History of slavery

2112: 7481: 3880: 4242: 2773:. There were three types: those who were enslaved through conquest, instead of unpaid debts, or those whose parents gave them as property to tribal chiefs. Chieftains would barter their slaves to Arab, Berber, Ottoman or European buyers for rum, spices, cloth or other goods. Selling captives or prisoners was a common practice among Africans, Turks, Berbers and Arabs during that era. However, as the Atlantic trade of slaves increased its demand, local systems which primarily serviced indentured servitude expanded. European trading of slaves, as a result, was the most pivotal change in the social, economic, cultural, spiritual, religious, political dynamics of the concept of trading in slaves. It ultimately undermined local economies and political stability as villages' vital labour forces were shipped overseas as 4049: 7898: 8442: 3664: 7912: 3441: 8454: 7248: 43: 2140: 9702:(1944), rejected this moral explanation and argued that abolition was now more profitable, for a century of sugarcane raising had exhausted the soil of the islands, and the plantations had become unprofitable. It was more profitable to sell the slaves to the government than to keep up operations. The 1807 prohibition of the international trade, Williams argued, prevented French expansion on other islands. Meanwhile, British investors turned to Asia, where labor was so plentiful that slavery was unnecessary. Williams went on to argue that slavery played a major role in making Britain prosperous. The high profits from the slave trade, he said, helped finance the 6587: 3085: 9202: 9577:, historians described slavery as the slaves remembered it. Far from slaves' being strictly victims or content, historians showed slaves as both resilient and autonomous in many of their activities. Despite their exercise of autonomy and their efforts to make a life within slavery, current historians recognize the precariousness of the slave's situation. Slave children quickly learned that they were subject to the direction of both their parents and their owners. They saw their parents disciplined just as they came to realize that they also could be physically or verbally abused by their owners. Historians writing during this era include 4557: 2422: 9728:

Africa. Admitting the horrible suffering of slaves, he notes that many Africans benefited directly because the first stage of the trade was always firmly in the hands of Africans. European slave ships waited at ports to purchase cargoes of people who were captured in the hinterland by African dealers and tribal leaders. Richardson finds that the "terms of trade" (how much the ship owners paid for the slave cargo) moved heavily in favor of the Africans after about 1750. That is, indigenous elites inside West and Central Africa made large and growing profits from slavery, thus increasing their wealth and power.

7583: 5656:", and captured some 100,000 youths. Later, following his twelfth expedition into India in 1018–19, Mahmud is reported to have returned with such a large number of slaves that their value was reduced to only two to ten dirhams each. This unusually low price made, according to Al-Utbi, "merchants from distant cities to purchase them, so that the countries of Central Asia, Iraq and Khurasan were swelled with them, and the fair and the dark, the rich and the poor, mingled in one common slavery". Elliot and Dowson refer to "five hundred thousand slaves, beautiful men and women.". Later, during the 6087: 3939:

mountains, English planters were able to clear land for sugarcane. Indentured servants were initially sent to Barbados to work in the sugar fields. These indentured servants were treated so poorly that future indentured servants stopped going to Barbados, and there were not enough people to work the fields. This is when the British started bringing in enslaved Africans. For the English planters in Barbados, reliance on enslaved labor was necessary for them to be able to profit from production of cane-origin sugar for the growing market for sugar in Europe and other markets.

9436: 6414: 5614:(During the invasion of Muhammad al-Qasim), invariably numerous women and children were enslaved. The sources insist that now, in dutiful conformity to religious law, 'the one-fifth of the slaves and spoils' were set apart for the caliph's treasury and despatched to Iraq and Syria. The remainder was scattered among the army of Islam. At Rūr, a random 60,000 captives reduced to slavery. At Brahamanabad 30,000 slaves were allegedly taken. At Multan 6,000. Slave raids continued to be made throughout the late Umayyad period in Sindh, but also much further into Hind, as far as 2092: 4844: 10458:

consisting of blood relations, pawns, and slaves. The earliest evidence of slavery is, therefore, likely to be found in the field of agriculture." and "The retention of captives taken in battle was a recognized practice among every people before the beginning of written history. The ancient records of the Assyrians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, Persians, Indians and Chinese are all full of references to slaves and types of labor for which they were usually employed. With the Greeks and the Romans, the institution of slavery reached new heights.

6703: 3649: 2781: 6950: 4378: 7104: 7978:) were being used as forced labor by the U.S., France, the UK and the Soviet Union. German prisoners were for example forced to clear minefields in France and the Low Countries. By December 1945, it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or injured each month in accidents. In Norway the last available casualty record, from 29 August 1945, shows that by that time a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines, while 392 had been injured. 9538:" who identified totally with the owner. Elkins' thesis was challenged by historians. Gradually historians recognized that in addition to the effects of the owner-slave relationship, slaves did not live in a "totally closed environment but rather in one that permitted the emergence of enormous variety and allowed slaves to pursue important relationships with people other than their master, including those to be found in their families, churches and communities." 9003: 15040:, 5 April 2001. Quote: "Here we get to a further dimension of the difference between the two trades. Slavery in the West...the concept of race developed and was popularized...The Koran very explicitly attacks ...This is important for the assimilation aspect too, because once you were freed, there was no discrimination in law against you...I don't think that there's any disputing that slavery was a more benevolent institution in Islam than it was in the West." 7750: 2750: 8355: 5000: 2200: 7362:, and during the second half of the 17th century they had a controlling interest in the trade to the Spanish colonies. Today's Suriname and Guyana became prominent markets in the 18th century. Between 1612 and 1872, the Dutch operated from some 10 fortresses along the Gold Coast (now Ghana), from which slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. Dutch involvement on the Slave Coast increased with the establishment of a trading post in 8363: 7466:, and 28,000 in Dutch Brazil. In addition, tens of thousands of slaves, mostly from India and some from Africa, were carried to the Dutch East Indies. The Netherlands abolished slavery in 1863. Although the decision was made in 1848, it took many years for the law to be implemented. Furthermore, slaves in Suriname would be fully free only in 1873, since the law stipulated that there was to be a mandatory 10-year transition. 9682:

the journey wound up in the Caribbean, where the Empire had highly profitable sugar colonies, and the living conditions were bad (the plantation owners lived in Britain). Parliament ended the international transportation of slaves in 1807 and used the Royal Navy to enforce that ban. In 1833 it bought out the plantation owners and banned slavery. Historians before the 1940s argued that moralistic reformers such as

2682: 3031: 4902:, the slave became legally and actually free. Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their human property as far as possible out of reach of the Union Army. By June 1865, the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves. The owners were never compensated. About 186,000 free blacks and newly freed people 4982: 2460: 9744:. Engerman's 5% figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument, not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain, but also because it carries the full-employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain's national income. Historian 7289:. This bill was based on the arguments given by the best Spanish theologists and jurists who were unanimous in the condemnation of such slavery as unjust; they declared it illegitimate and outlawed it from America—not just the slavery of Spaniards over Natives—but also the type of slavery practiced among the Natives themselves Thus, Spain became the first country to officially abolish slavery. 3859:(Great Drought) in the cotton-growing northeast led to major turmoil, starvation, poverty and internal migration. As wealthy plantation holders rushed to sell their slaves south, popular resistance and resentment grew, inspiring numerous emancipation societies. They succeeded in banning slavery altogether in the province of Ceará by 1884. Slavery was legally ended nationwide on 13 May by the 3000:

they would not believe me ... A deeply-rooted idea that the whites purchase negroes for the purpose of devouring them, or of selling them to others that they may be devoured hereafter, naturally makes the slaves contemplate a journey towards the coast with great terror, insomuch that the slatees are forced to keep them constantly in irons, and watch them very closely, to prevent their escape.

2868: 8273:, in 1835. About 15% of the Polynesian Moriori natives who had migrated to the islands at about 1500 CE were killed, with many women being tortured to death. The remaining population was enslaved for the purpose of growing food, especially potatoes. The Moriori were treated in an inhumane and degrading manner for many years. Their culture was banned and they were forbidden to marry. 5245: 3819:, a French painter who was active in Brazil in the first decades of the 19th century, started out with painting portraits of members of the Brazilian Imperial family, but soon became concerned with the slavery of both blacks and indigenous inhabitants. His paintings on the subject (two appear on this page) helped bring attention to the subject in both Europe and Brazil itself. 9037:. On 3 March 1848, he had been appointed under-secretary of the navy, and caused a decree to be issued by the provisional government which acknowledged the principle of the enfranchisement of the slaves through the French possessions. He also wrote the decree of 27 April 1848 in which the French government announced that slavery was abolished in all of its colonies. 7769:, especially after 1640, when sugar cane was introduced to the region. At first, most were white Britons, or Irish, enslaved as indentured labour – for a fixed period – in the West Indies. These people may have been criminals, political rebels, the poor with no prospects or others who were simply tricked or kidnapped. Slavery was a legal institution in all of the 13 18915:, Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov. 1997), pp. 1317–19 states: "We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added 4–5 million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labor settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures." 7437:. The revival of the slave trade at Jaquim was only temporary, however, as his superiors at the Dutch West India Company noticed that Hertog's slaves were more expensive than at the Gold Coast. From 1735, Elmina became the preferred spot to trade slaves. As of 1778, it was estimated that the Dutch were shipping approximately 6,000 Africans for enslavement in the 8960:. Slavery was reimposed in Guadeloupe but not in Haiti, which became an independent black republic. Napoleon's vast colonial dreams for Egypt, India, the Caribbean Louisiana and even Australia were all doomed for lack of a fleet capable of matching Britain's Royal Navy. Realizing the fiasco Napoleon liquidated the Haiti project, brought home the survivors and 6161:(IX, 28–29), helots were seven times as numerous as Spartans. Following several helot revolts around the year 600 BC, the Spartans restructured their city-state along authoritarian lines, for the leaders decided that only by turning their society into an armed camp could they hope to maintain control over the numerically dominant helot population. In some 1918:, and cloth, and this demand for imported goods drove local wars and other means to the enslavement of Africans in ever greater numbers. In India and throughout the New World, people were forced into slavery to create the local workforce. The transatlantic slave trade was eventually curtailed after European and American governments passed legislation 3950:(1702–1714), the various European powers negotiating the terms of the treaty also discussed colonial issues as well. Of special importance in the negotiations at Utrecht was the successful negotiation between the British and French delegations for Britain to obtain a thirty-year monopoly on the right to sell slaves in Spanish America, called the 8383:

Portuguese and Dutch empires, and a few others – built worldwide empires based primarily on plantation agriculture using slaves imported from Africa. However, the powers took care to minimize the presence of slavery in their homelands. In 1807 Britain and soon after, the United States also, both criminalized the international slave trade. The

14449:[Total of black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes thru the 19th century comes to an estimated 11,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade." (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery (CUP, 1983) 8209:, to supply whalers and traders with food, flax and timber in return for western goods. The intertribal Musket Wars lasted from 1807 to 1843; northern tribes who had acquired muskets captured large numbers of slaves. About 20,000 Māori died in the wars. An unknown number of slaves were captured. Northern tribes used slaves (called 5275:), the administrative and political center of the Empire, about a fifth of the population consisted of slaves in 1609. Even after several measures to ban slavery in the late 19th century, the practice continued largely unaffected into the early 20th century. As late as 1908, female slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. 8823:, passed on 1 August 1833, outlawed slavery itself throughout the British Empire, with the exception of India. On 1 August 1834 slaves became indentured to their former owners in an apprenticeship system for six years. Full emancipation was granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838. Britain abolished slavery in both 9748:, in an article written before Williams's book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there was occurred after emancipation, not before. 4075:, on 1 August 1834, an unarmed group of mainly elderly Negroes being addressed by the Governor at Government House about the new laws, began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish 2111: 10424:

men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.

10752:

Fitzhugh compares wives , children , wards , apprentices , prisoners , soldiers , sailors , the poor under the English poor laws , imported Chinese laborers in the British colonies , as well as the remaining serfs of eastern Europe and central Asia with slaves. Thus broadly understood, the status of

10423:

For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big

9557:

of their owners. In portraying the more benign version of slavery, they also argue in their 1974 book that the material conditions under which the slaves lived and worked compared favorably to those of free workers in the agriculture and industry of the time. (This was also an argument of Southerners

8382:

Drescher (2009) provides a model for the history of the abolition of slavery, emphasizing its origins in Western Europe. Around the year 1500, slavery had virtually died out in Western Europe, but was a normal phenomenon practically everywhere else. The imperial powers – the British, French, Spanish,

7550:

and took them away to a life of slavery in North Africa. The prisoners were destined for a variety of fates—some lived out their days chained to the oars as galley slaves, while others would spend long years in the scented seclusion of the harem or within the walls of the sultan's palace. Only two of

7457:

population of that country. The Dutch part in the Atlantic slave trade is estimated at 5–7 percent, as they shipped about 550,000–600,000 African slaves across the Atlantic, about 75,000 of whom died on board before reaching their destinations. From 1596 to 1829, the Dutch traders sold 250,000 slaves

7148:

nations did not use the papal bull as a justification for their involvement in the slave trade. The position of the church was to condemn the slavery of Christians, but slavery was regarded as an old established and necessary institution which supplied Europe with the necessary workforce. In the 16th

6529:

and that many Cornish slave owners did set their slaves free. Slaves were routinely bought and sold. Running away was also common and slavery was never a major economic factor in the British Isles during the Middle Ages. Ireland and Denmark provided markets for captured Anglo-Saxon and Celtic slaves.

5681:

and it is within this context of Islamic expansion that elite slavery was later commonly found. It became the predominant system in North India in the thirteenth century and retained considerable importance in the fourteenth century. Slavery was still vigorous in fifteenth-century Bengal, while after

5203:

visiting the empire. Slavery's role in the economy and the power of slave owners slowly diminished while laws gradually improved the rights of slaves. Under the influence of Christianity, views of slavery shifted leading to slaves gaining more rights and independence, and although slavery became rare

3053:

or floating tombs. What shocked Africans the most was how death was handled in the ships. Smallwood says the traditions for an African death were delicate and community-based. On ships, bodies would be thrown into the sea. Because the sea represented bad omens, bodies in the sea represented a form of

2489:

became a leading port in this trade. Arab traders of slaves differed from European ones in that they would often conduct raiding expeditions themselves, sometimes penetrating deep into the continent. They also differed in that their market greatly preferred the purchase of enslaved females over male.

10778:

Ordinarily there had to be a perceived labour shortage, for otherwise it is unlikely that most people would bother to acquire or to keep slaves. Free land, and more generally, open resources, were often a prerequisite for slavery; in most cases where there were no open resources, non-slaves could be

10775:

for slavery to flourish, social differentiation or stratification was essential. Also essential was an economic surplus, for slaves were often consumption goods who themselves had to be maintained rather than productive assets who generated income for their owner. Surplus was also essential in slave

9727:

are exaggerated, for profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1% of domestic investment in Britain. Richardson further challenges claims (by African scholars) that the slave trade caused widespread depopulation and economic distress in Africa—indeed that it caused the "underdevelopment" of

8890:

in 1739 clarified the unclear legal position of possible slaves in France, and was followed by laws that established registers for slaves in mainland France, who were limited to a three-year stay, for visits or learning a trade. Unregistered "slaves" in France were regarded as free. However, slavery

8811:

The significance of the abolition of the British slave trade lay in the number of people hitherto sold and carried by British slave vessels. Britain shipped 2,532,300 Africans across the Atlantic, equalling 41% of the total transport of 6,132,900 individuals. This made the British empire the biggest

8221:

in the 1830s, using mainly slave girls. By 1835 about 70 to 80 ships per year called into the port. One French captain described the impossibility of getting rid of the girls who swarmed over his ship, outnumbering his crew of 70 by 3 to 1. All payments to the girls were stolen by the chief. By 1833

7574:

by a Tunisian squadron, which carried off 158 inhabitants, roused widespread indignation. Britain had by this time banned the slave trade and was seeking to induce other countries to do likewise. States that were more vulnerable to the corsairs complained that Britain cared more for ending the trade

5782:

in 1916, stated in a 1921 memoir that the local Balochi tribes would regularly carry out raids against travellers and small towns. During these raids, women and children would often be abducted to become slaves, and would be sold for prices varying based on quality, age and looks. He stated that the

4497:

The shift from indentured servants to enslaved African was prompted by a dwindling class of former servants who had worked through the terms of their indentures and thus became competitors to their former masters. These newly freed servants were rarely able to support themselves comfortably, and the

3835:

were unable to match the market prices of Brazilian sugar, and each Briton was consuming 16 pounds (7 kg) of sugar a year by the 19th century. This combination led to intensive pressure from the British government for Brazil to end this practice, which it did by steps over several decades.

2720:

26th June. – ...We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path: a group of men stood about a hundred yards off on one side, and another of the women on the other side, looking on; they said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price

2223:

noted that slavery had been endemic in Africa and part of the structure of everyday life throughout the 15th to the 18th century. "Slavery came in different guises in different societies: there were court slaves, slaves incorporated into princely armies, domestic and household slaves, slaves working

9138:

While abolitionists agreed on the evils of slavery, there were differing opinions on what should happen after African Americans were freed. By the time of Emancipation, African-Americans were now native to the United States and did not want to leave. Most believed that their labor had made the land

5797:

Slavery in Japan was, for most of its history, indigenous, since the export and import of slaves was restricted by Japan being a group of islands. In late-16th-century Japan, slavery was officially banned; but forms of contract and indentured labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced

5392:

was 2:1, whereas in Islamic lands the ratio was 1:2. Another difference between the two was, he argues, that slavery in the west had a racial component, whereas the Qur'an explicitly condemned racism. This, in Segal's view, eased assimilation of freed slaves into society. Men would often take their

4786:

The enslaved population in the United States stood at four million. Ninety-five percent of blacks lived in the South, constituting one third of the population there as opposed to 1% of the population of the North. The central issue in politics in the 1850s involved the extension of slavery into the

3972:

away from France; many London merchants celebrated her economic coup. Most of the trade of slaves involved sales to Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, and to Mexico, as well as sales to European colonies in the Caribbean and in North America. Historian Vinita Ricks says the agreement allotted Queen

9718:

argues that Britain's abolition of the slave trade in 1807 resulted not from the diminishing value of slavery for Britain but instead from the moral outrage of the British voting public. Critics have also argued that slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture so

9681:

One of the most controversial aspects of the British Empire is its role in first promoting and then ending slavery. In the 18th-century British merchant ships were the largest element in the "Middle Passage" which transported millions of slaves to the Western Hemisphere. Most of those who survived

9421:

According to the Global Slavery Index, slavery continues into the 21st century. It claims that as of 2018, the countries with the most slaves were: India (8 million), China (3.86 million), Pakistan (3.19 million) and North Korea (2.64 million). The countries with highest prevalence of slavery were

7640:

The Barbary states had difficulty securing uniform compliance with a total prohibition of slave-raiding, as this had been traditionally of central importance to the North African economy. Slavers continued to take captives by preying on less well-protected peoples. Algiers subsequently renewed its

7510:

From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates. 160 English ships were captured by Algerians between 1677 and 1680. Many of the captured sailors were made into slaves and held for ransom. The corsairs were no strangers to the South West of England where raids were known in a

4630:

owners of Rhode Island were able to continue in trade, and the USA's slaving fleet in 1806 was estimated to be nearly 75% as large as that of Britain, with dominance of the transportation of slaves into Cuba. By 1804, abolitionists succeeded in passing legislation that ended legal slavery in every

3334:

were known to have fortified camps. Houses in Chibok were also burned down in the incident. According to police, approximately 276 children were taken in the attack, of whom 53 had escaped as of 2 May. Other reports said that 329 girls were kidnapped, 53 had escaped and 276 were still missing. The

10221:

Somewhat more convincing are statistical surveys of large numbers of societies that show that slavery is rare among hunter-gatherers, is sometimes present in incipient agricultural societies, and then becomes common among societies with more advanced agriculture. Up to this point slavery seems to

9661:

of Americans in 2015 asked, "Was slavery the main reason for the Civil War, or not?" 53% said yes and 41% said not. There were sharp cleavages along lines of region and party. In the South, 49% answered not. Nationwide 55 percent said students should be taught slavery was the reason for the Civil

9509:

Their account of the era rested, as one member of the Dunning school put it, on the assumption of "negro incapacity." Finding it impossible to believe that blacks could ever be independent actors on the stage of history, with their own aspirations and motivations, Dunning et al. portrayed African

8947:

who had revolted. Napoleon wanted to preserve France's financial benefits from the colony's sugar and coffee crops; he then planned to establish a major base at New Orleans. He therefore re-established slavery in Haiti and Guadeloupe, where it had been abolished after rebellions. Slaves and black

7428:. The head of the post, Hendrik Hertog, had a reputation for being a successful slave trader. In an attempt to extend his trading area, Hertog negotiated with local tribes and mingled in local political struggles. He sided with the wrong party, however, leading to a conflict with Director-General 4897:

issued by Lincoln on 1 January 1863. In a single stroke, it changed the legal status, as recognized by the U.S. government, of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free." It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate

2999:

They were all very inquisitive, but they viewed me at first with looks of horror, and repeatedly asked if my countrymen were cannibals. They were very desirous to know what became of the slaves after they had crossed the salt water. I told them that they were employed in cultivation the land; but

2729:

The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems really to be broken-heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves... Twenty one were unchained, as now safe; however all ran away at once; but eight with many others still in chains, died in three days after the

8410:

ended slavery in the United States in 1865. The system ended in Cuba and Brazil in the 1880s because it was no longer profitable for the owners. Slavery continued to exist in Africa, where Arab slave traders raided black areas for new captives to be sold in the system. European colonial rule and

3938:

in the Caribbean, especially Jamaica, Barbados, Nevis, and Antigua, which provided a steady flow of sugar sales; forced labor of slaves produced the sugar. By the 1700s, there were more slaves in Barbados than in all the English colonies on the mainland combined. Since Barbados did not have many

10325:

Slavery was a widespread institution in the ancient world (1200 BCE – 900 CE). Slaves could be found in simpler societies, but more important and better known was the existence of slavery in most advanced states. Indeed, it is hard to find any ancient civilizations in which some slavery did not

8378:

Slavery has existed, in one form or another, throughout the whole of human history. So, too, have movements to free large or distinct groups of slaves. However, abolitionism should be distinguished from efforts to help a particular group of slaves, or to restrict one practice, such as the slave

7394:

The Offra trading post soon became the most important Dutch office on the Slave Coast. According to a 1670 report, annually 2,500 to 3,000 slaves were transported from Offra to the Americas. These numbers were only feasible in times of peace, however, and dwindled in time of conflict. From 1688

5545:

purchased Western slaves from the Radhanite Jews. Tang Chinese soldiers and pirates enslaved Koreans, Turks, Persians, Indonesians, and people from Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, and northern India. The greatest source of slaves came from southern tribes, including Thais and aboriginals from the

5300:

are some of the better-known positions a slave could hold, but slaves were actually often at the forefront of Ottoman politics. The majority of officials in the Ottoman government were bought slaves, raised as slaves of the Sultan, and integral to the success of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th

4807:

and economic modernization. Numerous compromise proposals were put forward, but they all collapsed. A majority of Northern voters were committed to stopping the expansion of slavery, which they believed would ultimately end slavery. Southern voters were overwhelmingly angry that they were being

2931:

Joseph Miller states that African buyers would prefer males, but in reality, women and children would be more easily captured as men fled. Those captured would be sold for various reasons such as food, debts, or servitude. Once captured, the journey to the coast killed many and weakened others.

8812:

slave-trade contributor in the world due to the magnitude of the empire, which made the abolition act all the more damaging to the global trade of slaves. Britain used its diplomatic influence to press other nations into treaties to ban their slave trade and to give the Royal Navy the right to

10457:

It is to the Neolithic period of Ghana's history that one must look for the earliest evidence of slavery. Technological advancement and dependence on agriculture created a need for labor. The available evidence indicates that around the 1st century AD farming was done by individual households

9735:

finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade (e.g., shipping costs, slave mortality, mortality of British people in Africa, defense costs) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade, the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations

8401:

The continuing profitability of slave-based plantations and the threats of race war slowed the development of abolition movements during the first half of the 19th century. These movements were strongest in Britain, and after 1840 in the United States. The Northern states of the United States

7811:

wrote: "We have no slaves at home – Then why abroad? Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs receive our air, that moment they are free. They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That's noble, and bespeaks a nation proud. And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it

9489:. Drawing evidence exclusively from plantation records, letters, southern newspapers, and other sources reflecting the slaveholder's point of view, Phillips depicted slavemasters who provided for the welfare of their slaves and contended that true affection existed between master and slave. 2723:

27th June 1866 – To-day we came upon a man dead from starvation, as he was very thin. One of our men wandered and found many slaves with slave-sticks on, abandoned by their masters from want of food; they were too weak to be able to speak or say where they had come from; some were quite

4529:. The model created by South Carolina was driven by the emergence of a majority enslaved population that required repressive and often brutal force to control. Justification for such an enslaved society developed into a conceptual framework of white supremacy in the American colonies. 4914:. The Bureau provided food, housing, clothing, medical care, church services, some schooling, legal support, and arranged for labor contracts. Fierce debates about the rights of the Freedmen, and of the defeated Confederates, often accompanied by killings of black leaders, marked the 6007:, after IS militants have captured an area "hey usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them." In mid-October 2014, the UN estimated that 5,000 to 7,000 Yazidi women and children were abducted by IS and sold into slavery. In the digital magazine 7796:

in Bristol in 1685 when he made the mayor of the city, then sitting fully robed beside him on the bench, go into the dock and be fined £1000 for being a "kidnapping knave"; some Bristol traders at the time were known to kidnap their own countrymen and ship them away as slaves.

7632:

on the Tunisian coast were brutally treated without his knowledge. As Sardinians they were technically under British protection, and the government sent Exmouth back to secure reparation. On 17 August, in combination with a Dutch squadron under Admiral Van de Capellen, Exmouth

7205:

in 1761, but slavery continued in Portuguese overseas colonies. At the same time, was stimulated the trade of black slaves ("the pieces", in the terms of that time) to Brazil and two companies were founded, with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis of Pombal - the

4909:

The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a severe negative impact on the black population, with a large amount of sickness and death. After liberation, many of the Freedmen remained on the same plantation. Others fled or crowded into refugee camps operated by the

7848:, is famous for having used British involvement to regain his rule in return for suppressing slavery among the Yoruba people of Lagos in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. In 1839, the world's oldest international human rights organization, 8948:

freedmen fought the French for their freedom and independence. Revolutionary ideals played a central role in the fighting for it was the slaves and their allies who were fighting for the revolutionary ideals of freedom and equality, while the French troops under General

13873: 7193:

In the second half of the 16th century, the Crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade and the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas—in the case of Portugal, especially

4836:, based on the promise of maintaining slavery. War broke out in April 1861, as both sides sought wave after wave of enthusiasm among young men volunteering to form new regiments and new armies. In the North, the main goal was to preserve the union as an expression of 2831:

for their economy. A family's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned, leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives. This trade led the Khasso into increasing contact with the European settlements of Africa's west coast, particularly the

7378:

was also called Grand Ardra, being the larger cousin of Little Ardra, also known as Offra. From 1660 onward, Dutch presence in Allada and especially Offra became more permanent. A report from this year asserts Dutch trading posts, apart from Allada and Offra, in

2717:

19th June 1866 – We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead, the people of the country explained that she had been unable to keep up with the other slaves in a gang, and her master had determined that she should not become anyone's property if she

2597:. Ships leaving European ports for West Africa would carry printed cotton textiles, some originally from India, copper utensils and bangles, pewter plates and pots, iron bars more valued than gold, hats, trinkets, gunpowder and firearms and alcohol. Tropical 16588: 9450:

The history of slavery originally was the history of the government's laws and policies toward slavery, and the political debates about it. Black history was promoted very largely at black colleges. The situation changed dramatically with the coming of the

9709:

Since the 1970s numerous historians have challenged Williams from various angles and Gad Heuman has concluded, "More recent research has rejected this conclusion; it is now clear that the colonies of the British Caribbean profited considerably during the

8406:, between 1777 and 1804. Britain ended slavery in its empire in the 1830s. However, the plantation economies of the southern United States, based on cotton, and those in Brazil and Cuba, based on sugar, expanded and grew even more profitable. The bloody 8942:

came to power in 1799 and soon had grandiose plans for the French sugar colonies; to achieve them he reintroduced slavery. Napoleon's major adventure into the Caribbean—sending 30,000 troops in 1802 to retake Saint Domingue (Haiti) from ex-slaves under

8315:

experience in the 1860s. The 1805 raid was by American sealers and was one of a series that changed the attitude of the islanders to outside visitors, with reports in the 1820s and 1830s that all visitors received a hostile reception. In December 1862,

5713:

in Western India had two main objectives. The conquerors demanded and more often forcibly wrested both land owned by Hindus and Hindu women. Enslavement of women invariably led to their conversion to Islam. In battles waged by Muslims against Hindus in

9095:

stating; "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off".

8984:, declaring all men to be free and equal. However, the French bought males as soldiers and females as concubines. Napoleon personally opposed the abolition and restored colonial slavery in 1802, a year after the capitulation of his troops in Egypt. 1541: 2963:

and asked if he was going to be eaten. Yet, the worst for slaves has only begun, and the journey on the water proved to be more harrowing. For every 100 Africans captured, only 64 would reach the coast, and only about 50 would reach the New World.

7149:

century, African slaves had replaced almost all other ethnicities and religious enslaved groups in Europe. Within the Portuguese territory of Brazil, and even beyond its original borders, the enslavement of Native Americans was carried out by the

4063:

in England announced in 1833 that slaves in British colonies would be completely freed by 1838. In the meantime, the government told slaves they had to remain on their plantations and would have the status of "apprentices" for the next six years.

22064: 9514:

Beginning in the 1950s, historiography moved away from the tone of the Phillips era. Historians still emphasized the slave as an object. Whereas Phillips presented the slave as the object of benign attention by the owners, historians such as

1967:

are especially vulnerable, and modern transportation has made human trafficking easier. In 2019, there were an estimated 40 million people worldwide subject to some form of slavery – 25% were children. Sixty-one percent are used for

4253:

During the period from the late 19th century and early 20th century, demand for the labor-intensive harvesting of rubber drove frontier expansion and slavery in Latin America and elsewhere. Indigenous peoples were enslaved as part of the

2967:

Others believe that slavers had a vested interest in capturing rather than killing, and in keeping their captives alive; and that this coupled with the disproportionate removal of males and the introduction of new crops from the Americas

20774: 5562:. Malays, Khmers, Indians, and black Africans were also purchased as slaves in the Tang dynasty. Slavery was prevalent until the late 19th century and early 20th century China. All forms of slavery have been illegal in China since 1910. 8839: 7281:. The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501; by 1517, the natives had been "virtually annihilated" mostly to diseases. The problem of the justness of Native American's slavery was a key issue for the Spanish Crown. It was 18949: 9626:, which examined how slaves built community and political understanding while enslaved, so they quickly began to form new associations and institutions when emancipated, including black churches separate from white control. In 2010, 9561:

In the 1970s and 1980s, historians made use of sources such as black music and statistical census data to create a more detailed and nuanced picture of slave life. Relying also on 19th-century autobiographies of ex-slaves (known as

8129:

were those of the outcast or slave class. They are believed to have been war captives or their descendants. Marriage between higher castes and the kauwa was strictly forbidden. The kauwa worked for the chiefs and were often used as

5686:

where it persisted until the seventeenth century. It remained present to a minor extent in the Mughal provinces throughout the seventeenth century and had a notable revival under the Afghans in North India again in the eighteenth

3865:("Golden Law") of 1888. It was an institution in decadence at these times, as since the 1880s the country had begun to use European immigrant labor instead. Brazil was the last nation in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery. 7186:, major sponsor of the Portuguese African expeditions, as of any other merchandise, taxed one fifth of the selling price of the slaves imported to Portugal. By the year 1552 African slaves made up 10 percent of the population of 12577: 10779:

found who would fulfill the same social functions at lower cost. Last, some centralized governmental institutions willing to enforce slave laws had to exist, or else the property aspects of slavery were likely to be chimerical.

