people who

3068:

Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one

2724:(section 14 and others) prohibits registration of marriage if one of person is in another registered marriage in Russia or another country. Polygamy is tolerated in predominantly Muslim republics such as 1782:

According to scientific studies, the human mating system is considered to be moderately polygynous, based both on surveys of world populations, and on characteristics of human reproductive physiology.

3201:

had three chief wives: Kausalya, Sumitra, and Kaikeyi. Having more than one wife was a social custom that was believed to increase the prestige of a man. Although many other personalities including

2046:

Women participating in polygynous marriages share common marital problems with women in a monogamous marriage; however, there are issues uniquely related to polygyny which affects their overall

2050:

and have severe implications for women's health. Women practicing polygyny are susceptible to sexually transmitted infections, infertility, and mental health complications. Among the Logoli of

2018:

and that many potential brides end up in polygynous marriages, the financial compensation of an act of suicide terrorism can buy enough brides for a man's brothers to have children to make the

6286:

Although polygamy is prohibited in Mozambique there is no punishment. Across the country nearly a third of married women are thought to be in polygamous marriages, according to a NORAD survey.

2773:

and registration of polygyny marriages had been started allowing men to marry up to four wives as it relates to Muslim tradition. But this edict had been formally suspended soon by edict of

2245:

families within the country, and is largely practiced by the tribes native to its north and west. Although far less popular there, it is nonetheless also legal in Nigeria's east and south.

4690: 3499:(several queens join to found a new colony, but after the hatching of the first workers the queens fight each other until only one queen survives and the colony becomes monogynous) and 1905:

found that "young men who belong to polygynous groups feel that they are treated more unequally and are readier to use violence in comparison to those belonging to monogamous groups."

6935:

Poligamia mapuche / Pu domo ñi Duam (un asunto de mujeres): Politización y despolitización de una práctica en relación a la posición de las mujeres al interior de la sociedad mapuche

2646:, says that legislation is unlikely to stop the growth in polygyny. He criticizes the ruling élite for speaking out against the practice while taking more than one wife themselves. 4530:

Indian Women Through the Ages: A Historical Survey of the Position of Women and the Institutions of Marriage and Family in India from Remote Antiquity to the Present Day. P. Thomas

3289:

There are strict requirements to marrying more than one woman, as the man must treat them equally financially and in terms of support given to each wife, according to Islamic law.

3045:

is largely silent on polygamy, however, some point to Jesus's repetition of the earlier scriptures, noting that a man and a wife "shall become one flesh". However, some look to

1766:

than economic and productive" (1973:189), arguing that men marry polygynously to maximize their fertility and to obtain large households containing many young dependent males."

2619:

A proposal to decriminalize polygamy was heard by the Kyrgyz parliament. It was supported by the Justice Minister, the country's ombudsman, and the Muslim Women's organization

2292:

the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and a proposed Draft Bill on Muslim Marriages have tackled the issue of Islamic polygynous unions in South Africa.

5130: 6906: 2864:

Polygyny among 19th century Mormons: Portrait of Ira Eldredge with his three wives: Nancy Black Eldredge, Hannah Mariah Savage Eldredge, and Helvig Marie Andersen Eldredge.

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on sexology, Doctor Man-Lun Ng estimated about 300,000 men in China have mistresses. In 1995, forty percent of extramarital affairs in Hong Kong involved a stable partner.

5013: 2791:. Zhirinovsky first proposed to legalize polygyny in 1993, after Kadyrov's declaration that he would introduce an amendment to legalize polygyny for all Russian citizens. 3453:

primary wife, and even then only if there was no anti-polygamy clause in their marriage contract from either party. Polyandry, on the other hand, is expressly forbidden.

5405: 1036: 9031: 9018: 7460: 2905: 2159: 353: 2162:

that practices polygyny, after the community has been marred by accusations of child sexual abuse, welfare fraud, and child labor trafficking, that culminated in the

9036: 2717: 2252:

Among the Ngwa group in Eastern Nigeria, studies show that 70% of polygynous marriages consist of illiterate men and women, compared to 53% in monogamous marriages.

1933:

in 2008 found that suicide bombers were almost always single men without children aged 18 to 30 (with a mean age of 22), and were typically students or employed in

3162:. Evangelical Lutheran missionaries in Maasai also tolerate the practice of polygyny and in Southern Sudan, and some polygynists are becoming Lutheran Christians. 1969:

conflict within Islamic countries between alpha and non-alpha males by bringing esteem to the latter's families and redirecting their violence towards out-groups.

2237:

Unlike those marriages recognized by Sharia, there is no limit to the number of legal wives allowed under customary law. Currently polygyny is most common within

5432:

Al-Krenawi, Alean; Graham, John (2011). "A Comparison Study of Psychological Family Function Marital Satisfaction of Polygamous and Monogamous women in Jordan".

1809:

Despite the expenses of polygynous marriages, a 1995 study suggests that men benefit from marrying multiple wives through the economic and social insurance that

7066:– Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities. A joint report from the offices of the Attorneys General of Arizona and Utah. 2754:

but Russian authorities had annulled these polygynous marriages after they regained control over territory of Ichkeria. Later Ramzan Kadyrov, President of the

1838:

may have originally started sailing and raiding due to a need to seek out women from foreign lands. The concept was expressed in the 11th century by historian

7883:

Theological dictionary of the New Testament. 1964– (G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley & G. Friedrich, ed.) (electronic ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Entry on

8854: 3950: 2642:

to re-legalize polygamy. Tajik women who want to be second wives particularly support decriminalizing polygyny. Mukhiddin Kabiri, the Deputy Chairman of the

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is, in general, prohibited and the vast majority of marriages are legally monogamous. Polygyny among Christians was banned in the late 19th century, while

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Polygynous marriages are legal under certain circumstances in South Africa. All polygynous marriages entered into in accordance with the provisions of the

5834: 5276: 1758:

region, where more agricultural work is done by men, and polygamy is desired more for the production of male offspring whose labor in farming is valued.

6933: 4228: 2560:, a well-known warlord, notably declared he had three 'unknowns' – unknown number of rifles, unknown amount of money, and unknown number of concubines. 7870:

du Plessis, I. (1998). "The social and economic life of the Jewish people in Palestine in the time of the New Testament", In A. du Toit (ed.). Vol. 2:

2869: 7144: 6670: 3411:

practical problems associated with maintaining multiple wives were barriers to the practice, especially for the less wealthy. Since the 11th century,

1869:

where there is a lower male:female ratio; this may result from male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. However, the natural

9397: 2393: 1076: 8681: 132:, polygynous unions have no legal recognition. However, Muslim men may marry up to four women, but they do not have the legal status of wives. 5804: 4914: 6239: 2780:. One year later this edict of Aushev had been cancelled by the Supreme Court of Ingushetia because of contradiction with Family Code of Russia. 7556: 4766: 2113:, which is common in societies that practice polygyny), concerns about inequality and the fate of the young men left without wives (such as the 2109:

Criticism of polygyny focuses on the wellbeing of the wives in such marriages, including coercion, buying and selling of wives (such as through

6467: 5877:"The Two 'P's of Gender Inequality: Prostitution and Polygamy – How the Laws Against Both Are Underenforced to Protect Men and Subjugate Women" 4698: 1938: 3015:

was common traditionally, as was polygyny, and having several wives or husbands was never regarded as having sex with inappropriate partners.

8248: 6102:... encouraged their husbands to marry other wives so that they may engage themselves and bestow their affection upon the co-wives' children. 1712: 7715:

Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books and the New Testament

6814: 3265:

Polygyny is allowed in the Quran but if a man fears he cannot deal justly with them he should only marry one. This is based on verse 4:3 of

263:'s impact on the male-to-female sex ratio was a key factor in the emergence and fortification of polygynous practices in regions of Africa. 9135: 4669: 3158:

into the Church, does not permit polygynists who have become Christians to marry more wives after they have received the sacrament of Holy

4792: 3053:: "Do you not know that he who is joined to a prostitute becomes one body with her? For, as it is written, 'The two will become one flesh. 3185:

scriptures acknowledge numerous occasions of polygyny; it was the norm among kings, the nobility and the extremely wealthy. For instance

2621: 1779:

as a socially approved mechanism that increases the number of adult workers immediately and the eventual workforce of resident children.

1007: 6851: 4447:

Jacoby, Hanan (1995). "The Economics of Polygyny in Sub-Saharan Africa: Female Productivity and the Demand for Wives in Côte d'Ivoire".

3513: 2214: 4624: 7059: 6348: 6005:"It's a woman's thing: gender roles sustaining the practice of female genital mutilation among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana" 6701: 9694: 8895: 8319: 7495: 6055: 5093: 4002:, Edited by Robin Dunbar and Louise Barret (2007). Oxford University Press, Chapter 26, "The evolutionary ecology of family size". 9289: 8494: 6516: 4368:

Harcourt, A. H.; Harvey, P. H.; Larson, S. G.; Short, R.V. (1981). "Testis weight, body weight and breeding system in primates".

3137:, whose reformation caused a schism in the Western Christian Church leading to the formation of the Lutheran Church, granted the 2712:

Factual polygamy and sexual relationships with several adult partners are not punishable in accordance with current revisions of

2643: 7021: 387:

was the first to propose that the high incidence of polygyny in sub-Saharan Africa is rooted in the sexual division of labor in

7624: 2280: 8059:

Krebs, J. R., and N. B. Davies. An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1989. Print.

6492: 5413: 2464:

has contributed to efforts to re-establish its legality and legitimacy in some countries and communities where it is illegal.

8329: 7848: 7792: 7758: 7722: 7664: 7602: 7412: 7192: 7173: 7030: 6991: 6153: 5766: 4894: 4730: 4092: 2762:

by war justifies legalizing polygamy. Kadyrov has been supported by Nafigallah Ashirov, the Chairman of the Council of Grand

1863: 1813:

ties produce. With a large network of in-laws, these men have the ties they need to compensate for other economic shortages.

1069: 5782: 2626:

which had gathered 40,000 signatures in favour of polygamy. But, on March 26, 2007, parliament rejected the bill. President

2611:

has seven wives (In a later edition of the novel, Princess Jianning was assigned as the wife, while others are concubines).