2608:

peaked in the late 18th century when the largest number of people were captured and enslaved on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by African states, such as the

3243:, slavery is also a current phenomenon. A Nigerien study has found that more than 800,000 people are enslaved, almost 8% of the population. Niger installed an anti-slavery provision in 2003. In a landmark ruling in 2008, the 14458:

Raymond Mauvy estimates a total of 14 million black slaves were traded in Islam thru the 20th Century, including 300,000 for part of the 20th century. (p. 57, source: "Les Siecles obsurs de l'Afrique Noire" (Paris: Fayard,

9469:, the era's most celebrated and influential expert on slavery, combined a sophisticated portrait of the white planters' life and behavior with crude passing generalizations about the life and behavior of their black slaves. 3416:

can be paid, they may be tortured, forced to work, sometimes worked to death, and eventually they may be executed or left to starve if the payment has not been made after a period of time. Women are often raped and used as

5660:

period (1206–1555), references to the abundant availability of low-priced Indian slaves abound. Levi attributes this primarily to the vast human resources of India, compared to its neighbors to the north and west (India's

3830:

reformers, campaigned during much of the 19th century for Britain to use its influence and power to stop the traffic of slaves to Brazil. Besides moral qualms, the low cost of slave-produced Brazilian sugar meant that the

2674:. It is estimated that over the centuries, twelve to twenty million slaves were shipped from Africa by European traders, of whom some 15 percent died during the terrible voyage, many during the arduous journey through the 7713:

Fisher estimates that in the sixteenth century the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost around 20,000 individuals a year and that from 1474 to 1694, as many as a million Commonwealth citizens were carried off into Crimean

3464:

declined substantially they outsourced part of the slave trade to the Dutch (1685–1687), the Portuguese, the French (1698–1713) and the English (1713–1750), also providing organized depots in the Caribbean islands to the

6341:, and the Near East, especially for slaves of European descent, a market for these slaves rapidly emerged. So lucrative was this market that it spawned an economic boom in central and western Europe, today known as the 9078:

in 1821–23, on the premise that former American slaves would have greater freedom and equality there. Various state colonization societies also had African colonies which were later merged with Liberia, including the

7135:

the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery which legitimized slave trade under Catholic beliefs of that time. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his

17971: 6322:). The Viking slave-trade slowly ended in the 11th century, as the Vikings settled in the European territories they had once raided. They converted serfs to Christianity and themselves merged with the local populace. 7499:, raided European coasts and shipping from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and took thousands of captives, whom they sold or enslaved. Many were held for ransom, and European communities raised funds such as Malta's 7432:

and to his exile to the island of Appa in 1732. The Dutch trading post on this island was extended as the new centre of the slave trade. In 1733, Hertog returned to Jaquim, this time extending the trading post into

2669:

and moreover fierce African resistance. The slaves were brought to coastal outposts where they were traded for goods. The people captured on these expeditions were shipped by European traders to the colonies of the

2394:

Writing in 1998 about the extent of trade coming through and from Africa, the Congolese journalist Elikia M'bokolo wrote "The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the

12044: 9958: 6828:

and his Kazan allies attacked the city and captured thousands of slaves. In 1571, the Crimean Tatars attacked and sacked Moscow, burning everything but the Kremlin and taking thousands of captives as slaves. In

9217:, who founded commissions to investigate and eradicate the institution of slavery and slave trade worldwide. Their efforts continued the work of the first international attempt to address the issue made by the 5527:

laws, the Han dynasty set in place rules that the property of and families of criminals doing three years of hard labor or sentenced to castration were to have their families seized and kept as property by the

9236:(TSC) was founded by the League in 1924, which conducted a global investigation and filed a report, and a convention was drawn up in view of hastening the total abolition of slavery and the slave trade. The 6631:, from 1100 to 1500, the European slave-trade continued, though with a shift from being centered among the Western Mediterranean Islamic nations to the Eastern Christian and Muslim states. The city-states of 3843:

contributed to ending slavery as many slaves enlisted in exchange for freedom. In Colonial Brazil, slavery was more a social than a racial condition. Some of the greatest figures of the time, like the writer

13725: 8257:

who developed a largely pacifist culture. It was originally speculated that they settled the Chathams direct from Polynesia, but it is now widely believed they were disaffected Māori who emigrated from the

7403:

chose the side of the Aja king, causing the Offra office to be destroyed by opposing forces in 1692. By 1650 the Dutch had the pre-eminent slave trade in Europe and South East Asia. Later, trade shifted to

6124:. The origins are not known, but it appears that slavery became an important part of the economy and society only after the establishment of cities. Slavery was common practice and an integral component of 3054:

purgatory and the ship a form of hell. Any Africans who made the journey would have survived extreme disease and malnutrition, as well as trauma from being on the open ocean and the death of their friends.

14859:"Slaves sold to the Turk; How the vile traffic is still carried on in the East. Sights our correspondent saw for twenty dollars—in the house of a grand old Turk of a dealer. (news was reported on March 4)" 4369:, enslaved Africans were arriving in English colonies in larger numbers, and the institution continued to be protected by the British government. Colonists now began purchasing slaves in larger numbers. 19907:

Kolchin p. 135. David and Temin p. 741. The latter authors wrote, "The vantage point correspondingly shifted from that of the master to that of his slave. The reversal culminated in Kenneth M. Stampp's

3698:. 4 million slaves were obtained by Brazil, 1.5 million more than any other country. Starting around 1550, the Portuguese began to trade enslaved Africans to work the sugar plantations, once the native 9362:

As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty. However, illegal forced labour involves millions of people in the 21st century, 43% for sexual exploitation and 32% for economic exploitation.

5169:(Islamic law), children of slaves or prisoners of war could become slaves, but only if they are non-Muslim, leading to the Islamic world to import many slaves from other regions, predominantly Europe. 2002:

Evidence of slavery predates written records; the practice has existed in many cultures and can be traced back 11,000 years ago due to the conditions created by the invention of agriculture during the

2529:

and still have a population density of less than 1 person/km. During the 1870s, European initiatives against the trade of slaves caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan, precipitating the rise of

10494:

Between the Renaissance and the French Revolution, hundreds of thousands of Muslim men and women from the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean were forcibly transported to Western Europe.

1536: 15579:, 1900, reprint (Delhi, 1979), pp. 154, 163. This thirteenth-century source is a Persian translation of an (apparently lost) eighth-century Arabic manuscript detailing the Islamic conquests of Sind. 4713:

and quickly organized a territorial government that excluded abolitionists. Through the machinery of the territory and violence, the pro-slavery faction attempted to force the unpopular pro-slavery

2091: 18706: 2863:"The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth...the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery." 9325: 4610:

suggesting that people "ought not" enslave adults, but there was no enforcement of this suggestion. Vermont entered the United States in 1791 with the same constitutional provisions. Through the

11577:

The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained From His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi

11544:

The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained From His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi

11514:

The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi

6913:. The Norse also took German, Baltic, Slavic and Latin slaves. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 9th through 11th centuries. The 10th-century Persian traveller 16440: 6682:

captured over 35,000 Ukrainians; a 1676 raid took almost 40,000. About 60,000 Ukrainians were captured in 1688; some were ransomed, but most were sold into slavery. Some 150,000–200,000 of the

7300:, where sugarcane production was highly profitable based on slave labor, African slavery persisted until 1873 in Puerto Rico "with provisions for periods of apprenticeship", and 1886 in Cuba. 4189:

in 1793, one of the earliest anti-slavery acts in the world. The institution was formally banned throughout most of the British Empire, including the Canadas in 1834, after the passage of the

3718:

on 12 February 1761, slavery continued in her overseas colonies. Slavery was practiced among all classes. slaves were owned by upper and middle classes, by the poor, and even by other slaves.

7840:

seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade.

2948:

was widespread and poor sanitary conditions at ports did not help. Since supplies were poor, slaves were not equipped with the best clothing, meaning they were even more exposed to diseases.

18961: 9485:

His portrayal of blacks as passive, inferior people, whose African origins made them uncivilized, seemed to provide historical evidence for the theories of racial inferiority that supported

9163:

of the same year) included in its first sentence the concept of the "principles of humanity and universal morality" as justification for ending a trade that was "odious in its continuance".

7722:

It seems that the position and everyday conditions of a slave depended largely on his/her owner. Some slaves indeed could spend the rest of their days doing exhausting labor: as the Crimean

5945:

were family property. People would become slaves when they incurred a debt. Slaves could also be taken during wars, and slave trading was common. Torajan slaves were sold and shipped out to

9255:(ACE). The ACE conducted a major international investigation on slavery and slave trade, inspecting all the colonial empires and the territories under their control between 1934 and 1939. 5436:, as slaves. Ancient historians who visited India offer the closest insights into the nature of Indian society and slavery in other ancient civilizations. For example, the Greek historian 12825: 8485: 7812:

circulate through every vein." The decision proved to be a milestone in the British abolitionist movement, though slavery was not abolished in the British Empire until the passage of the

3981:

monopoly. Ricks concludes that the Queen's "connection to slave trade revenue meant that she was no longer a neutral observer. She had a vested interest in what happened on slave ships."

2139: 7702:(modern Feodosia) became one of the best-known and significant trading ports and slave markets. In 1769 the last major Tatar raid saw the capture of 20,000 Russian and Ruthenian slaves. 12566: 3322:, Nigeria. They broke into the school, pretending to be guards, telling the girls to get out and come with them. A large number of students were taken away in trucks, possibly into the 16320: 9465:

During the first half of the twentieth century, a major component of this approach was often simply racism, manifest in the belief that blacks were, at best, imitative of whites. Thus

8931:

and the Convention ratified this action by officially abolishing slavery in all French territories outside mainland France, freeing all the slaves both for moral and security reasons.

16652:

Whatever currency was in use , it was not coin—as in other pre-coin economies, there was a system of conventional valuations in which female slaves, for example, were important units.

16259: 16220: 13716:

Mark Edelman, "A Central American Genocide: Rubber, Slavery, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Guatusos-Malekus," Comparative Studies in Society and History (1998), 40: 356–390.

12685: 14686:

Youval Rotman, "Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World", transl. by Jane Marie Todd, Cambridge, Massachusetts – London, Harvard University Press 2009. Book presentation in a)

7645:

in 1818 discussed possible retaliation. In 1820 a British fleet under Admiral Sir Harry Neal bombarded Algiers. Corsair activity based in Algiers did not entirely cease until France

5579:, starting in the 8th century, also resulted in hundreds of thousands of Indians being enslaved by the invading armies, one of the earliest being the armies of the Umayyad commander 19996: 10363:

In Sumer, as in most ancient societies, the institution of slavery existed as an integral part of the social and economic structure. Sumer was not, however, a slavery based economy.

13791: 10234:

Smith, Eric Alden; Hill, Kim; Marlowe, Frank; Nolin, David; Wiessner, Polly; Gurven, Michael; Bowles, Samuel; Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff; Hertz, Tom; Bell, Adrian (February 2010).

8956:. The goal of re-establishing slavery explicitly contradicted the ideals of the French Revolution. The French soldiers were unable to cope with tropical diseases, and most died of 11308: 9067:. The 1688 Petition was the first American public document of its kind to protest slavery, and in addition was one of the first public documents to define universal human rights. 4729:

administration reneging on a promise to submit the constitution to a referendum—which would surely fail. Anti-slavery legislators took office under the banner of the newly formed

4179:. In Lower Canada, for example, after court decisions in the late 1790s, the "slave could not be compelled to serve longer than he would, and ... might leave his master at will." 3049:

Surviving the voyage was the main struggle. Close quarters meant everyone was infected by any diseases that spread, including the crew. Death was so common that ships were called

11542: 7726:(minister) Sefer Gazi Aga mentions in one of his letters, the slaves were often "a plough and a scythe" of their owners. Most terrible, perhaps, was the fate of those who became 16107: 14170: 4903: 4769: 2840:

grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the trade of slaves with Europe; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold, and carried to the Americas in

9251:(CES) to review the result and enforcement of the 1926 Slavery Convention, which resulted in a new international investigation under the first permanent slavery committee, the 8394:

Although there were numerous slave revolts in the Caribbean, the only successful uprising came in the French colony of Haiti in the 1790s, where the slaves rose up, killed the

22056: 20424: 8197:

As far as it is possible to tell, slavery seems to have increased in the early-19th century with increased numbers of prisoners being taken by Māori military leaders (such as

2927:"We think this trade must go on. That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests. They say that your country, however great, can never stop a trade ordained by God himself." 17975: 8804:

on 25 March 1807, coming into effect the following year. The act imposed a fine of £100 for every slave found aboard a British ship. The intention was to outlaw entirely the

3707: 19912:(1956), which rejected both the characterization of blacks as a biologically and culturally inferior, childlike people, and the depiction of the white planters as paternal 5199:

Slavery played a notable role in the economy of the Byzantine Empire. Many slaves were sourced from wars within the Mediterranean and Europe while others were sourced from

14576: 8012:

began to release political prisoners and close down the camps. By the end of the 1950s, virtually all "corrective labor camps" were reorganized, mostly into the system of

7698:

maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Poland-Lithuania over the period 1500–1700.

6727:

and conquests in the 13th century also resulted in taking numerous captives into slavery. The Mongols enslaved skilled individuals, women and children and marched them to

16284: 12244: 11935:

Baepler, B. "White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition." White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition by Baepler. University of Chicago Press, n.d. Web. 7 January 2013. p. 5

3185:

in Togo and Benin, young virgin girls are given as slaves to traditional shrines and are used sexually by the priests in addition to providing free labor for the shrine.

12039: 8057:, literally, "children without family care"). After the reformation of the camps into the Gulag, the term "corrective labor colony" essentially encompassed labor camps. 7859:

After 1833, the freed African slaves declined employment in the cane fields. This led to the importation of indentured labour again – mainly from India, and also China.

2376:

estimated that there were 2,000,000 slaves in the early 1930s, out of an estimated population of between 8 and 16 million. It was finally abolished by order of emperor

10073: 5748:, many peasants were compelled to sell their women and children into slavery to meet the land revenue demand. Slavery was officially abolished in British India by the 1662: 8269:

Two Taranaki tribes, Ngati Tama and Ngati Mutunga, displaced by the Musket Wars, carried out a carefully planned invasion of the Chatham Islands, 800 km east of

7948:) to provide labor in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges or work on farms. By 1944, 20% of all workers were foreigners, either civilians or 7628:. On his first visit, Lord Exmouth negotiated satisfactory treaties and sailed for home. While he was negotiating, a number of Sardinian fishermen who had settled at 21217: 16969: 2391:

at the turn of the 20th century, approximately 2 million to 2.5 million people living there were enslaved. Slavery in northern Nigeria was finally outlawed in 1936.

1791:

populations, particularly as hereditary slavery, but the conditions of agriculture with increasing social and economic complexity offer greater opportunity for mass

18147: 18099: 18072: 12487: 7420:, which according to sources was established around 1670. Political unrest caused the Dutch to abandon their trading post at Ouidah in 1725, and they then moved to 5381:

that there were gangs trading white slaves during his term in Constantinople. He also reports that Armenian girls were sold as slaves during the Armenian Genocide.

22032: 8682: 8478: 7434: 7425: 6017:

for enslaving Yazidi women whom they consider to be from a heretical sect. IS claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement is part of the old

5966: 5741:, W.H. Moreland observed, "it became a fashion to raid a village or group of villages without any obvious justification, and carry off the inhabitants as slaves." 2800:

believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law. When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally slaves to sell, he wrote letters to the King

18685: 16422: 7683:

to enslave people whom they could capture; for each captive, the khan received a fixed share (savğa) of 10% or 20%. These campaigns by Crimean forces were either

3628:, who had been taken alive when his ship was captured in 1802; his memoir provides a detailed look at life as a slave, and asserts that a large number were held. 21252: 7413: 5222:

After the fall of the Byzantine empire thousands of Byzantine citizens were enslaved, with 30,000–50,000 citizens being enslaved by the Ottoman Empire after the

15530:

Andre Wink, Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, Seventh to Eleventh Centuries (Leiden, 1990)

12600: 9274:

was formally abolished by law in almost the entire world, with the exception of the Arabian Peninsula and some parts of Africa. Chattel slavery was still legal

7691:("despoiling" – raids undertaken by groups of noblemen, sometimes illegally because they contravened treaties concluded by the khans with neighbouring rulers). 3412:

African migrants trying to get to Europe through Libya and selling them on slave markets. Slaves are often ransomed to their families and in the meantime until

2730:

crossing. They described their only pain in the heart, and placed the hand correctly on the spot, though many think the organ stands high up in the breast-bone.

9992: 9132: 8793: 1847:

from the 7th to the 20th century. Islamic law approved of enslavement of non-Muslims, and slaves were trafficked from non-Muslim lands: from the North via the

1526: 1057: 20865:

Wyman‐McCarthy, Matthew. "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview." History Compass 16.10 (2018): e12480.

19122: 12513: 9381:

Human beings are born free, and no one has the right to enslave, humiliate, oppress or exploit them, and there can be no subjugation but to God the Most-High.

4693:, where the question of whether it would be admitted to the Union as a slave state or a free state had been left to the inhabitants. The radical abolitionist 22144: 9594: 9474: 6766:

sacked Moscow, burning the city and carrying off thousands of inhabitants as slaves. Between 1414 and 1423, some 10,000 eastern European slaves were sold in

6333:, raids and wars to the east generated a steady supply of slaves from the Slavic captives of these regions. Because of high demand for slaves in the wealthy 6292:

raided across Europe, but took the most slaves in raids on the British Isles and in Eastern Europe. While the Vikings kept some slaves as servants, known as

17996:

Garcia Anoveros, J.M. Carlos V y la abolicion de la exclavitud de los indios, Causas, evolucion y circunstancias. Revista de Indias, 2000, vol. LX, núm. 218

11267: 21044: 19375: 18510: 10061: 9352: 9318: 8737: 4626:

in the slave trade, and also banned the export of slaves from America to other countries. However, little effort was made to enforce this legislation. The

4287: 1411: 783: 520: 19686:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 323-324

15085: 1820:(c. 1750 BC), which refers to it as an established institution. Slavery was widespread in the ancient world in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. 20097: 18737: 10056: 9060: 8908: 8471: 7892: 7012:

into galley-slaves. Several well-known historical figures served time as galley slaves after being captured by the enemy—the Ottoman corsair and admiral

1147: 788: 17178: 14675: 11441: 9510:

Americans either as "children", ignorant dupes manipulated by unscrupulous whites, or as savages, their primal passions unleashed by the end of slavery.

6678:

From the 1440s into the 18th century, Europeans from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, and England were sold into slavery by North Africans. In 1575, the

4041:

a free republic. Thus Haiti became the second independent nation in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States, as a result of the only successful

3839:

First, foreign trade of slaves was banned in 1850. Then, in 1871, the sons of the slaves were freed. In 1885, slaves aged over 60 years were freed. The

22600: 18762: 13419: 10592: 8515: 6136:

owned at least one slave. Most ancient writers considered slavery not only natural but necessary, but some isolated debate began to appear, notably in

5538:, Vietnam was a great source of slave girls who were used as sex slaves in China. The slave girls of Viet were even eroticized in Tang dynasty poetry. 4503: 3004:

During the period from the late 19th century and early 20th century, demand for the labour-intensive harvesting of rubber drove frontier expansion and

19695:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 326

7832:. Thereafter Britain took a prominent role in combating the trade, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire (except for India) with the 5783:

average price for a young woman was 300 rupees, and the average price for a small child 25 rupees. The slaves, it was noted, were often half starved.

5371:, many indigenous Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Christian women and children were carried off as slaves by the Ottoman Turks and their Kurdish allies. 16448: 16404: 12350: 12058: 7285:

who gave a definite answer to this complicated and delicate matter. To that end, on 25 November 1542, the Emperor abolished slavery by decree in his

4647: 4420: 3601: 19487:

Girard, Philippe R. (2005). "Liberte, Egalite, Esclavage: French Revolutionary Ideals and the Failure of the Leclerc Expedition to Saint-Domingue".

4941:

took control of all the southern states, and blacks lost nearly all the political power they had achieved during Reconstruction. By 1900, they also

4087:

for all was legally granted ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838, making Trinidad the first British colony with slaves to completely abolish slavery.

3378:

claimed responsibility for the kidnappings emerged. Shekau claimed that "Allah instructed me to sell them...I will carry out his instructions" and "

21212: 17152: 15271: 13858: 12949: 10282:

Summary characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCSS). Social stratification Hereditary slavery 24% .

7480: 6004: 4195:

in the British parliament. These measures resulted in a number of Black people (free and slaves) from the United States moving to Canada after the

3813:. At these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves to join their communities. 3525:

and debtors. People unable to pay back debts could be sentenced to work as slaves to the people owed until the debts were worked off, as a form of

480: 19093: 18668:, Virginia, two white men, Charles Quin and David White, were hanged for the murder of another white man's black slave; and on 21 April 1775, the 17373: 16529: 22554: 19262: 10618: 10384:

e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves" Code of Laws No. 307, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".

4730: 4587:

decision in Scotland in 1778. Between 1764 and 1774, seventeen slaves appeared in Massachusetts courts to sue their owners for freedom. In 1766,

3386:." He said the girls should not have been in school and instead should have been married since girls as young as nine are suitable for marriage. 12829: 12774: 21242: 17453: 15554:

Andre Wink, Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 2, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th centuries (Leiden, 1997)

14575:

Lenski, Noel (6 March 2021). "Slavery in the Byzantine Empire". In Perry, Craig; Eltis, David; Richardson, David; Engerman, Stanley L. (eds.).

11863: 9407:

estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally, including 5.5 million children, of which 55% are women and girls.

9050: 5737:

chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity. About the

3964:

like Virginia to make laws that promoted the importation of slaves. Anne had secretly negotiated with France to get its approval regarding the

2493:

The increased presence of European rivals along the East coast led Arab traders to concentrate on the overland slave caravan routes across the

835: 16884: 4148:) whereas the other third were of African descent. They were house servants and farm workers. The number of slaves of color increased during 2287:

in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of slaves. In the 19th century at least half the population was enslaved among the

19759: 19586: 18541: 16490: 14992: 14126: 9774: 9396: 9152: 7718:

Early modern sources are full of descriptions of sufferings of Christian slaves captured by the Crimean Tatars in the course of their raids:

5158:

practices of the Ancient Near East, and these practices were radically different at times, depending on social-political factors such as the

4942: 4796: 18631: 17667:

Niklas Thode Jensen, and Simonsen, Gunvor. "Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950–2016."

16374: 16270: 15028: 13918: 4005:

to slaves and responsibilities to the master, who was obliged to feed, clothe and provide for the general well-being of his human property.

18196: 13108: 10959:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875 Statutes at Large, 9th Congress, 2nd Session" 10108: 9981: 9218: 8550: 8446: 4241: 3879: 2236:) in the 17th century. In 1807 Britain (which already held a small coastal territory, intended for the resettlement of formerly slaves, in 1531: 1381: 20152:

Engerman, Stanley L. (1972). "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A Comment on the Williams Thesis".

17642: 12263: 11062: 9359:. Article 4 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations. 6483:

remained a slave market until well into the late 18th century. One thousand slaves were required to man the galleys (ships) of the Order.

5882:

and did most of the heavy work. Between the 17th and the early 20th centuries one-quarter to one-third of the population of some areas of

21016: 13797: 11244: 5576: 3874: 862: 19810: 18405: 14764: 13082: 11312: 6035:

and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".

4293: 3612:, were traditionally known as fierce warriors and slave-traders, raiding as far as California. Slavery was hereditary, the slaves being 3363:, with sightings reported of the students crossing borders with the militants, and sightings of the students by villagers living in the 2521:

in 1870. The trade of slaves represented the major source of revenue for the state of Bornu as late as 1898. The eastern regions of the

2421: 21222: 17831: 16055: 12851: 11746: 10531: 9374: 9313:

worked for the UN to continue the investigation of global slavery conducted by the ACE of the League, and in February 1950 the Ad hoc

8428: 8153: 7961: 7658: 5249: 4575:

began to follow England when, in 1772, England became the first country in the world to outlaw the slave trade within its borders (see

1608: 360: 19780: 17941: 17413:"Slave hunting and slave redemption as a business enterprise: The northern Black Sea region in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries" 16787: 16118: 14270: 5162:. Two rough estimates by scholars of the number of slaves held over twelve centuries in Muslim lands are 11.5 million and 14 million. 22568: 21326: 21109: 19598: 12395: 9455:

of the 1950s. Attention shifted to the enslaved humans, the free blacks, and the struggles of the black community against adversity.

8403: 7262: 5914: 4777: 4513:

established a model in which a rigid social hierarchy placed slaves under the absolute authority of their master. With the rise of a

4236: 2399:, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the 810: 19369: 19215: 16813: 16135: 13376:

The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe

8229:, although it did not end completely until government was effectively extended over the whole of the country with the defeat of the 3931:, began the widespread use of enslaved Africans by the end of the 17th century, as their economies converted from sugar production. 22549: 22323: 21037: 19341: 18006: 16241: 13031: 12971: 12215: 10686: 9711: 9252: 9226: 8853: 8727: 8640: 8141:. (They were not the only sacrifices; law-breakers of all castes or defeated political opponents were also acceptable as victims.) 7849: 6281:. As a commonly traded commodity, like cattle, slaves could become a form of internal or trans-border currency. Slavery during the 5492:. The Qin government confiscated the property and enslaved the families of those who received castration as a punishment for rape. 4722: 4094:

to do the same. France, too, abolished slavery. By then Saint-Domingue had already won its independence and formed the independent

3737:

and its major tributaries, repeated slaving raids and punitive attacks left their mark. One French traveler in the 1740s described

3217:

it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are currently enslaved, many of them used as

1581: 1401: 574: 17305: 12535: 6503:

converted the household slaves into house serfs. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier, in 1679.

2951:

On top of the fear of disease, people were afraid of why they were being captured. The popular assumption was that Europeans were

2228:

in the export traffic, with its trafficking of slaves from Africa to the Americas. The Dutch imported slaves from Asia into their

20831: 16338: 15898:

Library of Congress, 1992, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"

14528: 14081: 9607: 8432: 8279:

Some Māori took Moriori partners. The state of enslavement of Moriori lasted until the 1860s although it had been discouraged by

7363: 5982: 4675: 4340: 4167:

ended through case law; having died out in the early 19th century through judicial actions litigated on behalf of slaves seeking

4037:

switched sides, in October 1802. On 1 January 1804, Dessalines, the new leader under the dictatorial 1801 constitution, declared

2777:

and civil wars became commonplace. Crimes which were previously punishable by some other means became punishable by enslavement.

2224:

on the land, in industry, as couriers and intermediaries, even as traders". During the 16th century, Europe began to outpace the

1739: 15955:"Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States" 4640: 22486: 22307: 22227: 17892: 10958: 10028: 9737: 9103:

Slaves in the United States who escaped ownership would often make their way to the Northern United States and Canada via the "

6318:. In the West, their target populations were primarily English, Irish, and Scottish, while in the East they were mainly Slavs ( 6278: 5709:

later tried to stop). Wars, famines, pestilences drove many villagers to sell their children as slaves. The Muslim conquest of

5501: 5260: 4976: 4144: 4048: 1836: 845: 263: 17880: 17481:"The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves: An Aspect of Muscovite-Crimean Relations in the 16th and 17th Centuries" 17226: 15245: 14152: 4339:

Historians are undecided if the legal practice of slavery began in the colony because at least some of them had the status of

1941:

remains an international problem. An estimated 25–40 million people were enslaved as of 2013, the majority of these in

22259: 22088: 19677:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216

19058: 17738: 17037: 16153: 14800: 14758: 14136: 13689: 13644: 13617: 13572: 13519: 13491: 11852:

Equiano, Olaudah. The Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa: The African. Publisher Isaac Knapp. Boston. 1837. Chapter 2.

11474: 10993: 10942: 10638: 10416: 9998: 9356: 9259: 8530: 7503:

to buy back their citizens. The raids gradually ended with the naval decline of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th and 17th

7277:, due to a shortage of labor caused by the spread of diseases, and so the Spanish colonists gradually became involved in the 5212: 4873:

By 1862 most northern leaders realized that the mainstay of Southern secession, slavery, had to be attacked head-on. All the

4636: 4510: 4131: 2581:

engaged in by Portuguese, American, Dutch, Danish-Norwegians, French, British and others. Ships having landed with slaves in

1911: 1423: 1100: 872: 20949:

American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the plantation Regime

17372:

Inalcik, Halil (1979). "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire". In Ascher, Abraham; Halasi-Kun, Tibor; Király, Béla K (eds.).

16195: 11843:

Miller, Joseph. "West Central Africa." The Way of Death. University of Wisconsin. 1988. pp. 380–87, 389–91, 398–405, 440–41.

6786:

routinely made raids on Russian principalities for slaves and to plunder towns. Russian chronicles record about 40 raids by

6165:

city-states, about 30% of the population consisted of slaves, but paid and slave labor seem to have been equally important.

22104: 20871:

Zeuske, Michael. "Historiography and Research Problems of Slavery and the Slave Trade in a Global-Historical Perspective."

16694:

McCormick, Michael (1 November 2002). "New Light on the 'Dark Ages': How the Slave Trade Fuelled the Carolingian Economy".

12300: 11381:

Moore-Harell, Alice (1998). "Slave Trade in the Sudan in the Nineteenth Century and Its Suppression in the Years 1877–80".

11136: 9976: 9229:, and when the League of Nations was founded in 1920, a need was felt to revise and continue the struggle against slavery. 8949: 8765:

ruled that it was unlawful for a slave to be forcibly taken abroad. The case has since been misrepresented as finding that

7500: 7234: 4216: 2984:, with their male protectors being a "bycatch" who would have been killed if there had not been an export market for them. 2685:

Arab slave traders and their captives along the Ruvuma river (in today's Tanzania and Mozambique), 19th-century drawing by

1615: 1576: 1219: 17682: 16175: 14102: 11673: 5970: 21912: 21030: 18188:

Vink Markus, "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century,"

18151: 18103: 18076: 16339:"Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas," 12756: 12686:"Muslims Are Taking Countless Africans As Slaves, Starving Them To Death, Selling Them And Taking The Women To Rape Them" 9392: 9156: 8785: 8616: 8608: 8600: 8592: 7601: 4545: 2980:

and neighbouring areas half a century later. There has also been speculation that within Africa, females were most often

2819:. As one of West Africa's principal slave states, Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples. Like the 2034: 1657: 1294: 954: 805: 601: 510: 21464: 17378:. Studies on society in change, no.3. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn College Press, Distributed by Columbia University Press. 15371: 13390: 11641: 7140:

bull of 1455. These papal bulls came to serve as a justification for the subsequent era of the slave trade and European

6247:

in Anglesey, an iron gang chain dated to 100 BCE-50 CE was found, over 3 metres long with neck-rings for five captives.

3663: 3165:

within the offended family. In this instance, the woman does not gain the title or status of "wife". In parts of Ghana,

22443: 22315: 21546: 21079: 20784: 20687: 20461: 19937: 19892: 19865: 19716: 19632: 19312: 19161: 18994: 18652: 18597: 18336: 18275: 18045: 17867: 17839: 17692: 16797: 16747: 16678: 16638: 15919: 15686: 15642: 15486: 15452: 15415: 15381: 15322: 15143: 15109: 15002: 14912: 14413: 13842: 13354: 13292: 13225: 11920: 11802: 11194: 11045: 10914: 10515: 10177: 10068: 9063:

to their local Quaker Meeting. It was ignored for 150 years but in 1844 it was rediscovered and was popularized by the

8762: 8420: 7897: 7817: 7642: 5591:

rose to power following his master's death. For almost a century, his descendants ruled North-Central India in form of

4874: 4734: 4084: 4010: 3810: 1677: 1371: 1125: 20468:

Humanitarian Intervention and Changing Labor Relations: The Long-Term Consequences of the Abolition of the Slave Trade

20274: 16356: 8441: 6269:

The chaos of invasion and frequent warfare also resulted in victorious parties taking slaves throughout Europe in the

3739:

hundreds of miles of river banks with no sign of human life and once-thriving villages that were devastated and empty.

1977: 22544: 22504: 20902: 20705: 20669: 19546: 16989: 16981: 15255: 14676:

https://www.lse.ac.uk/Economic-History/Assets/Documents/Research/GEHN/GEHNConferences/conf10/Conf10-ClarenceSmith.pdf

14656: 14629: 14594: 14046: 13883: 13186: 12321: 11606: 11552: 10738: 10450: 10349: 10318: 10214: 10051: 10023: 9965: 9404: 9400: 9391:

Currently, the Anti-trafficking Coordination Team Initiative (ACT Team Initiative), a coordinated effort between the

9108: 9064: 9046: 8869: 7061:

as a free republic in 1804 ruled by blacks, the first of its kind. At the time of the revolution, Haiti was known as

5903: 4799:, which was dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery. Republicans gained a majority in every northern state by 4413: 4149: 4095: 3296: 1499: 1376: 800: 569: 436: 19130: 17535: 15566:

Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Utbi, Tarikh al-Yamini (Delhi, 1847), tr. by James Reynolds, The Kitab-i-Yamini (London, 1858),

8035:

were officially called "Corrective labor camps." The term "labor colony"; more exactly, "Corrective labor colony", (

3557:, or extended family, would decide which family member to send to do the work. It is unclear if this labor draft or 2557:

annually and similar figures has been estimated for enslaved people brought from Asia to the Philippines during the

22641: 22592: 22363: 19668:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. 100-121

17928:

Escravos e Traficantes no Império Português: O comércio negreiro português no Atlântico durante os séculos XV a XIX

17253: 17182: 13899: 11815: 11772: 10375: 9901: 8801: 8535: 8324:

industry; this was about a third of the island's population and included much of the island's leadership, the last

7911: 7297: 6996:

lived and worked in such harsh conditions that many did not survive their terms of sentence, even if they survived

6930: 6718: 6277:, himself captured and sold as a slave, protested against an attack that enslaved newly baptized Christians in his 6038:

IS announced the revival of slavery as an institution. In 2015 the official slave prices set by IS were following:

5986: 5922: 5377: 4832:" would overwhelm the North and win support from Europe voted to secede from the U.S. (the Union). They formed the 4809: 4749: 4314: 4283: 3984:

By 1778, the French were importing approximately 13,000 Africans for enslavement yearly to the French West Indies.

3912: 3512: 3144: 1630: 840: 825: 771: 456: 446: 441: 270: 126: 19414: 18326: 17594: 8920: 8283:

in northern New Zealand from the late 1820s. In 1870 Ngati Mutunga, one of the invading tribes, argued before the

8276:

Some 300 Moriori men, women and children were massacred and the remaining 1,200 to 1,300 survivors were enslaved.

4321:) with the first recorded slaves from Africa to Virginia. The approximately 20 Africans were from the present-day 3440: 1346: 22534: 22096: 20800: 18426:"Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate" 12608: 11271: 10118: 9248: 9222: 8849:

was abolished in 1928. A study found practices of domestic slavery still widespread in rural areas in the 1970s.

8661: 8555: 6144: 5779: 5330:

were taken from their homes and families, brought up as Muslims, and enlisted into the most famous branch of the

5186: 1625: 1396: 202: 18523: 13535: 11206: 22576: 21283: 21227: 20660: 20636:

Hershenzon, Daniel. "Towards a connected history of bondage in the Mediterranean: Recent trends in the field."

20631: 19980: 19573: 17383: 17356: 17288: 17113: 17063: 15061: 12121: 10820: 10799: 9891: 8624: 7676: 7247: 5807: 5722:, a large number of captives were taken. Muslim soldiers were permitted to retain and enslave POWs as plunder. 5341: 4817: 4607: 4452: 4438: 4423:

bans the enslavement or forced servitude of any white or negro for more than ten years or beyond the age of 24.

3916: 3541:

were prisoners of war or slaves. Slavery was not usually hereditary; children of slaves were born free. In the

3140: 2959:

accounts his experience about the sorrow slaves encountered at the ports. He talks about his first moment on a

2070: 1095: 1083: 663: 475: 121: 20094: 18247: 15663:

Henry M. Elliot and John Dowson, History of India as told by its own Historians, 8 vols (London, 1867–77), II,

13660: 8845:

Domestic slavery practised by the educated African coastal elites (as well as interior traditional rulers) in

7974:

as part of the reparations to be extracted. By 1947, it is estimated that 400,000 Germans (both civilians and

7034:

in 1792, to become fully effective by 1803. Slavery as an institution was not banned until 1848. At this time

4650:

in the Northern states. While the United Kingdom did not ban slavery throughout most of the empire, including

22424: 22251: 22156: 22040: 21907: 21742: 21319: 21099: 20993: 20624:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800

18692: 16077: 14538: 14217: 12146: 11088: 10792:

Slavery Metaphors in Early Judaism and Pauline Christianity: A Traditio-historical and Exegetical Examination

9866: 9567: 9306: 9283: 9071: 8632: 7991: 7634: 7282: 7251: 6408: 6392: 5535: 5524: 5256: 5235: 4833: 4773: 4615: 4537: 3947: 3478: 3315: 3112: 3088: 2816: 1922:

their nations' involvement in it. Practical efforts to enforce the abolition of slavery included the British

1667: 1450: 311: 20574:

Nederlands Elmina: een socio-economische analyse van de Tweede Westindische Compagnie in West-Afrika in 1715

17105:

Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800

10596: 10344:. Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society. Vol. 1. New York: A&C Black. p. 7. 9074:, the primary vehicle for returning black Americans to greater freedom in Africa, established the colony of 8453: 8194:, slaves – unless released, ransomed or eaten. With some exceptions, the child of a slave remained a slave. 7069:

gave up on Haiti in 1803, but reestablished slavery in Guadeloupe and Martinique in 1804, at the request of

22584: 22539: 22205: 21896: 21803: 21700: 21247: 21232: 21061: 16264: 16180: 15881:"Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War" 13427: 10038: 9370: 9233: 9056: 8715: 8266:

left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s.

7098: 6538:("Not Angles, but Angels"), after a response to his query regarding the identity of a group of fair-haired 6512: 5733:

is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern

5302: 4946: 4848: 4279: 4220: 4208: 3957: 3935: 3672: 3652: 3274: 3247:

declared that the Republic of Niger failed to protect Hadijatou Mani Koraou from slavery, and awarded Mani

3043: 2255:, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved. In early Islamic states of the 1672: 1516: 1386: 1047: 815: 795: 355: 323: 21476: 19193: 15929:"Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" 15863: 14113: 12663: 12062: 9091:. These societies assisted in the movement of thousands of African Americans to Liberia, with ACS founder 8856:, founded in 1839 and having gone several name changes since, still exists as Anti-Slavery International. 7803:

in 1772 was generally taken at the time to have decided that the condition of slavery did not exist under

7646: 7214:- whose main activity was precisely the trafficking of slaves, mostly black Africans, to Brazilian lands. 7144:, although for a short period as in 1462 Pius II declared slavery to be "a great crime". Unlike Portugal, 6199:

came from all over Europe and the Mediterranean. Slaves were used for labor, and also for amusement (e.g.

5023:

slavery was common practice, dating back to the very earliest recorded civilisations in the world such as

4498:

tobacco industry was increasingly dominated by large planters. This caused domestic unrest culminating in

4317:, but flying a Dutch flag arrived at Point Comfort, Virginia (several miles downstream from the colony of 2940:("Luanda sickness," after the port in Angola). The assumption for those who died on the journey died from 42: 22631: 22608: 22509: 22355: 21711: 21288: 21069: 19732: 15346: 14858: 12281: 11989: 11252: 10878: 10078: 9896: 9624:

A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration

9574: 9440: 9416: 8732: 8222:

Christianity had become established in the north of New Zealand, and large numbers of slaves were freed.

7778: 7625: 7120:

exploration of the African coast is commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism. In 1452,

6934: 6858: 6471:

attacked pirates and Muslim shipping, and their base became a centre for slave trading, selling captured

6426: 6311: 6081: 5468: 3589: 3508: 3136: 1960: 1732: 1682: 1406: 1324: 451: 232: 52: 20725:(Verso; 2011) 498 pp; on slavery and abolition in the Americas from the 16th to the late 19th centuries. 20188: 19099: 18789: 18299: 17156: 16535: 16302: 14408:

Hopkins, Keith (31 January 1981). Conquerors and Slaves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101.

14062: 13738:"Where the Landing of the First Africans in English North America Really Fits in the History of Slavery" 12788: 8152:

in 1819, and with it the distinction between the kauwā slave class and the makaʻāinana (commoners). The

5488:

slaves of the Qin dynasty state and as a result they were made to do forced labor, on projects like the

5215:. Exchanges of prisoners became a regular feature of the relations between the Byzantine Empire and the 3538: 2481:

Prior to the 16th century, the bulk of slaves exported from Africa were shipped from East Africa to the

22120: 21901: 21346: 21125: 21053: 20195:

Stanley L. Engerman (2012). "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century".

17762: 17389: 15897: 14816: 14470: 12983: 12196: 11334: 9970: 9570: 9443: 9310: 9201: 8567: 7833: 7813: 7339: 7315: 7108: 7021: 6954: 6586: 6256: 6191:

expanded outward, it enslaved entire populations, thus ensuring an ample supply of laborers to work in

5174: 4966: 4792: 4679: 4659: 4572: 4478: 4474: 4427: 4191: 3683: 3084: 2373: 2186: 1927: 1591: 1443: 1428: 1319: 515: 185: 20138:

David Richardson, "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807," in P.J. Marshall, ed.

18488:"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources" 18011: 17480: 13588: 11169: 9025:

Slavery in the French colonies was finally abolished in 1848, three months after the beginning of the

8411:

diplomatic pressure slowly put an end to the trade, and eventually to the practice of slavery itself.

7198:. In the 15th century, one-third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold. 2678:. The great majority were shipped to the Americas, but some also went to Europe and Southern Africa. 22417: 22080: 22048: 21813: 21278: 19811:"Which countries have the highest rates of modern slavery and most victims? - World | ReliefWeb" 19656:

The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time, Published by s.n., 1816 Volume 32.

19436: 18177: 16718: 16577: 15880: 14854: 12474: 12381: 9849: 9128: 9100:, an enthusiastic supporter of Clay, adopted his position on returning the blacks to their own land. 9026: 7293: 7078: 6117: 6111: 5857: 5649: 5352: 4890: 4718: 4694: 3206: 3199: 2454: 2351:

and Cameroon was half-slave in the 19th century. It is estimated that up to 90% of the population of

2168: 1946: 1864: 1776:. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. The social, 1687: 1586: 1117: 1105: 695: 668: 173: 21591: 18365: 17457: 13817: 13763:

Vaughan, Alden T. (1989). "The Origins Debate: Slavery and Racism in Seventeenth-Century Virginia".

10661: 8047:), was also in use, most notably the ones for underaged (16 years or younger) convicts and captured 6597:

and Maltese corsairs both raided for slaves and purchased slaves from European merchants, often the

4556: 4211:

settling in Canada. During the mid-19th century, British North America served as a terminus for the

3733:

and native ancestry, penetrated steadily westward in their search for Indians to enslave. Along the

22128: 21773: 21312: 21005: 20370: 19180: 18669: 18518: 18390: 17909: 16888: 15681:

Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Brill Academic (Leiden),

15637:

Andre Wink (1991), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1, Brill Academic (Leiden),

14687: 13636:

A Plea for Emigration; or Notes of Canada West: A Broadview Anthology of British Literature Edition

9953: 9844: 9531: 9020: 8944: 8832: 8777:, took place in Scotland five years later and ruled slavery to be contrary to the law of Scotland. 7400: 7335: 7309: 7254: 7031: 6453: 6360: 6014: 5799: 5749: 4949:

working as laborers, sharecroppers or tenant farmers; a small proportion owned their own land. The

4878: 4402: 4398: 3928: 3379: 3222: 3209:

people were taken into slavery; estimates of abductions range from 14,000 to 200,000. Abduction of

2577:, endured by slaves laid out in rows in the holds of ships, was only one element of the well-known 2522: 2471: 2450: 2176: 1872: 1467: 1336: 889: 678: 163: 64: 21568: 20598:

Verhulst, Adriaan. "The decline of slavery and the economic expansion of the Early Middle Ages."

19706: 19602: 18545: 17733:. Hideaki Suzuki, 鈴木英明. Singapore: NUS Press, National University of Singapore. 2016. p. 32. 16494: 12098: 11581: 11518: 7600:

In order to neutralise this objection and further the anti-slavery campaign, in 1816 Britain sent

7530:

Ireland, despite its northern position, was not immune from attacks by the corsairs. In June 1631

7030:

was the first European country to ban the slave trade. This happened with a decree issued by King

6546:, the law no longer supported chattel slavery and slaves became part of the larger body of serfs. 5313:, the Ottomans created administrators with intricate knowledge of government and fanatic loyalty. 5305:

himself owned by far the largest amount. By raising and specially training slaves as officials in

4343:. Alden T. Vaughn says most agree that both black slaves and indentured servants existed by 1640. 3968:

In 1712, she delivered a speech which included a public announcement of her success in taking the

2545:

European involvement in the East African trade of enslaved people began when Portugal established

2006:. Economic surpluses and high population densities were conditions that made mass slavery viable. 1963:

continues and generates an estimated $ 150 billion in annual profits. Populations in regions with

343: 22636: 21998: 21922: 21844: 21727: 21379: 21136: 20943: 20001: 19625:

The slumbering volcano: American slave ship revolts and the production of rebellious masculinity.

18225: 16382: 16342: 15025: 14336:

Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

14038:

Tyrannicide: Forging an American Law of Slavery in Revolutionary South Carolina and Massachusetts

13913: 12719: 12700: 11880: 9275: 9237: 9188: 8720: 8705: 8145: 8013: 7672: 6567: 6342: 6192: 6174: 6027: 5264: 5208: 5008: 4686: 4635:(with slaves above a certain age legally transformed to indentured servants). Congress passed an 4623: 4153: 4127: 4030: 3401: 2757:

African states played a key role in the trade of slaves, and slavery was a common practice among

2415:

caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean"

1652: 1391: 1341: 1269: 1042: 820: 764: 747: 178: 20929:

The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America

19304: 19298: 18678:

reported that a white man William Pitman had been hanged for the murder of his own black slave.

18193: 17055:

Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900–1500

16630: 14904:

Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean

14646: 13112: 10299:

The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE

10195:

The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE

5906:(ILO), during the early 21st century an estimated 800,000 people are subject to forced labor in 5015:

Slavery has existed all throughout Asia, and forms of slavery still exist today. In the ancient

4444:

1662: A Virginia statute declares that children born would have the same status as their mother.

2463:

Arab slave-trading caravan transporting African slaves across the Sahara, 19th-century engraving

22382: 22299: 21788: 21616: 21499: 21482: 21403: 21293: 21268: 21161: 20796:"Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950-2016" 20471: 19012: 18794: 18665: 18395: 17646: 16260:"Judgment Day Justifies Sex Slavery Of Women – ISIS Out With Its 4th Edition Of Dabiq Magazine" 15054: 14619: 12855: 11066: 10045: 9698: 9689: 9666: 9333: 9124: 8992: 8865: 8690: 8582: 7905: 7543: 7459: 7074: 6977: 6706: 6667:. The sale of European slaves by Europeans slowly ended as the Slavic and Baltic ethnic groups 6558:

was the centre of the thriving European slave trade in young boys who were sold to the Islamic

6445: 6441: 6346: 5953:. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slavery was 5592: 5345: 5223: 4863: 4821: 4738: 4714: 4702: 4632: 4521:

based on rice cultivation, a society of slaves was created that later became the model for the

4463: 3790: 3656: 3248: 3161:, a family may be punished for an offense by having to turn over a virgin female to serve as a 2872: 2871:

200th anniversary of the British act of parliament abolishing slave trading, commemorated on a

2630: 2252: 1725: 1694: 1199: 940: 852: 700: 424: 390: 385: 20981:

The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture

20826:

Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World

19927: 18680: 18172:

Rik Van Welie, "Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: A Global Comparison,"

17054: 16668: 15133: 13967:

The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture

13679: 13607: 13562: 13282: 13215: 11724: 11464: 11241: 10983: 9534:. He stated the institution destroyed the will of the slave, creating an "emasculated, docile 9123:. Many more people who opposed slavery and worked for abolition were northern whites, such as 8230: 7582: 7172:, was the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves, the 6590:

Ottoman advances resulted in many captive Christians being carried deep into Muslim territory.

5301:

century into the 19th. Many officials themselves owned a large number of slaves, although the

4674:

arguments to refuse federal jurisdiction over fugitives. Some juries exercised their right of

1835:

captured and enslaved each other during centuries of warfare in the Mediterranean and Europe.

22331: 22267: 21880: 21854: 21752: 21516: 21451: 21373: 19882: 18756: 18265: 17104: 16965: 16837:"A medical service for slaves in Malta during the rule of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem" 16765:"Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier" 15476: 15405: 15312: 15294: 14902: 14829: 14790: 14748: 14551: 14493: 13634: 13481: 13344: 13086: 12333: 10103: 9839: 9741: 9724: 9703: 9554: 9452: 9084: 8996: 8916: 8820: 8774: 8213:) to grow large areas of potatoes for trade with visiting ships. Chiefs started an extensive 7782: 7680: 7491:

continued to trade in European slaves into the Modern time-period. Muslim pirates, primarily

6850: 6664: 6622: 6448:

resulted in the taking of large numbers of Christian slaves and using or selling them in the

6303: 6260: 5510: 5509:'s first acts was to set free from slavery agricultural workers who were enslaved during the 5372: 5194: 4788: 4651: 4583: 4426:

1654: Virginia sanctions "the right of Negros to own slaves of their own race" after African

4366: 4351: 4139: 4121: 4018: 3961: 3924: 3920: 3289: 3190: 2988: 2923:) allegedly became dissatisfied of the British intervention in stopping the trade of slaves: 2554: 2248:, and worked to extend the prohibition to other territory, as did the United States in 1808. 1950: 1923: 1860: 1561: 1416: 1329: 1314: 996: 984: 730: 715: 500: 275: 197: 168: 19855: 19657: 18816: 15779:(in Persian). Vol. III. Translated by Beni Prasad; Beveridge, H. Calcutta. p. 442. 14618:

Kazhdan, Aleksandr Petrovich; Epstein, Ann Wharton; Wharton, Annabel Jane (1 January 1985).

13832: 11750: 10539: 9317:

of the United Nations was inaugurated, which ultimately resulted in the introduction of the

8840:

Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions

6086: 5173:

of a slave was encouraged as a way of expiating sins. Many early converts to Islam, such as

4748:

and one crossed into a free territory. It also asserted that African Americans could not be

1898:

and violence. They mostly purchased imprisoned Africans (and exported commodities including

22529: 22519: 22181: 22072: 21965: 21767: 21237: 21094: 20651: 19788: 18926: 17949: 14274: 12200: 10472:"Migrants in Chains: On the Enslavement of Muslims in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe" 10113: 10098: 9824: 9809: 9706:. Britain enjoyed prosperity because of the capital gained from the unpaid work of slaves. 9314: 9104: 9080: 8927:

declared general emancipation to reconcile them with France. In Paris, on 4 February 1794,

8805: 8797: 8562: 8436: 8287:

in New Zealand that their gross mistreatment of the Moriori was standard Māori practice or

8165: 7863: 7837: 7829: 7766: 7744: 7605: 7576: 7278: 7132: 7054: 6610: 6571: 6413: 6022: 5978: 5918: 5865: 5730: 5506: 5394: 5389: 4972: 4911: 4837: 4667: 4499: 4470: 4459: 4448: 4394:

to lifetime slavery, marking the earliest legal sanctioning of slavery in English colonies.

4212: 4022: 4006: 3816: 3750: 3715: 3676: 3526: 3518: 3383: 3348: 3025: 2884: 2740: 2634: 2605: 2335:(1396–1893). Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the 2245: 2180: 2003: 1997: 1891: 1765: 1699: 1603: 1566: 1494: 1438: 1307: 1264: 1078: 1008: 683: 463: 365: 249: 156: 21013:, summaries, lesson plans, documents and illustrations for schools; focus on United States 20371:"Ending the history of silence: reconstructing European slave trading in the Indian Ocean" 17204: 14297:

Free soil, free labor, free men: The ideology of the Republican party before the Civil War

14229: 13737: 13706:

Red Rubber, Bleeding Trees: Violence, Slavery, and Empire in Northwest Amazonia, 1850–1933

11967: 10564: 9530:

compared the effects of United States slavery to that resulting from the brutality of the

8911:

of August 1789 and alarmed as the massive slave revolt of August 1791 that had become the

7484:

Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants (p. 12, February 1859, XVI)

7112:, c. 1525–1530. The insignia on his hat alludes to possible Spanish or Portuguese origins. 7042:

but slave trading had been abolished in Iceland in 1117 and had never been reestablished.

5279:

was a central part of the Ottoman slave system throughout the history of the institution.

4536:

took place during the 17th and 18th centuries: Gloucester County, Virginia Revolt (1663);

4142:

between 1671 and 1831. Two-thirds of these were of indigenous ancestry (typically called

3711: 2815:

into transatlantic slavery, who otherwise may have been killed in a ceremony known as the

8: 22524: 22136: 21927: 21834: 21716: 21675: 21670: 21563: 21194: 21141: 21104: 20504: 20363:, Edited by David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, Seymour Drescher and David Richardson, 2017 18909: 16324: 16224: 16139: 13900:"Records of the County Court of Northampton, Virginia, Orders Deeds and Wills, 1651–1654" 13793:

Out of the Land of Bondage": The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition

13057: 12572: 11912:

White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam's One Million White Slaves

11899:. 1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008. 10033: 9871: 9829: 9683: 9546: 9535: 9291: 9263: 8875: 8781: 8753: 8095: 7867: 7821: 7800: 7706: 7666: 7662: 7475: 7399:

king of Allada and the peoples on the coastal regions, impeded the supply of slaves. The

7183: 7178:, which opened in 1444. In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northern 7174: 7168:

of the 14th century which decimated much of the European workforce. The maritime town of

7090: 7017: 6938: 6802: 6787: 6614: 6522: 6468: 6364: 6315: 6094: 6032: 5869: 5441: 5267:

was banned in the early 19th century, although slaves from other groups were allowed. In

5239: 4843: 4744:

of 1857 asserted that one could take one's property anywhere, even if one's property was

4611: 4603: 4518: 4318: 4196: 4185: 4135: 3988: 3908: 3849: 3832: 3786: 3336: 3063: 2828: 2744: 2710: 2654: 2446: 2412: 2403:(from the ninth to the nineteenth)." He continues: "Four million slaves exported via the 2369: 2172: 1868: 1856: 1852: 1187: 1167: 1052: 1037: 906: 877: 867: 757: 705: 673: 470: 328: 296: 291: 244: 101: 20947: 19345: 19010:

Vayda, Andrew P. (Spring 1961). "Maori Prisoners and Slaves in the Nineteenth Century".

18455: 18213: 18016: 17510: 16910: 15994: 14841: 14695: 13148:

The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question

13035: 12987: 12924: 12226: 11575: 11512: 11009: 10849: 10694: 9673:, in the United States, the profession of sociology has neglected the study of slavery. 9034: 8924: 6601:, one of the few groups who could easily move between the Christian and Islamic worlds. 6375:

sent periodic raiding expeditions to loot the Iberian Christian kingdoms, bringing back

4945:– they had become second class citizens. The great majority lived in the rural South in 4034: 3581: 3456:, bankers and trading companies had to pay the Spanish king for the license, called the 3173:, shrine slavery persists, despite being illegal in Ghana since 1998. In this system of 22478: 21757: 21528: 21427: 21178: 21146: 21084: 20860: 20822: 20593:

The victory of reason: How Christianity led to freedom, capitalism, and Western success

20540: 20255: 20220: 20212: 20177: 20169: 20033: 20016:

Patterson, Orlando (2019). "The Denial of Slavery in Contemporary American Sociology".

19504: 19029: 18846: 18829:

MacKenzie, S.P. (September 1994). "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II".

18729: 18353: 17756: 17428: 17375:

The mutual effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian worlds: The East European pattern

17313: 16973: 16861: 16836: 16623: 16474: 16038: 16020: 15615: 15590: 15438: 15265: 14973: 14947: 14866: 14600: 14017: 14009: 13805: 13772: 13325: 13191: 11398: 11195:

Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)

10341:

Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East

10268: 10235: 9498: 9486: 9466: 9435: 9176: 9172: 9160: 9120: 9088: 8961: 8928: 8912: 8813: 8674: 8669: 8540: 8424: 8407: 8388: 8226: 7871: 7825: 7687:("sojourns" – officially declared military operations led by the khans themselves), or 7555: 7066: 7050: 6854: 6767: 6751: 6691: 6618: 6354: 6326: 6307: 6264: 6137: 5596: 5580: 5190: 5159: 4938: 4915: 4781: 4765: 4577: 4514: 4409: 4391: 4387: 4266:. In Central America, rubber tappers participated in the enslavement of the indigenous 4091: 3802: 3798: 3496: 3100: 3075: 3071: 3067: 2973: 2758: 2601:

were eliminated in the cold Atlantic waters, and at each unloading, a profit was made.

2478:

in the 19th century, with as many as 50,000 slaves passing through the city each year.

1848: 1800: 1433: 1279: 1254: 1244: 1209: 1204: 1172: 1137: 1130: 1071: 1064: 921: 740: 735: 725: 495: 348: 306: 301: 254: 222: 212: 22004: 21409: 16423:"Isis slave markets sell girls for 'as little as a pack of cigarettes', UN envoy says" 15802: 15072:

A Sharma (September 2005), Journal American Acad Religion, vol 73, issue 3, pp. 843–70

14196: 10532:"Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals more Than 29 Million people Living In Slavery" 9723:

was not central to abolition. Richardson (1998) finds Williams's claims regarding the

9336:

finally prohibited the owning of slaves in Saudi Arabia, followed by the abolition of

5416:

Scholars differ as to whether or not slaves and the institution of slavery existed in

5007:

that records the purchase of a 15-year-old slave for six bolts of plain silk and five

4481:) is founded mainly by planters from the overpopulated British sugar island colony of 2932:

Disease engulfed many, and insufficient food damaged those who made it to the coasts.

370: 316: 22390: 21976: 21860: 21573: 21089: 20966:

Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia vol. 2

20898: 20891: 20780: 20728: 20701: 20693: 20683: 20665: 20655: 20627: 20586: 20457: 20405: 20390: 20224: 20181: 20037: 19933: 19888: 19861: 19712: 19628: 19569: 19542: 19508: 19308: 19157: 19054: 18990: 18850: 18733: 18648: 18511:"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" 18332: 18271: 18041: 17863: 17835: 17744: 17734: 17688: 17420: 17379: 17352: 17284: 17109: 17059: 17033: 17026:

Stevenson, Walter (2002). "Eunuchs and early Christianity". In Tougher, Shaun (ed.).

17008: 16985: 16977: 16866: 16793: 16743: 16674: 16634: 16071: 15915: 15682: 15638: 15620: 15482: 15448: 15411: 15377: 15318: 15287: 15251: 15139: 15105: 15057: 14998: 14928: 14908: 14796: 14754: 14652: 14625: 14604: 14590: 14409: 14132: 14042: 14021: 13952: 13879: 13838: 13685: 13640: 13613: 13568: 13515: 13487: 13350: 13308:

Sheridan, Richard B. (1972). "Africa and the Caribbean in the Atlantic slave trade".

13288: 13221: 11916: 11910: 11798: 11699: 11548: 11470: 11041: 10989: 10938: 10910: 10816: 10795: 10766: 10734: 10708: 10612: 10511: 10446: 10412: 10345: 10314: 10273: 10255: 10210: 10173: 9886: 9859: 9854: 9670: 9523: 9439:

Wes Brady, ex-slave, Marshall, Texas, 1937. This photograph was taken as part of the

9241: 9214: 9180: 8545: 8284: 8103: 8009: 8008:

to run the camps. In 1954, a year after Stalin's death, the new Soviet government of

7770: 7621: 7547: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7117: 7094: 6922: 6846: 6818: 6783: 6755: 6740: 6702: 6563: 6495:, slavery was formally abolished in 1588; the institution was replaced by the second 6282: 6270: 6220: 5861: 5584: 5360: 5356: 5216: 5200: 4804: 4354:, perhaps as little as 5% of the total. The vast majority of slaves were sent to the 4305: 4115: 3974: 3952: 3782: 3762: 3730: 3703: 3648: 3637: 3617: 3492: 3483: 3457: 3270: 2952: 2797: 2793: 2780: 2698: 2686: 2666: 2650: 2642: 2482: 2442: 2229: 2164: 2082: 1938: 1895: 1824: 1816: 1521: 1239: 1234: 1177: 1162: 1142: 964: 959: 894: 857: 690: 656: 485: 338: 227: 106: 20125:

J.R. Ward, "The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition," in P.J. Marshall, ed.

18887: 16321:"Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil," 15972: 15824: 13953:"America's First Anti-Slavery Statute Was Passed in 1652. Here's Why It Was Ignored" 12789:"West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets / Boing Boing" 12308: 11490: 11114: 10730:

The Debate Over Slavery: Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in Antebellum America

6871:

raiders often captured and enslaved militarily weaker peoples they encountered. The

6396: 2525:

have never recovered demographically from the impact of 19th-century raids from the

22189: 21944: 21635: 21470: 21207: 21156: 21000: 20809: 20385: 20247: 20204: 20161: 20025: 19594: 19496: 19380: 19021: 18838: 18721: 18674: 18437: 17230: 16856: 16848: 16699: 15610: 15602: 15314:

The Early Jews and Muslims of England and Wales: A Genetic and Genealogical History

14582: 14063:"Founders Online: Adams' Minutes of the Argument: Essex Superior Court, Salem, N …" 14001: 13317: 13254: 13250: 12633: 12171: 11390: 10483: 10404: 10306: 10263: 10247: 10202: 10083: 10004: 9732: 9715: 9631: 9627: 9578: 9563: 9501:

history, which dominated in the early 20th century. Writing in 2005, the historian

9341: 9337: 9279: 9192: 9184: 8842:(later London Anti-slavery Society ), was founded in 1823, and existed until 1838. 8311:, who suffered a series of slave raids from 1805 or earlier, culminating in a near 8280: 8234: 8187: 8036: 7967: 7949: 7936:(Labor Camps) for different categories of inmates. The largest number of them held 7617: 7488: 7409: 7226: 7202: 7137: 6949: 6872: 6779: 6747: 6724: 6672: 6464: 6449: 6350: 6244: 6121: 6009: 5930: 5929:

states conducted slave raids from the 1600s into the 1800s in coastal areas of the

5845: 5823: 5811: 5792: 5637: 5417: 5411: 5289: 5104: 5064: 4922: 4690: 4026: 3943: 3845: 3687: 3613: 3569: 3522: 3405: 3395: 3285: 3240: 3174: 3079: 3013: 2981: 2789: 2626: 2578: 2546: 2502: 2428: 2388: 2384: 2304: 1976:. Thirty-eight percent live in forced marriages. Other types of modern slavery are 1954: 1711: 1289: 1284: 1274: 1249: 1214: 1182: 1152: 1025: 1013: 991: 969: 916: 752: 720: 22: 20814: 20795: 19561: 19399: 17005:

Mélanges Félix Rousseau, Études sur l'histoire du pays mosan au moyen age, 673-686

13483:

Race and Ethnicity in America: From Pre-contact to the Present [4 volumes]

9493:

The racist attitude concerning slaves carried over into the historiography of the

9149:

Declaration of the Powers, on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, of 8 February 1815

6941:. The thrall system was finally abolished in the mid-14th century in Scandinavia. 6574:, as one example in the 10th century, presented a gift of four eunuchs to Emperor 5622:. The Abbasid governors raided Punjab, where many prisoners and slaves were taken. 5452:

The Indians do not even use aliens as slaves, much less a countryman of their own.

4752:. Outraged critics across the North denounced these episodes as the latest of the 4666:. Refugees from slavery fled the South across the Ohio River to the North via the 22560: 22514: 22339: 22291: 22275: 22243: 22112: 21955: 21891: 21823: 21706: 21665: 21622: 21522: 21421: 21335: 21273: 21074: 21010: 20912: 20770: 20349:, Edited by Craig Perry, David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, David Richardson, 2021 20101: 19536: 19048: 18984: 18483: 18421: 18200: 17075: 17027: 16737: 16614: 16221:"Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms," 15954: 15928: 15442: 15217: 15192: 15167: 15099: 15036: 15032: 14438: 14244: 14220:

By Randall M. Miller, John David Smith. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 471.

14036: 13922: 12877: 12807: 12737: 12448: 12422: 11875: 11248: 11035: 10906: 10900: 10896: 10728: 10443:

A History of Indigenous Slavery in Ghana : from the 15th to the 19th century

10408: 10339: 10310: 10206: 10093: 9799: 9586: 9542: 9345: 9287: 9271: 9196: 9116: 9097: 8886:)., but the institution was never officially authorized there. The legal case of 8789: 8695: 8587: 8577: 8572: 8320:

slave raiders took between 1,400 and 2,000 islanders back to Peru to work in the

8250: 8131: 8078:

In the first half of the 19th century, small-scale slave raids took place across

8054: 7975: 7870:. He was not, however, as some have claimed, the first white person to have been 7695: 7613: 7609: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7512: 7463: 7169: 7121: 7046: 7009: 6981: 6798: 6594: 6575: 6543: 6500: 6388: 5770: 5734: 5698: 5657: 5489: 5132: 5036: 4930: 4894: 4855: 4813: 4800: 4745: 4698: 4541: 4533: 4377: 4359: 4200: 4157: 4053: 4042: 3904: 3794: 3778: 3765:

along military lines to fight the slavers. In the mid-to-late 19th century, many

3695: 3621: 3488: 3470: 3453: 3375: 3229: 3009: 2992: 2956: 2812: 2658: 2638: 2220: 2204: 2078: 2066: 2018: 1981: 1931: 1915: 1792: 1788: 1620: 1511: 1506: 1259: 1229: 1224: 947: 911: 710: 628: 333: 79: 19462: 19194:"Moriori – The impact of new arrivals – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 19076:

Moriori and Maori: The Linguistic Evidence. In Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed.) (1994),

17879:

Thomas Foster Earle, K.J.P. Lowe "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe" p. 157

16992: 14425:"Cyrus Charter of Human Rights". www.persepolis.nu. MANI. Retrieved 21 July 2015 14103:

Thursday Open Thread: Little Known Slave Court Cases NOVEMBER 9, 2017 BY MIRANDA

12084: 12011: 11631:

Graeber, David. 2012. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House.

11143: 10935:

Opposing the Slavers. The Royal Navy's Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade

10753:

slaves is very widespread indeed, and every society seems to be a slave society.

9959:

International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and Its Abolition

8182:) a separate entity equivalent to a nation. In the traditional Māori society of 8173: 7773:

and Canada (acquired by Britain in 1763). The profits of the slave trade and of

7579:

than stopping the enslavement of Europeans and Americans by the Barbary States.

7527:. During this time there were reports of captured slaves being sent to Algiers. 7507:, as well as the European conquest of North Africa throughout the 19th century. 7416:

was sent in 1703 as "opperkommies" (head merchant) to the Dutch trading post at

7103: 3568:

Other slave-owning societies and tribes of the New World were, for example, the

1914:. The merchants were sources of desired goods including guns, gunpowder, copper 21970: 21950: 21937: 21875: 21839: 21762: 21680: 21597: 21534: 21397: 21391: 20279: 20029: 19384: 16618: 15606: 14527:

The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English By Ali Ünal p. 1323

14005: 11677: 9915: 9814: 9619: 9602: 9516: 9494: 9478: 9298: 9112: 8896: 8828: 8770: 8710: 8525: 8520: 8510: 8254: 8218: 8118: 7808: 7789: 7539: 7496: 7327: 7230: 7062: 7039: 7027: 6906: 6825: 6806: 6679: 6656: 6644: 6539: 6531: 6476: 6472: 6188: 6125: 5719: 5683: 5588: 5364: 5276: 5268: 4954: 4726: 4568: 4076: 3900: 3840: 3746: 3668: 3625: 3609: 3597: 3562: 3474: 3461: 3364: 3352: 3344: 3327: 3236:

and sold into slavery as agricultural labor, domestic servants and sex slaves.

3162: 3124: 3116: 2880: 2849: 2820: 2675: 2566: 2534: 2514: 2377: 2356: 2316: 2272: 2122: 2038: 1985: 1973: 1964: 1704: 1598: 490: 131: 89: 18865: 18725: 17748: 16852: 14586: 13834:

Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia

12723: 12704: 11394: 9669:

studied the history of slavery and recent views on it. According to historian

5701:

obtained thousands of slaves and eunuch servants from the villages of Eastern

2585:

ports would take on sugar, indigo, raw cotton, and later coffee, and make for

22625: 21981: 21960: 21932: 21870: 21829: 21818: 21778: 21737: 21732: 21695: 21641: 21445: 21415: 21022: 20958:

Eighty-eight years: the long death of slavery in the United States, 1777–1865

20302: 18776: 18441: 18400: 17777: 17684:

The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 1 By Junius P. Rodriguez

17536:"Arctic Studies Center | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History" 17424: 15849: 13394: 13374: 11648: 11037:

Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria 1897–1936

10259: 9876: 9794: 9779: 9770: 9745: 9720: 9693: 9458: 9329: 9030: 8367: 8304: 8049: 7937: 7853: 7734:(songs). ... Both female and male slaves were often used for sexual purposes. 7454: 7367: 7145: 7005: 6993: 6969: 6824:

Moscow was repeatedly a target. In 1521, the combined forces of Crimean Khan

6683: 6668: 6457: 6216: 6196: 6162: 6140:. The Stoics produced the first condemnation of slavery recorded in history. 6077: 5992: 5775: 5738: 5662: 5604: 5322:, a sort of "blood tax" or "child collection", young Christian boys from the 5306: 5032: 4867: 4859: 4671: 4592: 4560: 4267: 4232: 4068: 3593: 3577: 3533:, because raids on surrounding areas provided the victims required for human 3466: 3278: 3005: 2892: 2618: 2558: 2538: 2408: 2320: 2308: 2268: 2256: 2194: 2190: 2042: 2014: 2010: 1930:, the abolition of slavery in the Americas, and the widespread imposition of 1780:, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of 1769: 1761: 1642: 1571: 1018: 1001: 776: 606: 596: 380: 30: 20572: 20238:

Pares, Richard (1937). "The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire".