2591:

Period drama and historical novels frequently refer to the former culture of polygamy (usually polygyny). An example is the

8460: 6611: 2536:

In mainland China, polygamy is illegal under Civil code passed in 2020. This replaced a similar 1950 and 1980 prohibition.

1019: 7473: 4355:

Dixson, A. L.; Anderson, M. J. (2002). "Sexual selection, seminal coagulation and copulatory plug formation in primates".

3007:, but outlawed by British after conquering the kingdom in 1815. When the Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese, the 2848:

lost its autonomy. Albeit chiefly rural, Mapuche polygamy has also been reported in the low-income peripheral communes of

2034:

when Haldane quipped that he would not sacrifice his life for his brother but would for "two brothers or eight cousins").

9026: 8888: 2519: 1770:

where polygyny rates are higher), finding that polygyny rates decrease significantly in line with child mortality rates.

7627:"Les Experts du CEDAW s'Inquiètent de la Persistance de Stéréotypes Sexistes et de la Situation des Minorités en Serbie" 6535: 9852: 7043:

Stephen Eliot Smith, "'The Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-Polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause", LL.M. thesis,

5388: 2452:, the majority is non-practicing. Turkey and Tunisia are countries with overwhelmingly Muslim populations that enforce 1028: 7402: 6757: 6003:

Akweongo, Patricia; Jackson, Elizabeth F.; Appiah-Yeboah, Shirley; Sakeah, Evelyn; Phillips, James F. (1 March 2021).

9097: 9061: 8241: 7532: 7389: 7342: 7317: 5138: 4560: 4497: 2114: 1705: 7447: 6168: 5259: 3113:

Periodically, Christian reform movements that have aimed at rebuilding Christian doctrine based on the Bible alone (

1850:

states that in 821 the Vikings plundered an Irish village and "carried off a great number of women into captivity".

9128: 6787: 6744: 5224: 3438:

prohibits polygamy by law. In practice, however, the law is loosely enforced, primarily to avoid interference with

3050: 2230:

Customary law, one of the three legal systems in operation in Nigeria (the other two being Nigerian common law and

1973: 1062: 7920:

Shifman, P. (1 January 1978). "The English Law of Bigamy in a Multi-Confessional Society: The Israel Experience".

7625:

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women; UN Department of Public Information (May 16, 2007).

5805:"Why Two in One Flesh? The Western Case for Monogamy over Polygamy | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA" 3637: 1854:

sex ratio has been cited as a key factor in the high prevalence of polygynous practices in this region of Africa.

9277: 6863: 5374: 2002: 8686: 5894: 10033: 9625: 8539: 5842: 5222:; Thayer, Bradley (2010). "Sex and the Shaheed: Insights from the Life Sciences on Islamic Suicide Terrorism". 5047: 3612:

lists only one manuscript (p. 46) as source of the verse, while nine other manuscripts have no such verse, cf.

2769:

In Ingushetia in July, 1999 polygyny was officially recognised and allowed by edict of president of Ingushetia

2432:, which interprets teachings of the Quran to permit polygamy with up to four wives. Exceptions to this include 1901: 8110:"Reconstructing the History of Marriage Strategies in Indo-European—Speaking Societies: Monogamy and Polygyny" 6270: 5187: 3829: 3777: 3755: 3744: 3733: 2845: 9642: 9620: 9311: 8568: 6368: 4237: 3730: 3434:) discontinued polygyny more recently, after they immigrated to countries where it was forbidden or illegal. 3235: 2585: 1438: 804: 8676: 3788: 2788: 9102: 8849: 8234: 6880: 6678: 4423:"L'amour for four: polygyny, polyamory, and the state's compelling economic interest in normative monogamy" 3766: 3613: 3300:, as divorce is legal in Islamic law. A non-Muslim woman who flees from her non-Muslim husband and accepts 3141: 2751: 2655:

that rural regions are more likely to have polygamous relationships than those in cities or coastal areas.

2580: 2507: 1698: 846: 398: 6725:"Верховный муфтий России – за многоженство [Chief Mufti of Russia supports polygamy] (in Russian)" 3968: 3719: 9737: 9272: 9121: 8716: 8171:

Korotayev, Andrey; Bondarenko, Dmitri (May 2000). "Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison".

6573: 5323: 3856: 3147:

Ego sane fateor, me non posse prohibere, si quis plures velit uxores ducere, nec repugnat sacris literis.

2937: 2860: 1957:

than most of the world causes them to have larger populations susceptible to suicide terrorism, and that

1922: 893: 7814: 7652: 6586: 4951:

Nettle, D. (2009). "Ecological influences on human behavioural diversity: A review of recent findings".

4840:

Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay".

3816: 1791:

polygyny is either non-existent or is a luxury which only a small minority of rich farmers can indulge.

10057: 9787: 7358: 6074:

Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Gender in History: Global Perspectives. 2nd ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. (p. 34)

5963: 5147: 4909: 4013: 3348:

being the only one where no restrictions are imposed on it. The practice is illegal in Muslim-majority

2947:

Polygyny is also practiced by some Muslim immigrants to the US, especially those from Africa and Asia.

2888:

as taught and practiced in the nineteenth century. Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saints' teachings include

1926: 1739: 1301: 1251: 1102: 519: 7094: 6247: 4333:

Murdock G. P. (1981) Atlas of World Cultures. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press

3708: 2841: 2720:. But multiple marriage cannot be registered and officially recognised by Russian authorities because 1802:

concludes that countries that practice polygyny are less economically stable than those that practice

230: 213: 9889: 8999: 8796: 8741: 7895: 7684:"Omar Hassan al-Bashir, has urged Sudanese men to take more than one wife to increase the population" 6852:

http://www.channel4.com/info/press/news/channel-4-documentary-gains-access-to-the-men-with-many-wives

4643: 4261:

Polygynists and Their Wives in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analysis of Five Demographic and Health Surveys

3310:

is permissible to be mutually gracious regarding the set dowry. Surely God is All-Knowing, All-Wise.

3154: 2933: 2909: 2897: 2766:

of Russia, who has said that polygamy is already widespread among Muslim communities of the country.

2599: 2151: 2068:

can attribute to the higher rates of mental health disorders and issues such as anxiety, depression,

1679: 7122: 6136:

Lamloum, Olfa (2010), "Islamonline. Jeux et enjeux d'un média " post-islamiste " déterritorialisé",

3697: 3649: 3380:, a man must justify taking an additional wife at a court hearing before he is allowed to do so. In 10094: 9357: 9267: 8994: 8824: 8791: 8633: 8628: 8423: 8392: 5331: 4342:

Anderson, M. J.; Dixson, A. F. (2002). "Sperm competition: motility and the midpiece in primates".

3573: 3563: 3533: 3032: 2372: 2274: 1629: 1108: 773: 7242: 6198:"Polygynous Muslim Marriages in South Africa: Their Potential Impact on the Incidence of HIV/AIDS" 10089: 9714: 9689: 9092: 8531: 8444: 8281: 7224: 7076: 6811: 4260: 2783:

Although non-Muslim Russian populations have historically practiced monogamy, Russian politician

2713: 2457: 1910: 1445: 6632: 4661: 4236:, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, pp. 1–30, archived from 3092: 943: 9909: 9630: 9445: 9014: 8801: 8771: 8726: 8721: 8608: 8397: 8349: 8296: 6671:"Bosnia and Herzegovina: The veil comes down, again – Women Reclaiming and Redefining Cultures" 5586:

Ukaegbu, Alfred O. (1977). "Fertility of Women in Polygynous Unions in Rural Eastern Nigeria".

4784: 4552: 3543: 3329: 3292:

Muslim women are not allowed to marry more than one husband at once. However, in the case of a

3120: 2917: 2669: 2389: 2310: 1966: 1875: 869: 726: 439: 206: 7782: 7710: 7584: 7522: 7259: 7184: 7165: 5758: 5752: 4884: 4720: 4489: 4422: 4082: 3928: 3799: 3119:) have at least temporarily accepted polygyny as a Biblical practice. For example, during the 2584:

reported on the cross-border polygamy phenomenon in Hong Kong in 1995. In a research paper of

2467:

Proposals have been made to re-legalize polygamy in other ex-Soviet Muslim republics, such as

1937:. In addition to noting that countries where polygyny is widely practiced tend to have higher 938: 10084: 9861: 9362: 8766: 8736: 8638: 8523: 8369: 8159: 7671: 6423: 4990: 4882: 2953: 2941: 2877: 2743:

actively advocated for polygynous marriage to gain legal recognition. Muslim leaders such as

2721: 2456:

by law. In the former USSR republics, a prohibition against polygamy has been inherited from

2117:), as well as the relation between polygyny practiced on a large scale in a society and war. 1839: 1624: 1537: 1328: 1291: 1052: 1012: 7746: 5480:

Bove, Riley; Valeggia, Claudia (2009). "Polygyny and Women's Health in Sub-Saharan Africa".

3489: 2912:(AUB). The FLDS Church is estimated to have 10,000 members residing in the sister cities of 9914: 9904: 9899: 9866: 9837: 9377: 8973: 8811: 8776: 8746: 8696: 8643: 8560: 8415: 8334: 8309: 8078: 7382:

The Ratzinger report: An exclusive interview on the state of the Church — Pope Benedict XVI

7255: 7238: 6645: 6382: 5280: 4296: 2992: 2925: 2784: 2198: 1892: 1743: 1532: 1527: 1314: 695: 679: 608: 7056: 274:, with the countries estimated to have the highest polygamy prevalence in the world being 8: 9924: 9919: 9871: 9842: 9814: 9732: 9615: 9573: 9404: 9046: 8806: 8781: 8691: 8671: 8623: 8613: 8590: 8585: 8489: 8434: 8402: 8324: 8291: 8286: 8109: 7840: 7187:: foundations, values, and issues, Brian Peter Harvey, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 7004:

Irwin Altman, "Polygamous Family Life: The Case of Contemporary Mormon Fundamentalists",

6942: 6709: 6574:"Central Asia: Increase In Polygamy Attributed To Economic Hardship, Return To Tradition" 5964:"The Contribution of Polygamy to Women's Impoverishment: An Argument for Its Prohibition" 5340: 3484: 3474: 3462: 3101: 2774: 2219: 1674: 1310: 1048: 721: 544: 539: 330: 143: 20: 8149: 8082: 7499: 7228: 5284: 2964:'s Eighth District Civil Court authorized the country's first threesome group marriage. 9742: 9583: 9432: 9411: 9367: 9294: 9282: 9222: 9217: 9144: 9056: 9041: 8786: 8761: 8756: 8711: 8701: 8661: 8595: 8470: 8455: 8382: 8362: 8301: 8188: 8137: 8086: 8042: 7937: 7561: 7044: 6324: 6299: 6093: 6031: 6004: 5944: 5936: 5728: 5711: 5692: 5638: 5621:

Ware, Helen (1979). "Polygyny: Women's Views in a Transitional Society, Nigeria 1975".

5603: 5541: 5516: 5457: 5352: 5304: 5237: 5169: 5112: 5109:"The Roles of Operational Sex Ratio and Young-Old Ratio in Producing Suicide Attackers" 4865: 4822: 4593: 4545: 4464: 4316: 3916: 3893: 3633: 3583: 3170: 3060:

Most Christian theologians argue that in Matthew 19:3–9 and referring to Genesis 2:24,

3012: 2957:

estimated in 2008 that 50,000 to 100,000 American Muslims live in polygamous families.

2514:; but it is strongly discouraged by public policy. Muslims are subject to the terms of 2398: 2019: 1981: 1934: 1879: 1562: 1492: 978: 828: 824: 819: 685: 295: 260: 196: 19:

This article is about polygynous marriage practices. For polygynous animal mating, see

7784:

Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era

7683: 7276: 6989:

Ken Driggs, "Twentieth-Century Polygamy and Fundamentalist Mormons in Southern Utah",

6513: 5406:"The Negative Impact of Polygamy on Women and Children in Mormon and Islamic Cultures" 4589: 3894:"Why Is Polygyny More Prevalent in Western Africa? An African Slave Trade Perspective" 1799: 10079: 9806: 9792: 9760: 9722: 9647: 9637: 9495: 9440: 9425: 9338: 9316: 9306: 9244: 9239: 9212: 9163: 9004: 8989: 8938: 8706: 8666: 8618: 8499: 8465: 8439: 8407: 8387: 8377: 8357: 8344: 8339: 8192: 8145: 8129: 7971: 7844: 7788: 7754: 7718: 7660: 7598: 7528: 7408: 7385: 7338: 7313: 7188: 7169: 6724: 6362: 6353: 6329: 6149: 6036: 5762: 5733: 5696: 5684: 5546: 5497: 5449: 5384: 5356: 5296: 5267: 5219: 5108: 4968: 4890: 4857: 4726: 4597: 4556: 4493: 4483: 4468: 4320: 4196:"Sexual Division of Labor in African Agriculture: A Network Autocorrelation Analysis" 4195: 4088: 3924: 3920: 3568: 3492:

use polygyny to reduce inbreeding depression and thus maximize reproductive success.

3416: 3215: 2744: 2627: 2503: 2321: 2163: 2047: 2027: 1950: 1946: 1918: 1891:

bottom thirty percent of males cannot marry. In the top twenty countries in the 2017

1664: 1634: 1569: 1296: 1271: 1126: 983: 963: 674: 603: 593: 534: 529: 367: 8141: 8046: 5948: 5493: 5461: 5308: 4869: 4071:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 260-261. 3982: 3083:, scriptures state that polygamy should not be practiced by certain church leaders. 1951:

Islam is the only major religious tradition where polygyny is still largely condoned

10038: 10028: 9997: 9518: 9475: 9352: 9051: 8751: 8731: 8600: 8314: 8213: 8180: 8121: 8034: 7954: 7929: 7626: 7590: 6956: 6500: 6319: 6311: 6219: 6209: 6141: 6118: 6026: 6016: 5928: 5723: 5674: 5630: 5595: 5536: 5528: 5489: 5441: 5344: 5288: 5173: 5159: 5151: 5060: 4960: 4849: 4785:"New Viking Study Points to "Love and Marriage" as the Main Reason for their Raids" 4585: 4456: 4308: 4207: 4176: 3908: 3107: 3004: 2929: 2823: 2755: 2031: 1847: 1488: 1391: 968: 768: 763: 743: 589: 474: 156: 139: 8069:

Alcock, John (1980). "Natural Selection and the Mating Systems of Solitary Bees".

8038: 7999: 7203: 4212: 4180: 4069:

Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the postmodern Era

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the ideal relationship is the comfort that a couple find in each other's embrace:

2693: 2265:

citing the practice as a cultural, religious and pragmatic reality of the nation.

2189:(also known as a "forbidden area") was a special part of the house for the wives. 9965: 9847: 9674: 9542: 9513: 9503: 9383: 9326: 9321: 9227: 9195: 8226: 8163: 7833: 7234: 7063: 7025: 6818: 6520: 5985: 5056: 4918: 4625:"Vikings Might Have Started Raiding Because There Was a Shortage of Single Women" 3823:. New York; London: St. Martin's Press; George Allen & Unwin. pp. 37–52. 3578: 3449: 2921: 2889: 2638:

Due to an increase in the number of polygamous marriages, proposals were made in

2557: 2449: 2030:(with Pinker also citing a famous quotation attributed to evolutionary biologist 1942: 1659: 1574: 1357: 1002: 958: 953: 933: 928: 923: 898: 814: 809: 669: 568: 560: 524: 342: 125:, polygynous marriages based on customary law are legally recognized for Muslims. 9087: 7018: 6834: 6619: 6084:

Laban Moogi Gwako, Edwins (1998). "Polygyny among the Logoli of Western Kenya".

9953: 9948: 9704: 9679: 9588: 9508: 9480: 9458: 9450: 9418: 9390: 9331: 9299: 9185: 9173: 9158: 8928: 8184: 7874:(A. du Toit, ed.). Guide to the New Testament. Halfway House: Orion Publishers. 7630: 7220: 6021: 5932: 5663:"Polygyny, Partnership Concurrency, and HIV Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa" 5348: 4986: 4964: 4934: 3220: 3115: 3046: 3019: 2881: 2740: 2563: 2531: 2134: 2121: 1455: 1332: 1244: 908: 758: 690: 649: 644: 444: 334: 333:, it was known to have been practiced during ancient times. It was accepted in 271: 6864:

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/crossheading/bigamy/enacted

5679: 5662: 5532: 5445: 5155: 10073: 10006: 9960: 9777: 9727: 9485: 9372: 9249: 9168: 9066: 8933: 8880: 6405: 6315: 6214: 6197: 5895:"'Put up and shut up': Polygamy breeds poverty for Kenyan women and children" 5380: 5370: 5065: 5042: 5018: 3427: 3228: 3134: 3080: 3042: 3038: 2913: 2833: 2777: 2770: 2419: 2362: 2179:

more powerful men had a principal wife and several secondary wives, known as

2155: 2143: 2023: 1997: 1747: 1607: 1557: 1460: 1418: 1213: 948: 913: 753: 634: 613: 509: 449: 384: 349: 318: 6791: 6145: 5292: 5080:

Harmon, Vanessa; Mujkic, Edin; Kaukinen, Catherine; Weir, Henriikka (2018).

4883:

Andrea Dolfini; Rachel J. Crellin; Christian Horn; Marion Uckelmann (2018).

4164: 2787:

offered to legalize polygyny to encourage population growth and correct the

195:

entailing the marriage of a man to several women. The term polygyny is from

10023: 8963: 8953: 8844: 8218: 8201: 8152: 8133: 7749:. In Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric; Holman Reference Editorial Staff (eds.). 7659:. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. 2011. pp. 32–35. 6976: 6765: 6333: 6060: 6040: 5737: 5688: 5550: 5501: 5453: 5300: 5043:"Polygynous Neighbors, Excess Men, and Intergroup Conflict in Rural Africa" 4972: 4067:

Guyer, Jane. (1991). "Female Farming in Anthropology and African History".

3609: 3442:

culture, where polygyny is practiced. Pre-existing polygynous unions among

3431: 3423: 3397: 3365: 2893: 2541: 2461: 2453: 2382: 2238: 2167: 2073: 2069: 1954: 1746:

and polygyny in many Sub-Saharan African societies. Drawing on the work of

1727: 1367: 1352: 1286: 748: 639: 598: 564: 554: 459: 338: 275: 122: 7594: 6202:

Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad

6056:"As a polygamist community crumbles, 'sister wives' are forced from homes" 5835:"Polygamy As Further Subjugation Of African Women, And National Economies" 4861: 4853: 4747: 1921:, 97 percent were unmarried and 84 percent were male (or if excluding the 1742:, demonstrated a historical correlation between the practice of extensive 9943: 9765: 9568: 8125: 6879:

Fairbairn, Catherine; Kennedy, Steven; Gower, Melanie (1 February 2023),

6441: 6271:"Widows without sons in Mozambique accused of sorcery and robbed of land" 6122: 5913: 5255: 5126: 4886:

Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

3686: 3518: 3384:, the government encouraged polygyny in 2001 to increase the population. 3194: 2608: 2575: 2110: 2015: 1977: 1914: 1896: 1669: 1654: 1592: 1450: 1381: 1318: 1166: 973: 851: 504: 494: 388: 360: 299: 267: 95: 8090: 6633:"Bosnian Americans" – History, Modern era, The first Bosnians in America 6097: 5940: 5241: 4826: 3951:"Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions" 3258: 9699: 9547: 9207: 7839:(1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. 7818: 5568:(2nd, revised ed.). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 91–92. 4925:

recording the marital composition of 1,231 societies from 1960 to 1980.

4813:

Karras, Ruth Mazo (1990). "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age".