19263:

Inventory of the Archives of the Registrar and Guardian of Slaves, 1717–1848

18409:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 383–384. 17012: 16703: 14362:

The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War

13217:

Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775

12245:"Children as young as seven mining cobalt used in smartphones, says Amnesty" 11359: 10902:

Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: The perspective of the world

9461:

described the state of historiography in the early 20th century as follows:

7164:

were some well-known markets, their importance and demand growing after the

4756:(the politically organized slave owners) taking more control of the nation. 22459: 22451: 21793: 21747: 21721: 21660: 21540: 21114: 20924: 20886: 20736: 20140:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century

20127:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century

20089:

Seymour Drescher, "Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery."

18575:

Rhodes, Nick (2003). William Cowper: Selected Poems. p. 84. Routledge, 2003

17728: 17553:

Skyum-Nielsen, Niels (1978). "Nordic Slavery in an International Context".

16288: 16022:

Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-one Years on the North-east Frontier, 1887-1908

15624: 14153:"The Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society, Volume 40, 1964-1966" 12514:"What role for US in efforts to rescue Nigeria's kidnapped girls? (+video)" 12400: 12355: 12337: 11444:. .norgeshistorie.no (published by the University of Oslo). 17 October 2002 11428: 10643: 10277: 9947: 9834: 9789: 9766: 9647: 9302: 9267: 9206: 8957: 8887: 8846: 8700: 8505: 8349: 8336:, the last 15 survivors were returned to the island, but brought with them 8270: 8259: 8202: 8091: 8073: 8032: 7997: 7971: 7932: 7927: 7924: 7845: 7616:, including a pledge to treat Christian captives in any future conflict as 7588: 7531: 7516: 7446: 7359: 7319: 7238: 7165: 7150: 7128: 6902: 6898: 6794: 6759: 6732: 6518: 6425:

slave. Entitled, "Vornehmer Kaufmann mit seinem cirkassischen Sklaven" by

6207:). In the late Republic, the widespread use of recently enslaved groups on 6065: 6000: 5974: 5954: 5875: 5753: 5610:

Andre Wink summarizes the slavery in 8th and 9th century India as follows,

5542: 5385: 5211:

many prisoners of war were ransomed into slavery while others took part in

5004: 4950: 4180: 4172: 4002: 3823: 3742: 3734: 3726: 3643: 3605: 3585: 3530: 3308: 3259: 3244: 3218: 3210: 2941: 2837: 2574: 2510: 2400: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2288: 2284: 2260: 2241: 2146: 2098: 2074: 2046: 1969: 1919: 1879: 1812: 1647: 1484: 1460: 1366: 1359: 1090: 618: 591: 554: 532: 419: 136: 116: 94: 84: 74: 69: 59: 21001:

Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com

19500: 18610: 17832:

A Long and Uncertain Journey: The 27,000 Mile Voyage of Vasco Da Gama

16870: 16242:"Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq," 14750:

The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity

13241:

Waddel, David A.G. (1960). "Queen Anne's Government and the Slave Trade".

12902: 12384:

The Times, (may need a subscription to view online), Retrieved 10 May 2014

11610: 9638:

was more prevalent in some areas than others (e.g. southern than northern

8987:

Napoleon decreed the abolition of the slave trade upon his returning from

8463: 8094:

trades, with examples from both the westerly and easterly extremes of the

6953:

One of the four chained slaves depicted at the bottom of the 17th-century

5284: 4485:, who brought relatively large numbers of African slaves from that island. 3861: 3722: 1839:

encompassed mainly Western and Central Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa,

899: 22173: 21917: 21865: 21685: 21628: 21433: 21385: 20478:

The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem

18664:

Records indicate at least two earlier incidents. On 23 November 1739, in

15097: 14082:"Jenny Slew: The first enslaved person to win her freedom via jury trial" 13564:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

13449: 11219: 10864:"Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves," by W.V. Harris: 10508:

The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade, 1440-1870

10088: 9658: 9651: 9615: 9366: 8973: 8645: 8362: 8246: 8206: 8083: 7804: 7774: 7758: 7620:

rather than slaves. He imposed peace between Algiers and the kingdoms of

7594: 7429: 7141: 7049:

was abolished on 4 February 1794, including in its colonies. The lengthy

7013: 6628: 6422: 6330: 6274: 6235:

Various tribes of Europe are recorded by Roman sources as owning slaves.

6184: 5934: 5833: 5803: 5517: 5475: 5432: 5420:. These English words have no direct, universally accepted equivalent in 5368: 5297: 5170: 5108: 5084: 4986: 4926: 4829: 4795:

split and collapsed on the slavery issue, to be replaced in the North by

4753: 4663: 4655: 4522: 4255: 4204: 4176: 4171:. The courts, to varying degrees, rendered slavery unenforceable in both 4168: 4164: 3856: 3699: 3547: 3542: 3409: 3340: 3304: 3120: 2912: 2841: 2694: 2622: 2530: 2324: 2300: 2296: 2283:

which had third of its population being enslaved in the 17th century. In

2276: 2264: 2130: 1907: 1808: 1796: 1773: 1489: 1477: 830: 633: 623: 581: 395: 20680:

As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East

20052:

The anti-slavery movement in England: a study in English humanitarianism

19970:

Robert E. Wright, Fubarnomics (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus, 2010), 83–116.

19283:

Paul E. Lovejoy: 'The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis.'

18868:[German soldiers used for mine-clearing] (in Norwegian). VG Nett 17491:. Tokyo: Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University: 171–182 17432: 17412: 17257: 10379: 9326:

United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

9002: 7749: 6801:. For a long time, until the early 18th century, the khanate maintained 6456:

the victors freed approximately 12,000 Christian galley slaves from the

5332: 5318: 3355:

7.50). Many of the students were taken to the neighbouring countries of

2955:. Stories and rumours spread that whites captured Africans to eat them. 2801: 2275:(1275–1591), about a third of the population was enslaved. The earliest 1949:, people were taken into slavery. Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of 22398: 22347: 22283: 22010: 21885: 21798: 21782: 21690: 21439: 20776:

The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America

20544: 20259: 20216: 20173: 18136:

P.C. Emmer, Chris Emery, "The Dutch Slave Trade, 1500–1850" (2006) p. 3

17598: 17572: 16478: 16058:. Atimes.com. 29 March 2005. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005 14013: 13969:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Chapter 3. 13776: 13329: 12826:"Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef" 12599:

Hassan, Turaki A; Sule, Ibrahim Kabiru; Mutum, Ronald (29 April 2014).

12536:"Boko Haram kidnapped the 230 school girls as wives for its insurgents" 11795:

Why the West is Best: A Muslim Apostate's Defense of Liberal Democracy.

11402: 11309:"Traditional Gender Roles and Slavery | Colonialism, Slavery, and Race" 10488: 10471: 9573:, a set of interviews conducted with former slaves in the 1930s by the 9502: 9092: 8653: 8384: 8371: 8329: 8198: 7901: 7396: 7384: 7380: 7274: 7179: 7125: 7070: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6763: 6598: 6372: 6338: 6208: 5879: 5745: 5495:

Slaves were deprived of their rights and connections to their families.

5481: 5076: 5072: 5020: 4899: 4825: 4627: 4619: 4588: 4526: 4431: 4103: 4099: 3998: 3884: 3827: 3809:. Maroons survived by growing vegetables and hunting. They also raided 3766: 3429: 3371: 3331: 3300: 3214: 3104: 3035: 2977: 2960: 2888: 2774: 2749: 2614: 2610: 2363: 2280: 2225: 2102: 1828: 1637: 934: 638: 505: 20603: 19916:

coping with a vexing social problem that was not of their own making."

19437:"Response The 1833 Abolition of Slavery Act didn't end the vile trade" 19412: 19033: 18394: 16441:"Saudi Arabian Buyers Are Shopping For Sex Slaves – At ISIS Auctions!" 14128:

Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England

12351:"88 Nigerian schoolgirls abducted by Islamic extremists still missing" 11593:

the strangest disease i have sen in this country is brokenheartedness.

10776:

systems where the owners expected economic gain from slave ownership.

10727:

Ericson, David F. (2000). "Dew, Fitzhugh, and Proslavery Liberalism".

9033:. It was in large part the result of the tireless 18-year campaign of 8149: 7945: 7828:

voted to make the slave trade illegal anywhere in the Empire with the

6813:" they enslaved many Slavic peasants. Muscovy recorded about 30 major 5752:. However, in modern India, Pakistan and Nepal, there are millions of 5375:, U.S. Ambassador in Constantinople from 1913 to 1916, reports in his 4999: 4595:

won the first trial in the present-day United States to free a slave (

4502:. Eventually, chattel slavery became the norm in regions dominated by 3694:

production. 35.3% of all slaves from the Atlantic Slave trade went to

3460:, but an unknown amount of the trade was illegal. After 1670 when the 2199: 21183: 20866: 20065:

British capitalism and Caribbean slavery: The legacy of Eric Williams

19913: 18040:(2004) Edited by Aviva Chomsky, Barry Carr, Pamela Maria Smorkaloff, 17716:

You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery

15512:, pp. 241–43. Reprint: Dover Publications, Mineola, New York. (2002). 13509: 12567:"Nigeria: kidnapped schoolgirls 'sold as wives to Islamist fighters'" 12488:"United States Sending Manned Flights Over Nigeria to Look for Girls" 12382:

Nigerian schoolgirls still missing after military 'fabricated' rescue

12047:

from the original on 11 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

11945: 9923: 8999:

on 8 January 1817. However, trafficking continued despite sanctions.

8892: 8395: 8214: 8079: 8024: 7904:

are lined up by German soldiers to do forced labour, September 1939,

7504: 7266: 6997: 6989: 6909:. Many Irish slaves travelled in expeditions for the colonization of 6882: 6775: 6758:

merchants and cartels, who were involved in the slave trade with the

6728: 6652: 6640: 6492: 6334: 6299: 6240: 6224: 6204: 6200: 6158: 6061: 5967:

Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory § Slave trade

5942: 5653: 5551: 5337: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5116: 5048: 5016: 4934: 4381:

Well-dressed plantation owner and family visiting the slave quarters.

4355: 4347: 4310: 4060: 3993: 3896: 3691: 3565:

adopted this system, particularly for their silver mines in Bolivia.

3551:

instead of taxes which they paid by working for the government. Each

3537:, as well as slaves for the construction of temples. Most victims of 3534: 3418: 3233: 2945: 2770: 2671: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2233: 2058: 2054: 2026: 882: 547: 409: 20251: 20208: 20165: 18240: 16429:. Agence France-Presse. 9 June 2015 – via www.theguardian.com. 14704: 13321: 12957: 12216:"HadijatouMani Koroua v Niger: Slavery Unveiled by the ECOWAS Court" 11897:

Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora

8991:

in an attempt to appease Britain. His decision was confirmed by the

8354: 7201:

Importation of black slaves was prohibited in mainland Portugal and

7073:

of the Caribbean colonies. Slavery was permanently abolished in the

6542:, slave children whom he had observed in the marketplace. After the 6128:, as it was in other societies of the time. It is estimated that in 3558: 564: 22165: 21849: 21807: 21304: 21151: 20715: 20307: 20078:

The Oxford History of the British Empire – Vol. 3: The 19th Century

19025: 18842: 18487: 18425: 17620: 16937:

The Work of Work: Servitude, Slavery, and Labor in Medieval England

16245: 13479: 12979: 12720:"Profiting off the misery of others: Libya's migrant 'slave trade'" 12701:"Libya Slave Trade: Rights group says migrants sold off in markets" 12264:"Sexual slavery rife in Democratic Republic of the Congo, says MSF" 10251: 9933: 9639: 9007: 8977: 8939: 8883: 8337: 8312: 8300: 8263: 8183: 7571: 7286: 6985: 6894: 6868: 6660: 6639:

controlled the Eastern Mediterranean from the 12th century and the

6526: 6319: 5883: 5706: 5641: 5421: 5327: 5272: 5128: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5080: 5060: 5056: 5052: 4886: 4882: 4710: 4701:." The true turning point in public opinion is better fixed at the 4482: 4246: 4072: 3806: 3754: 3573: 3360: 2904: 2845: 2598: 2570: 2486: 2467: 2359: 2292: 2237: 2208: 1887: 1883: 1777: 1757: 1472: 1030: 974: 926: 586: 431: 286: 192: 20893:

Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery

20855:

Wright, Gavin. "Slavery and Anglo‐American capitalism revisited."

18790:"German Firms That Used Slave or Forced Labor During the Nazi Era" 16764: 14323:

Freedom's Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War

14258:

The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860

12334:

U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices

11547:. Cambridge University Press. 15 September 2011. pp. 56, 62. 11092: 11089:"18th and Early 19th centuries. The Encyclopedia of World History" 9528:

Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life

9213:

During the 20th century the issue of slavery was addressed by the

8972:

In 1794 slavery was abolished in the French Empire. After seizing

7217:

Slavery was finally abolished in all Portuguese colonies in 1869.

6972:

powers frequently sentenced convicted criminals to row in the war-

6790:

on the Russian territories in the first half of the 16th century.

6499:. Slavery remained a minor institution in Russia until 1723, when 6391:

took 3,000 female and child captives. In a subsequent attack upon

6143:

During the 8th and the 7th centuries BC, in the course of the two

6046:

Women and children 10 to 20 years sold for 150,000 dinars ($ 127).

4881:. However, by 1865 all had begun the abolition of slavery, except 4646:

Despite the actions of abolitionists, free blacks were subject to

3111:

were captured and forced into slavery. This eventually led to the

2665:. Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of 2150: 22235: 20836:

The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870

19853: 16237: 16176:"Iraq Slave Markets Sell Women for $ 10 to Attract Isis Recruits" 15311:

Hirschman, Elizabeth Caldwell; Yates, Donald N. (29 April 2014).

14621:

Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

13284:

The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870

12396:"200 girls are missing in Nigeria – so why doesn't anybody care?" 11839: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11463:

Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015).

10982:

Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015).

10018: 9986: 9973:, founded as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1839 9643: 9635: 9075: 8780:

Following the work of campaigners in the United Kingdom, such as

8766: 8308: 8288: 8136: 8087: 8001: 7841: 7535: 7492: 7355: 7242: 7035: 6958: 6910: 6736: 6687: 6559: 6496: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6294: 6289: 6018: 5996: 5907: 5902:, also enslaving British subjects and Brahmins. According to the 5726: 5710: 5645: 5633: 5559: 5555: 5323: 5310: 5155: 5144: 5124: 5120: 5068: 5040: 4249:. Colored lithograph printed circa 1840–1850, digitally restored. 3888: 3758: 3422: 3323: 3316:

group of militants attacked the Government Girls Secondary School

3266: 3150: 3096: 3039: 2976:

to particular regions of western Africa around 1760–1810, and in

2969: 2920: 2908: 2856: 2808: 2804:

of Portugal in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice.

2766: 2662: 2404: 2348: 2097:

C. 1480 BC, fugitive-slave treaty between Idrimi of Alakakh (now

2022: 1832: 1781: 1455: 537: 217: 34: 22121:

Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States

19170: 18214:"Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants" 15538: 15536: 14673:

Religions and the abolition of slavery - a comparative approach.

14578:

The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2: AD 500–AD 1420

13681:

Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World

12757:"Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'" 12004: 8391:, freeing the captives and taking the crew for trial in courts. 7520: 7453:, where Indonesians have made a significant contribution to the 7372:

Nauwkeurige beschrijving van de Guinese Goud- Tand- en Slavekust

6889:). The thralls were mostly from Western Europe, among them many 6809:

and the Middle East. In a process called the "harvesting of the

6797:

declared independence from the Golden Horde and established the

5424:

or other Indian languages, but some scholars translate the word

4134:

of Canada. It is estimated that there were 4,200 slaves in the

2721:

he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer.

2681: 22197: 21168: 16814:"Famous Battles in History The Turks and Christians at Lepanto" 16573: 15510:

China: A History of the Laws, Manners and Customs of the People

13992:

Tang, Joyce (1997). "Enslaved African Rebellions in Virginia".

13560: 9928: 9784: 9614:

Important work on slavery has continued; for instance, in 2003

9446:, which has often been used as a primary source by historians. 8981: 8879: 8398:

and whites, and established the independent Republic of Haiti.

8169: 8098:. By the 1860s this had grown to a larger scale operation with 7941: 7875: 7793: 7727: 7629: 7421: 7417: 7405: 7375: 7195: 7187: 7161: 7001: 6973: 6890: 6877: 6864: 6842: 6830: 6810: 6771: 6632: 6555: 6380: 6236: 6180: 6153: 6148: 6129: 5971:

Yazidi genocide § Sexual slavery and reproductive violence

5938: 5926: 5895: 5891: 5841: 5837: 5702: 5632:

In the early 11th century Tarikh al-Yamini, the Arab historian

5615: 5547: 5485: 5437: 5166: 4991: 4803:, and warning that slavery was a backward system that undercut 4770:

Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War

4706: 4322: 4263: 3781:

communities which played an important role in the histories of

3445: 3413: 3319: 3108: 3030: 2933: 2916: 2896: 2833: 2824: 2590: 2506: 2494: 2475: 2396: 2340: 2312: 2212: 2030: 1844: 1811:, which dates back as far as 3500 BC). Slavery features in the 1157: 979: 559: 542: 404: 239: 207: 22057:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

20723:

The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation, and Human Rights

20664:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1722. 20425:

Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World

19303:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 17283:. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 26–28. 15165: 14830:

Ottomans against Italians and Portuguese about (white slavery)

14349:

Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War

14321:

Ira Berlin, Joseph Patrick Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds.

13875:

History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880, Vol. 1

13589:"Black Enslavement in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia" 11891: 11889: 11830: 7852:(now Anti-Slavery International), was formed in Britain as by 6060:

However some slaves have been sold for as little as a pack of

5397:; in fact, most Ottoman sultans were sons of such concubines. 4981: 4618:, slavery was prohibited in the territories north west of the 4346:

Only a small fraction of the enslaved Africans brought to the

3339:

and into marriage with members of Boko Haram, with a reputed "

2867: 2459: 20303:"Switzerland's shame: The children used as cheap farm labour" 20076:

Gad Heuman "The British West Indies" in Andrew Porter, ed.,

16961: 16615:"Part I: The Romans to the Norman Conquest, 500 BC – AD 1066" 16303:"ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women," 15533: 14581:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–481. 14310:

The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents

11418:, Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean: An Overview, pp. 295–299 11010:"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History" 9804: 9654:

while others used wage, indentured, or family labor instead.

9240:, which was founded upon the investigation of the TSC of the 8824: 8321: 8122: 8107: 8061: 8028: 8005: 7987: 7699: 7637:. Both Algiers and Tunis made fresh concessions as a result. 7524: 7347: 7343: 7157: 7058: 6962: 6814: 6648: 6636: 6480: 6418: 6212: 6133: 5899: 5887: 5829: 5715: 5666: 5619: 5600: 5293: 5112: 5092: 5024: 4038: 4014: 3553: 3195: 3170: 3158: 3154: 2900: 2762: 2646: 2526: 2518: 2498: 2126: 2118: 2062: 1903: 1840: 1804: 414: 400: 375: 20983:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. 20535:

Cuffel, Victoria. "The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery,"

19997:"Slavery reparations, memorials discussed at UVA conference" 18707:"Forced Laborers in the Third Reich: An Overview (Part One)" 17351:. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 1–8. 15961:. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University. 15444:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life: The medieval world

14716: 12449:"Authorities – 276 Kidnapped Girls Still Missing in Nigeria" 10662:"10 countries with the highest prevalence of modern slavery" 9386:

Article 11, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 1990

9328:

was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including

9290:, and slaves were supplied to the Arabian Peninsula via the 8004:

system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the

7730:-slaves, whose sufferings were poeticized in many Ukrainian 6929:

taken in their raids along the Volga River and sold them to

5677:

Slavery and empire-formation tied in particularly well with

4488:

1676: Rhode Island bans the enslavement of Native Americans.

4021:

was abolished on 4 February 1794. When it became clear that

3927:, which were the first important societies of slaves in the 3620:

tribes, about a quarter of the population was enslaved. One

3284:

Evidence emerged in the late 1990s of systematic slavery in

1827:, although it continued to be practised in some areas. Both 17227:"Life in 13th Century Novgorod – Women and Class Structure" 16469:

Victoria Cuffel, "The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery,"

15912:

Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990

15542:

Muhammad Qasim Firishta, Tarikh-i-Firishta (Lucknow, 1864).

15215: 14842:

Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History

14399:^ "Ancient Slavery". Ditext.com. Retrieved 18 October 2015. 13677: 12477:

The Times, (may need a subscription), Retrieved 10 May 2014

11886: 10445:. Legon, Accra, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers. p. 15. 10236:"Wealth Transmission and Inequality Among Hunter-Gatherers" 8988: 8333: 8317: 8099: 7641:

slave-raiding, though on a smaller scale. Europeans at the

7388: 7351: 7270: 6739:. Many of these slaves were shipped to the slave market in 5950: 5946: 5670: 5426: 5044: 5028: 4259: 3356: 3166: 2734: 2470:

was once East Africa's main slave-trading port, during the

2352: 2050: 1942: 1899: 281: 111: 20645:

Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa

20499:

Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Atlantic Slave Trade

19884:

Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction

19566:

Historiquement correct. Pour en finir avec le passé unique

19415:"House of Commons – International Development – Memoranda" 19300:

Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa

19098:. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from 16285:"ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children," 15591:"Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture" 15190: 14974:"Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. 1918. Chapter Twenty-Four" 13727:

400 years ago, enslaved Africans first arrived in Virginia

11442:"Nordmennene har aldri vært alene i verden (in Norwegian)" 11270:. .nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Archived from 10074:

List of court cases in the United States involving slavery

9676: 9014: 8060:

A total of around 14 million prisoners passed through the

6043:

Children aged 1 to 9 were sold for 200,000 dinars ($ 169).

5607:

slaves brought to India by Arab and Portuguese merchants.

5244: 5204:

and was seen as evil by many citizens it was still legal.

2244:) made the slave trade within its empire illegal with the 2073:

of the Americas. Ancient slavery consists of a mixture of

21218:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

19050:

The Meeting Place: Maori and Pakeha Encounters, 1642-1840

18539: 18251: 16970:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

16789:

Slavery from Roman times to the Early Transatlantic Trade

16666: 16493:. Ancienthistory.about.com. 7 August 2010. Archived from 16306: 16196:"ISIS Is Attacking Women, And Nobody Is Talking About It" 15478:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics

14125:

Adams, Catherine; Pleck, Elizabeth H. (1 February 2010).

13480:

Russell M. Lawson; Benjamin A. Lawson (11 October 2019).

13135:

Maroon societies: Rebel slave communities in the Americas

11137:"Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery" 11060: 10656: 10654: 10559: 10557: 9522:

In the portrayal of the slave as a victim, the historian

8178: 8017: 7916: 7562:, led to increased European consensus on the need to end 4828:, convinced that the economic power of what they called " 4430:, former indentured servant, sued to have fellow African 2713:

Region in 1866, Livingstone described a trail of slaves:

2323:

a third of the population consisted of slaves as well as

22033:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

20617:

The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

16670:

The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. vol 1. A–K

16405:"Trump's China Deal Boosts U.S. LNG Without Rule Change" 16357:"Islamic State Cites the Koran to Reinstate Sex Slavery" 15104:. Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. p. 273. 12423:"Nigerian Police Begin Documentation of Kidnapped Girls" 11295:

Slave trade and slavery on the Swahili Coast (1500-1700)

10222:

increase with increasing social and economic complexity.

9481:

described Phillips' mindset, methodology and influence:

6976:

of the state (initially only in time of war). After the

6521:

became common within the British Isles before 1066. The

6151:

reduced an entire population to a pseudo-slavery called

4434:

declared not an indentured servant but "slave for life."

4245:

Funeral at slave plantation during Dutch colonial rule,

2944:. As food was limited, water may have been just as bad. 2883:

made the international trade of slaves illegal with the

21253:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

19413:

The Committee Office, House of Commons (6 March 2006).

19081:. Auckland: Auckland University Press. pp. 123–35. 18174:

NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids

18073:"Plaats: Allada (Ardra, Ardres, Arder, Allada, Harder)" 17930:(in Portuguese). A Esfera dos Livros. pp. 219–224. 17032:. Classical Press of Wales and Duckworth. p. 148. 16885:"Brief History of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem" 16792:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 37. 16375:"Islamic State Price List for Captured Christian Women" 15020:

Interview with Ronald Segal on the subject of his book

14728: 13915:

Timeline of Slavery in America-African American History

12634:"Boko Haram admits abducting Nigeria girls from Chibok" 12040:"Darfur civilians 'seized as slaves by Sudan military'" 8769:

was unlawful in England (although not elsewhere in the

7944:

civilians forcibly abducted in occupied countries (see

6770:. Genoese merchants organized the slave trade from the 6711:

The ransoming of Christian slaves held in Turkish hands

6581: 6525:

show both that slavery existed in 9th and 10th Century

4957:, was the center of community activity and leadership. 4906:, thereby validating their claims to full citizenship. 4898:

government, by running away or through advances of the

4791:, which settlers from the Northern states opposed. The 4013:

and one-quarter of the slaves in Saint Domingue (later

3103:

in North Africa in the 19th century, up to 1.5 million

2203:

13th-century Africa – Map of the main trade routes and

1894:. Few traders ventured far inland, attempting to avoid 20764:

Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America

19964: 18684:, p. 101, Oscar Reiss, McFarland & Company, 1997; 17155:. Roconsulboston.com. 21 February 2006. Archived from 13902:. The Journal of Negro History. June 1916. p. 10. 11609:. Africa Business Information Services. Archived from 10651: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10554: 9993:

Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade

9430: 9351:

In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the

9133:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

8794:

Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade

7265:

were the first Europeans to use African slaves in the

6003:

women as slaves. According to Haleh Esfandiari of the

5665:

population being approximately 12 to 20 times that of

5154:

Slavery in the Middle East first developed out of the

3495:. Meanwhile, slave trading became a core business for 2796:. Because it had been established within his kingdom, 2549:

in the early 16th century. From then until the 1830s,

20356:, Edited by David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman, 2011 17891:

David Northrup, "Africa's Discovery of Europe" p. 8 (

16517:

Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times

14617: 12059:"Darfur Abductions: Sexual Slavery and Forced Labour" 10937:(Kindle ed.). London: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd. 10403:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 38, 10399:

Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History",

10233: 7856:, which worked to outlaw slavery in other countries. 6179:

Romans inherited the institution of slavery from the

5844:, many peasants voluntarily sold themselves into the 4921:

Slavery was never reestablished, but after President

4820:

and his party took control with legislators into the

2991:

encountered a group of slaves when traveling through

2852:'s shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast". 20485:

The problem of slavery as history: a global approach

19829:

Black history and the historical profession, 1915–80

19331:, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–79. 18145: 18100:"Plaats: Ouidah (Fida, Whydah, Juda, Hueda, Whidah)" 18097: 18070: 14853: 14777:

Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold.

13470:, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–79. 13032:"Rebellions in Bahia, 1798–1838. Culture of slavery" 12657: 12655: 11915:(1st American ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 11607:"Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis" 11462: 11027: 10981: 10733:. New York: New York University Press. p. 109. 10172:(2nd ed.). New York : Oxford University Press. 10167: 10062:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

9519:

emphasized the mistreatment and abuse of the slave.

9353:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

9319:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

8738:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

5874:

In Southeast Asia, there was a large slave class in

5513:, although domestic servants retained their status. 4288:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

4056:

showing plantation slaves during a Ceremonial dance.

3149:

The trading of children has been reported in modern

2331:

was about one third enslaved. It was perhaps 40% in

1412:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

20335:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011–2021 20194: 19827:August Meier, August, and Elliott M. Rudwick, eds. 19091: 18508: 15933:

Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War

15775:Khan, Samsam ud Daula Shah Nawaz; Khan, Abdul Hai. 15550: 15548: 15521:. Commemoration of the Abolition of Slavery Project 14792:

Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo

13980:

Slave Insurrections in the United States, 1800–1865

13830: 13512:

Canada's Forgotten Slaves: Two Centuries of Bondage

13213: 12878:"human sacrifice – Britannica Concise Encyclopedia" 11864:

Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa, 1795–7

11409: 11034:Lovejoy, Paul E.; Hogendorn, Jan S. (1 July 1993). 10879:"Ancient Egyptian Footwear at the Bata Shoe Museum" 10579: 10057:

Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

8909:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

8891:was of vital importance to the economy of France's 7893:

Forced labour under German rule during World War II

7816:. In 1807, following many years of lobbying by the 7694:For a long time, until the early 18th century, the 7322:in the Americas, Africa, Ceylon and Indonesia. The 6833:, about 75% of the population consisted of slaves. 6195:, quarries and households. The people subjected to 5595:. Several slaves were also brought to India by the 4372: 4090:After Great Britain abolished slavery, it began to 1823:It became less common throughout Europe during the 22601:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery 21208:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 21019:, summaries and documents; focus on United States 20942: 20890: 20743:African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean 20733:Slavery and Antislavery in Spain's Atlantic Empire 20342:, Edited by Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge, 2011 20294: 20114:Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition 19368: 17784:. Vol. XIV. New York: Robert Appleton Company 17153:"Roma Celebrate 150 years of Freedom 2005 Romania" 16693: 16622: 16037: 15481:. University of California Press. pp. 45–46. 15437: 15286: 15098:Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege (2001). 12565: 12038: 11968:"Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan" 10565:"Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan" 10170:African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean 8516:Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf 7519:(Murat Reis), operating from the Moroccan port of 7004:or torture at the hands of enemies or of pirates. 6988:, the French Crown filled its galleys with French 6227:was the most famous and most threatening to Rome. 6049:Women 20 to 30 years old for 100,000 dinar ($ 85). 4365:By the 1680s, with the consolidation of England's 3232:that began in 2003, many people were kidnapped by 2339:states consisted of slaves. The population of the 1991: 19704: 18927:"Kapu System and Caste System of Ancient Hawai'i" 17858:de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique R. (1972). 17503: 16762: 16625:A World by Itself: A History of the British Isles 15868:. London, H.F. & G. Witherby. pp. 42–44. 15244:Henley, Andrew Forbes, David (26 December 2012). 15131: 14990: 13473: 13346:Through the Lens of the Transatlantic Slave Trade 13342: 12652: 11725:"Benin seeks forgiveness for role in slave trade" 10394: 10392: 9714:." In his major attack on the Williams's thesis, 9244:, was a turning point in banning global slavery. 8332:. After intervention by the French ambassador in 8125:. People were born into specific social classes. 7542:, stormed ashore at the little harbor village of 6992:, Protestants condemned for resisting the state. 6345:. This boom period for slaves stretched from the 6055:Women 40 to 50 years old for 50,000 dinar ($ 42). 6052:Women 30 to 40 years old are 75,000 dinar ($ 63). 3602:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 3016:saw mass killings and slavery to extract rubber. 22623: 21238:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 21213:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 20911: 20716:Atlantic trade, Latin America and British Empire 20700:. London and New York: Oxford University Press. 19979:"A Nation Still Divided: The Confederate Flag," 18924: 18148:"Plaats: Jaquim (Jaquin, Jakri, Godomey, Jakin)" 18059:The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815 17597:. Manakin.addr.com. 14 June 2011. Archived from 16108:"The Port of Jolo and the Sulu Zone Slave Trade" 15545: 14991:Eltringham, Nigel; Maclean, Pam (27 June 2014). 14847: 14638: 14271:"Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War" 13554: 12511: 11530:To overdraw its evils is a simple impossibility. 11360:"Civil War in the Sudan: Resources or Religion?" 11033: 10590: 9297:When the League of Nations was succeeded by the 8915:threatened to ally itself with the British, the 7408:. On the instigation of Governor-General of the 6005:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4678:and refused to convict those indicted under the 3481:, the British government obtained the monopoly ( 3262:are common in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 1527:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 22555:List of last surviving American enslaved people 20935:Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds. 20794:Jensen, Niklas Thode; Simonsen, Gunvor (2016). 20539:Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul–Sep 1966), pp. 323–42 20433:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery 19250:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery 18976: 18888:"Система исправительно-трудовых лагерей в СССР" 18645:A Concise History of the British Virgin Islands 18482: 18478: 18476: 18420: 18118: 16911:"Historical survey > Ways of ending slavery" 16473:Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul–Sep 1966), pp. 323–42 14512: 13514:. Independent Publishing Group. p. Intro. 12754: 12598: 10928: 10926: 9131:. Slavery was legally abolished in 1865 by the 7671:The Crimeans frequently mounted raids into the 6659:, and other ethnic groups of the Black Sea and 5991:According to media reports from late 2014, the 3868: 3521:the most common forms of slavery were those of 3428:Many child migrants also suffer from abuse and 3367:, which is considered a refuge for Boko Haram. 2705:To overdraw its evil is a simple impossibility. 22145:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" 21052: 20793: 20558:The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity 20516:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion 19534: 19329:Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838 18761:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 18566:Patrick Medd,"Romilly", Collins, 1968, p. 149. 17915:. Repositório Aberto da UNiversidade do Porto. 17801: 17799: 16742:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88. 16346:, 18 November 2014 (accessed 22 November 2014) 15369: 15310: 15022:Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora 14900: 14894: 14644: 14230:Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom," 13783: 13765:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 13671: 13632: 13605: 13468:Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838 12559: 12557: 12322:As the World Intrudes, Pygmies Feel Endangered 12087:. 17 December 2008 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 11642:"African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade" 10389: 10292: 10290: 9553:, portrayed slaves as having internalized the 9051:End of slavery in the United States of America 8016:. Officially, the Gulag was terminated by the 7866:was executed for the murder of a slave in the 6836: 6491:Poland banned slavery in the 15th century; in 6064:. Sex slaves were sold to Saudi Arabia, other 5282:A member of the Ottoman slave class, called a 5255:Slavery was a legal and important part of the 3895:Slavery was commonly used in the parts of the 3584:of Brazil, the fishing societies, such as the 2505:reported seeing slave caravans departing from 21320: 21038: 20923: 20885: 20476:McGrath, Elizabeth and Massing, Jean Michel, 20063:Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., 19925: 19711:. Oxford University Press. pp. 494–502. 18714:International Labor and Working-Class History 18206: 17552: 17410: 17205:"William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols" 16887:. Hmml.org. 23 September 2010. Archived from 15803:"Slavery is not dead, just less recognizable" 15790:Travels of Fray Sebāstien Manrique, 1629–1643 15562: 15560: 15222:. University of Washington Press. p. 146 11174:On Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress 10850:Historical survey > Slave-owning societies 10436: 10434: 10432: 9775:Swiss children coercion reparation initiative 8479: 8402:abolished slavery, partly in response to the 7755:The Black Man's Lament, or, how to make sugar 6353:but declined in the later Middle Ages as the 4801:absorbing a faction of anti-slavery Democrats 3801:. In Brazil, the Maroon villages were called 3769:were enslaved to work on rubber plantations. 3299:, more than 109,000 children were working on 2362:was enslaved. Roughly half the population of 1733: 21006:International Slavery Museum. Great Britain. 20917:Roll Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made 20509:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 19854:James Oliver Horton; Lois E. Horton (2006). 19379:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 19046: 18950:"The Overthrow of the Kapu System in Hawaii" 18695:Department of Historic Preservation archives 18542:"Was slavery the engine of economic growth?" 18473: 18297: 18038:The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics. 17854: 17852: 17850: 17848: 17671:Sep-Dec 2016, Vol. 41 Issue 4/5, pp. 475–94. 17254:"The Effects of the Mongol Empire on Russia" 17181:. Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Archived from 17127:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 16716: 16411:. 12 May 2017 – via www.bloomberg.com. 15726:ed. Wolseley Haig, Vol. III, pp. 391, 397–98 15589:Shah, Anish M.; et al. (15 July 2011). 15270:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 14954:. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, Page & Co 14889:Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire 14375:A short history of Reconstruction, 1863–1877 14263: 13653: 13510:Marcel Trudel; Micheline d' Allaire (2013). 13368: 13366: 12775:"African migrants sold as 'slaves' in Libya" 12475:Nigerian school says 329 girl pupils missing 11580:. Cambridge University Press. 1875. p. 11517:. Cambridge University Press. 1875. p. 11380: 10923: 10109:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 9982:Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking 8934: 8366:Proclamation of the abolition of slavery by 5960: 5832:, slavery was officially abolished with the 5705:(a widespread practice which Mughal emperor 3194:in 1999 reported that slavery is endemic in 2411:, perhaps as many as nine million along the 2009:Slavery occurred in civilizations including 1532:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 20995:Digital History – Slavery Facts & Myths 20650: 20570: 20300: 19092:Solomon, Māui; Denise Davis (9 June 2006). 18611:"The West African Squadron and slave trade" 18139: 18124: 18091: 18064: 17796: 17621:"French galley slaves of the ancien régime" 17454:"The Tatar Khanate of Crimea – All Empires" 17046: 16935:Allen J. Frantzen and Douglas Moffat, eds. 16735: 16662: 16660: 15373:Korea and East Asia: the story of a Phoenix 15348:Memoirs of the Research Department, Issue 2 15169:Journal of East Asian archaeology, Volume 3 14722: 13442: 13280: 13008:Herbert S. Klein and Francisco Vidal Luna, 12554: 12505: 12376: 12374: 11990:"The Abolition season on BBC World Service" 10687:"Historical survey: Slave-owning societies" 10632: 10630: 10628: 10617:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 10595:. Theaustralian.news.com.au. Archived from 10287: 10168:Klein, Herbert S.; III, Ben Vinson (2007). 9107:". The more famous of the African American 8493: 8294: 6239:records slaves as an export commodity from 5814:from several countries as forced laborers. 4606:allowed the enslavement of children in its 3875:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean 3772: 3592:from what is now Alaska to California, the 3502: 3382:, and I shall capture people and make them 2693:While talking about the trade of slaves in 2383:When British rule was first imposed on the 21327: 21313: 21223:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 21045: 21031: 20843:Black Ivory: Slavery in the British Empire 20779:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 448. 19961:Kolchin pp. 137–43. Horton and Horton p. 9 19880: 19327:Dryden, John. 1992 "Pas de Six Ans!" In: 18982: 18385: 18383: 18381: 18379: 18377: 18375: 17328: 17099: 17097: 17095: 17058:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–04. 15577:The Chachnamah, an Ancient History of Sind 15557: 15376:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 49. 15293:. University of California Press. p. 15239: 15237: 14945: 14881: 14740: 14688:Nikolaos Linardos (University of Athens), 14468: 14168: 14124: 13626: 13612:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. p. 259. 13599: 13561:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2005). 13505: 13503: 13021:"The West: Encounters and Transformations" 12808:"Libya exposed as child migrant abuse hub" 12738:"African migrants 'sold in slave markets'" 12387: 12343: 11431:; see that page's history for attribution. 10831: 10829: 10429: 9375:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 9061:protest against the institution of slavery 8486: 8472: 8429:Abolition of slavery in the British Empire 8154:1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii 7962:Forced labor of Germans after World War II 7659:Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 7441:each year. Slavery also characterised the 4877:rejected President Lincoln's proposal for 4551: 3714:prohibited the importation of slaves into 2121:soles depicting two captive foreigners, a 1740: 1726: 22569:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book 21243:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 20974:The slave's cause: A history of abolition 20963: 20813: 20698:Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World 20609: 20454:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition 20445:Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. 20417:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture 20389: 20272: 20015: 19599:Friends Committee on National Legislation 18863: 18828: 17845: 17769: 17680: 17335:The Full Collection of the Russian Annals 17025: 16964:, if they were Christian", see p. 117 of 16860: 16612: 15878: 15714:ed. Wolseley Haig, Vol. III pp. 356, 449. 15614: 15407:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture 15016: 15014: 14746: 14462: 14433: 14431: 14171:"The Problem of Slavery in Early Vermont" 14079: 13466:Dryden, John. 1992 "Pas de Six Ans!" In: 13414: 13412: 13363: 12717: 12698: 12119: 11982: 11604: 11335:"Central African Republic: Early history" 11220:"The impact of the slave trade on Africa" 11209:, BBC World Service | The Story of Africa 11197:, Project MUSE – Journal of World History 11040:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10813:Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions 10487: 10338:Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004). "Sumer". 10326:exist. Slave use was sometimes extensive. 10267: 8404:United States Declaration of Independence 8343: 7788:A little-known incident in the career of 7212:General Company of Pernambuco and Paraíba 7156:Among many other European slave markets, 6467:slaves captured in war. The Order of the 6250: 5778:, recalling operations against tribes in 5440:, who chronicled India about the time of 5351:During the various 18th and 19th century 4995:(slaves) in the pre-colonial Philippines. 4904:fought for the Union in the Army and Navy 4808:treated as second-class citizens. In the 4778:Abolition of slavery in the United States 4697:was active in the mayhem and killing in " 4492: 4332:s crew from a Portuguese cargo ship, the 4237:Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies 2936:was common, and was often referred to as 2891:was deployed to prevent slavers from the 2541:, one that quickly reinstituted slavery. 22550:Treatment of slaves in the United States 22324:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade 21638:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY) 20769: 20151: 19760:"U.S. works to fight modern-day slavery" 19127:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 18598:Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore 18456:"Historical survey > Slave societies" 18298:de Bruxelles, Simon (28 February 2007). 17925: 17824: 17511:"Historical survey > Slave societies" 17365: 17251: 17002: 16785: 16657: 15792:vol. II, p. 272. (Ashgate, 2010 reprint) 14700:, Vol. 115, Issue 5, 2010, pp. 1513–1514 13871: 13859:"Rhode Island bans slavery: 18 May 1652" 13789: 13567:. Oxford University Press. p. 722. 13307: 13085:. Concise.britannica.com. Archived from 12371: 12204:, March 2005 (accessed 28 November 2014) 11297:. archieves.ouvertes.fr. pp. 37–76. 10625: 10469: 10398: 9434: 9422:North Korea (10.5%) and Eritrea (9.3%). 9253:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 9227:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919 9219:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 9200: 9001: 8854:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 8798:Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade 8728:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 8641:Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919 8551:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 8452: 8440: 8361: 8358:Abolition of Slavery by country and year 8353: 8168:, New Zealand comprised many individual 7910: 7896: 7850:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 7777:plantations amounted to under 5% of the 7748: 7581: 7479: 7358:. Initially the Dutch shipped slaves to 7314:Although slavery was illegal inside the 7246: 7102: 6948: 6701: 6585: 6517:Capture in war, voluntary servitude and 6412: 6230: 6085: 5565: 5516:Men punished with castration during the 5353:persecution campaigns against Christians 5243: 4998: 4980: 4842: 4670:. Midwestern state governments asserted 4555: 4376: 4240: 4047: 3878: 3662: 3647: 3439: 3083: 3029: 2866: 2779: 2748: 2735:African participation in the slave trade 2680: 2458: 2198: 1951:systematic child slavery and trafficking 1537:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1402:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1382:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 20692: 20602:No. 133 (Nov., 1991), pp. 195–203 20452:Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. 20447:Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery 19535:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (26 April 2006). 19376:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 19296: 19078:The Origins of the First New Zealanders 18704: 18544:. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from 18372: 18263: 17478: 17371: 17092: 16154:"Toraja History and Cultural Relations" 16138:. Stamslandia.webng.com. Archived from 16090: 15474: 15410:. Oxford University Press. p. 51. 15284: 15234: 15166:Society for East Asian Studies (2001). 15080: 15078: 14795:. Oxford University Press. p. 84. 14734: 14710: 13762: 13500: 13372: 12755:Graham-Harrison, Emma (10 April 2017). 12726:on 30 October 2021 – via YouTube. 12707:on 30 October 2021 – via YouTube. 12628: 12626: 12393: 11970:. U.S. Department of State. 22 May 2002 11065:. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from 10932: 10895: 10842: 10826: 10726: 9677:Economics of slavery in the West Indies 9608:The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom 9410: 9015:Victor Schœlcher and the 1848 abolition 8967: 8433:Emancipation of the British West Indies 8340:, which further devastated the island. 8205:) to satisfy the need for labor in the 7765:Britain played a prominent role in the 7511:number of coastal communities. In 1627 7334:) referred to the trading posts of the 6944: 6762:. In 1382 the Golden Horde under Khan 5983:Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency 5756:, who work as slaves to pay off debts. 5502:Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) 4847:Company I of the 36th Colored Regiment 4654:till 1833, free blacks found refuge in 4624:banned American vessels from being used 4160:today are descended from these slaves. 2553:200 enslaved people were exported from 22624: 22487:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro 22308:Queen: The Story of an American Family 22228:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 20873:International Review of Social History 20850:British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1834 20654:(1991). "Prisoners, Exchanges of". In 20564: 20480:(London: The Warburg Institute, 2012.) 20333:The Cambridge World History of Slavery 19994: 19860:. Oxford University Press. p. 8. 19486: 18866:"Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere" 18419:Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by 18389: 18324: 17903: 17901: 17820:Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader 17775: 17346: 17306:"Rebooting Reality – Chapter 2, Labor" 17278: 17007:(in French). La Renaissance du Livre. 16834: 16193: 16105: 15946: 15909: 15243: 15135:The early Chinese empires: Qin and Han 15043: 15011: 14782: 14645:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (6 March 2006). 14574: 14428: 14034: 13678:Peter S. Onuf; Eliga H. Gould (2005). 13409: 13240: 12661: 12563: 12298: 12120:Andersson, Hilary (11 February 2005). 12036: 11908: 11749:. Histoire-afrique.org. Archived from 11700:"Dahomey (historical kingdom, Africa)" 11674:"Museum Theme: The Kingdom of Dahomey" 11292: 11167: 10505: 10401:Slavery and Slaving in African History 10337: 10029:History of slavery in the Muslim world 9139:theirs as well as that of the whites. 7881: 7738: 6643:from the 13th century. They sold both 6554:In the early Middle Ages, the city of 5570: 5388:, the male:female gender ratio in the 5344:that became a decisive faction in the 4977:History of slavery in the Muslim world 3977:28%) of all profits collected for the 2145:Slaves in chains during the period of 2129:(right), between 332 BC and 395 c.e. ( 1886:, starting mainly with merchants from 22260:Roots: The Saga of an American Family 22089:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 21525:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng) 21308: 21026: 20731:and Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, eds. 20626:(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2003) 20368: 20237: 19757: 19627:p. 264. Duke University Press, 1997. 19073: 19009: 18989:. Honolulu: Bess Press. p. 101. 18947: 18880: 18176:, 2008, Vol. 82 Issue 1/2, pp. 47–96 17907: 16035: 16018: 15403: 15056:. John Wiley and Sons, 2010, 444 pp. 14788: 14485: 14238: 12805: 12441: 12261: 12242: 12213: 12207: 12197:"Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain," 11598: 11415: 11063:"Digital History Slavery Fact Sheets" 10636: 10593:"West is master of slave trade guilt" 10567:. US Department of State. 22 May 2002 10440: 9999:United States National Slavery Museum 9357:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 9260:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 9142: 8962:sold off the huge Louisiana territory 8796:(Abolition Society) in May 1787, the 8531:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 8467: 8458:Protector of Slaves Office (Trinidad) 8328:and possibly the last who could read 8225:Slavery was outlawed in 1840 via the 6686:were enslaved over five centuries in 6383:, Portugal in 1189, for example, the 6279:"Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus" 5840:period, in times of poor harvest and 5652:(1001), "in the midst of the land of 5248:Ottoman Turks with captives from the 4759: 4689:in 1854, armed conflict broke out in 4637:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 4511:Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 4437:1661: Virginia officially recognizes 3452:To participate in the slave trade in 3389: 3202:range from 14,000 to 200,000 people. 3198:. Estimates of abductions during the 2501:to North Africa. The German explorer 2436: 1424:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1101:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 22105:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass 21600:(1783 England – 1821 United States) 21334: 20266: 19366: 19360: 19274:(1772) 20 State Tr 1; (1772) Lofft 1 19151: 19120: 19047:O'Malley, Vincent (1 October 2013). 18925:mythichawaii.com (23 October 2006). 15952: 15885:Joint study of the Sino-Japanese war 15861: 15825:"Life as a modern slave in Pakistan" 15774: 15588: 15216:Anthony Jerome Barbieri-Low (2007). 15197:. Saint Catherine Press. p. 144 15075: 14767:from the original on 12 October 2020 14114:Legal Papers of John Adams, volume 2 13991: 13872:Williams, George Washington (1882). 13661:"Full text of "The slave in Canada"" 13391:"Slavery and the Haitian Revolution" 13083:"Bandeira – Encyclopædia Britannica" 12854:. Library.umaine.edu. Archived from 12623: 12580:from the original on 11 January 2022 12415: 11168:Goitom, Hanibal (14 February 2012). 10837:The New Penguin History of the World 10815:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1997, 10639:"One in 200 people is a slave. Why?" 10376:"Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi" 10296: 10192: 9266:, explicitly banned slavery. After 9166: 8995:on 20 November 1815 and by order of 7515:under command of the Dutch renegade 7501:Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi 7257:, liberating 20,000 Christian slaves 7235:Spanish colonization of the Americas 6582:Barbary pirates and Maltese corsairs 6395:, Portugal in 1191, his governor of 6325:In central Europe, specifically the 6100: 5878:who built the enduring monuments in 5636:recorded that in 1001 the armies of 3444:A young boy with an enslaved woman, 3314:On the night of 14–15 April 2014, a 3019: 2972:, maize) would have limited general 1616:Slave marriages in the United States 1220:Human trafficking in the Middle East 20937:Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery 19587:"Background on Conflict in Liberia" 18248:British Slaves on the Barbary Coast 17898: 17303: 16447:. 28 September 2016. Archived from 16115:The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 15700:The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat 15344: 15247:Vietnam Past and Present: The North 15191:History of Science Society (1952). 15066: 14388:Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 14218:Dictionary of Afro-American slavery 13426:. Webster.edu. 1825. Archived from 13343:Vinita Moch Ricks (1 August 2013). 13287:. Simon and Schuster. p. 236. 12664:"Boko Haram: The essence of terror" 12282:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 12085:"'Thousands made slaves' in Darfur" 11115:"Central African Republic: History" 9692:arrived when West Indian historian 9431:Historiography in the United States 9403:, addresses human trafficking. The 9365:In May 2004, the 22 members of the 8952:fought to restore the order of the 8878:(especially in trade ports such as 8816:sailing under their national flag. 8786:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville 7469: 6917:described how Swedish Vikings, the 6821:territories between 1558 and 1596. 6735:, whence they were sold throughout 6604: 6402: 6093:, a nineteenth-century painting by 5250:Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War 5180: 4717:through the state. This infuriated 4546:New York Slave Insurrection of 1741 4126:Slavery in Canada was practised by 3008:. The personal monarchy of Belgian 2784:The inspection and sale of a slave. 2761:even before the involvement of the 2407:, another four million through the 955:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 13: 22444:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom 22316:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons 21594:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal) 21547:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino 20879: 20867:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12480 20828:(Princeton University Press, 1995) 20759:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) 20661:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 20640:15.8 (2017). on Christian captives 20522: 20470:(Brill Academic Publishers, 2011) 20435:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) 20067:(Cambridge University Press, 2004) 19643:Robin D.G. Kelley and Earl Lewis, 19538:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 19252:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) 18910:"Victims of Stalinism: A Comment." 17718:(Cambridge University Press; 2010) 17645:. Sanandrea.edu.mt. Archived from 16717:Frost, Peter (14 September 2013). 16667:Junius P Rodriguez, Ph.D. (1997). 15595:American Journal of Human Genetics 14648:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 14624:. University of California Press. 13174:The abolition of slavery in Brazil 13150:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) 13012:(Cambridge University Press, 2010) 12986:. 30 November 1998. Archived from 12828:. 28 February 2017. Archived from 12099:"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger" 12012:"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law" 11466:The Politics of Heritage in Africa 11170:"Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia" 10985:The Politics of Heritage in Africa 10069:Influx of disease in the Caribbean 9225:. The 1890 Act was revised by the 9040: 8907:In 1793, influenced by the French 8421:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom 8240: 7807:in England. In 1785, English poet 7652: 5890:were slaves. By the 19th century, 5400: 5355:as well as during the culminating 4639:as of 1 January 1808; but not the 3213:women and children was common. In 2219:Writing in 1984, French historian 1609:last survivors of American slavery 14: 22653: 22545:Songs of the Underground Railroad 22505:Abolitionism in the United States 22013:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil) 21644:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico) 20987: 20964:Rodriguez, Junius P, ed. (2007). 20275:"Slavery's Shadow on Switzerland" 19887:. Knopf Doubleday. p. xxii. 19857:Slavery and the Making of America 18983:Wong, Helen; Rayson, Ann (1987). 18954:Journal of the Polynesian Society 18864:Tjersland, Jonas (8 April 2006). 18634:UNESCO. Retrieved 15 October 2011 18588:(London: BBC Books, 2005), p. 61. 18270:. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. 17926:Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel (2013). 17730:Abolitions as a global experience 17229:. 26 October 2009. Archived from 17140:Slavery on the Frontiers of Islam 16786:Phillips, William D. Jr. (1985). 16269:. 13 October 2014. Archived from 16194:Brekke, Kira (8 September 2014). 16095:. University of California Press. 15953:Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu. 15850:Widespread slavery found in Nepal 15805:. Csmonitor.com. 1 September 2004 14169:Whitefield, Harvey Amani (2014). 13379:. London: R. Baldwin. p. 21. 12455:. Nigeria: All Africa. 2 May 2014 12359:. Associated Press. 19 April 2014 12037:Pflanz, Mike (16 December 2008). 11676:. Museeouidah.org. Archived from 10510:(New ed.). London: Phoenix. 10052:Origins of the American Civil War 9966:Abolitionism in the United States 9712:Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 9549:in the 1970s, through their work 9425: 9405:International Labour Organization 9205:Liberated Russian slave workers, 9047:Abolitionism in the United States 8870:Role of Nantes in the slave trade 8808:within the whole British Empire. 8759:R. v. Knowles, ex parte Somersett 8568:African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.) 8156:officially made slavery illegal. 7548:captured almost all the villagers 7395:onward, the struggle between the 7208:Company of Grão-Pará and Maranhão 6486: 6327:Frankish/German/Holy Roman Empire 6298:, they sold most captives in the 6105: 5979:Sexual slavery § Middle East 5904:International Labour Organization 5894:had developed a slave trade with 5851: 5759: 5673:at the end of the 16th century). 5340:, a special soldier class of the 5229: 5213:Arab–Byzantine prisoner exchanges 4303:In late August 1619, the frigate 4152:, especially with the arrival of 4098:, though France still controlled 3708:Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo 3245:ECOWAS Community Court of Justice 3225:was criminalized in August 2007. 2827:kingdoms depended heavily on the 2409:Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean 1912:Europe's colonies in the Americas 570:Field slaves in the United States 437:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 22593:Slave Songs of the United States 22097:The Underground Railroad Records 22007:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela) 20585:(Oxford University Press, 2017) 20391:10.1590/tem-1980-542x2017v230206 20231: 20145: 20132: 20119: 20106: 20083: 20070: 20057: 20044: 20009: 19988: 19973: 19955: 19946: 19919: 19901: 19874: 19847: 19834: 19821: 19803: 19773: 19751: 19725: 19698: 19689: 19680: 19671: 19662: 19650: 19645:To Make Our World Anew: Volume I 19637: 19617: 19579: 19555: 19528: 19515: 19480: 19455: 19429: 19406: 19334: 19321: 19290: 19277: 19268: 19255: 19242: 19230: 19208: 19186: 19145: 19114: 19085: 19067: 19040: 19003: 18941: 18918: 18902: 18857: 18822: 18810: 18782: 18770: 18698: 18658: 18637: 18625: 18603: 18591: 18578: 18569: 18560: 18533: 18502: 18448: 18413: 18318: 18291: 18257: 18182: 18166: 18130: 18051: 18031: 17999: 17990: 17964: 17934: 17919: 17885: 17873: 17812: 17721: 17708: 17674: 17661: 17635: 17613: 17587: 17565: 17546: 17528: 17472: 17456:. Allempires.com. Archived from 17446: 17404: 17340: 17297: 17272: 17245: 17219: 17197: 17171: 17145: 17132: 17119: 17068: 17019: 16996: 16942: 16929: 16903: 16877: 16828: 16806: 16779: 16756: 16729: 16710: 16687: 16606: 16581: 16567: 16555: 16542: 16522: 16509: 16491:"Sparta – A Military City-State" 16483: 16463: 16433: 16415: 16397: 16367: 16349: 16331: 16313: 16295: 16277: 16252: 16231: 16213: 16187: 16168: 16146: 16128: 16099: 16084: 16048: 16029: 16012: 15987: 15965: 15903: 15891: 15872: 15855: 15843: 15817: 15795: 15783: 15768: 15755: 15742: 15737:A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar) 15729: 15717: 15705: 15692: 15675: 15666: 15657: 15648: 15631: 15582: 15575:Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, tr., 15569: 15524: 15515: 15502: 15468: 15447:. Greenwood Press. p. 316. 