4043:

Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain

3318: 3198: 2729: 2701: 2672:

traditionally practiced polygamy but the practice was last observed in

2639: 2553: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2316: 2285: 2011: 1735: 1619: 1433: 1342: 1306: 1281: 918: 903: 618: 37: 9819: 9178: 8156: 7941: 6548: 6224: 5642: 5607: 5517:"The impact of polygamy on women's mental health: a systematic review" 5164: 5081: 3548: 3282: 2510:

banned polygyny for Hindus. Currently, polygyny is only allowed among

9980: 9894: 9684: 9563: 9113: 8948: 8943: 8839: 7433: 6618:. Vol. IX, no. 11: 15–21 March. March 1999. Archived from 6493:"Hong Kong Targets Its Two-Family Men - International Herald Tribune" 5233: 5192: 5082:"Causes & Explanations of Suicide Terrorism: A Systematic Review" 3553: 3528: 3443: 3412: 3138: 3084: 3008: 3000: 2981: 2885: 2678: 2571: 2567: 2007: 1870: 1614: 1547: 1497: 1423: 1386: 1362: 1276: 1227: 499: 326: 256: 236: 219: 200: 129: 107: 103: 53: 31: 7586:

Social Assessment and Agricultural Reform in Central Asia and Turkey

6907:"La poligamia pervive en las comunidades indígenas del sur de Chile" 6117:"Figures 18 and 2.10. Social institutions and gender index (SIGI)". 4148:

Polygyny, Economy and the Role of Women. In The Character of Kinship

3861: 2552:

widely practiced in the Republic of China from 1911 to 1949, before

2460:. In the 21st century, a revival of the practice of polygamy in the 266:

Polygyny is most common in a region known as the "polygamy belt" in

9975: 9935: 9829: 9782: 9232: 9202: 9190: 9082: 8958: 8829: 8257: 7984:

special anti-polygamy clause in the betrothal or marriage contract.

7933: 7524:

Women, Islam and Everyday Life: Renegotiating Polygamy in Indonesia

7280: 7207: 5634: 5599: 4767:"Viking raiders were only trying to win their future wives' hearts" 4460: 4312: 4281:

Gwako, Edwins Laban. "Polygamy Among the Logoli of Western Kenya".

3912: 3675: 3671: 3558: 3538: 3393: 3373: 3325: 3182: 2977: 2849: 2759: 2733: 2725: 2689: 2604: 2242: 2129: 1993: 1803: 1684: 1542: 1376: 1347: 1222: 1186: 1130: 489: 479: 464: 454: 192: 99: 27: 7702: 6002: 3296:

or their husbands' death they can remarry after the completion of

1097: 16:

Mating system in which the male partner may have multiple partners

9881: 9578: 5197: 3523: 3439: 3377: 3357: 3353: 3315: 3293: 3279: 3190: 3159: 2996: 2985: 2829: 2682: 2511: 2437: 2433: 2147: 2064: 1989: 1835: 1810: 1755: 1520: 1502: 1483: 1465: 1201: 1171: 1139: 469: 407: 314: 291: 118: 87: 7178: 6403: 2574:. This ended with the passing of the Marriage Reform Ordinance ( 9970: 9653: 9524: 9344: 8923: 8868: 7738: 4644:"The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?" 3435: 3403: 3361: 3349: 3345: 3255: 2961: 2697: 2441: 2429: 2425: 2231: 1962: 1822: 1428: 1196: 1176: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 434: 415: 322: 283: 252: 111: 68: Polygyny is illegal, but the practice is not criminalized 5986:"Somali woman 'with 11 husbands' stoned to death by al-Shabab" 4662:"Sex Slaves – The Dirty Secret Behind The Founding Of Iceland" 3834:

The Mende of Sierra Leone: A West African People in Transition

3503:(a well-established colony continues to have several queens). 3087:

says that certain Church leaders should have but one wife: "A

2758:, has been quoted on radio as saying that the depopulation of 2747:

also pushed for the legal recognition of polygynous marriage.

2234:

law) allows for one man to legally marry more than one woman.

9772: 9532: 8023: 7095:"Judge gives go-ahead on Mexico's first polyamorous marriage" 6406:"Bigamy in India: Finding from National Family Health Survey" 4722:

Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland: 800–1200

3381: 3333: 3301: 3297: 3266: 3242: 3186: 3061: 2837: 2763: 2673: 2593: 2213:

Polygynous marriage was preferred among the Logoli and other

2185: 2051: 1985: 1958: 1762:

hypothesis. He notes Dorjahn's (1959) comparison of East and

1738:'s comparative study of marriage around the world, using the 1647: 1602: 1597: 1507: 514: 359:

Polygyny is more common in societies that have the custom of

303: 287: 91: 6758:"Inter Press Service – News and Views from the Global South" 6291: 4165:"Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare" 3011:

of others were added to the list of inappropriate partners.

2448:

republics. Though about 70% of the population of Albania is

9537: 7713:. In Meyers, Carol; Craven, Toni; Kraemer, Ross S. (eds.). 7583:

Kudat, Ayșe; Peabody, Stan; Keyder, Çağlar (3 April 2000).

6468:"A Tale of Two Warlords. Republican China During the 1920s" 5014:"The perils of polygamy: The link between polygamy and war" 4576:

Balon, R (2015). "Is Infidelity Biologically Determined?".

4485:

Confronting the issues: Sex roles, marriage, and the family

4277: 4275: 4273: 3337: 3202: 2904:

polygamy. The largest Mormon fundamentalist groups are the

2445: 2055: 1930: 1552: 1206: 549: 307: 279: 183: 162: 74: Polygyny is illegal and the practice is criminalized 5376:

The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined

3969:"LDS splinter groups growing | the Salt Lake Tribune" 3344:

In most Muslim-majority countries, polygyny is legal with

2906:

Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

2160:

Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

354:

Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

352:, polygyny is practiced by some Mormon sects, such as the 174: 8202:"Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies" 7080: 6955:

Martha Sonntag Bradley, "Polygamy-Practicing Mormons" in

6812:

Vladimir Zhirinovsky Op-Ed: "When One Wife Is Not Enough"

2948: 2718:

Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses

2516:

The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1937

2059: 177: 171: 7774: 6745:"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do: The Economic Case for Polygamy" 6240:"Acceptance of Polygamy Slowly Changes in Muslim Africa" 5566:

Family Structure and Interaction: A Comparative Analysis

5212: 5079: 4691:"Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves" 4402: 4392: 4390: 4375: 4270: 4128: 4101: 4045:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–29. 3877:, Northwestern University Press, Evanston (1970), p. 17. 7430:

Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable

5564:

Lee, Gary R. (1982). "Structural Variety in Marriage".

4150:. London: Cambridge University Press, 1973, p. 180–190. 3836:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 140–162. 2556:

was defeated in the Civil War and retreated to Taiwan.

6702:"War-ravaged Chechnya needs polygamy, says its leader" 6300:"Polygyny and Intimate Partner Violence in Mozambique" 3648:

The king's behavior is condemned by Prophet Samuel in

2750:

Polygyny was legalized and documented in unrecognised

313:

Historically, polygyny was partly accepted in ancient

7335:

Polygamy in Northern Malawi: A Christian Reassessment

7117: 7115: 6885:, House of Commons Library; United Kingdom Parliament 6878: 6646:"Emissaries of Militant Islam Make Headway in Bosnia" 5856: 4604: 4387: 4118: 4116: 4014:"Humanity Has More Mothers Than Fathers, DNA Reveals" 2874:

Polygyny is illegal in the United States and Canada.

2483:

of the concubine addressed the big mother as "aunt".

180: 6961:

Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia

6536:"Kyrgyzstan: Debate On Legalized Polygamy Continues" 5410:

Seton Hall University Law School Student Scholarship

168: 159: 8170: 7815:

Judaica Press Complete Tanach, Devarim – Chapter 17

7310:

Plural Marriage for Our Times: A Reinvented Option?