15431: 15397: 15363: 15338: 15304: 15278: 15219:Artisans in early imperial China 15209: 15184: 15159: 15125: 15091: 14984: 14966: 14939: 14921: 14891:Cambridge University Press, 2010 14835: 14823: 14809: 14680: 14665: 14611: 14568: 14556: 14544: 14532: 14521: 14499: 14469:Hochschild, Ada (4 March 2001). 14452: 14443: 14419: 14402: 14393: 14380: 14367: 14354: 14341: 14328: 14315: 14302: 14289: 14250: 14223: 14211: 14189: 14162: 14145: 14118: 14107: 14096: 14073: 14055: 14028: 13985: 13972: 13959: 13945: 13932: 13906: 13892: 13865: 13851: 13824: 13756: 13730: 13719: 13710: 13698: 13581: 13528: 13460: 13383: 13336: 13301: 13274: 13261: 13234: 13220:. Canoe Press. pp. 415–26. 13207: 13179: 13166: 13153: 13140: 13127: 13101: 13075: 13050: 13034:. Isc.temple.edu. Archived from 13024: 13015: 13002: 12964: 12942: 12917: 12895: 12870: 12844: 12818: 12806:Adams, Paul (28 February 2017). 12799: 12781: 12767: 12763:– via www.theguardian.com. 12748: 12730: 12711: 12692: 12678: 12592: 12528: 12301:"Congo's Pygmies live as slaves" 12270:– via www.theguardian.com. 12251:– via www.theguardian.com. 12243:Kelly, Annie (19 January 2016). 11117:. Infoplease.com. 13 August 1960 10538:. 4 October 2013. Archived from 9977:Anti-Slavery Society (1823–1838) 9902:Slavery in 21st-century jihadism 9736:amounted to less than 5% of the 9055:In 1688, four German Quakers in 8536:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880 8148:system was abolished during the 8000:took over the already extensive 7955: 6931:slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 6719:Slave trade in the Mongol Empire 6506: 6371:between Muslims and Christians. 5987:Slavery in 21st-century Islamism 5462: 5405: 4373:Slavery in American colonial law 4315:Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick 4284:Slave trade in the United States 4273: 4226: 3513:Slavery in Pre-Columbian America 3380:lavery is allowed in my religion 3145:Slavery in 21st-century jihadism 2420: 2138: 2110: 2090: 447:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 442:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 271:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 41: 21973:(19th century Indian Territory) 21947:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY) 20801:Scandinavian Journal of History 20745:(Oxford University Press, 1988) 20537:Journal of the History of Ideas 20492:Slavery: History and Historians 20340:The Ancient Mediterranean World 20326: 20301:Kavita Puri (29 October 2014). 19758:McKee, Caroline (7 July 2015). 19705:David P. Forsythe, ed. (2009). 19623:Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). 19344:. Commonlii.org. Archived from 18540:Digital History, Steven Mintz. 17669:Scandinavian Journal of History 17411:KOŁODZIEJCZYK, DARIUSZ (2006). 17052:Olivia Remie Constable (1996). 17029:Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond 16471:Journal of the History of Ideas 16056:"ILO cracks the whip at Yangon" 15285:Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967). 14041:. University of Georgia Press. 13639:. Broadview Press. p. 11. 13420:"A Brief History of Dessalines" 12564:Heaton, Laura (30 April 2014). 12512:Howard LaFranchi (5 May 2014). 12480: 12467: 12394:Perkins, Anne (23 April 2014). 12327: 12315: 12299:Thomas, Katie (12 March 2007). 12292: 12274: 12255: 12236: 12190: 12164: 12139: 12113: 12091: 12077: 12051: 12030: 11960: 11938: 11929: 11902: 11869: 11855: 11846: 11808: 11797:Encounter Books: London. 2011. 11787: 11765: 11739: 11717: 11692: 11666: 11634: 11625: 11568: 11535: 11505: 11491:"The Transatlantic Slave Trade" 11483: 11456: 11434: 11421: 11374: 11352: 11327: 11301: 11286: 11260: 11234: 11222:. Mondediplo.com. 22 March 1998 11212: 11200: 11188: 11161: 11129: 11107: 11081: 11061:Digital History, Steven Mintz. 11054: 11002: 10975: 10951: 10889: 10871: 10858: 10805: 10784: 10758: 10719: 10701: 10679: 10524: 10499: 10297:Hunt, Peter (2015). "Slavery". 10193:Hunt, Peter (2015). "Slavery". 10141: 10132: 10119:List of films featuring slavery 9355:, which was developed from the 9249:Committee of Experts on Slavery 9247:In 1932, the League formed the 9223:Brussels Conference Act of 1890 9221:, which had concluded with the 8583:Eastern Naval Division (Brazil) 8556:Brussels Conference Act of 1890 7981: 7966:As agreed by the Allies at the 7930:operated several categories of 7919:by Nazis for forced labor, 1941 7604:to secure new concessions from 6306:or Islamic markets such as the 5957:in 1863 in all Dutch colonies. 5810:used millions of civilians and 5187:Slavery in the Byzantine Empire 5177:, were poor and former slaves. 4705:fraud. Pro-slavery elements in 4325:. They had been removed by the 4298: 4156:after 1783. A small portion of 3987:To regularise slavery, in 1685 3624:was composed by an Englishman, 3487:) of selling African slaves in 3370:On 5 May 2014 a video in which 3130: 3057: 2299:and other peoples of the lower 2230:colony at the Cape of Good Hope 2085:, and children born to slaves. 2069:of Sub-Saharan Africa, and the 1992:Prehistoric and ancient slavery 1910:kingdoms, transporting them to 1787:Slavery has been found in some 1784:in different times and places. 1397:Committee of Experts on Slavery 948:East, Southeast, and South Asia 22577:Slave-Trading in the Old South 21631:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833) 21284:International humanitarian law 21228:Special Court for Sierra Leone 20976:(Yale University Press, 2016). 20682:(Yale University Press, 2007) 20551:Slavery in Classical Antiquity 20487:(Yale University Press, 2012.) 20273:Tony Wild (10 November 2014). 19995:Serven, Ruth (21 March 2018). 19601:. 30 July 2003. Archived from 19285:The Journal of African History 19239:. Michael King. Penguin. 2003. 19154:Moriori: A People Rediscovered 18948:Levin, Stephenie Seto (1968). 18817:United States Holocaust Museum 18777:Yale Law School Avalon Project 18304:Study of sails on pirate ships 18300:"Pirates who got away with it" 17946:www.ukcouncilhumanrights.co.uk 17942:"Chapter 1: Health In Slavery" 17108:. Robert Davis (2004). p. 45. 16576:Geography. Book IV Chapter 5 16106:Warren, James Francis (2007). 15084:J.W. McCrindle (Translator), 14563:The Cambridge History of Islam 14035:Blanck, Emily (6 March 2014). 13593:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 13393:. Chnm.gmu.edu. Archived from 13255:10.1080/00086495.1960.11829793 13111:. V-brazil.com. Archived from 12380:Maclean, Ruth (17 April 2014) 11469:. Cambridge University Press. 11091:. Bartelby.com. Archived from 10988:. Cambridge University Press. 10463: 10368: 10331: 10227: 10186: 10161: 9989:– Religious Society of Friends 9892:Slavery in contemporary Africa 9373:, which incorporated the 1990 9006:"Avenue Schœlcher 1804-1893", 8387:was increasingly effective in 8159: 8041:исправительно-трудовая колония 7443:Dutch possessions in Indonesia 7303: 6925:, terrorized and enslaved the 6379:and slaves. In a raid against 6285:had several distinct sources. 5808:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 5520:were also used as slave labor. 4458:1664: Slavery is legalized in 4215:, a network of routes used by 3729:, adventurers mostly of mixed 3682:Slavery was a mainstay of the 3141:Slavery in contemporary Africa 2307:, and the Kasanje kingdom and 1096:Slave raiding in Easter Island 1: 22252:The Confessions of Nat Turner 22217: 22210: 22041:The Narrative of Robert Adams 21455: 20859:Review 73.2 (2020): 353–383. 20815:10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880 20054:(Yale University Press, 1926) 19196:. Teara.govt.nz. 4 March 2009 19053:. Auckland University Press. 18831:The Journal of Modern History 18693:University of Mary Washington 18430:The Journal of Jewish Studies 17862:. Columbia University Press, 17681:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). 16613:Campbelly, Jamesetta (2011). 16519:(Yale UP, 2000) pp. 66, 75–77 16040:British Relations With Bhutan 15900:Access date: 9 February 2007. 14952:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 14273:. Itd.nps.gov. Archived from 14080:Meserette (29 January 2016). 12601:"Abducted girls moved abroad" 12262:Kelly, Annie (23 July 2014). 12122:"Born to be a slave in Niger" 11909:Milton, Giles (8 June 2005). 10811:Roland De Vaux, John McHugh, 10154: 9867:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 9665:In 2018, a conference at the 9307:Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge 9072:American Colonization Society 7992:POW labor in the Soviet Union 7836:. Between 1808 and 1860, the 7551:them ever saw Ireland again. 7318:it flourished throughout the 6867:era beginning circa 793, the 6690:until abolition in 1864 (see 6430: 6409:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 6399:took 3,000 Christian slaves. 5536:Chinese domination of Vietnam 5378:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 5292:, could achieve high status. 5257:economy of the Ottoman Empire 5236:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 4834:Confederate States of America 4774:Confederate States of America 4725:, and was exacerbated by the 4616:Congress of the Confederation 4538:New York Slave Revolt of 1712 3948:War of the Spanish Succession 3899:controlled by France and the 3745:, and particularly among the 3479:War of the Spanish Succession 3335:students have been forced to 2387:and the surrounding areas in 1863:; and from the South via the 22585:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon 22540:Slavery in the United States 21897:Greensbury Washington Offley 21248:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 21233:International Criminal Court 20838:(Simon & Schuster, 1997) 20583:Slavery After Rome, 500-1100 20466:Linden, Marcel van der, ed. 19708:Encyclopedia of human rights 19417:. Publications.parliament.uk 19400:UK public library membership 18522:. p. 27. Archived from 18509:Brian Glyn Williams (2013). 18267:Piracy: the complete history 16265:International Business Times 16181:International Business Times 16036:Gupta, Shantiswarup (1974). 15138:. Harvard University Press. 14713:, pp. 382–383, 388–390. 14247:– PBS Series – Part 4 (2007) 14177:. Vermont Historical Society 13929:. Retrieved 6 December 2006. 13831:Junius P. Rodriguez (2007). 13542:. Canadian Museum of History 13540:Virtual Museum of New France 13214:Richard B. Sheridan (1974). 11946:"My Career Redeeming Slaves" 10866:The Journal of Roman Studies 10441:Perbi, Akosua Adoma (2004). 10409:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003 10311:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.006 10207:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.006 10039:Slavery in the United States 9686:were primarily responsible. 9371:Arab Charter on Human Rights 9234:Temporary Slavery Commission 8902: 8716:Temporary Slavery Commission 8447:1840 Anti-Slavery Conference 7753:Illustration from the book: 7424:, at which place they built 7342:, which lie in contemporary 7099:Economic history of Portugal 7065:and was a colony of France. 6566:where they were enslaved as 6513:Slavery in the British Isles 5917:was practiced by the tribal 5682:that date it shifted to the 5648:(capital of Gandhara) after 4866:and others were slavers and 4561:James Hopkinson's plantation 4280:Slavery in the United States 3869:British and French Caribbean 3785:and other countries such as 3545:, workers were subject to a 3275:Democratic Republic of Congo 2919:. The King of Bonny (now in 2792:prior to the arrival of the 1387:Temporary Slavery Commission 1048:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 7: 22609:The Hemingses of Monticello 22510:African-American literature 21289:International speech crimes 21070:Customary international law 20530:Slavery and Society at Rome 20240:The Economic History Review 20154:The Business History Review 19929:American Slavery: 1619–1877 19842:American Slavery: 1619–1877 19121:Howe, Kerry (9 June 2006). 18728:(inactive 24 August 2024). 18331:. Oxford University Press. 17595:"Huguenots and the Galleys" 17080:Online Etymology Dictionary 16835:Cassar, P (20 April 2015). 16091:McKenna, Thomas H. (1998). 16019:White, John Claude (1909). 15750:India at the Death of Akbar 15475:Schafer, Edward H. (1963). 15404:Davis, David Brion (1966). 14131:. Oxford University Press. 13940:Origins of American Slavery 12718:TRT World (26 April 2017). 12699:TRT World (12 April 2017). 12473:Maclean, Ruth (3 May 2014) 10637:Hodal, Kate (31 May 2016). 10079:Pedro Blanco (slave trader) 9897:Slavery in the 21st century 9751: 9650:, plantation owners) chose 9417:Slavery in the 21st century 9393:U.S. Departments of Justice 8859: 8773:). A similar case, that of 8733:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 8563:West Africa Squadron (U.K.) 8260:South Island of New Zealand 7647:conquered the state in 1830 7643:Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle 7558:(1814–15), which ended the 7084: 6935:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 6859:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 6837:The Vikings and Scandinavia 6750:was mainly in the hands of 6463:Similarly, Christians sold 6427:Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje 6312:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 6082:Human trafficking in Europe 5534:During the millennium long 5469:History of slavery in China 5346:Ottoman invasions of Europe 4358:sugar colonies, Brazil, or 4163:The practice of slavery in 4106:and a few smaller islands. 4083:freedom was achieved. Full 3777:Slaves that escaped formed 3590:west coast of North America 3529:. Warfare was important to 3509:Slavery in the Aztec Empire 3497:privately owned enterprises 3491:, which was granted to the 3435: 3137:Slavery in the 21st century 2855:In the 1840s, King Gezo of 2788:Slavery already existed in 2071:pre-Columbian civilizations 1961:Slavery in the 21st century 1407:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 452:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 22658: 22425:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin 21531:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng) 21347:Slave Narrative Collection 21110:Convention Against Torture 21054:International criminal law 20960:(U of Georgia Press, 2015) 20952:. D. Appleton and company. 20577:. Gent: Universiteit Gent. 20440:Slavery and Historiography 20410:Slavery and Human Progress 20030:10.1007/s11186-019-09369-x 19932:. Macmillan. p. 136. 19541:. C. Hurst & Company. 19523:Napoleon: A Political Life 19467:Anti-Slavery International 18681:Blacks in Colonial America 18632:Anti-Slavery International 18218:Wesleyan Juvenile Offering 18146:Atlas of Mutual Heritage. 18098:Atlas of Mutual Heritage. 18071:Atlas of Mutual Heritage. 17778:"Slavery and Christianity" 17256:. Sras.org. Archived from 17125:Junius A. Rodriguez, ed., 16960:"They are not Angles, but 16948:The complete sentence was 16589:"Iron Age iron gang chain" 16550:The Encyclopedia Americana 15724:Cambridge History of India 15712:Cambridge History of India 15607:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030 15508:Gray, John Henry. (1878). 15132:Mark Edward Lewis (2007). 14946:Morgenthau, Henry (1918). 14698:American Historical Review 14539:Encyclopedia of the Qur'an 14006:10.1177/002193479702700502 13704:Michael Edward Stanfield, 13684:. JHU Press. p. 298. 13486:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 16–. 13310:American Historical Review 12984:Canadian Museum of History 12925:"Slavery in the New World" 12662:Lister, Tim (6 May 2014). 9971:Anti-Slavery International 9571:Slave Narrative Collection 9558:during the 19th century.) 9444:Slave Narrative Collection 9414: 9311:Anti-Slavery International 9301:(UN) after the end of the 9170: 9044: 9018: 8863: 8418: 8414: 8347: 8071: 8067: 8020:order 20 25 January 1960. 7985: 7959: 7890: 7886: 7834:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 7814:1833 Slavery Abolition Act 7742: 7656: 7587:Bombardment of Algiers by 7473: 7307: 7224: 7109:Portrait of an African Man 7088: 7022:Jean Parisot de la Valette 6955:Monument of the Four Moors 6840: 6746:Slave commerce during the 6716: 6697: 6608: 6510: 6406: 6257:Slavery in medieval Europe 6254: 6172: 6109: 6075: 5964: 5923:culturally diverse islands 5855: 5821: 5790: 5768: 5466: 5430:, mentioned in texts like 5409: 5233: 5184: 5175:Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi 4970: 4967:History of slavery in Asia 4964: 4763: 4680:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 4660:American Revolutionary War 4563:, South Carolina ca. 1862. 4294:Slavery among the Cherokee 4291: 4277: 4230: 4217:enslaved African-Americans 4192:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 4119: 4113: 3872: 3684:Brazilian colonial economy 3641: 3635: 3506: 3393: 3251:10,000,000 (approximately 3134: 3061: 3023: 2738: 2440: 2372:persisted until 1942. The 2187:Slave Coast of West Africa 2184: 2162: 1995: 1932:European political control 1928:African Slave Trade Patrol 1592:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1429:Anti-Slavery International 1194:North Africa and West Asia 22497: 22470: 22435: 22418:To a Southern Slaveholder 22409: 22374: 22206:The Bondwoman's Narrative 22155: 22081:My Bondage and My Freedom 22065:The Life of Josiah Henson 22049:American Slavery as It Is 22024: 21991: 21651: 21607: 21582: 21556: 21509: 21492: 21477:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang 21366: 21355: 21342: 21279:Joint criminal enterprise 21261: 21192: 21123: 21060: 20514:Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. 20442:(New York: Garland, 1989) 19551:– via Google Books. 19297:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). 18726:10.1017/S0147547900003677 18199:24 September 2009 at the 17974:. Cia.gov. Archived from 17910:"Pombal e o esclavagismo" 17830:Goodman, Joan E. (2001). 17643:"The Great Siege of 1565" 17252:Sras.Org (15 July 2003). 17179:"The Destruction of Kiev" 16853:10.1017/s0025727300013314 16673:. ABC-CLIO. p. 674. 16076:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15865:The raiders of the Sarhad 15317:. McFarland. p. 51. 15007:– via Google Books. 14907:. JHU Press. p. 72. 14753:. Routledge. p. 86. 14661:– via Google Books. 14634:– via Google Books. 14587:10.1017/9781139024723.019 14199:. New York Public Library 14141:– via Google Books. 14051:– via Google Books. 13609:The Canadian Encyclopedia 13161:Late Victorian Holocausts 12954:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu 12903:"Bolivia – Ethnic Groups" 11395:10.1080/00263209808701225 10536:Global Slavery Index 2013 9920:Types of slave soldiers: 9850:Trans-Saharan slave trade 9262:, adopted in 1948 by the 8980:issued a proclamation in 8935:Napoleon restores slavery 8501: 8460:, Richard Bridgens, 1838. 8113: 8106:to collect labor for the 8040: 8014:corrective labor colonies 7523:, occupied the island of 7079:French Revolution of 1848 6570:. The Italian ambassador 6549: 6421:merchant (right) and his 6118:slavery in Ancient Greece 6112:Slavery in ancient Greece 6071: 5961:Islamic State slave trade 5858:Slavery in Southeast Asia 5051:, as well as amongst the 4891:Emancipation Proclamation 4685:After the passage of the 4130:and continued during the 4109: 4052:18th-century painting of 4027:slavery in Saint-Domingue 4025:intended to re-establish 3631: 3519:Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica 3207:Second Sudanese Civil War 3200:Second Sudanese Civil War 2455:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2169:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2158: 2131:Ptolemaic or Roman period 1947:Second Sudanese Civil War 1892:transatlantic slave trade 1865:Trans-Saharan slave trade 1688:Emancipation Proclamation 1360:Opposition and resistance 1118:Sex trafficking in Europe 1106:Blackbirding in Polynesia 669:Trans-Saharan slave trade 22364:The Underground Railroad 22129:The Peculiar Institution 21774:Sarah Jane Woodson Early 21199:(in order of foundation) 21011:The Abolitionist Seminar 20750:The Atlantic Slave Trade 20571:Delepeleire, Y. (2004). 20050:Frank Joseph Klingberg, 19910:The Peculiar Institution 19367:Hall, Catherine (2008). 19287:, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1982). 19123:"Ideas of Māori origins" 18960:: 402–30. Archived from 18819:retrieved 8 January 2011 18779:retrieved 8 January 2011 18705:Herbert, Ulrich (2000). 18519:The Jamestown Foundation 18190:Journal of World History 18007:"Ways of ending slavery" 17807:The Atlantic Slave Trade 17419:. 25 (86) (1): 149–159. 17347:Fisher, Alan W. (1987). 17279:Fisher, Alan W. (1987). 17003:Rousseau, Félix (1958). 16629:. Random House. p. 16093:Muslim Rulers and Rebels 15763:The History Of Aurangzeb 15088:Trubner & Co. London 14747:M.J Akbar (3 May 2002). 13994:Journal of Black Studies 13373:Kitchin, Thomas (1778). 13349:. BookBaby. p. 77. 13187:"Involuntary Immigrants" 12429:. All Africa. 2 May 2014 12286:U.S. Department of State 11895:Smallwood, Stephanie E. 10854:Encyclopædia Britannica. 10470:Salzmann, Ariel (2013). 10125: 9954:Compensated emancipation 9942:Ideals and organizations 9845:Indian Ocean slave trade 9599:This Species of Property 9575:Federal Writers' Project 9532:Nazi concentration camps 9441:Federal Writers' Project 9021:End of slavery in France 8921:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax 8895:possessions, especially 8833:Indian Slavery Act, 1843 8389:intercepting slave ships 8295:Rapa Nui / Easter Island 7566:raiding. The sacking of 7538:and armed troops of the 7495:with the support of the 7401:Dutch West India Company 7336:Dutch West India Company 7310:History of Dutch slavery 7294:Spanish colonies of Cuba 7220: 7032:Christian VII of Denmark 6803:an extensive slave-trade 6534:reputedly made the pun, 5817: 5800:Second Sino-Japanese War 5786: 5750:Indian Slavery Act, 1843 4879:compensated emancipation 4812:, the Republicans swept 4797:the new Republican Party 3773:Resistance and abolition 3503:Among indigenous peoples 3288:in West Africa; see the 3281:in a system of slavery. 2709:While travelling in the 2523:Central African Republic 2472:Indian Ocean slave trade 2451:Indian Ocean slave trade 2327:. The population of the 2177:Indian Ocean slave trade 2077:, punishment for crime, 1873:Indian Ocean slave trade 1855:; from the East via the 1468:Compensated emancipation 679:Indian Ocean slave trade 22642:History of human rights 22535:Films featuring slavery 21999:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua 21923:William Henry Singleton 21728:Ellen and William Craft 21137:Crimes against humanity 20556:Westermann, William L. 20197:Business History Review 20002:Richmond Times-Dispatch 19568:, Paris, Perrin, 2003 ( 19489:French Colonial History 18406:Encyclopædia Britannica 18396:"Barbary Pirates" 18325:Davies, Norman (1996). 18264:Konstam, Angus (2008). 18012:Encyclopædia Britannica 17908:Ramos, Luís O. (1971). 17687:. Bloomsbury Academic. 17575:. Uh.edu. 1 August 2004 16958:, si forent Christiani. 16763:James William Brodman. 16361:www.atheistrepublic.com 16343:The Wall Street Journal 16044:. Panchsheel Prakashan. 15862:Dyer, Reginald (1921). 15702:(Bombay, 1963), p. 205. 15672:Dale, Indian Merchants, 15370:Kenneth B. Lee (1997). 15026:"Islam's black slaves," 14901:Eric Dursteler (2006). 14789:Davis, Paul K. (2003). 14690:Mediterranean Chronicle 14308:Michael Vorenberg, ed. 13978:Joseph Cephas Carroll, 13837:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. 13790:Donoghue, John (2010). 13633:Mary Ann Shadd (2016). 13606:James H. Marsh (1999). 12340:Report on Côte d'Ivoire 12305:The News & Observer 12223:Human Rights Law Review 12101:. ABC News. 3 June 2005 11293:Vernet, Thomas (2009). 10963:The Library of Congress 10933:Grindal, Peter (2016). 10771:Encyclopædia Britannica 10713:Encyclopædia Britannica 10691:Encyclopædia Britannica 9740:during any year of the 9238:1926 Slavery Convention 9189:Slavery in Saudi Arabia 8721:1926 Slavery Convention 8706:Treaty of Jeddah (1927) 8691:Battle of Little Bereby 8495:Slave trade suppression 8299:The isolated island of 7970:, Germans were used as 7673:Danubian principalities 7008:often turned 'infidel' 6343:Carolingian Renaissance 6175:Slavery in ancient Rome 6168: 6028:The Wall Street Journal 6015:religious justification 5915:pre-Spanish Philippines 5764: 4960: 4709:had arrived first from 4552:Early United States law 4154:United Empire Loyalists 4136:French colony of Canada 4031:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 4009:owned one-third of the 3975:King Philip V, of Spain 3962:North American colonies 3702:deteriorated. Although 3588:, that lived along the 3561:counts as slavery. The 3402:Second Libyan Civil War 3307:in "the worst forms of 3099:during the time of the 2149:at Smyrna (present-day 1945:. During the 1983–2005 1392:1926 Slavery Convention 1148:Germany in World War II 765:North and South America 287:Contract of manumission 22383:Amos Fortune, Free Man 21617:Juan Francisco Manzano 21592:Marie-Joseph Angélique 21500:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt 21483:Johann Georg Wolffgang 21465:Guðríður Símonardóttir 21404:James Leander Cathcart 21294:Universal jurisdiction 21269:Command responsibility 21162:Incitement to genocide 21100:United Nations Charter 20823:Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 20610:Africa and Middle East 20456:(2 vol. 2007) 795 pp; 19926:Peter Kolchin (2003). 19385:10.1093/ref:odnb/96359 19370:"Anti-Slavery Society" 19152:King, Michael (2000). 18986:Hawaii's Royal History 18795:Jewish Virtual Library 18442:10.18647/2730/JJS-2007 18391:Hannay, David McDowall 17761:: CS1 maint: others ( 17479:MATSUKI, Eizo (2006). 17304:Rawlins, Gregory J.E. 17207:. Depts.washington.edu 16719:"From Slavs to Slaves" 15910:Rummel, R. J. (1999). 15765:, vol. III, pp. 331–32 14692:1 (2011) pp. 281, 282 14671:Clarence-Smith. W. G. 14197:"REGULATING THE TRADE" 13921:13 August 2006 at the 13878:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 12950:"UH - Digital History" 12225:: 1–20. Archived from 11816:"African Slave Owners" 11383:Middle Eastern Studies 10794:, Mohr Siebeck, 2003, 10591:5 Minutes 10 Minutes. 10046:North Carolina v. Mann 9821:Types of slave trade: 9699:Capitalism and Slavery 9690:Historical revisionism 9667:University of Virginia 9512: 9491: 9471: 9447: 9389: 9334:Faisal of Saudi Arabia 9210: 9125:William Lloyd Garrison 9111:include former slaves 9011: 8866:Abolitionism in France 8670:Bombardment of Johanna 8578:Brazil Squadron (U.S.) 8573:Africa Squadron (U.S.) 8461: 8450: 8375: 8359: 8344:Abolitionist movements 8164:Before the arrival of 7920: 7908: 7906:German-occupied Poland 7762: 7736: 7716: 7597: 7544:Baltimore, County Cork 7485: 7258: 7255:captured Tunis in 1535 7113: 6966: 6714: 6707:Giovanni Maria Morandi 6591: 6446:Ottoman wars in Europe 6442:Byzantine-Ottoman wars 6437: 6347:early Muslim conquests 6251:Post-classical history 6219:on a large scale; the 6097: 5695: 5630: 5546:southern provinces of 5523:Deriving from earlier 5460: 5252: 5224:Fall of Constantinople 5012: 4996: 4943:lost the right to vote 4864:Nathan Bedford Forrest 4851: 4822:United States Congress 4715:Lecompton Constitution 4703:Lecompton Constitution 4564: 4493:Development of slavery 4382: 4270:for domestic service. 4250: 4203:; and again after the 4092:pressure other nations 4057: 3892: 3679: 3660: 3657:Johann Moritz Rugendas 3449: 3113:Bombardment of Algiers 3092: 3046: 3002: 2929: 2876: 2873:British two pound coin 2865: 2785: 2754: 2732: 2726: 2707: 2690: 2631:Imamate of Futa Jallon 2569:, the crossing of the 2537:'s victory created an 2464: 2216: 1861:Andalusian slave trade 873:British Virgin Islands 425:Circassian slave trade 391:Safavid imperial harem 386:Ottoman Imperial Harem 22332:Walk Through Darkness 22268:Underground to Canada 21881:Jermain Wesley Loguen 21826:(1848/1854 VA – 1957) 21753:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo 21569:Konstantin Mihailović 21517:Lovisa von Burghausen 21017:American Abolitionism 20595:(Random House, 2006). 20497:Phillips, William D. 20438:Finkelman, Paul, ed. 20369:Allen, R. B. (2017). 20100:29 March 2017 at the 19501:10.1353/fch.2005.0007 19443:. UK. 25 January 2007 17972:"CIA Factbook: Haiti" 17870:, pp. 158–60, 362–70. 17782:Catholic Encyclopedia 17776:Allard, Paul (1912). 17540:naturalhistory.si.edu 16704:10.1093/past/177.1.17 16142:on 22 September 2008. 15975:. Travel.mongabay.com 15973:"Cambodia Angkor Wat" 15345:(Japan), Tōyō Bunko. 15250:. Cognoscenti Books. 15049:B. Stein, D. Arnold. 14552:Encyclopedia of Islam 14494:Encyclopedia of Islam 14256:Leonard L. Richards, 14245:"Africans in America" 14067:founders.archives.gov 13450:"Haiti, 1789 to 1806" 13271:(2001), pp. 341, 361. 12214:Duffy, Helen (2008). 11773:"The Story of Africa" 11747:"Le Mali précolonial" 11176:. Library of Congress 10899:(26 September 1984). 10506:Thomas, Hugh (2006). 10104:Slavery at common law 9916:List of famous slaves 9883:Present-day slavery: 9840:Coastwise slave trade 9742:Industrial Revolution 9725:Industrial Revolution 9704:Industrial Revolution 9555:Protestant work ethic 9507: 9483: 9463: 9453:Civil Rights Movement 9438: 9379: 9332:. In November 1962, 9204: 9085:Mississippi-in-Africa 9065:abolitionist movement 9005: 8945:Toussaint L'Ouverture 8874:There were slaves in 8821:Slavery Abolition Act 8814:interdict slave ships 8763:Court of King's Bench 8456: 8444: 8365: 8357: 8307:was inhabited by the 8235:Wars of the mid-1860s 8023:During the period of 7914: 7900: 7818:abolitionist movement 7783:Industrial Revolution 7752: 7720: 7711: 7705:Author and historian 7657:Further information: 7585: 7483: 7414:Jacob van den Broucke 7250: 7106: 6952: 6851:Black Sea slave trade 6705: 6665:Black Sea slave trade 6623:Black Sea slave trade 6589: 6536:Non Angli, sed Angeli 6416: 6304:Black sea slave trade 6261:Black Sea slave trade 6231:Other European tribes 6089: 5848:in order to survive. 5675: 5612: 5566:Postclassical history 5511:Warring States period 5450: 5373:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. 5263:until the slavery of 5247: 5195:Black Sea slave trade 5002: 4984: 4971:Further information: 4846: 4764:Further information: 4652:British North America 4559: 4380: 4367:Royal African Company 4352:British North America 4268:Guatuso-Maleku people 4244: 4231:Further information: 4140:British North America 4132:European colonization 4122:Slavery in New France 4051: 3934:England had multiple 3882: 3741:In some areas of the 3712:1st Marquis of Pombal 3666: 3651: 3477:. As a result of the 3443: 3297:U.S. State Department 3290:chocolate and slavery 3277:belong from birth to 3223:Slavery in Mauritania 3191:Middle East Quarterly 3127:to free many slaves. 3087: 3033: 2997: 2925: 2870: 2861: 2783: 2753:Gezo, King of Dahomey 2752: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2684: 2555:Portuguese Mozambique 2462: 2429:slave market in Yemen 2202: 2185:Further information: 1924:Preventative Squadron 1112:Europe and North Asia 1072:Australia and Oceania 772:Pre-Columbian America 344:Slave raid of Suðuroy 276:Slavery in al-Andalus 198:Black Sea slave trade 127:21st-century jihadism 22530:Caribbean literature 22520:Atlantic slave trade 22073:Twelve Years a Slave 21966:Booker T. Washington 21768:Jordan Winston Early 21195:International courts 21095:Nuremberg principles 20875:57#1 (2012): 87–111. 20652:Oikonomides, Nicolas 20647:(Cambridge UP, 1983) 20505:Rodriguez, Junius P. 20422:Davis, David Brion. 20415:Davis, David Brion. 19348:on 30 September 2011 19342:"Indian Legislation" 19218:. New Zealand A to Z 19074:Clark, Ross (1994). 17555:Medieval Scandinavia 17337:, vol. 13, SPb, 1904 16891:on 29 September 2011 16816:. Trivia-library.com 16739:The Theft of History 16736:Goody, Jack (2012). 16379:newenglishreview.com 16124:on 16 December 2014. 15959:Working Paper Series 15299:slave girls of viet. 15172:. Brill. p. 299 14994:Remembering Genocide 14855:Wolf Von Schierbrand 14541:, Slaves and Slavery 14505:Du Pasquier, Roger, 14347:Margaret Humphreys, 13800:on 4 September 2015. 13281:Hugh Thomas (1997). 12990:on 23 September 2008 12832:on 10 September 2017 12311:on 28 February 2009. 11948:. MEQ. December 1999 11881:King Leopold's Ghost 11427:Copied content from 11251:". Naeem Mohaiemen. 11247:5 April 2014 at the 10697:on 23 February 2007. 10666:Global Slavery Index 10240:Current Anthropology 10114:William Lynch speech 10099:Slavery and religion 10024:History of Liverpool 9825:Atlantic slave trade 9810:Indentured servitude 9541:Economic historians 9411:Contemporary slavery 9315:Committee on Slavery 9105:Underground Railroad 9081:Republic of Maryland 8968:Napoleon and slavery 8917:Revolutionary French 8806:Atlantic slave trade 8437:Slave Trade Act 1807 8249:who migrated to the 8082:to supply labor and 7864:Arthur William Hodge 7838:West Africa Squadron 7830:Slave Trade Act 1807 7767:Atlantic slave trade 7745:Atlantic slave trade 7534:, with pirates from 7412:Willem de la Palma, 7279:Atlantic slave trade 7133:Afonso V of Portugal 7055:free people of color 6945:Early Modern history 6875:called their slaves 6611:Venetian slave trade 6572:Liutprand of Cremona 6367:saw almost constant 6337:of Northern Africa, 5919:Austronesian peoples 5866:Slavery in Indonesia 5836:of 1894. During the 5731:Alauddin Bahman Shah 5587:, a Turkic slave of 5457:The Indika of Arrian 5390:Atlantic slave trade 5201:trading with Vikings 5003:A contract from the 4973:Slavery in antiquity 4838:American nationalism 4824:. The states of the 4668:Underground Railroad 4662:and again after the 4641:internal slave trade 4622:. In 1794, Congress 4608:constitution of 1777 4584:Knight v. Wedderburn 4573:Massachusetts courts 4213:Underground Railroad 4007:Free people of color 3887:, British colony of 3852:had black ancestry. 