7159: 5277:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

5041:Koos, Carlo; Neupert-Wentz, Clara (July 23, 2019). 4049: 3419:'s ban on polygyny (except in rare circumstances). 3064:explicitly states a man should have only one wife: 1925:, 91 percent male), while a study conducted by the 165: 8256: 7994: 7992: 7832: 7582: 7112: 7034:31(2) (Summer 1998): 1–68, accessed 27 March 2009. 6931: 6780: 6549:"Kyrgyz Lawmakers Reject Decriminalizing Polygamy" 6298:Jansen, Natalie; Agadjanian, Victor (March 2020). 4876: 4544: 4113: 3426:(Middle Eastern) Jewish communities (particularly 2870:Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century 2101:100,000 new infections every year in the country. 7308:Kilbride, Philip Leroy; Page, Douglas R. (2012). 7301: 6925: 6083: 5324:"The moral logic and growth of suicide terrorism" 5040: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3091:then must be blameless, the husband of one wife ( 2388:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 10071: 7896:Frequently asked questions, Judaism and Polygamy 7498:. ahlalhdeeth. 12 September 2013. Archived from 6424:"Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China" 6357:, archived from the original on February 7, 2005 6297: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5431: 7989: 7557:"Tunisia: Protecting Ben Ali's Feminist Legacy" 7554: 7077:"Some Muslims in US Quietly Engage in Polygamy" 6612:"Health: Proximate Determinations of Fertility" 4080: 2006:(2011) that because the families of men in the 379: 321:, and in sporadic traditional Native American, 8910: 6941:(PhD thesis) (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 5661:Reniers, Georges; Tfaily, Rania (2012-08-01). 4718: 4193: 4087:. Indiana University Press. pp. 103–110. 4000:The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology 3935: 2960:In July 2022, a Mexican judge in the state of 1953:, the higher degrees of marital inequality in 391:and the large economic contribution of women. 9129: 8896: 8862:Kurdish-controlled areas criminalize polygamy 8242: 7969: 7213: 5660: 5649: 4194:White DR, Burton ML, Dow MM (December 1981). 4158: 4156: 2158:, there has been controversy surrounding the 1706: 1070: 7744: 7708: 7307: 6466:Portwood, Matthew R.; Dunn, John P. (2014). 6465: 5968:Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 5563: 5479: 5218: 5094:NPS Center for Homeland Defense and Security 4748:"Viking Age triggered by shortage of wives?" 4074: 3616:Institute for New Testament Textual Research 3197:, had two wives Kunti and Madri. Similarly, 3124: 2704:, Muamer Zukorlić, has taken a second wife. 2570:could practice concubinage by virtue of the 1949:and Bradley Thayer have argued that because 52: Polygyny is legal in certain regions ( 7877: 7136: 7019:"Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism" 6889: 6525:The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality 6346: 5188:"U.S. study draws portrait of Iraq bombers" 4253: 4162: 3891: 3145: 3023:tolerated, but subordinate, marital model. 2284:President of the Republic of South Africa, 1731:enables the husband to enjoy more leisure. 1008:Matrilineal / matrilocal societies 9136: 9122: 8903: 8889: 8249: 8235: 7717:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 381. 7326: 5131:"The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism" 4153: 4005: 3514:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 2486:The written word for the second woman was 1713: 1699: 1077: 1063: 8217: 8107: 7787:. Harvard University Press. p. 532. 7233:. Bohn's Standard Library. Translated by 6347:Saidazimova, Gulnoza (February 4, 2005), 6323: 6223: 6213: 6030: 6020: 5961: 5727: 5678: 5540: 5163: 5064: 4712: 4211: 3993: 2663: 7427: 7219: 6932:Millaleo Hernández, Ana Gabriel (2018). 5874: 5832: 5403: 4481: 4163:White, Douglas; Burton, Michael (1988). 3901:Economic Development and Cultural Change 3887: 3885: 3883: 3219: 2859: 2630:is known to oppose legalizing polygyny. 374: 138: 62: Polygyny is legal for Muslims only 36: 7922:The American Journal of Comparative Law 7919: 7835:God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says 7824: 7753:. B&H Publishing Group. p. 4. 7645: 7520: 7461:Why Did the Prophet Have So Many Wives? 7421: 7297:. Gudina Tumsa Foundation. p. 350. 7292: 6904: 6722: 6587:"Institute for War and Peace Reporting" 6268: 6262: 6135: 6112: 6110: 5862: 5750: 5585: 5514: 4985: 4764: 4610: 4542: 4408: 4396: 4381: 4134: 4107: 4061: 4055: 4036: 4034: 3892:Dalton, John; Leung, Tin Cheuk (2014). 3814: 2644:Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan 2142:partners is violently punished through 1829: 1821:Some analysts have posited that a high 10072: 9143: 8068: 7830: 7332: 7142: 6874: 6872: 6854:"The Men with many wives" by Channel 4 6788:"Лентапедия. Биография Руслана Аушева" 6699: 6404:Sayeed Unisa and Grace Bahalen Mundu. 5911: 5798: 5796: 5369: 5106: 4950: 4812: 4746:Viegas, Jennifer (17 September 2008). 4745: 4527: 4446: 4420: 4226: 4187: 4122: 4011: 3949:Kramer, Stephanie (December 7, 2020). 3948: 3827: 3123:, in a document referred to simply as 2828:Polygyny has a long history among the 2281:Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 9117: 8884: 8230: 7780: 7672:(Alternative link — via Google Books) 7633:. Economic and Social CouncilFEM/1625 7230:The Life of Luther Written by Himself 7168:, Shundō Tachibana, Routledge, 1992, 7155:from the original on 30 January 2016. 7145:"Buddhist Sexual Ethics: Main Issues" 7092: 7031:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 6992:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 6195: 6191: 6189: 6140:, Presses de l'Ifpo, pp. 45–62, 5802: 5709: 5703: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5521:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 5475: 5473: 5471: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5321: 5254: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4903: 4839: 4622: 4575: 4547:Meeting Islam: A Guide for Christians 4512: 4040: 3931:– via Business Source Complete. 3880: 2892:, a form of polygyny first taught by 2880:believes in the validity of selected 1864:List of sovereign states by sex ratio 1773: 7407:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 106. 7143:Berzin, Alexander (7 October 2010). 7011: 6866:Offences Against the Person Act 1861 6107: 6053: 5620: 5125: 4935:"Polygamy is the key to a long life" 4642:Choi, Charles Q. (8 November 2016). 4641: 4031: 3821:Woman's role in economic development 3595: 3274:are less likely to commit injustice. 2340: 1020:Sex and Repression in Savage Society 8199: 7751:Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary 7555:Maike Voorhoeve (31 January 2013). 7400: 6869: 6835:"Polygamy proposal for Chechen men" 5793: 5557: 4683: 4294: 4012:Geggel, Laura (24 September 2014). 3983:"Canadian polygamists found guilty" 2995:was legally recognized until 1935. 2520:All India Muslim Personal Law Board 2037: 1895:, polygyny is widely practiced. In 13: 8108:Fortunato, Laura (February 2011). 8101: 7401:Rao, CN Shankar (September 2004). 7260:Essays, Historical and Theological 7185:An introduction to Buddhist ethics 6959:and Martin Baumann (eds.) (2002). 6538:, Radio Liberty, Radio Free Europe 6186: 6054:Dark, Stephen (17 November 2017). 5875:Hamilton, Marci A. (9 July 2009). 5710:Mwale, Biziwick (September 2002). 5572: 5468: 5420: 5001: 4795:from the original on 2 August 2019 4765:Knapton, Sarah (5 November 2016). 4230:African Polygamy: Past and Present 3659: 2378:for transliterated languages, and 2358:of its non-English content, using 1965:serves as a mechanism to mitigate 1785: 1029:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship 259:. Some scholars theorize that the 14: 10106: 7333:Mlenga, Moses (13 January 2016). 6905:Rausell, Fuencis (June 1, 2013). 5139:American Political Science Review 4953:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4921:derived from George P. Murdock’s 4672:from the original on 22 July 2019 4259:Timeas, Ian and Reyner, Angela. " 3402:Polygyny is not forbidden in the 3037:Polygamy is not forbidden in the 2803: 2428:countries retain the traditional 2120:A notable critic of polygyny was 520:Parallel / cross cousins 371:findings to widespread polygyny. 10052: 10051: 8576:Hong Kong (performed until 1971) 8062: 8053: 8017: 7963: 7948: 7913: 7908:Penal Law Amendment (Bigamy) Law 7901: 7889: 7864: 7831:Coogan, Michael (October 2010). 7808: 7676: 7618: 7576: 7548: 7514: 7488: 7466: 7453: 7440: 7394: 7374: 7360:Catechism of the Catholic Church 7351: 7295:The Ministry of the Whole Person 7286: 7269: 7249: 7197: 7086: 7069: 7050: 7037: 6998: 6983: 6969: 6949: 6857: 6845: 6827: 6805: 6750: 6738: 6716: 6693: 6663: 6638: 6626: 6604: 6579: 6567: 6541: 6529: 6507: 6349:"Polygamy hurts – in the pocket" 5803:Witte, John Jr. (January 2015). 4623:Hrala, Josh (18 November 2016). 4297:"Measures of Polygyny in Humans" 3793: 3782: 3771: 3760: 3749: 3738: 3724: 3713: 3702: 3691: 3680: 3665: 3642: 3622: 3602: 2999:outlawed polygyny from 2015. In 2855: 2495:), literally "the second wife". 2345: 2173: 2128:Polygyny has been criticized by 1834:Researchers have suggested that 1096: 414: 155: 7653:"Family Life — Focus: Polygamy" 7337:. Mzuni Press. pp. 41–42. 6485: 6459: 6434: 6416: 6397: 6375: 6340: 6246:. 12 March 2007. Archived from 6232: 6169:"What's next for Zuma's wives?" 6161: 6129: 6077: 6068: 6047: 5996: 5978: 5962:Struensee, Vanessa von (2005). 5955: 5905: 5887: 5868: 5826: 5783:"Why polygamy breeds civil war" 5775: 5744: 5614: 5508: 5494:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.045 5434:Community Mental Health Journal 5397: 5363: 5315: 5248: 5180: 5119: 5100: 5073: 5034: 4979: 4944: 4928: 4833: 4806: 4777: 4758: 4739: 4654: 4635: 4616: 4569: 4536: 4521: 4506: 4475: 4440: 4414: 4362: 4349: 4336: 4327: 4295:Low, Bobbi S. (February 1988). 4288: 4227:Fenske, James (November 2012), 4220: 4140: 3026: 2812: 2578:) in 1970. Kevin Murphy of the 2320:prohibits legal recognition of 2268: 2003:The Better Angels of Our Nature 1972:Along with his research on the 251:Polygyny is more widespread in 10034:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia 7711:"Cushite Woman, Wife of Moses" 7521:Nurmila, Nina (10 June 2009). 5623:Journal of Marriage and Family 5588:Journal of Marriage and Family 5260:"Genesis of Suicide Terrorism" 5048:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3975: 3961: 3867: 3849: 2980:does not regard marriage as a 2789:demographic crisis of Russians 2394:multilingual support templates 2058:or becoming infected with the 1902:Journal of Conflict Resolution 1: 9643:Ghost marriage in South Sudan 8039:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.01.034 7669:– via Internet Archive. 7629:(Press release) (in French). 7448:Prophet Muhammad and polygyny 7225:"Chapter III: 1536–1545" 7093:Carey, Lydia (22 July 2022). 6700:Osborn, Andrew (2006-01-14). 4590:10.1016/S0924-9338(15)30061-4 4213:10.1525/aa.1981.83.4.02a00040 4181:10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00060 3236:Islamic marital jurisprudence 3003:, polyandry was legal in the 2944:, South Dakota, and Montana. 2633: 2614: 2586:Humboldt University of Berlin 2304: 2192: 1959:promises of harems of virgins 662:Household forms and residence 9103:Terminology within polyamory 8855:Marriage practice by country 7709:Ogden Bellis, Alice (2000). 6790:(in Russian). Archived from 6269:Mwareya, Ray (5 July 2016). 4697:. 2015-12-28. Archived from 4449:Journal of Political Economy 4084:Readings in Gender in Africa 3842: 3456: 3328:was monogamously married to 2752:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 2581:International Herald Tribune 2508:The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 2327: 2115:lost boys in the FLDS Church 2104: 727:Classificatory terminologies 380:Augmenting division of labor 246: 7: 7970:Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith. 7476:. IslamWeb. 7 February 2002 7404:Sociology of Indian Society 6882:Research Briefing: Polygamy 6723:Rosbalt (13 January 2006). 6383:"Polygamy under Muslim Law" 5914:"The Problem with Polygamy" 5757:. Melville House. pp. 5754:Debt: The First 5,000 Years 5482:Social Science and Medicine 4911:Ethnographic Atlas Codebook 4551:. Paraclete Press. p. 4488:. Allyn and Bacon. p. 3830:"Marriage and 'Friendship'" 3817:"The economics of polygamy" 3506: 3176: 2972: 2967: 2692:population in neighbouring 2607:, in which the protagonist 1885: 1857: 110:polygyny is legal only for 10: 10111: 8911:Close plural relationships 8200:Low, Bobbi S. (May 1990). 8185:10.1177/106939710003400205 7384:, Ignatius Press, p. 195. 6022:10.1186/s12978-021-01085-z 5933:10.5840/philtopics20093727 5349:10.1162/wash.2006.29.2.127 5148:Cambridge University Press 4965:10.1016/j.tree.2009.05.013 4482:Kammeyer, Kenneth (1975). 3807: 3460: 3391: 3387: 3213: 3096: 3030: 2867: 2821: 2668:The Muslim communities of 2529: 2417: 2308: 2295: 2272: 2225: 2196: 2087: 1984:terrorist groups (such as 1919:Islamic suicide terrorists 1861: 229: 212: 80: Legal status unknown 25: 18: 10047: 10016: 9996: 9933: 9880: 9828: 9805: 9753: 9713: 9667: 9608: 9599: 9556: 9494: 9468: 9260: 9151: 9075: 9013: 9000:Polygamy in North America 8982: 8916: 8820: 8652: 8551: 8512: 8479: 8274: 8265: 7745:Laird Harris, R. (2015). 7544:– via Google Books. 7380:Vittorio Messori (1985). 7312:. ABC-CLIO. p. 188. 7275:Letter to the Chancellor 7204:Letter to Philip of Hesse 7075:Barbara Bradley Hagerty, 6995:, Winter 1991, pp. 46–47. 6367:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5680:10.1007/s13524-012-0114-z 5533:10.1017/S2045796012000121 5446:10.1007/s10597-011-9405-x 5404:Exposito, Natali (2017). 5156:10.1017/S000305540300073X 5086:Homeland Security Affairs 4889:. Springer. p. 349. 4421:Porter, Jonathan (2015). 3828:Little, Kenneth (1967) . 3155:Lutheran World Federation 2910:Apostolic United Brethren 2898:Latter Day Saint movement 2794: 2707: 2658: 2600:The Deer and the Cauldron 2255: 2203: 2152:female genital mutilation 2150:, or discouraged through 1816: 226: 'many' and 8995:Polygamy in Christianity 7872:The New Testament Milieu 7781:Kugel, James L. (2009). 7263:1:403–404 Excerpts from 6823:The St. Petersburg Times 6708:. London. Archived from 6316:10.1177/0192513x19876075 6304:Journal of Family Issues 6215:10.4314/pelj.v12i3.46271 5332:The Washington Quarterly 5107:Gibson, Kyle R. (2011). 5066:10.1177/0022002719859636 4695:National Geographic News 4543:Dardess, George (2005). 4081:Andrea Cornwall (2005). 3590: 3574:Polygyny threshold model 3564:Polygamy in Christianity 3534:Legal status of polygamy 3444:Jews from Arab countries 3241:Based on verse 30:21 of 3209: 3033:Polygamy in Christianity 2817: 2649: 2532:Concubinage § China 2525: 2498: 2275:Polygamy in South Africa 2208: 1923:Kurdistan Workers' Party 26:Not to be confused with 9093:New relationship energy 8173:Cross-Cultural Research 7657:Modern Muslim Societies 7293:Deressa, Yonas (1973). 6196:Moosa, N (2009-09-24). 6146:10.4000/books.ifpo.1369 5833:Ifediora, John (2016). 5751:Graeber, David (2011). 5293:10.1126/science.1078854 4719:David R. Wyatt (2009). 4515:Marriage and the Family 4200:American Anthropologist 4169:American Anthropologist 3875:Many Wives, Many Powers 3860:, Liddell & Scott, 3857:A Greek–English Lexicon 3815:Boserup, Ester (1970). 3398:Polygamy § Judaism 3131:The Confessional Advice 2842:Occupation of Araucanía 2714:Criminal Code of Russia 2336: 1945:, political scientists 1935:blue-collar occupations 46: Polygyny is legal 9631:Chinese ghost marriage 7166:The Ethics of Buddhism 5716:Malawi Medical Journal 5515:Shepard, L.D. (2013). 5225:International Security 4725:. Brill. p. 124. 4666:All That's Interesting 3614:University of Münster 3544:Mormonism and polygamy 3323: 3287: 3263: 3231: 3225:Old wife and a new one 3146: 3125: 3121:Protestant Reformation 3077: 2908:(FLDS Church) and the 2865: 2670:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2664:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2311:Polygamy in Mozambique 1913:. Political scientist 1876:sex-selective abortion 1844:History of The Normans 1842:in his semi-imaginary 1037:"The Traffic in Women" 870:Coming of Age in Samoa 147: 136: 9098:Primary and secondary 9037:List of practitioners 7955:"Victims of polygamy" 7595:10.1596/0-8213-4678-4 7210:-Seidemann, 6:238–244 7123:"Accesstoinsight.org" 6503:on February 10, 2009. 6410:paa2011.princeton.edu 5912:Brooks, Thom (2009). 5322:Atran, Scott (2006). 4854:10.1002/ana.410360810 4528:Thomas, Paul (1964). 3307: 3271: 3247: 3223: 3066: 2954:All Things Considered 2896:, the founder of the 2878:Mormon fundamentalism 2868:Further information: 2863: 2822:Further information: 2722:Family Code of Russia 2518:, interpreted by the 2418:Further information: 2309:Further information: 2197:Further information: 2166:of polygynous leader 1917:has found that among 1840:Dudo of Saint-Quentin 1521:Emotions and feelings 1053:Cultural anthropology 1013:Feminist anthropology 805:Australian Aboriginal 375:Cause and explanation 243: 'woman, wife'. 146:and four of his wives 142: 40: 8974:Relationship anarchy 8867:Regions governed by 8543:(2008; welfare only) 8219:10.1093/icb/30.2.325 8126:10.3378/027.083.0106 7256:James Bowling Mozley 7239:George Bell and Sons 7206:, 10 December 1539, 6428:www.lawinfochina.com 6123:10.1787/888933163273 5921:Philosophical Topics 5712:"HIV/AIDS in Malawi" 5416:on 19 February 2017. 5383:. pp. 353–358. 5341:Taylor & Francis 4815:Scandinavian Studies 4301:Current Anthropology 4041:Goody, Jack (1976). 3467:In zoology the term 3189:, the father of the 2993:Polygamy in Thailand 2940:, British Columbia; 2785:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 2603:by Hong Kong writer 2454:secularist practices 2356:specify the language 2354:This section should 2199:Legality of polygamy 2022:pay off in terms of 2014:often cannot afford 1893:Fragile States Index 1830:Enslavement of women 1744:shifting cultivation 944:Bronisław Malinowski 9872:Royal intermarriage 9574:Mystery of Crowning 8983:History and culture 8850:Polygamy by country 8258:Polygamous marriage 8083:1980AmSci..68..146A 7502:on 14 December 2013 7279:, 13 January 1524, 6943:University of Chile 6768:on 12 February 2012 6747:, Pilegesh.org blog 6138:Médias et islamisme 6009:Reproductive Health 5841:: 1. Archived from 5285:2003Sci...299.1534A 4842:Annals of Neurology 4578:European Psychiatry 4513:Baber, Ray (1939). 3955:Pew Research Center 3630:the Ethiopian woman 3485:Anthidium maculosum 3475:Anthidium manicatum 3463:Polygyny in animals 3415:Jews have followed 3097:mias gunaikos andra 3049:'s writings to the 2832:people of southern 2775:President of Russia 2739:Chechen politician 2450:historically Muslim 2220:surrogate pregnancy 1675:Narcissistic parent 1049:Social anthropology 939:Claude Lévi-Strauss 722:Kinship terminology 545:Joking relationship 540:Posthumous marriage 331:Indian subcontinent 294:. In the region of 21:Polygyny in animals 9738:Marriage allowance 9368:Widow conservation 9145:Types of marriages 9057:Placement marriage 9042:Celestial marriage 8206:American Zoologist 8071:American Scientist 7589:. The World Bank. 7562:Think Africa Press 7062:2005-01-11 at the 7045:Harvard Law School 7024:2011-06-13 at the 7017:D. Michael Quinn, 6817:2007-09-30 at the 6519:2006-11-05 at the 5220:Hudson, Valerie M. 5113:University of Utah 5022:. 19 December 2017 4923:Ethnographic Atlas 4917:2012-11-18 at the 4265:Population Studies 3687:1 Corinthians 6:16 3634:Authorised Version 3584:Zephaniah Kingsley 3501:secondary polygyny 3488:. Insects such as 3232: 3171:Sub-Saharan Africa 3013:Polyandry in Tibet 2866: 2542:Qing/Ching dynasty 2028:biological fitness 1988:) provide monthly 1911:suicide terrorists 1880:female infanticide 1774:Desire for progeny 1740:Ethnographic Atlas 1493:marital separation 979:David M. Schneider 825:Polyandry in Tibet 296:sub-Saharan Africa 255:than in any other 197:Neoclassical Greek 148: 137: 10067: 10066: 9801: 9800: 9788:Mixed-orientation 9638:Widow inheritance 9317:Marriage in Islam 9307:Clerical marriage 9111: 9110: 9005:Polygyny in Islam 8990:Combined marriage 8939:Open relationship 8878: 8877: 8569:Equatorial Guinea 8508: 8507: 8153:Project MUSE 7850:978-0-446-54525-9 7794:978-0-674-03976-6 7760:978-0-8054-9935-3 7724:978-0-547-34558-1 7666:978-0-7614-7927-7 7604:978-0-8213-4678-5 7414:978-81-219-2403-0 7193:978-0-521-55640-8 7174:978-0-7007-0230-5 7099:Mexico News Daily 6622:on 25 March 2009. 6354:Asia Times Online 6155:978-2-35159-172-7 5901:. 15 August 2018. 5809:Emory Law Journal 5768:978-1-933633-86-2 5057:SAGE Publications 4995:Our World in Data 4896:978-3-319-78828-9 4848:(S2): S231–S243. 4732:978-90-04-17533-4 4430:Emory Law Journal 4411:, pp. 37–40. 4384:, pp. 47–48. 4285:93.4 (1998). Web. 4137:, pp. 40–41. 4110:, pp. 41–47. 4094:978-0-253-34517-2 3800:Deuteronomy 17:17 3596:Explanatory notes 3569:Polygyny in Islam 3490:red flour beetles 3417:Gershom ben Judah 3334:marriage contract 3216:Polygyny in Islam 3105: 2844:(1861–1883) when 2745:Talgat Tadzhuddin 2628:Kurmanbek Bakiyev 2504:Polygamy in India 2416: 2415: 2396:may also be used. 2322:polygamous unions 2181:resource polygyny 2164:life imprisonment 2048:life satisfaction 1994:lump-sum payments 1976:, anthropologist 1955:Islamic countries 1947:Valerie M. Hudson 1723: 1722: 1680:Power and control 1404: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1272:Significant other 1252:Mixed-orientation 1112: 1087: 1086: 984:Marilyn Strathern 964:Stephen O. Murray 878: 877: 785: 784: 703: 702: 657: 656: 368:mitochondrial DNA 329:cultures. In the 10102: 10055: 10054: 10029:Mail-order bride 9606: 9605: 9476:Marriageable age 9290:Eastern Orthodox 9138: 9131: 9124: 9115: 9114: 9052:Spiritual wifery 8905: 8898: 8891: 8882: 8881: 8871: 8863: 8552:Recognized under 8544: 8536: 8528: 8272: 8271: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8221: 8196: 8167: 8095: 8094: 8066: 8060: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8027:Animal Behaviour 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 7996: 7987: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7967: 7961: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7838: 7828: 7822: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7690:. 15 August 2001 7680: 7674: 7670: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7470: 7464: 7459:Sahar El-Nadi, " 7457: 7451: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7398: 7392: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7290: 7284: 7273: 7267: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7235:Hazlitt, William 7217: 7211: 7201: 7195: 7182: 7176: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7119: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7090: 7084: 7073: 7067: 7054: 7048: 7041: 7035: 7015: 7009: 7002: 6996: 6987: 6981: 6973: 6967: 6957:J. Gordon Melton 6953: 6947: 6946: 6940: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6902: 6887: 6886: 6876: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6831: 6825: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6764:. Archived from 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6681:on 29 April 2009 6677:. Archived from 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6583: 6577: 6576:, EurasiaNet.org 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6499:. 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March 15, 2008 5184: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5135: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5010: 4999: 4998: 4989:(13 June 2019). 