3817:Jean-Baptiste Debret 3761:had organized their 3716:Continental Portugal 3677:Jean Baptiste Debret 3527:indentured servitude 3026:Atlantic slave trade 2759:Sub Saharan Africans 2741:Atlantic slave trade 2635:Imamate of Futa Toro 2606:Atlantic slave trade 2374:Anti-Slavery Society 2343:caliphate formed by 2246:Slave Trade Act 1807 2181:Atlantic slave trade 2067:pre-colonial empires 2004:Neolithic Revolution 1998:Slavery in antiquity 1859:; from the West via 1567:Indentured servitude 1495:Underground Railroad 1295:United Arab Emirates 684:Zanzibar slave trade 651:By country or region 464:Atlantic slave trade 366:Ma malakat aymanukum 250:Venetian slave trade 22525:Captivity narrative 22356:The Book of Negroes 22137:The Slave Community 22001:(1845–1847, Brazil) 21928:James Lindsay Smith 21835:John Andrew Jackson 21770:(1814 – after 1894) 21724:(1845 KY – 1938 OH) 21717:William Wells Brown 21676:Jared Maurice Arter 21671:William J. Anderson 21564:Johann Schiltberger 21142:Crime of aggression 21105:Genocide Convention 20565:Europe: Middle Ages 20549:Finley, Moses, ed. 20431:Drescher, Seymour. 19881:Eric Foner (2013). 19781:"Human Trafficking" 18913:Europe-Asia Studies 18908:Robert Conquest in 18529:on 21 October 2013. 17860:History of Portugal 17485:Mediterranean World 17316:on 23 December 2008 17260:on 24 February 2008 17159:on 15 December 2018 16966:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 16538:on 28 October 2009. 16363:. 4 September 2015. 16325:The Daily Telegraph 16273:on 14 October 2014. 16200:The Huffington Post 14933:www.everything2.com 14518:Gordon 1987, p. 40. 13912:McElrath, Jessica, 13430:on 1 September 2013 13243:Caribbean Quarterly 13089:on 28 November 2006 13038:on 21 November 2011 12976:www.civilization.ca 12905:. Countrystudies.us 12573:The Daily Telegraph 10034:Slave-owning slaves 9872:Swedish slave trade 9830:Barbary slave trade 9731:Economic historian 9684:William Wilberforce 9595:Leslie Howard Owens 9547:Stanley L. Engerman 9475:James Oliver Horton 9292:Red Sea slave trade 9264:UN General Assembly 9151:(Which also formed 8964:to the US in 1803. 8876:Metropolitan France 8782:William Wilberforce 8102:slave raids in the 8096:Polynesian triangle 8031:labor camps in the 7882:Late Modern history 7868:British West Indies 7822:William Wilberforce 7820:, led primarily by 7781:at the time of the 7739:British slave trade 7707:Brian Glyn Williams 7667:Ottoman slave trade 7663:Crimean slave trade 7476:Barbary slave trade 7269:on islands such as 7184:Henry the Navigator 7175:Mercado de Escravos 7091:Slavery in Portugal 7018:Knights Hospitaller 6939:Samanid slave trade 6651:slaves, as well as 6615:Genoese slave trade 6523:Bodmin manumissions 6316:Bukhara slave trade 6095:Charles W. Bartlett 6068:states and Turkey. 6033:apocalyptic beliefs 5925:. The neighbouring 5870:Slavery in Malaysia 5780:Iranian Baluchistan 5744:During the rule of 5692:Al Hind, André Wink 5627:Al Hind, André Wink 5603:are descendants of 5599:; for example, the 5597:Indian Ocean trades 5571:Indian subcontinent 5442:Alexander the Great 5316:Ottomans practiced 5240:Crimean slave trade 5209:Arab–Byzantine wars 4989:possibly depicting 4789:western territories 4723:popular sovereignty 4687:Kansas–Nebraska Act 4612:Northwest Ordinance 4604:Republic of Vermont 4525:economy across the 4519:Carolina Lowcountry 4319:Jamestown, Virginia 4207:, with a number of 4197:American Revolution 4186:Act Against Slavery 4011:plantation property 3883:Slaves cutting the 3833:British West Indies 3671:family captured by 3258:Sexual slavery and 3177:, sometimes called 3064:Barbary slave trade 2745:Sara Forbes Bonetta 2711:African Great Lakes 2661:and the kingdom of 2655:Ashanti Confederacy 2447:Red Sea slave trade 2380:on 26 August 1942. 2370:Slavery in Ethiopia 2173:Red Sea slave trade 1869:Red Sea slave trade 1857:Bukhara slave trade 1853:Crimean slave trade 1801:first civilizations 1653:Slave Route Project 784:Americas indigenous 674:Red Sea slave trade 664:Contemporary Africa 527:Topics and practice 297:Crimean slave trade 292:Bukhara slave trade 245:Genoese slave trade 122:Contemporary Africa 102:Forced prostitution 22632:History of slavery 22479:Unchained Memories 21984:(b. c. 1780 Congo) 21758:Frederick Douglass 21529:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw 21428:Maria ter Meetelen 21147:Crime of apartheid 21085:Geneva Conventions 20979:Wilson, Thomas D. 20944:Phillips, Ulrich B 20852:(Oxford U.P. 1988) 20755:Klein, Herbert S. 20741:Klein, Herbert S. 20721:Blackburn, Robin. 20678:Toledano, Ehud R. 20656:Kazhdan, Alexander 20622:Davis, Robert C., 20619:(Frank Cass, 2004) 20600:Past & Present 20483:Miller, Joseph C. 20406:Davis, David Brion 20142:(1998) pp. 440–64. 20129:(1998) pp. 415–39. 20112:Seymour Drescher, 20091:History and Theory 20018:Theory and Society 19785:polarisproject.org 19733:"Slavery in Islam" 19248:Seymour Drescher, 18929:. Mythichawaii.com 18643:Vernon Pickering, 17649:on 18 January 2012 17601:on 2 February 2009 17573:"The Last Galleys" 17349:The Crimean Tatars 17281:The Crimean Tatars 17233:on 26 October 2009 16974:Palgrave Macmillan 16696:Past & Present 16515:Thomas R. Martin, 16497:on 7 November 2005 16385:on 12 October 2017 16328:, 13 October 2014. 16156:. Everyculture.com 15926:Available online: 15879:Ju Zhifen (2002). 15831:. 25 November 2004 15761:Sarkar, Jadunath. 15439:Joyce E. Salisbury 15289:The Vermilion Bird 15051:A History of India 15031:2007-03-01 at the 14887:Madeline C. Zilfi 14867:The New York Times 14817:"Supply of Slaves" 14491:Brunschvig. 'Abd; 14386:C. Vann Woodward, 13965:Wilson, Thomas D. 13942:(1997), pp. 64–65. 13424:Missionary Journal 13397:on 5 November 2011 13192:The New York Times 13115:on 16 October 2018 12065:on 15 January 2019 11753:on 1 December 2011 11654:on 17 January 2016 11274:on 6 December 2007 11207:The end of slavery 11095:on 2 February 2008 11069:on 9 February 2014 10489:10.3390/rel4030391 9763:Types of slavery: 9634:that explains why 9622:-winning account, 9591:Roll, Jordan, Roll 9499:Reconstruction era 9487:racial segregation 9467:Ulrich B. Phillips 9448: 9284:the Trucial States 9211: 9177:Slavery in Bahrain 9173:Slavery in Morocco 9161:Congress of Vienna 9143:Congress of Vienna 9121:Frederick Douglass 9089:Kentucky in Africa 9012: 8978:Napoleon Bonaparte 8913:Haitian Revolution 8792:, who founded the 8541:Blockade of Africa 8462: 8451: 8445:A painting of the 8425:Somerset v Stewart 8408:American Civil War 8376: 8360: 8227:Treaty of Waitangi 7921: 7909: 7826:British Parliament 7763: 7598: 7556:Congress of Vienna 7486: 7259: 7114: 7067:Napoleon Bonaparte 7053:by its slaves and 7051:Haitian Revolution 6986:Camisard rebellion 6967: 6855:Khazar slave trade 6715: 6692:Slavery in Romania 6619:Balkan slave trade 6592: 6438: 6355:Islamic Golden Age 6308:Khazar slave trade 6265:Balkan slave trade 6138:Socratic dialogues 6132:, the majority of 6120:go as far back as 6098: 5935:Philippine islands 5921:who inhabited the 5798:labor. During the 5650:Battle of Peshawar 5581:Muhammad bin Qasim 5253: 5191:Balkan slave trade 5160:Muslim slave trade 5013: 4997: 4939:Southern Democrats 4916:Reconstruction Era 4852: 4782:Reconstruction era 4766:American Civil War 4760:American Civil War 4719:Northern Democrats 4676:jury nullification 4648:racial segregation 4614:of 1787 under the 4581:) followed by the 4578:Somerset v Stewart 4565: 4515:plantation economy 4383: 4341:indentured servant 4251: 4058: 4045:in world history. 4017:). Slavery in the 3946:, which ended the 3893: 3680: 3675:slave hunters. By 3661: 3572:of Patagonia, the 3450: 3390:Libyan slave trade 3255:) in reparations. 3188:An article in the 3101:Regency of Algiers 3093: 3076:Slavery in Tunisia 3072:Slavery in Algeria 3068:Slavery in Morocco 3047: 3042:to Europe and the 3038:used to transport 2982:captured as brides 2974:population decline 2877: 2786: 2755: 2691: 2465: 2437:Sub-Saharan Africa 2217: 1849:Balkan slave trade 1754:history of slavery 1434:Blockade of Africa 741:Somali slave trade 657:Sub-Saharan Africa 349:Turkish Abductions 307:Khivan slave trade 302:Khazar slave trade 255:Balkan slave trade 213:Prague slave trade 22619: 22618: 22391:I, Juan de Pareja 22375:Young adult books 22182:Uncle Tom's Cabin 22025:Non-fiction books 22020: 22019: 21977:Harriet E. Wilson 21861:Elizabeth Keckley 21707:Henry "Box" Brown 21625:(1860–1965, Cuba) 21619:(1797–1854, Cuba) 21574:George of Hungary 21549:(1792 – fl. 1828) 21302: 21301: 21128:international law 21090:Nuremberg Charter 21080:Hague Conventions 20773:, Andres (2016). 20762:Morgan, Kenneth. 20757:Slavery in Brazil 20729:Fradera, Josep M. 20490:Parish, Peter J. 19605:on 8 January 2011 19398:(Subscription or 19216:"Chatham Islands" 19060:978-1-86940-757-5 18798:. 27 January 2000 18492:Oxford University 18328:Europe: a History 18057:Johannes Postma, 17952:on 3 January 2009 17740:978-981-4722-72-8 17392:on 1 January 2016 17138:Paul E. Lovejoy, 17039:978-0-7156-3129-4 16917:. 31 January 1910 16562:The Ancient Celts 16319:Richard Spencer, 16310:, 13 October 2014 16301:Salma Abdelaziz, 16292:, 13 October 2014 16228:, 14 October 2014 16219:Richard Spencer, 16184:, 4 October 2014. 15698:Satish C. Misra, 15654:Wink, Al-Hind, II 15194:Osiris, Volume 10 14857:(28 March 1886). 14802:978-0-19-521930-2 14760:978-1-134-45259-0 14360:Paul A. Cimbala, 14235:30 December 2007. 14138:978-0-19-974178-6 13691:978-1-4214-1842-1 13646:978-1-55481-321-6 13619:978-0-7710-2099-5 13574:978-0-19-517055-9 13521:978-1-55065-327-4 13493:978-1-4408-5097-4 13137:(JHU Press, 1996) 13010:Slavery in Brazil 11680:on 1 October 2018 11476:978-1-107-09485-7 10995:978-1-107-09485-7 10944:978-0-85773-938-4 10839:, pp. 176–77, 223 10773:. 12 April 2024. 10418:978-1-139-03499-9 9887:Human trafficking 9860:Asiento de Negros 9855:Slavery in Africa 9671:Orlando Patterson 9551:Time on the Cross 9526:in his 1959 work 9524:Stanley M. Elkins 9397:Homeland Security 9258:Article 4 of the 9242:League of Nations 9215:League of Nations 9181:Slavery in Kuwait 9167:Twentieth century 8761:) of the English 8748: 8747: 8546:Kanunname of 1889 8374:, 1 November 1794 8285:Native Land Court 8166:European settlers 8104:South Sea Islands 8010:Nikita Khrushchev 7872:lawfully executed 7771:American colonies 7635:bombarded Algiers 7570:on the island of 7462:, 142,000 in the 7439:Dutch West Indies 7324:Dutch Slave Coast 7252:Emperor Charles V 7116:The 15th-century 7095:Portuguese Empire 6847:Volga trade route 6780:Khanates of Kazan 6778:. For years, the 6454:battle of Lepanto 6283:Early Middle Ages 6271:early Middle Ages 6221:Third Servile War 5995:(IS) was selling 5862:Slavery in Brunei 5585:Qutb-ud-din Aybak 5577:Islamic invasions 5480:Men sentenced to 5478:(221–206 BC) 5393:female slaves as 5217:Abbasid Caliphate 4953:, especially the 4931:white-supremacist 4912:Freedmen's Bureau 4805:liberal democracy 4500:Bacon's Rebellion 4334:São João Bautista 4116:Slavery in Canada 4096:Republic of Haiti 4001:accorded certain 3973:Anne "22.5% (and 3960:also allowed her 3953:Asiento de Negros 3944:Treaty of Utrecht 3855:Brazil's 1877–78 3848:and the engineer 3763:Jesuit Reductions 3653:Slavery in Brazil 3638:Slavery in Brazil 3618:Pacific Northwest 3580:of Dominica, the 3499:in the Americas. 3493:South Sea Company 3484:asiento de negros 3458:Asiento de Negros 3295:According to the 3286:cacao plantations 3271:Republic of Congo 3020:Africans on ships 2987:British explorer 2823:to the east, the 2798:Afonso I of Kongo 2699:David Livingstone 2697:in his journals, 2687:David Livingstone 2651:Fante Confederacy 2643:Kingdom of Khasso 2483:Arabian peninsula 2443:Slavery in Africa 2271:(1712–1861), and 2165:Slavery in Africa 2117:Ancient Egyptian 2083:child abandonment 1955:cacao plantations 1939:human trafficking 1926:and the American 1896:tropical diseases 1878:Beginning in the 1825:Early Middle Ages 1817:Code of Hammurabi 1803:emerged (such as 1797:institutionalized 1750: 1749: 1700:Freedmen's Bureau 1522:Third Servile War 1517:International law 1084:Human trafficking 846:Human trafficking 521:Thirteen colonies 339:Sack of Baltimore 107:Human trafficking 22649: 22222: 22219: 22215: 22212: 22190:The Heroic Slave 21945:Pierre Toussaint 21940:(1793 VA – 1860) 21904:(1827 VA – 1900) 21636:Pierre Toussaint 21471:Antoine Qaurtier 21460: 21457: 21364: 21363: 21336:Slave narratives 21329: 21322: 21315: 21306: 21305: 21262:Related concepts 21200: 21157:Genocidal intent 21047: 21040: 21033: 21024: 21023: 20972:Sinha, Manisha. 20969: 20953: 20932: 20920: 20913:Genovese, Eugene 20908: 20896: 20857:Economic History 20819: 20817: 20808:(4–5): 475–494. 20790: 20748:Klein, Herbert. 20711: 20675: 20615:Campbell, Gwyn. 20578: 20528:Bradley, Keith. 20402: 20400: 20398: 20393: 20375: 20320: 20319: 20317: 20315: 20298: 20292: 20291: 20289: 20287: 20270: 20264: 20263: 20235: 20229: 20228: 20192: 20186: 20185: 20149: 20143: 20136: 20130: 20123: 20117: 20110: 20104: 20093:(1987): 180–96. 20087: 20081: 20074: 20068: 20061: 20055: 20048: 20042: 20041: 20013: 20007: 20006: 19992: 19986: 19977: 19971: 19968: 19962: 19959: 19953: 19950: 19944: 19943: 19923: 19917: 19905: 19899: 19898: 19878: 19872: 19871: 19851: 19845: 19838: 19832: 19825: 19819: 19818: 19807: 19801: 19800: 19798: 19796: 19787:. Archived from 19777: 19771: 19770: 19768: 19766: 19755: 19749: 19748: 19746: 19744: 19729: 19723: 19722: 19702: 19696: 19693: 19687: 19684: 19678: 19675: 19669: 19666: 19660: 19654: 19648: 19641: 19635: 19621: 19615: 19614: 19612: 19610: 19595:Washington, D.C. 19583: 19577: 19559: 19553: 19552: 19532: 19526: 19521:Steven Englund, 19519: 19513: 19512: 19484: 19478: 19477: 19475: 19473: 19459: 19453: 19452: 19450: 19448: 19433: 19427: 19426: 19424: 19422: 19410: 19404: 19403: 19395: 19393: 19391: 19372: 19364: 19358: 19357: 19355: 19353: 19338: 19332: 19325: 19319: 19318: 19294: 19288: 19281: 19275: 19272: 19266: 19259: 19253: 19246: 19240: 19234: 19228: 19227: 19225: 19223: 19212: 19206: 19205: 19203: 19201: 19190: 19184: 19183:. Penguin. 2003. 19174: 19168: 19167: 19149: 19143: 19142: 19140: 19138: 19133:on 16 April 2009 19129:. Archived from 19118: 19112: 19111: 19109: 19107: 19089: 19083: 19082: 19071: 19065: 19064: 19044: 19038: 19037: 19007: 19001: 19000: 18980: 18974: 18973: 18971: 18969: 18964:on 19 April 2023 18945: 18939: 18938: 18936: 18934: 18922: 18916: 18906: 18900: 18899: 18897: 18895: 18884: 18878: 18877: 18875: 18873: 18861: 18855: 18854: 18826: 18820: 18814: 18808: 18807: 18805: 18803: 18786: 18780: 18774: 18768: 18766: 18760: 18752: 18750: 18748: 18742: 18736:. Archived from 18711: 18702: 18696: 18687:Virginia Gazette 18675:Virginia Gazette 18662: 18656: 18641: 18635: 18629: 18623: 18622: 18620: 18618: 18607: 18601: 18595: 18589: 18582: 18576: 18573: 18567: 18564: 18558: 18557: 18555: 18553: 18537: 18531: 18530: 18528: 18515: 18506: 18500: 18499: 18480: 18471: 18470: 18468: 18466: 18452: 18446: 18445: 18417: 18411: 18410: 18398: 18387: 18370: 18369: 18363: 18359: 18357: 18349: 18347: 18345: 18322: 18316: 18315: 18313: 18311: 18295: 18289: 18288: 18286: 18284: 18261: 18255: 18244: 18238: 18237: 18235: 18233: 18210: 18204: 18194:24 December 2010 18186: 18180: 18170: 18164: 18163: 18161: 18159: 18150:. Archived from 18143: 18137: 18134: 18128: 18127:, section 3.c.2. 18125:Delepeleire 2004 18122: 18116: 18115: 18113: 18111: 18102:. Archived from 18095: 18089: 18088: 18086: 18084: 18075:. Archived from 18068: 18062: 18055: 18049: 18035: 18029: 18028: 18026: 18024: 18015:. Archived from 18003: 17997: 17994: 17988: 17987: 17985: 17983: 17968: 17962: 17961: 17959: 17957: 17948:. Archived from 17938: 17932: 17931: 17923: 17917: 17916: 17914: 17905: 17896: 17889: 17883: 17877: 17871: 17856: 17843: 17834:. Mikaya Press, 17828: 17822: 17816: 17810: 17805:Klein, Herbert. 17803: 17794: 17793: 17791: 17789: 17773: 17767: 17766: 17760: 17752: 17725: 17719: 17712: 17706: 17705: 17703: 17701: 17678: 17672: 17665: 17659: 17658: 17656: 17654: 17639: 17633: 17632: 17630: 17628: 17617: 17611: 17610: 17608: 17606: 17591: 17585: 17584: 17582: 17580: 17569: 17563: 17562: 17550: 17544: 17543: 17532: 17526: 17525: 17523: 17521: 17507: 17501: 17500: 17498: 17496: 17476: 17470: 17469: 17467: 17465: 17460:on 23 March 2016 17450: 17444: 17443: 17441: 17439: 17408: 17402: 17401: 17399: 17397: 17388:. Archived from 17369: 17363: 17362: 17344: 17338: 17332: 17326: 17325: 17323: 17321: 17312:. Archived from 17301: 17295: 17294: 17276: 17270: 17269: 17267: 17265: 17249: 17243: 17242: 17240: 17238: 17223: 17217: 17216: 17214: 17212: 17201: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17190: 17185:on 27 April 2011 17175: 17169: 17168: 17166: 17164: 17149: 17143: 17136: 17130: 17123: 17117: 17101: 17090: 17089: 17088: 17086: 17072: 17066: 17050: 17044: 17043: 17023: 17017: 17016: 17000: 16994: 16946: 16940: 16933: 16927: 16926: 16924: 16922: 16907: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16896: 16881: 16875: 16874: 16864: 16832: 16826: 16825: 16823: 16821: 16810: 16804: 16803: 16783: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16772: 16760: 16754: 16753: 16733: 16727: 16726: 16714: 16708: 16707: 16691: 16685: 16684: 16664: 16655: 16654: 16649: 16647: 16628: 16610: 16604: 16603: 16601: 16599: 16585: 16579: 16571: 16565: 16564:, Barry Cunliffe 16559: 16553: 16546: 16540: 16539: 16534:. Archived from 16526: 16520: 16513: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16502: 16487: 16481: 16467: 16461: 16460: 16458: 16456: 16437: 16431: 16430: 16419: 16413: 16412: 16401: 16395: 16394: 16392: 16390: 16381:. Archived from 16371: 16365: 16364: 16353: 16347: 16335: 16329: 16317: 16311: 16299: 16293: 16283:Allen McDuffee, 16281: 16275: 16274: 16256: 16250: 16235: 16229: 16217: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16206: 16191: 16185: 16172: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16161: 16150: 16144: 16143: 16132: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16117:. Archived from 16112: 16103: 16097: 16096: 16088: 16082: 16081: 16075: 16067: 16065: 16063: 16052: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16033: 16027: 16026: 16016: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16005: 15991: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15969: 15963: 15962: 15950: 15944: 15943: 15941: 15939: 15925: 15907: 15901: 15895: 15889: 15888: 15876: 15870: 15869: 15859: 15853: 15847: 15841: 15840: 15838: 15836: 15821: 15815: 15814: 15812: 15810: 15799: 15793: 15787: 15781: 15780: 15772: 15766: 15759: 15753: 15746: 15740: 15735:Sewell, Robert. 15733: 15727: 15721: 15715: 15709: 15703: 15696: 15690: 15679: 15673: 15670: 15664: 15661: 15655: 15652: 15646: 15635: 15629: 15628: 15618: 15586: 15580: 15573: 15567: 15564: 15555: 15552: 15543: 15540: 15531: 15528: 15522: 15519: 15513: 15506: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15495: 15472: 15466: 15465: 15463: 15461: 15435: 15429: 15428: 15426: 15424: 15401: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15390: 15367: 15361: 15360: 15358: 15356: 15342: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15331: 15308: 15302: 15301: 15292: 15282: 15276: 15275: 15269: 15261: 15241: 15232: 15231: 15229: 15227: 15213: 15207: 15206: 15204: 15202: 15188: 15182: 15181: 15179: 15177: 15163: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15152: 15129: 15123: 15122: 15120: 15118: 15095: 15089: 15082: 15073: 15070: 15064: 15047: 15041: 15018: 15009: 15008: 14988: 14982: 14981: 14970: 14964: 14963: 14961: 14959: 14943: 14937: 14936: 14925: 14919: 14918: 14898: 14892: 14885: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14874: 14863: 14851: 14845: 14839: 14833: 14827: 14821: 14820: 14813: 14807: 14806: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14774: 14772: 14744: 14738: 14732: 14726: 14723:Oikonomides 1991 14720: 14714: 14708: 14702: 14684: 14678: 14669: 14663: 14662: 14642: 14636: 14635: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14572: 14566: 14560: 14554: 14550:Bilal b. Rabah, 14548: 14542: 14536: 14530: 14525: 14519: 14516: 14510: 14503: 14497: 14489: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14478: 14473:. New York Times 14466: 14460: 14456: 14450: 14447: 14441: 14435: 14426: 14423: 14417: 14406: 14400: 14397: 14391: 14384: 14378: 14371: 14365: 14358: 14352: 14345: 14339: 14332: 14326: 14319: 14313: 14306: 14300: 14293: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14282: 14267: 14261: 14254: 14248: 14242: 14236: 14227: 14221: 14215: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14204: 14193: 14187: 14186: 14184: 14182: 14166: 14160: 14159: 14157: 14149: 14143: 14142: 14122: 14116: 14111: 14105: 14100: 14094: 14093: 14091: 14089: 14077: 14071: 14070: 14059: 14053: 14052: 14032: 14026: 14025: 13989: 13983: 13976: 13970: 13963: 13957: 13956: 13949: 13943: 13936: 13930: 13910: 13904: 13903: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13869: 13863: 13862: 13855: 13849: 13848: 13828: 13822: 13821: 13815: 13811: 13809: 13801: 13796:. Archived from 13787: 13781: 13780: 13760: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13749: 13744:. 20 August 2019 13734: 13728: 13723: 13717: 13714: 13708: 13702: 13696: 13695: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13657: 13651: 13650: 13630: 13624: 13623: 13603: 13597: 13596: 13585: 13579: 13578: 13558: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13547: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13507: 13498: 13497: 13477: 13471: 13464: 13458: 13457: 13446: 13440: 13439: 13437: 13435: 13416: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13402: 13387: 13381: 13380: 13370: 13361: 13360: 13340: 13334: 13333: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13278: 13272: 13265: 13259: 13258: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13211: 13205: 13204: 13202: 13200: 13195:. 27 August 1995 13183: 13177: 13170: 13164: 13157: 13151: 13146:Leslie Bethell, 13144: 13138: 13131: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13105: 13099: 13098: 13096: 13094: 13079: 13073: 13072: 13070: 13068: 13054: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13043: 13028: 13022: 13019: 13013: 13006: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12968: 12962: 12961: 12960:on 15 July 2007. 12956:. Archived from 12946: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12935: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12910: 12899: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12874: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12822: 12816: 12815: 12803: 12797: 12796: 12795:. 11 April 2017. 12785: 12779: 12778: 12771: 12765: 12764: 12752: 12746: 12745: 12744:. 11 April 2017. 12734: 12728: 12727: 12722:. Archived from 12715: 12709: 12708: 12703:. Archived from 12696: 12690: 12689: 12688:. 13 April 2017. 12682: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12671: 12659: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12645: 12630: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12607:. Archived from 12596: 12590: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12569: 12561: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12547: 12532: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12521: 12509: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12484: 12478: 12471: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12391: 12385: 12378: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12347: 12341: 12331: 12325: 12324:, New York Times 12319: 12313: 12312: 12307:. Archived from 12296: 12290: 12289: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12240: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12220: 12211: 12205: 12194: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12168: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12143: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12106: 12095: 12089: 12088: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12061:. Archived from 12055: 12049: 12048: 12042: 12034: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11986: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11964: 11958: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11942: 11936: 11933: 11927: 11926: 11906: 11900: 11893: 11884: 11873: 11867: 11859: 11853: 11850: 11844: 11841: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11812: 11806: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11780: 11769: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11696: 11690: 11689: 11687: 11685: 11670: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11653: 11647:. Archived from 11646: 11638: 11632: 11629: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11588: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11527: 11525: 11509: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11487: 11481: 11480: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11438: 11432: 11425: 11419: 11413: 11407: 11406: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11347: 11345: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11315:on 27 April 2021 11311:. Archived from 11305: 11299: 11298: 11290: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11279: 11264: 11258: 11257:. July 27, 2004. 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11216: 11210: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11148: 11142:. Archived from 11141: 11133: 11127: 11126: 11124: 11122: 11111: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11085: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11031: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11006: 11000: 10999: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10930: 10921: 10920: 10907:Harper & Row 10897:Braudel, Fernand 10893: 10887: 10886: 10875: 10869: 10862: 10856: 10846: 10840: 10833: 10824: 10809: 10803: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10762: 10756: 10755: 10749: 10747: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10715:. 12 April 2024. 10705: 10699: 10698: 10693:. Archived from 10683: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10658: 10649: 10648: 10634: 10623: 10622: 10616: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10588: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10561: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10467: 10461: 10460: 10438: 10427: 10426: 10396: 10387: 10386: 10382:on 14 May 2011. 10378:. Archived from 10372: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10358: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10294: 10285: 10284: 10271: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10165: 10148: 10147:15.4 out of 40.9 10145: 10139: 10138:24.9 out of 40.9 10136: 10005:Poems on Slavery 9733:Stanley Engerman 9716:Seymour Drescher 9696:, a Marxist, in 9628:Robert E. Wright 9579:John Blassingame 9564:slave narratives 9387: 9377:, which states: 9342:slavery in Dubai 9338:slavery in Yemen 9193:Slavery in Yemen 9185:Slavery in Qatar 9035:Victor Schœlcher 8925:Étienne Polverel 8588:Slave Trade Acts 8496: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8465: 8464: 8281:CMS missionaries 8188:prisoners of war 8132:human sacrifices 8042: 7968:Yalta conference 7950:prisoners of war 7915:Registration of 7801:Somersett's case 7761:. (London, 1826) 7677:Poland-Lithuania 7618:prisoners of war 7489:Barbary Corsairs 7470:Barbary corsairs 7410:Dutch Gold Coast 7292:However, in the 7227:Slavery in Spain 7203:Portuguese India 7138:Romanus Pontifex 7010:prisoners-of-war 6873:Nordic countries 6748:Late Middle Ages 6725:Mongol invasions 6673:Late Middle Ages 6605:Genoa and Venice 6469:Knights of Malta 6435: 6432: 6351:High Middle Ages 6245:Llyn Cerrig Bach 6122:Mycenaean Greece 6091:Captives in Rome 6031:, IS appeals to 5931:Gulf of Thailand 5824:Slavery in Korea 5812:prisoners of war 5793:Slavery in Japan 5693: 5638:Mahmud of Ghazna 5628: 5458: 5412:Slavery in India 5181:Byzantine Empire 5065:Mycenaean Greece 4923:Ulysses S. Grant 4810:election of 1860 4750:federal citizens 4731:Republican Party 4721:, who supported 4691:Kansas Territory 4597:Slew vs. Whipple 4534:slave rebellions 4390:courts sentence 4331: 4262:, Colombia, and 4035:Alexandre Pétion 3991:had enacted the 3846:Machado de Assis 3686:, especially in 3614:prisoners of war 3523:prisoners of war 3404:Libyans started 3396:Slavery in Libya 3337:convert to Islam 3254: 3175:ritual servitude 3091:in Algiers, 1706 3089:Christian slaves 3080:Slavery in Libya 3034:Illustration of 3014:Congo Free State 2790:Kingdom of Kongo 2647:Kingdom of Kaabu 2627:Kingdom of Benin 2579:triangular trade 2562: 2552: 2503:Gustav Nachtigal 2424: 2401:Muslim countries 2389:northern Nigeria 2385:Sokoto Caliphate 2142: 2114: 2101:) and Pillia of 2094: 2079:prisoners of war 1972:, mostly in the 1957:in West Africa. 1937:In modern times 1890:, initiated the 1799:by the time the 1742: 1735: 1728: 1712:Emancipation Day 1545: 1512:Slave Trade Acts 203:Byzantine Empire 45: 18: 17: 22657: 22656: 22652: 22651: 22650: 22648: 22647: 22646: 22622: 22621: 22620: 22615: 22561:Book of Negroes 22515:Anti-Tom novels 22493: 22466: 22431: 22405: 22370: 22340:The Known World 22220: 22213: 22151: 22113:Up from Slavery 22016: 22005:Miguel de Buría 21987: 21956:Wallace Turnage 21892:Solomon Northup 21824:Fountain Hughes 21666:Jordan Anderson 21653: 21647: 21623:Esteban Montejo 21609: 21603: 21584: 21578: 21552: 21523:Olaudah Equiano 21505: 21488: 21458: 21422:Elizabeth Marsh 21410:Ólafur Egilsson 21398:Felice Caronni 21359: 21357: 21351: 21338: 21333: 21303: 21298: 21274:Superior orders 21257: 21201: 21198: 21197: 21188: 21130: 21127: 21119: 21075:Peremptory norm 21056: 21051: 20990: 20956:Rael, Patrick. 20905: 20882: 20841:Walvin, James. 20787: 20718: 20708: 20694:Toynbee, Arnold 20672: 20643:Lovejoy, Paul. 20638:History Compass 20612: 20591:Stark, Rodney. 20567: 20525: 20523:Greece and Rome 20396: 20394: 20373: 20361:AD 1804–AD 2016 20354:AD 1420–AD 1804 20329: 20324: 20323: 20313: 20311: 20299: 20295: 20285: 20283: 20271: 20267: 20252:10.2307/2590147 20236: 20232: 20209:10.2307/3113341 20193: 20189: 20166:10.2307/3113341 20150: 20146: 20137: 20133: 20124: 20120: 20111: 20107: 20102:Wayback Machine 20088: 20084: 20075: 20071: 20062: 20058: 20049: 20045: 20014: 20010: 19993: 19989: 19978: 19974: 19969: 19965: 19960: 19956: 19951: 19947: 19940: 19924: 19920: 19906: 19902: 19895: 19879: 19875: 19868: 19852: 19848: 19840:Peter Kolchin, 19839: 19835: 19826: 19822: 19817:. 31 July 2018. 19809: 19808: 19804: 19794: 19792: 19791:on 21 July 2015 19779: 19778: 19774: 19764: 19762: 19756: 19752: 19742: 19740: 19731: 19730: 19726: 19719: 19703: 19699: 19694: 19690: 19685: 19681: 19676: 19672: 19667: 19663: 19655: 19651: 19642: 19638: 19622: 19618: 19608: 19606: 19585: 19584: 19580: 19560: 19556: 19549: 19533: 19529: 19520: 19516: 19485: 19481: 19471: 19469: 19461: 19460: 19456: 19446: 19444: 19435: 19434: 19430: 19420: 19418: 19411: 19407: 19397: 19389: 19387: 19365: 19361: 19351: 19349: 19340: 19339: 19335: 19326: 19322: 19315: 19295: 19291: 19282: 19278: 19273: 19269: 19260: 19256: 19247: 19243: 19235: 19231: 19221: 19219: 19214: 19213: 19209: 19199: 19197: 19192: 19191: 19187: 19175: 19171: 19164: 19150: 19146: 19136: 19134: 19119: 19115: 19105: 19103: 19090: 19086: 19072: 19068: 19061: 19045: 19041: 19008: 19004: 18997: 18981: 18977: 18967: 18965: 18946: 18942: 18932: 18930: 18923: 18919: 18907: 18903: 18893: 18891: 18886: 18885: 18881: 18871: 18869: 18862: 18858: 18827: 18823: 18815: 18811: 18801: 18799: 18788: 18787: 18783: 18775: 18771: 18754: 18753: 18746: 18744: 18740: 18709: 18703: 18699: 18689:, 21 April 1775 18672:newspaper, the 18663: 18659: 18642: 18638: 18630: 18626: 18616: 18614: 18609: 18608: 18604: 18596: 18592: 18586:Rough Crossings 18583: 18579: 18574: 18570: 18565: 18561: 18551: 18549: 18538: 18534: 18526: 18513: 18507: 18503: 18484:Mikhail Kizilov 18481: 18474: 18464: 18462: 18454: 18453: 18449: 18422:Mikhail Kizilov 18418: 18414: 18388: 18373: 18361: 18360: 18351: 18350: 18343: 18341: 18339: 18323: 18319: 18309: 18307: 18296: 18292: 18282: 18280: 18278: 18262: 18258: 18245: 18241: 18231: 18229: 18228:. February 1859 18212: 18211: 18207: 18201:Wayback Machine 18187: 18183: 18171: 18167: 18157: 18155: 18144: 18140: 18135: 18131: 18123: 18119: 18109: 18107: 18096: 18092: 18082: 18080: 18069: 18065: 18056: 18052: 18036: 18032: 18022: 18020: 18019:on 9 March 2013 18005: 18004: 18000: 17995: 17991: 17981: 17979: 17978:on 12 June 2009 17970: 17969: 17965: 17955: 17953: 17940: 17939: 17935: 17924: 17920: 17912: 17906: 17899: 17890: 17886: 17878: 17874: 17857: 17846: 17829: 17825: 17817: 17813: 17804: 17797: 17787: 17785: 17774: 17770: 17754: 17753: 17741: 17727: 17726: 17722: 17714:Jeremy Popkin, 17713: 17709: 17699: 17697: 17695: 17679: 17675: 17666: 17662: 17652: 17650: 17641: 17640: 17636: 17626: 17624: 17619: 17618: 17614: 17604: 17602: 17593: 17592: 17588: 17578: 17576: 17571: 17570: 17566: 17551: 17547: 17534: 17533: 17529: 17519: 17517: 17509: 17508: 17504: 17494: 17492: 17477: 17473: 17463: 17461: 17452: 17451: 17447: 17437: 17435: 17417:Oriente Moderno 17409: 17405: 17395: 17393: 17386: 17370: 17366: 17359: 17345: 17341: 17333: 17329: 17319: 17317: 17302: 17298: 17291: 17277: 17273: 17263: 17261: 17250: 17246: 17236: 17234: 17225: 17224: 17220: 17210: 17208: 17203: 17202: 17198: 17188: 17186: 17177: 17176: 17172: 17162: 17160: 17151: 17150: 17146: 17137: 17133: 17124: 17120: 17102: 17093: 17084: 17082: 17074: 17073: 17069: 17051: 17047: 17040: 17024: 17020: 17001: 16997: 16947: 16943: 16934: 16930: 16920: 16918: 16909: 16908: 16904: 16894: 16892: 16883: 16882: 16878: 16833: 16829: 16819: 16817: 16812: 16811: 16807: 16800: 16784: 16780: 16770: 16768: 16767:. Libro.uca.edu 16761: 16757: 16750: 16734: 16730: 16715: 16711: 16692: 16688: 16681: 16665: 16658: 16645: 16643: 16641: 16619:Clark, Jonathan 16611: 16607: 16597: 16595: 16587: 16586: 16582: 16572: 16568: 16560: 16556: 16547: 16543: 16528: 16527: 16523: 16514: 16510: 16500: 16498: 16489: 16488: 16484: 16468: 16464: 16454: 16452: 16439: 16438: 16434: 16421: 16420: 16416: 16403: 16402: 16398: 16388: 16386: 16373: 16372: 16368: 16355: 16354: 16350: 16336: 16332: 16318: 16314: 16300: 16296: 16282: 16278: 16258: 16257: 16253: 16236: 16232: 16218: 16214: 16204: 16202: 16192: 16188: 16174:Fiona Keating, 16173: 16169: 16159: 16157: 16152: 16151: 16147: 16134: 16133: 16129: 16121: 16110: 16104: 16100: 16089: 16085: 16069: 16068: 16061: 16059: 16054: 16053: 16049: 16034: 16030: 16017: 16013: 16003: 16001: 15993: 15992: 15988: 15978: 15976: 15971: 15970: 15966: 15951: 15947: 15937: 15935: 15927: 15922: 15908: 15904: 15896: 15892: 15877: 15873: 15860: 15856: 15848: 15844: 15834: 15832: 15823: 15822: 15818: 15808: 15806: 15801: 15800: 15796: 15788: 15784: 15777:Maasir-ul-Umara 15773: 15769: 15760: 15756: 15752:, (1920) p. 92. 