4983: 4977: 4976: 4948: 4942: 4941:, 19 August 2008 4932: 4926: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4789:The Vintage News 4781: 4775: 4774: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701:on 2 August 2019 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4550: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4427: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4292: 4286: 4279: 4268: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4160: 4151: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3898: 3889: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3853: 3837: 3824: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3775: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3728: 3722: 3720:1 Timothy 3:2–12 3717: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3669: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3626: 3620: 3606: 3497:primary polygyny 3321: 3285: 3261: 3149: 3128: 3108:Epistle to Titus 3100: 3098: 3075: 3056: 3005:Kingdom of Kandy 2824:Mapuche polygamy 2756:Chechen Republic 2674:Cazinska Krajina 2411: 2408: 2402: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2038:Effects on women 2032:J. B. S. Haldane 1848:Annals of Ulster 1715: 1708: 1701: 1266: 1265: 1123: 1122: 1106: 1100: 1093: 1092: 1079: 1072: 1065: 997:Related articles 969:Michelle Rosaldo 798: 797: 716: 715: 584: 583: 571: 429: 428: 418: 406:Anthropology of 394: 393: 366:Some studies of 240: 233: 223: 216: 204: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 79: 73: 67: 61: 51: 45: 10110: 10109: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10095:Heterosexuality 10070: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10043: 10012: 9992: 9929: 9876: 9824: 9797: 9749: 9709: 9663: 9601: 9595: 9552: 9504:Sister exchange 9490: 9464: 9256: 9196:Serial monogamy 9152:Legal scenarios 9147: 9142: 9112: 9107: 9071: 9009: 8978: 8912: 8909: 8879: 8874: 8866: 8861: 8816: 8717:Iraqi Kurdistan 8654: 8653:Other countries 8648: 8553: 8547: 8542: 8534: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8504: 8475: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8104: 8102:Further reading 8099: 8098: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8054: 8022: 8018: 8008: 8006: 7998: 7997: 7990: 7976: 7974: 7972:"Karaite Women" 7968: 7964: 7953: 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3850: 3845: 3840: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3778:Numbers 10: 291 3776: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3660:Biblical verses 3657: 3656: 3647: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3579:Unicorn hunting 3509: 3465: 3459: 3400: 3390: 3322: 3314: 3286: 3278: 3262: 3254: 3218: 3212: 3179: 3142:Philip of Hesse 3076: 3073: 3054: 3035: 3029: 2975: 2970: 2890:plural marriage 2872: 2858: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2710: 2666: 2661: 2652: 2636: 2617: 2558:Zhang Zongchang 2534: 2528: 2501: 2422: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2373:transliteration 2369: 2365: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2330: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2277: 2271: 2261:relationships. 2258: 2228: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2195: 2176: 2107: 2090: 2040: 1888: 1866: 1860: 1832: 1819: 1800:Michèle Tertilt 1788: 1786:Economic burden 1776: 1734:Anthropologist 1719: 1690: 1689: 1650: 1640: 1639: 1625:Sexual activity 1588: 1580: 1579: 1523: 1513: 1512: 1479: 1471: 1470: 1414: 1406: 1405: 1396: 1372: 1358:Mutual monogamy 1239: 1218: 1120: 1105: 1101: 1083: 1051: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1032: 1023: 1003:Alliance theory 998: 990: 989: 988: 959:Lewis H. Morgan 954:Henrietta Moore 934:Eleanor Leacock 929:Louise Lamphere 924:Roger Lancaster 899:Tom Boellstorff 888: 887:Major theorists 880: 879: 856: 833: 795: 787: 786: 781: 774:Dravidian 713: 705: 704: 684: 569:Nurture kinship 559: 525:Cousin marriage 426: 382: 377: 356:(FLDS Church). 343:Catholic Church 319:classical China 249: 191:) is a form of 158: 154: 135: 82: 81: 77: 75: 71: 69: 65: 63: 59: 57: 49: 47: 43: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10108: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10090:Mating systems 10087: 10082: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10002: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9963: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9946: 9940: 9938: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9886: 9884: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9853:Middle Eastern 9845: 9834: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9811: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9725: 9719: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9645: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9612: 9610: 9603: 9600:Circumstantial 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9521: 9511: 9506: 9500: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9394: 9387: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9309: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9166: 9161: 9155: 9153: 9149: 9148: 9141: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9118: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9023: 9021: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8929:Group marriage 8926: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8885: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8658: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8566: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540:United Kingdom 8537: 8529: 8520: 8518: 8517:legally abroad 8510: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8450: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8421: 8418: 8413: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8372: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8254: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8212:(2): 325–340. 8197: 8179:(2): 190–208. 8168: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8077:(2): 146–153. 8061: 8052: 8016: 8004:dictionary.com 7988: 7962: 7947: 7934:10.2307/839776 7912: 7900: 7888: 7876: 7863: 7849: 7823: 7807: 7793: 7773: 7759: 7737: 7723: 7701: 7675: 7665: 7644: 7631:United Nations 7617: 7603: 7575: 7547: 7533: 7513: 7487: 7465: 7463:," OnIslam.net 7452: 7439: 7428:Ratno Lukito. 7420: 7413: 7393: 7373: 7350: 7343: 7325: 7318: 7300: 7285: 7268: 7248: 7223:, ed. (1904). 7212: 7196: 7177: 7158: 7149:Study Buddhism 7135: 7111: 7085: 7068: 7049: 7036: 7010: 7008:(1996) p. 369. 6997: 6982: 6968: 6948: 6945:. p. 133. 6924: 6911:La Información 6888: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6826: 6804: 6779: 6749: 6737: 6715: 6712:on 2006-01-17. 6692: 6662: 6637: 6625: 6603: 6578: 6566: 6555:. 8 April 2008 6540: 6528: 6506: 6484: 6458: 6433: 6415: 6396: 6374: 6339: 6310:(3): 338–358. 6290: 6261: 6231: 6185: 6160: 6154: 6128: 6106: 6076: 6067: 6046: 5995: 5977: 5954: 5927:(2): 109–122. 5904: 5886: 5867: 5855: 5825: 5792: 5774: 5767: 5743: 5702: 5648: 5635:10.2307/351742 5629:(1): 185–195. 5613: 5600:10.2307/351134 5594:(2): 397–404. 5571: 5556: 5507: 5467: 5440:(5): 594–602. 5419: 5396: 5390:978-0143122012 5389: 5371:Pinker, Steven 5362: 5314: 5247: 5211: 5179: 5118: 5099: 5072: 5033: 5000: 4991:"Gender Ratio" 4978: 4943: 4927: 4902: 4895: 4875: 4832: 4821:(2): 141–162. 4805: 4791:. 2018-10-22. 4776: 4757: 4738: 4731: 4711: 4682: 4668:. 2018-01-16. 4653: 4634: 4615: 4603: 4568: 4561: 4535: 4532:. p. 206. 4520: 4505: 4498: 4474: 4461:10.1086/262009 4455:(5): 942–943. 4439: 4413: 4401: 4386: 4374: 4361: 4357:Folia Primatol 4348: 4335: 4326: 4313:10.1086/203627 4307:(1): 189–194. 4287: 4269: 4252: 4219: 4206:(4): 824–849. 4186: 4175:(4): 871–887. 4152: 4139: 4127: 4112: 4100: 4093: 4073: 4060: 4048: 4030: 4004: 3992: 3974: 3960: 3934: 3913:10.1086/676531 3907:(4): 601–604. 3879: 3866: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3825: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3792: 3781: 3770: 3759: 3756:1 Kings 11:1–3 3748: 3745:1 Samuel 1:1–8 3737: 3723: 3712: 3709:Matthew 19:3–9 3701: 3690: 3679: 3676:Matthew 19:3–6 3663: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3641: 3628:Translated as 3621: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3461:Main article: 3458: 3455: 3389: 3386: 3312: 3276: 3252: 3214:Main article: 3211: 3208: 3178: 3175: 3116:sola scriptura 3074:Matthew 19:3–9 3071: 3031:Main article: 3028: 3025: 3018:The Parabhava 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2857: 2854: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2804:United Kingdom 2802: 2796: 2793: 2741:Ramzan Kadyrov 2709: 2706: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2635: 2632: 2616: 2613: 2527: 2524: 2500: 2497: 2424:Many majority- 2414: 2413: 2392:. Knowledge's 2353: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2273:Main article: 2270: 2267: 2257: 2254: 2227: 2224: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2194: 2191: 2175: 2172: 2144:honor killings 2135:Marci Hamilton 2122:Thomas Aquinas 2106: 2103: 2089: 2086: 2054:, the fear of 2039: 2036: 2020:self-sacrifice 1939:homicide rates 1887: 1884: 1859: 1856: 1831: 1828: 1818: 1815: 1798:The economist 1787: 1784: 1775: 1772: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1439:Bachelor's Day 1431: 1426: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1245:Group marriage 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1147: 1142: 1134: 1133: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1026: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1005: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 987: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 909:W. D. Hamilton 906: 901: 896: 890: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 876: 875: 874: 873: 863: 862: 858: 857: 855: 854: 849: 843: 840: 839: 835: 834: 832: 831: 822: 817: 812: 807: 801: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 783: 782: 780: 779: 771: 766: 761: 759:Eskimo (Inuit) 756: 751: 746: 740: 737: 736: 732: 731: 730: 729: 724: 714: 711: 710: 707: 706: 701: 700: 699: 698: 693: 688: 682: 677: 672: 664: 663: 659: 658: 655: 654: 653: 652: 650:Patrilineality 647: 645:Matrilineality 642: 637: 629: 628: 624: 623: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 580: 579: 575: 574: 573: 572: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 427: 425:Basic concepts 424: 423: 420: 419: 411: 410: 403: 402: 381: 378: 376: 373: 335:Ancient Greece 272:Central Africa 248: 245: 134: 133: 126: 115: 83: 76: 70: 64: 58: 48: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10107: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10060: 10059: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10007:Mariage blanc 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9932: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9910:International 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9804: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9656: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9598: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9493: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9386: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9346: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9132: 9127: 9125: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9067:Polygamy czar 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9032:Current state 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8934:Open marriage 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8906: 8901: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8797:United States 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8687:Côte d'Ivoire 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8573:Guinea-Bissau 8572: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554:customary law 8550: 8541: 8538: 8533: 8530: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8513:Recognized if 8511: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8247: 8245: 8240: 8238: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8120:(1): 87–105. 8119: 8115: 8114:Human Biology 8111: 8106: 8105: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8056: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8020: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7993: 7985: 7973: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7904: 7897: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7873: 7867: 7852: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7827: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7796: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7777: 7762: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7606: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7579: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7536: 7534:9781134033706 7530: 7527:. Routledge. 7526: 7525: 7517: 7501: 7497: 7496:"ahlalhdeeth" 7491: 7475: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7449: 7443: 7436:. p. 81. 7435: 7431: 7424: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7397: 7391: 7390:0-89870-080-9 7387: 7383: 7377: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7346: 7344:9789996045097 7340: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7319:9780313384783 7315: 7311: 7304: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7265:Der Beichtrat 7262: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7083:, 2008-05-27. 7082: 7078: 7072: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7014: 7007: 7001: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6980:, 2001-01-02. 6979: 6978: 6972: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6944: 6937: 6936: 6928: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6884: 6883: 6875: 6873: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6841:. 2006-01-13. 6840: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6808: 6794:on 2011-11-01 6793: 6789: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6746: 6741: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6575: 6570: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6475:Asian Studies 6469: 6462: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6385:. 18 May 2021 6384: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6250:on 2009-05-07 6249: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6190: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6071: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5992:. 9 May 2018. 5991: 5987: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5865:, p. 47. 5864: 5859: 5845:on 2017-04-04 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5797: 5788: 5787:The Economist 5784: 5778: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5381:Penguin Group 5378: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5279:: 1534–1539. 5278: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5021: 5020: 5019:The Economist 5015: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4939:New Scientist 4936: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4772: 4771:The Telegraph 4768: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4613:, p. 44. 4612: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4562:9781557254337 4558: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4539: 4531: 4524: 4517:. p. 38. 4516: 4509: 4501: 4499:9780205048137 4495: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4399:, p. 37. 4398: 4393: 4391: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4358: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4243:on 2017-09-22 4239: 4232: 4231: 4223: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4157: 4149: 4146:Goody, Jack. 4143: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4109: 4104: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3989:. 2017-07-25. 3988: 3984: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3876: 3873:Clignet, R., 3870: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3789:Numbers 12: 1 3785: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3731:Genesis 26:34 3727: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3694: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3638:Numbers 12: 1 3635: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3618:: Transcripts 3617: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3428:Yemenite Jews 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3366:Central Asian 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3316:Surah An-Nisa 3311: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3280:Surah An-Nisa 3275: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3230: 3229:Azim Azimzade 3226: 3222: 3217: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3135:Martin Luther 3132: 3127: 3126:Der Beichtrat 3122: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081:New Testament 3070: 3065: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043:New Testament 3040: 3039:Old Testament 3034: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918:Colorado City 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2862: 2856:North America 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834:South America 2831: 2825: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2778:Boris Yeltsin 2776: 2772: 2771:Ruslan Aushev 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2623: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2548:Polygamy was 2546: 2543: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444:, and former 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2420:Islam in Asia 2410: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2374: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2302: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2266: 2262: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2174:Premodern era 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:United States 2153: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024:kin selection 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1998:Steven Pinker 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943:rates of rape 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927:U.S. military 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1783: 1780: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1748:Ester Boserup 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1729: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1630:Transgression 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1563:Unconditional 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1461:Singles event 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1302:Queerplatonic 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214:Open marriage 1212: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1103:Relationships 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 994: 993: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 949:Margaret Mead 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 914:Gilbert Herdt 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 891: 884: 883: 872: 871: 867: 866: 865: 864: 860: 859: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 842: 841: 837: 836: 830: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 800: 799: 791: 790: 778: 777: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 739: 738: 734: 733: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 718: 717: 709: 708: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 666: 665: 661: 660: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 635:Ambilineality 633: 632: 631: 630: 626: 625: 620: 617: 615: 614:House society 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 591: 588: 587: 586: 585: 582: 581: 577: 576: 570: 566: 562: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 510:Bride service 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 450:Consanguinity 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 431: 430: 422: 421: 417: 413: 412: 409: 405: 404: 400: 396: 395: 392: 390: 386: 385:Ester Boserup 372: 369: 364: 362: 357: 355: 351: 350:North America 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 244: 242: 239: 232: 228: 225: 222: 215: 211: 208: 207:Ancient Greek 203: 198: 194: 188: 152: 145: 141: 131: 127: 124: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 84: 55: 39: 33: 29: 22: 10085:Anthropology 10056: 10024:Dishu system 10005: 9985: 9890:Human–animal 9862:Same-surname 9652: 9523: 9457: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9403: 9396: 9389: 9382: 9363:Self-uniting 9343: 9327:Nikah mut'ah 9228:Nikah mut'ah 8968: 8964:Polygynandry 8954:Polyfidelity 8845:Non-monogamy 8834: 8825:Legal status 8792:Turkmenistan 8634:South Africa 8629:Sierra Leone 8565:Burkina Faso 8424:Saudi Arabia 8209: 8205: 8176: 8172: 8117: 8113: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8055: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8007:. Retrieved 8003: 7982: 7975:. Retrieved 7965: 7958: 7950: 7928:(1): 79–89. 7925: 7921: 7915: 7910:, 5719-1959. 7907: 7903: 7891: 7884: 7879: 7871: 7866: 7854:. Retrieved 7834: 7826: 7810: 7798:. Retrieved 7783: 7776: 7764:. Retrieved 7750: 7740: 7728:. Retrieved 7714: 7704: 7694:13 September 7692:. Retrieved 7687: 7678: 7656: 7647: 7635:. Retrieved 7620: 7608:. Retrieved 7585: 7578: 7566:. Retrieved 7560: 7550: 7538:. Retrieved 7523: 7516: 7506:13 September 7504:. Retrieved 7500:the original 7490: 7480:13 September 7478:. Retrieved 7468: 7455: 7450:", IslamWeb. 7442: 7429: 7423: 7403: 7396: 7381: 7376: 7365:, retrieved 7359: 7353: 7334: 7328: 7309: 7303: 7294: 7288: 7277:Gregor Brück 7271: 7264: 7258: 7251: 7229: 7215: 7199: 7180: 7161: 7148: 7138: 7128:13 September 7126:. Retrieved 7104:11 September 7102:. Retrieved 7098: 7088: 7071: 7057:"The Primer" 7052: 7039: 7029: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6990: 6985: 6977:Dateline NBC 6975: 6971: 6963: 6960: 6951: 6934: 6927: 6915:. Retrieved 6913:(in Spanish) 6910: 6881: 6859: 6847: 6838: 6829: 6822: 6807: 6796:. Retrieved 6792:the original 6782: 6770:. Retrieved 6766:the original 6761: 6752: 6740: 6728:. Retrieved 6718: 6710:the original 6705: 6695: 6683:. Retrieved 6679:the original 6674: 6665: 6653:. Retrieved 6649: 6640: 6628: 6620:the original 6615: 6606: 6594:. Retrieved 6590: 6581: 6569: 6557:. Retrieved 6552: 6543: 6531: 6524: 6509: 6501:the original 6496: 6487: 6478: 6474: 6461: 6449:. Retrieved 6445: 6436: 6427: 6418: 6409: 6399: 6387:. Retrieved 6377: 6352: 6342: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6285: 6278:. Retrieved 6274: 6264: 6252:. Retrieved 6248:the original 6243: 6234: 6205: 6201: 6177:. Retrieved 6175:. 2021-04-14 6172: 6163: 6137: 6131: 6101: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6070: 6061:The Guardian 6059: 6049: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5989: 5980: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5924: 5920: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5880: 5870: 5863:Boserup 1970 5858: 5847:. Retrieved 5843:the original 5838: 5828: 5817:. 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Retrieved 4665: 4656: 4648:Live Science 4647: 4637: 4629:ScienceAlert 4628: 4618: 4611:Boserup 1970 4606: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4546: 4538: 4529: 4523: 4514: 4508: 4484: 4477: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4433: 4429: 4416: 4409:Boserup 1970 4404: 4397:Boserup 1970 4382:Boserup 1970 4377: 4369: 4364: 4356: 4351: 4343: 4338: 4329: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4282: 4264: 4255: 4245:, retrieved 4238:the original 4229: 4222: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4172: 4168: 4147: 4142: 4135:Boserup 1970 4130: 4108:Boserup 1970 4103: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4063: 4056:Boserup 1970 4051: 4042: 4021:. 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