15748:Moreland W.H., 15747: 15743: 15734: 15730: 15722: 15718: 15710: 15706: 15697: 15693: 15680: 15676: 15671: 15667: 15662: 15658: 15653: 15649: 15645:, pages 172-173 15636: 15632: 15587: 15583: 15574: 15570: 15565: 15558: 15553: 15546: 15541: 15534: 15529: 15525: 15520: 15516: 15507: 15503: 15493: 15491: 15489: 15473: 15469: 15459: 15457: 15455: 15436: 15432: 15422: 15420: 15418: 15402: 15398: 15388: 15386: 15384: 15368: 15364: 15354: 15352: 15343: 15339: 15329: 15327: 15325: 15309: 15305: 15283: 15279: 15263: 15262: 15258: 15242: 15235: 15225: 15223: 15214: 15210: 15200: 15198: 15189: 15185: 15175: 15173: 15164: 15160: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15130: 15126: 15116: 15114: 15112: 15096: 15092: 15083: 15076: 15071: 15067: 15048: 15044: 15033:Wayback Machine 15024:. Suzy Hansen, 15019: 15012: 15005: 14989: 14985: 14972: 14971: 14967: 14957: 14955: 14944: 14940: 14927: 14926: 14922: 14915: 14899: 14895: 14886: 14882: 14872: 14870: 14861: 14852: 14848: 14840: 14836: 14828: 14824: 14815: 14814: 14810: 14803: 14787: 14783: 14770: 14768: 14761: 14745: 14741: 14733: 14729: 14725:, p. 1722. 14721: 14717: 14709: 14705: 14685: 14681: 14670: 14666: 14659: 14643: 14639: 14632: 14616: 14612: 14597: 14573: 14569: 14561: 14557: 14549: 14545: 14537: 14533: 14526: 14522: 14517: 14513: 14507:Unveiling Islam 14504: 14500: 14490: 14486: 14476: 14474: 14467: 14463: 14457: 14453: 14448: 14444: 14436: 14429: 14424: 14420: 14407: 14403: 14398: 14394: 14385: 14381: 14372: 14368: 14359: 14355: 14346: 14342: 14333: 14329: 14320: 14316: 14307: 14303: 14294: 14290: 14280: 14278: 14277:on 14 July 2007 14269: 14268: 14264: 14255: 14251: 14243: 14239: 14233:New York Times. 14228: 14224: 14216: 14212: 14202: 14200: 14195: 14194: 14190: 14180: 14178: 14175:Vermont History 14167: 14163: 14155: 14151: 14150: 14146: 14139: 14123: 14119: 14112: 14108: 14101: 14097: 14087: 14085: 14078: 14074: 14061: 14060: 14056: 14049: 14033: 14029: 13990: 13986: 13977: 13973: 13964: 13960: 13951: 13950: 13946: 13937: 13933: 13923:Wayback Machine 13911: 13907: 13898: 13897: 13893: 13886: 13870: 13866: 13857: 13856: 13852: 13845: 13829: 13825: 13813: 13812: 13803: 13802: 13788: 13784: 13761: 13757: 13747: 13745: 13736: 13735: 13731: 13724: 13720: 13715: 13711: 13703: 13699: 13692: 13676: 13672: 13659: 13658: 13654: 13647: 13631: 13627: 13620: 13604: 13600: 13587: 13586: 13582: 13575: 13559: 13555: 13545: 13543: 13534: 13533: 13529: 13522: 13508: 13501: 13494: 13478: 13474: 13465: 13461: 13454:www.fsmitha.com 13448: 13447: 13443: 13433: 13431: 13418: 13417: 13410: 13400: 13398: 13389: 13388: 13384: 13371: 13364: 13357: 13341: 13337: 13322:10.2307/1856592 13306: 13302: 13295: 13279: 13275: 13266: 13262: 13239: 13235: 13228: 13212: 13208: 13198: 13196: 13185: 13184: 13180: 13172:Robert Toplin, 13171: 13167: 13158: 13154: 13145: 13141: 13133:Richard Price, 13132: 13128: 13118: 13116: 13107: 13106: 13102: 13092: 13090: 13081: 13080: 13076: 13066: 13064: 13056: 13055: 13051: 13041: 13039: 13030: 13029: 13025: 13020: 13016: 13007: 13003: 12993: 12991: 12970: 12969: 12965: 12948: 12947: 12943: 12933: 12931: 12923: 12922: 12918: 12908: 12906: 12901: 12900: 12896: 12886: 12884: 12876: 12875: 12871: 12861: 12859: 12850: 12849: 12845: 12835: 12833: 12824: 12823: 12819: 12804: 12800: 12787: 12786: 12782: 12773: 12772: 12768: 12753: 12749: 12736: 12735: 12731: 12716: 12712: 12697: 12693: 12684: 12683: 12679: 12669: 12667: 12660: 12653: 12643: 12641: 12632: 12631: 12624: 12614: 12612: 12597: 12593: 12583: 12581: 12562: 12555: 12545: 12543: 12542:. 29 April 2014 12534: 12533: 12529: 12519: 12517: 12510: 12506: 12496: 12494: 12486: 12485: 12481: 12472: 12468: 12458: 12456: 12447: 12446: 12442: 12432: 12430: 12421: 12420: 12416: 12406: 12404: 12392: 12388: 12379: 12372: 12362: 12360: 12349: 12348: 12344: 12332: 12328: 12320: 12316: 12297: 12293: 12280: 12279: 12275: 12260: 12256: 12241: 12237: 12232:on 4 June 2015. 12229: 12218: 12212: 12208: 12195: 12191: 12181: 12179: 12172:"Niger Profile" 12170: 12169: 12165: 12155: 12153: 12147:"Slavery Today" 12145: 12144: 12140: 12130: 12128: 12118: 12114: 12104: 12102: 12097: 12096: 12092: 12083: 12082: 12078: 12068: 12066: 12057: 12056: 12052: 12035: 12031: 12021: 12019: 12018:. 9 August 2007 12010: 12009: 12005: 11995: 11993: 11988: 11987: 11983: 11973: 11971: 11966: 11965: 11961: 11951: 11949: 11944: 11943: 11939: 11934: 11930: 11923: 11907: 11903: 11894: 11887: 11876:Adam Hochschild 11874: 11870: 11860: 11856: 11851: 11847: 11842: 11831: 11821: 11819: 11814: 11813: 11809: 11792: 11788: 11778: 11776: 11771: 11770: 11766: 11756: 11754: 11745: 11744: 11740: 11730: 11728: 11727:. Finalcall.com 11723: 11722: 11718: 11708: 11706: 11698: 11697: 11693: 11683: 11681: 11672: 11671: 11667: 11657: 11655: 11651: 11644: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11626: 11616: 11614: 11605:Tunde Obadina. 11603: 11599: 11586: 11584: 11574: 11573: 11569: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11541: 11540: 11536: 11523: 11521: 11511: 11510: 11506: 11496: 11494: 11493:. Metmuseum.org 11489: 11488: 11484: 11477: 11461: 11457: 11447: 11445: 11440: 11439: 11435: 11426: 11422: 11414: 11410: 11379: 11375: 11365: 11363: 11358: 11357: 11353: 11343: 11341: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11318: 11316: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11291: 11287: 11277: 11275: 11268:"Swahili Coast" 11266: 11265: 11261: 11249:Wayback Machine 11242:Slaves in Saudi 11239: 11235: 11225: 11223: 11218: 11217: 11213: 11205: 11201: 11193: 11189: 11179: 11177: 11166: 11162: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11130: 11120: 11118: 11113: 11112: 11108: 11098: 11096: 11087: 11086: 11082: 11072: 11070: 11059: 11055: 11048: 11032: 11028: 11018: 11016: 11008: 11007: 11003: 10996: 10980: 10976: 10967: 10965: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10945: 10931: 10924: 10917: 10909:. p. 435. 10905:. Vol. 3. 10894: 10890: 10877: 10876: 10872: 10863: 10859: 10847: 10843: 10834: 10827: 10810: 10806: 10789: 10785: 10777: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10724: 10720: 10707: 10706: 10702: 10685: 10684: 10680: 10670: 10668: 10660: 10659: 10652: 10635: 10626: 10610: 10609: 10602: 10600: 10599:on 13 June 2007 10589: 10580: 10570: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10555: 10545: 10543: 10542:on 7 April 2016 10530: 10529: 10525: 10518: 10504: 10500: 10468: 10464: 10453: 10439: 10430: 10419: 10397: 10390: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10336: 10332: 10321: 10295: 10288: 10232: 10228: 10217: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10166: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10151: 10146: 10142: 10137: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10094:Slave Trade Act 9800:Forced marriage 9754: 9738:British economy 9679: 9642:) and why some 9587:Eugene Genovese 9583:Slave Community 9543:Robert W. Fogel 9433: 9428: 9419: 9413: 9388: 9385: 9346:slavery in Oman 9276:in Saudi Arabia 9272:chattel slavery 9199: 9197:Slavery in Oman 9169: 9145: 9117:Sojourner Truth 9098:Abraham Lincoln 9053: 9045:Main articles: 9043: 9023: 9017: 8993:Treaty of Paris 8970: 8950:Charles Leclerc 8937: 8905: 8872: 8864:Main articles: 8862: 8831:India with the 8790:Thomas Clarkson 8749: 8744: 8696:Hamerton Treaty 8662:Capture of the 8633:Capture of the 8627:Veloz Passagera 8625:Capture of the 8617:Capture of the 8609:Capture of the 8601:Capture of the 8593:Capture of the 8497: 8494: 8492: 8439: 8419:Main articles: 8417: 8352: 8346: 8297: 8251:Chatham Islands 8243: 8241:Chatham Islands 8162: 8116: 8076: 8070: 8055:street children 7994: 7984: 7964: 7958: 7895: 7889: 7884: 7779:British economy 7747: 7741: 7696:Crimean Khanate 7669: 7655: 7653:Crimean Khanate 7560:Napoleonic Wars 7513:Barbary Pirates 7478: 7472: 7464:Dutch Caribbean 7312: 7306: 7245: 7223: 7170:Lagos, Portugal 7122:Pope Nicholas V 7101: 7087: 7047:French Republic 7045:Slavery in the 6982:Edict of Nantes 6947: 6907:Britonnic Celts 6861: 6841:Main articles: 6839: 6799:Crimean Khanate 6721: 6700: 6625: 6609:Main articles: 6607: 6595:Barbary pirates 6584: 6576:Constantine VII 6552: 6544:Norman Conquest 6515: 6509: 6501:Peter the Great 6489: 6452:too. After the 6433: 6411: 6405: 6389:Yaqub al-Mansur 6267: 6255:Main articles: 6253: 6233: 6177: 6171: 6157:. According to 6114: 6108: 6103: 6101:Ancient history 6084: 6074: 6058: 6025:. According to 5989: 5963: 5872: 5856:Main articles: 5854: 5826: 5820: 5795: 5789: 5773: 5771:Slavery in Iran 5767: 5762: 5754:bonded laborers 5699:Delhi sultanate 5694: 5691: 5658:Delhi Sultanate 5629: 5626: 5573: 5568: 5490:Terracotta Army 5471: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5444:, wrote in his 5414: 5408: 5403: 5401:Ancient history 5261:Ottoman society 5242: 5234:Main articles: 5232: 5197: 5185:Main articles: 5183: 4985:A plate in the 4979: 4969: 4963: 4895:executive order 4856:Jefferson Davis 4814:Abraham Lincoln 4784: 4762: 4699:Bleeding Kansas 4554: 4542:Stono Rebellion 4495: 4428:Anthony Johnson 4375: 4360:Spanish America 4329: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4278:Main articles: 4276: 4239: 4229: 4201:Black Loyalists 4199:, known as the 4158:Black Canadians 4124: 4118: 4112: 4079:was passed and 4054:Dirk Valkenburg 4043:slave rebellion 3905:Lesser Antilles 3877: 3871: 3775: 3751:southern Brazil 3706:Prime Minister 3696:Colonial Brazil 3646: 3640: 3634: 3622:slave narrative 3539:human sacrifice 3515: 3507:Main articles: 3505: 3489:Spanish America 3454:Spanish America 3438: 3398: 3392: 3376:Abubakar Shekau 3303:farms alone in 3252: 3230:Darfur conflict 3147: 3133: 3115:in 1816 by the 3082: 3062:Main articles: 3060: 3028: 3022: 3010:King Leopold II 2957:Olaudah Equiano 2885:Slave Trade Act 2747: 2737: 2722: 2719: 2659:Aro Confederacy 2639:Kingdom of Koya 2550: 2547:Estado da Índia 2544: 2457: 2441:Main articles: 2439: 2432: 2425: 2221:Fernand Braudel 2197: 2183: 2163:Main articles: 2161: 2154: 2143: 2134: 2115: 2106: 2095: 2019:Akkadian Empire 2000: 1994: 1982:sex trafficking 1837:Islamic slavery 1793:chattel slavery 1789:hunter-gatherer 1746: 1717: 1716: 1621:Slave narrative 1577:Fugitive slaves 1557: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1507:Slave rebellion 1362: 1352: 1351: 1310: 1300: 1299: 1122:United Kingdom 1058:Yankee princess 652: 644: 643: 371:Avret Pazarları 317:Avret Pazarları 186:Medieval Europe 152: 142: 141: 80:Forced marriage 55: 12: 11: 5: 22655: 22645: 22644: 22639: 22637:Social history 22634: 22617: 22616: 22614: 22613: 22605: 22597: 22589: 22581: 22573: 22565: 22557: 22552: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22501: 22499: 22495: 22494: 22492: 22491: 22483: 22474: 22472: 22468: 22467: 22465: 22464: 22456: 22448: 22439: 22437: 22433: 22432: 22430: 22429: 22421: 22413: 22411: 22407: 22406: 22404: 22403: 22395: 22387: 22378: 22376: 22372: 22371: 22369: 22368: 22360: 22352: 22344: 22336: 22328: 22320: 22312: 22304: 22300:Middle Passage 22296: 22288: 22280: 22272: 22264: 22256: 22248: 22240: 22232: 22224: 22202: 22194: 22186: 22178: 22170: 22161: 22159: 22157:Fiction/novels 22153: 22152: 22150: 22149: 22141: 22133: 22125: 22117: 22109: 22101: 22093: 22085: 22077: 22069: 22061: 22053: 22045: 22037: 22028: 22026: 22022: 22021: 22018: 22017: 22015: 22014: 22008: 22002: 21995: 21993: 21989: 21988: 21986: 21985: 21979: 21974: 21971:Wallace Willis 21968: 21963: 21958: 21953: 21951:Harriet Tubman 21948: 21941: 21938:Austin Steward 21935: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21908:William Parker 21905: 21899: 21894: 21889: 21883: 21878: 21876:J. Vance Lewis 21873: 21868: 21863: 21858: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21840:Harriet Jacobs 21837: 21832: 21827: 21821: 21816: 21814:William Grimes 21811: 21806:(19th century 21801: 21796: 21791: 21786: 21776: 21771: 21765: 21763:Kate Drumgoold 21760: 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21725: 21719: 21714: 21709: 21704: 21698: 21693: 21688: 21683: 21681:Solomon Bayley 21678: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21657: 21655: 21652:North America: 21649: 21648: 21646: 21645: 21639: 21632: 21626: 21620: 21613: 21611: 21608:North America: 21605: 21604: 21602: 21601: 21598:John R. Jewitt 21595: 21588: 21586: 21583:North America: 21580: 21579: 21577: 21576: 21571: 21566: 21560: 21558: 21557:Ottoman Empire 21554: 21553: 21551: 21550: 21544: 21538: 21535:Jean Marteilhe 21532: 21526: 21520: 21513: 21511: 21507: 21506: 21504: 21503: 21496: 21494: 21490: 21489: 21487: 21486: 21480: 21474: 21468: 21462: 21449: 21443: 21437: 21431: 21425: 21419: 21418:(late 19th c.) 21413: 21407: 21401: 21395: 21392:Isaac Brassard 21389: 21383: 21377: 21370: 21368: 21361: 21360:of enslavement 21353: 21352: 21350: 21349: 21343: 21340: 21339: 21332: 21331: 21324: 21317: 21309: 21300: 21299: 21297: 21296: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21271: 21265: 21263: 21259: 21258: 21256: 21255: 21250: 21245: 21240: 21235: 21230: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21204: 21202: 21193: 21190: 21189: 21187: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21165: 21164: 21159: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21133: 21131: 21126:Crimes against 21124: 21121: 21120: 21118: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21066: 21064: 21058: 21057: 21050: 21049: 21042: 21035: 21027: 21021: 21020: 21014: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20989: 20988:External links 20986: 20985: 20984: 20977: 20970: 20961: 20954: 20940: 20933: 20921: 20909: 20903: 20881: 20878: 20877: 20876: 20869: 20863: 20853: 20846: 20845:(2nd ed. 2001) 20839: 20829: 20820: 20791: 20786:978-0544602670 20785: 20767: 20760: 20753: 20746: 20739: 20726: 20717: 20714: 20713: 20712: 20706: 20690: 20688:978-0300126181 20676: 20670: 20648: 20641: 20634: 20620: 20611: 20608: 20607: 20606: 20596: 20589: 20579: 20566: 20563: 20562: 20561: 20554: 20547: 20533: 20524: 20521: 20520: 20519: 20512: 20502: 20495: 20488: 20481: 20474: 20464: 20462:978-0313331428 20450: 20443: 20436: 20429: 20420: 20413: 20403: 20384:(2): 294–313. 20366: 20365: 20364: 20357: 20350: 20347:AD 500–AD 1420 20343: 20328: 20325: 20322: 20321: 20293: 20280:New York Times 20265: 20246:(2): 119–144. 20230: 20187: 20160:(4): 430–443. 20144: 20131: 20118: 20105: 20082: 20069: 20056: 20043: 20024:(6): 903–914. 20008: 19987: 19972: 19963: 19954: 19952:Kolchin p. 136 19945: 19939:978-0809016303 19938: 19918: 19900: 19894:978-0307834584 19893: 19873: 19867:978-0195304510 19866: 19846: 19844:(1993) p. 134. 19833: 19820: 19802: 19772: 19750: 19724: 19718:978-0195334029 19717: 19697: 19688: 19679: 19670: 19661: 19649: 19636: 19633:978-0822319924 19616: 19578: 19554: 19547: 19527: 19525:(2004) p. 259. 19514: 19479: 19454: 19428: 19405: 19359: 19333: 19320: 19314:978-0521780124 19313: 19289: 19276: 19267: 19254: 19241: 19229: 19207: 19185: 19169: 19163:978-0140103915 19162: 19144: 19113: 19084: 19066: 19059: 19039: 19026:10.2307/480764 19002: 18996:978-0935848489 18995: 18975: 18940: 18917: 18901: 18879: 18856: 18843:10.1086/244883 18837:(3): 487–520. 18821: 18809: 18781: 18769: 18697: 18670:Fredericksburg 18657: 18653:978-0934139052 18636: 18624: 18602: 18590: 18584:Simon Schama, 18577: 18568: 18559: 18548:on 13 May 2012 18532: 18501: 18472: 18460:Britannica.com 18447: 18436:(2): 189–210. 18412: 18401:Chisholm, Hugh 18371: 18338:978-0198201717 18337: 18317: 18290: 18277:978-1846032400 18276: 18256: 18239: 18205: 18181: 18178:tables 2 and 3 18165: 18138: 18129: 18117: 18090: 18063: 18050: 18046:978-0822331971 18030: 17998: 17989: 17963: 17933: 17918: 17897: 17884: 17872: 17868:978-0231031592 17844: 17840:978-0965049375 17823: 17818:Bales, Kevin. 17811: 17795: 17768: 17739: 17720: 17707: 17694:978-0874368857 17693: 17673: 17660: 17634: 17612: 17586: 17564: 17545: 17527: 17515:Britannica.com 17502: 17471: 17445: 17403: 17384: 17364: 17357: 17339: 17327: 17296: 17289: 17271: 17244: 17218: 17196: 17170: 17144: 17142:. (2004) p. 27 17131: 17118: 17091: 17067: 17045: 17038: 17018: 16995: 16941: 16928: 16915:Britannica.com 16902: 16876: 16827: 16805: 16799:978-0719018251 16798: 16778: 16755: 16749:978-1107394704 16748: 16728: 16709: 16698:(177): 17–54. 16686: 16680:978-0874368857 16679: 16656: 16640:978-0712664967 16639: 16605: 16580: 16566: 16554: 16541: 16531:Ancient Greece 16521: 16508: 16482: 16462: 16451:on 21 May 2019 16432: 16414: 16396: 16366: 16348: 16330: 16312: 16294: 16276: 16251: 16230: 16212: 16186: 16167: 16145: 16127: 16098: 16083: 16047: 16028: 16011: 15999:Britannica.com 15986: 15964: 15945: 15921:978-3825840105 15920: 15914:. Lit Verlag. 15902: 15890: 15871: 15854: 15842: 15816: 15794: 15782: 15767: 15754: 15741: 15728: 15716: 15704: 15691: 15687:978-9004095090 15674: 15665: 15656: 15647: 15643:978-9004095090 15630: 15581: 15568: 15556: 15544: 15532: 15523: 15514: 15501: 15488:978-0520054622 15487: 15467: 15454:978-0313325434 15453: 15430: 15417:978-0195056396 15416: 15396: 15383:978-0275958237 15382: 15362: 15337: 15324:978-0786476848 15323: 15303: 15277: 15256: 15233: 15208: 15183: 15158: 15145:978-0674024779 15144: 15124: 15111:978-3874907118 15110: 15090: 15074: 15065: 15042: 15010: 15004:978-1317754220 15003: 14983: 14965: 14938: 14920: 14914:978-0801883248 14913: 14893: 14880: 14846: 14834: 14822: 14808: 14801: 14781: 14759: 14739: 14737:, p. 388. 14727: 14715: 14703: 14679: 14664: 14657: 14637: 14630: 14610: 14595: 14567: 14555: 14543: 14531: 14520: 14511: 14498: 14484: 14461: 14451: 14442: 14427: 14418: 14414:978-0521281812 14401: 14392: 14379: 14366: 14353: 14340: 14327: 14314: 14301: 14288: 14262: 14249: 14237: 14222: 14210: 14188: 14161: 14144: 14137: 14117: 14106: 14095: 14084:. Kentake Page 14072: 14054: 14047: 14027: 14000:(5): 598–614. 13984: 13971: 13958: 13955:. 18 May 2017. 13944: 13931: 13905: 13891: 13884: 13864: 13861:. 18 May 1652. 13850: 13844:978-1851095445 13843: 13823: 13782: 13755: 13729: 13718: 13709: 13697: 13690: 13670: 13652: 13645: 13625: 13618: 13598: 13580: 13573: 13553: 13527: 13520: 13499: 13492: 13472: 13459: 13441: 13408: 13382: 13362: 13356:978-1483513645 13355: 13335: 13300: 13294:978-0684835655 13293: 13273: 13267:Edward Gregg. 13260: 13233: 13227:978-9768125132 13226: 13206: 13178: 13165: 13152: 13139: 13126: 13109:"Bandeirantes" 13100: 13074: 13062:Britannica.com 13049: 13023: 13014: 13001: 12963: 12941: 12929:Britannica.com 12916: 12894: 12882:Britannica.com 12869: 12858:on 1 June 2020 12852:"Maya Society" 12843: 12817: 12798: 12793:boingboing.net 12780: 12777:. 3 July 2020. 12766: 12747: 12729: 12710: 12691: 12677: 12651: 12622: 12591: 12553: 12527: 12504: 12479: 12466: 12440: 12414: 12386: 12370: 12342: 12326: 12314: 12291: 12273: 12254: 12235: 12206: 12189: 12163: 12138: 12112: 12090: 12076: 12050: 12029: 12003: 11981: 11959: 11937: 11928: 11922:978-0374289355 11921: 11901: 11885: 11868: 11854: 11845: 11829: 11807: 11803:978-1594035760 11786: 11764: 11738: 11716: 11704:Britannica.com 11691: 11665: 11633: 11624: 11597: 11567: 11553: 11534: 11504: 11482: 11475: 11455: 11433: 11420: 11408: 11373: 11362:. American.edu 11351: 11339:Britannica.com 11326: 11300: 11285: 11259: 11254:The Daily Star 11233: 11211: 11199: 11187: 11160: 11149:on 15 May 2011 11128: 11106: 11080: 11053: 11047:978-0521447027 11046: 11026: 11014:Britannica.com 11001: 10994: 10974: 10950: 10943: 10922: 10916:978-0060153175 10915: 10888: 10885:. 2 June 2018. 10870: 10857: 10841: 10835:J.M. Roberts, 10825: 10804: 10783: 10757: 10739: 10718: 10700: 10678: 10650: 10624: 10578: 10553: 10523: 10517:978-0753820568 10516: 10498: 10482:(3): 391–411. 10462: 10451: 10428: 10417: 10388: 10367: 10350: 10330: 10319: 10286: 10252:10.1086/648530 10226: 10215: 10185: 10179:978-0195189421 10178: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10140: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10015: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10001: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9944: 9943: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9815:Sexual slavery 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9678: 9675: 9646:(individuals, 9620:Pulitzer Prize 9618:published the 9603:Herbert Gutman 9517:Kenneth Stampp 9495:Dunning School 9479:Lois E. Horton 9432: 9429: 9427: 9426:Historiography 9424: 9415:Main article: 9412: 9409: 9383: 9299:United Nations 9168: 9165: 9144: 9141: 9113:Harriet Tubman 9042: 9039: 9019:Main article: 9016: 9013: 8969: 8966: 8936: 8933: 8919:commissioners 8904: 8901: 8897:Saint-Domingue 8861: 8858: 8800:was passed by 8771:British Empire 8754:Somersett Case 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8730: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8713: 8711:Moresby Treaty 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8680: 8672: 8667: 8659: 8651: 8643: 8638: 8630: 8622: 8614: 8606: 8598: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8526:Firman of 1857 8523: 8521:Firman of 1854 8518: 8513: 8511:Firman of 1830 8508: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8491: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8416: 8413: 8348:Main article: 8345: 8342: 8296: 8293: 8242: 8239: 8219:Bay of Islands 8161: 8158: 8119:Ancient Hawaii 8115: 8112: 8069: 8066: 7983: 7980: 7957: 7954: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7809:William Cowper 7790:Judge Jeffreys 7743:Main article: 7740: 7737: 7654: 7651: 7591:in August 1816 7577:African slaves 7540:Ottoman Empire 7497:Ottoman Empire 7474:Main article: 7471: 7468: 7435:Fort Zeelandia 7426:Fort Zeelandia 7370:writes in his 7308:Main article: 7305: 7302: 7231:Spanish Empire 7222: 7219: 7086: 7083: 7063:Saint-Domingue 7040:Denmark-Norway 7038:was a part of 7028:Denmark-Norway 6946: 6943: 6838: 6835: 6807:Ottoman Empire 6717:Main article: 6713:, 17th century 6699: 6696: 6606: 6603: 6583: 6580: 6551: 6548: 6532:Pope Gregory I 6511:Main article: 6508: 6505: 6488: 6487:Eastern Europe 6485: 6473:North Africans 6407:Main article: 6404: 6403:Ottoman Empire 6401: 6361:Medieval Spain 6335:Muslim empires 6252: 6249: 6232: 6229: 6189:Roman Republic 6170: 6167: 6145:Messenian Wars 6126:ancient Greece 6107: 6106:Ancient Greece 6104: 6102: 6099: 6073: 6070: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6040: 5962: 5959: 5853: 5852:Southeast Asia 5850: 5822:Main article: 5819: 5816: 5791:Main article: 5788: 5785: 5769:Main article: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760:Modern history 5758: 5720:Deccan plateau 5689: 5624: 5589:Muhammad Ghori 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5521: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5464: 5461: 5454: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5307:palace schools 5277:Sexual slavery 5269:Constantinople 5231: 5230:Ottoman Empire 5228: 5182: 5179: 4965:Main article: 4962: 4959: 4955:Baptist Church 4951:black churches 4854:Rebel leaders 4761: 4758: 4633:northern state 4569:British Empire 4553: 4550: 4532:Several local 4494: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4479:North Carolina 4475:South Carolina 4467: 4456: 4445: 4442: 4435: 4424: 4417: 4406: 4395: 4374: 4371: 4313:ship owned by 4300: 4297: 4275: 4272: 4228: 4225: 4209:Black Refugees 4114:Main article: 4111: 4108: 4077:apprenticeship 4019:First Republic 3936:sugar colonies 3901:British Empire 3873:Main article: 3870: 3867: 3850:André Rebouças 3841:Paraguayan War 3774: 3771: 3636:Main article: 3633: 3630: 3626:John R. Jewitt 3604:, such as the 3600:. Many of the 3576:of Texas, the 3504: 3501: 3475:French America 3462:Spanish Empire 3437: 3434: 3391: 3388: 3365:Sambisa Forest 3328:Sambisa Forest 3181:(in Ghana) or 3157:. In parts of 3132: 3129: 3125:Dey of Algiers 3123:, forcing the 3059: 3056: 3021: 3018: 2881:United Kingdom 2850:Bight of Benin 2821:Bambara Empire 2817:Annual Customs 2736: 2733: 2676:Middle Passage 2567:Middle Passage 2438: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2378:Haile Selassie 2366:was enslaved. 2160: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2144: 2137: 2135: 2116: 2109: 2107: 2105:(now Cilicia). 2096: 2089: 2039:ancient Greece 2035:ancient Israel 1996:Main article: 1993: 1990: 1986:sexual slavery 1974:private sector 1965:armed conflict 1795:. Slavery was 1748: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1599:List of slaves 1596: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1143:Dutch Republic 1140: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1004: 999: 989: 988: 987: 982: 977: 967: 962: 957: 951: 950: 944: 943: 938: 931: 930: 929: 924: 914: 909: 904: 903: 902: 892: 887: 886: 885: 880: 875: 870: 860: 855: 850: 849: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 793: 792: 791: 781: 780: 779: 768: 767: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 744: 743: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 687: 686: 676: 671: 666: 660: 659: 653: 650: 649: 646: 645: 642: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 615: 614: 610: 609: 604: 602:Child soldiers 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 578: 577: 567: 562: 557: 552: 551: 550: 545: 540: 529: 528: 524: 523: 518: 513: 511:Spanish Empire 508: 503: 498: 493: 491:Middle Passage 488: 483: 478: 473: 467: 466: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 353: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 321: 320: 319: 312:Ottoman Empire 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 273: 267: 266: 260: 259: 258: 257: 247: 242: 237: 236: 235: 230: 225: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 188: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 160: 159: 153: 148: 147: 144: 143: 140: 139: 134: 132:Sexual slavery 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 98: 97: 92: 90:Child marriage 87: 77: 72: 67: 65:Child soldiers 62: 56: 51: 50: 47: 46: 38: 37: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22654: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22629: 22627: 22611: 22610: 22606: 22603: 22602: 22598: 22595: 22594: 22590: 22587: 22586: 22582: 22579: 22578: 22574: 22571: 22570: 22566: 22563: 22562: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22502: 22500: 22496: 22489: 22488: 22484: 22481: 22480: 22476: 22475: 22473: 22471:Documentaries 22469: 22462: 22461: 22457: 22454: 22453: 22449: 22446: 22445: 22441: 22440: 22438: 22434: 22427: 22426: 22422: 22419: 22415: 22414: 22412: 22408: 22401: 22400: 22396: 22393: 22392: 22388: 22385: 22384: 22380: 22379: 22377: 22373: 22366: 22365: 22361: 22358: 22357: 22353: 22350: 22349: 22345: 22342: 22341: 22337: 22334: 22333: 22329: 22326: 22325: 22321: 22318: 22317: 22313: 22310: 22309: 22305: 22302: 22301: 22297: 22294: 22293: 22289: 22286: 22285: 22281: 22278: 22277: 22273: 22270: 22269: 22265: 22262: 22261: 22257: 22254: 22253: 22249: 22246: 22245: 22241: 22238: 22237: 22233: 22230: 22229: 22225: 22208: 22207: 22203: 22200: 22199: 22195: 22192: 22191: 22187: 22184: 22183: 22179: 22176: 22175: 22171: 22168: 22167: 22163: 22162: 22160: 22158: 22154: 22147: 22146: 22142: 22139: 22138: 22134: 22131: 22130: 22126: 22123: 22122: 22118: 22115: 22114: 22110: 22107: 22106: 22102: 22099: 22098: 22094: 22091: 22090: 22086: 22083: 22082: 22078: 22075: 22074: 22070: 22067: 22066: 22062: 22059: 22058: 22054: 22051: 22050: 22046: 22043: 22042: 22038: 22035: 22034: 22030: 22029: 22027: 22023: 22012: 22009: 22006: 22003: 22000: 21997: 21996: 21994: 21992:South America 21990: 21983: 21982:Zamba Zembola 21980: 21978: 21975: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21961:Bethany Veney 21959: 21957: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21946: 21942: 21939: 21936: 21934: 21933:Venture Smith 21931: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21913:James Roberts 21911: 21909: 21906: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21887: 21884: 21882: 21879: 21877: 21874: 21872: 21871:Lunsford Lane 21869: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21856: 21855:Paul Jennings 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21830:Omar ibn Said 21828: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21819:Josiah Henson 21817: 21815: 21812: 21809: 21805: 21804:William Green 21802: 21800: 21797: 21795: 21792: 21790: 21787: 21784: 21780: 21779:Peter Fossett 21777: 21775: 21772: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21738:Lucinda Davis 21736: 21734: 21733:Hannah Crafts 21731: 21729: 21726: 21723: 21720: 21718: 21715: 21713: 21710: 21708: 21705: 21702: 21701:James Bradley 21699: 21697: 21696:Leonard Black 21694: 21692: 21689: 21687: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21658: 21656: 21654:United States 21650: 21643: 21642:Marcos Xiorro 21640: 21637: 21633: 21630: 21627: 21624: 21621: 21618: 21615: 21614: 21612: 21606: 21599: 21596: 21593: 21590: 21589: 21587: 21581: 21575: 21572: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21561: 21559: 21555: 21548: 21545: 21542: 21539: 21536: 21533: 21530: 21527: 21524: 21521: 21518: 21515: 21514: 21512: 21508: 21501: 21498: 21497: 21495: 21491: 21484: 21481: 21478: 21475: 21472: 21469: 21466: 21463: 21453: 21450: 21447: 21446:Thomas Pellow 21444: 21441: 21438: 21435: 21432: 21429: 21426: 21423: 21420: 21417: 21416:Petro Kilekwa 21414: 21411: 21408: 21405: 21402: 21399: 21396: 21393: 21390: 21387: 21384: 21381: 21378: 21375: 21372: 21371: 21369: 21365: 21362: 21354: 21348: 21345: 21344: 21341: 21337: 21330: 21325: 21323: 21318: 21316: 21311: 21310: 21307: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21266: 21264: 21260: 21254: 21251: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21205: 21203: 21196: 21191: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21174:Slave trading 21172: 21170: 21167: 21163: 21160: 21158: 21155: 21154: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21122: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21067: 21065: 21063: 21059: 21055: 21048: 21043: 21041: 21036: 21034: 21029: 21028: 21025: 21018: 21015: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20996: 20992: 20991: 20982: 20978: 20975: 20971: 20967: 20962: 20959: 20955: 20951: 20950: 20945: 20941: 20938: 20934: 20930: 20926: 20925:Horne, Gerald 20922: 20918: 20914: 20910: 20906: 20904:9780393018875 20900: 20895: 20894: 20888: 20887:Fogel, Robert 20884: 20883: 20880:United States 20874: 20870: 20868: 20864: 20862: 20858: 20854: 20851: 20847: 20844: 20840: 20837: 20833: 20830: 20827: 20824: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20807: 20803: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20788: 20782: 20778: 20777: 20772: 20768: 20765: 20761: 20758: 20754: 20751: 20747: 20744: 20740: 20738: 20734: 20730: 20727: 20724: 20720: 20719: 20709: 20707:0-19-215253-X 20703: 20699: 20695: 20691: 20689: 20685: 20681: 20677: 20673: 20671:0-19-504652-8 20667: 20663: 20662: 20657: 20653: 20649: 20646: 20642: 20639: 20635: 20633: 20629: 20625: 20621: 20618: 20614: 20613: 20605: 20601: 20597: 20594: 20590: 20588: 20587:online review 20584: 20580: 20576: 20575: 20569: 20568: 20560:(1955) 182 pp 20559: 20555: 20552: 20548: 20546: 20542: 20538: 20534: 20531: 20527: 20526: 20518:(2 vol. 2007) 20517: 20513: 20511:(2 vol. 1997) 20510: 20506: 20503: 20500: 20496: 20493: 20489: 20486: 20482: 20479: 20475: 20473: 20472:online review 20469: 20465: 20463: 20459: 20455: 20451: 20448: 20444: 20441: 20437: 20434: 20430: 20427: 20426: 20421: 20418: 20414: 20411: 20407: 20404: 20392: 20387: 20383: 20379: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20358: 20355: 20351: 20348: 20344: 20341: 20337: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20330: 20310: 20309: 20304: 20297: 20282: 20281: 20276: 20269: 20261: 20257: 20253: 20249: 20245: 20241: 20234: 20226: 20222: 20218: 20214: 20210: 20206: 20203:(4): 430–43. 20202: 20198: 20191: 20183: 20179: 20175: 20171: 20167: 20163: 20159: 20155: 20148: 20141: 20135: 20128: 20122: 20115: 20109: 20103: 20099: 20096: 20092: 20086: 20079: 20073: 20066: 20060: 20053: 20047: 20039: 20035: 20031: 20027: 20023: 20019: 20012: 20004: 20003: 19998: 19991: 19985: 19983: 19976: 19967: 19958: 19949: 19941: 19935: 19931: 19930: 19922: 19915: 19911: 19904: 19896: 19890: 19886: 19885: 19877: 19869: 19863: 19859: 19858: 19850: 19843: 19837: 19830: 19824: 19816: 19815:reliefweb.int 19812: 19806: 19790: 19786: 19782: 19776: 19761: 19754: 19738: 19734: 19728: 19720: 19714: 19710: 19709: 19701: 19692: 19683: 19674: 19665: 19659: 19653: 19647:(2005) p. 255 19646: 19640: 19634: 19630: 19626: 19620: 19604: 19600: 19596: 19592: 19588: 19582: 19575: 19571: 19567: 19563: 19562:Jean Sévillia 19558: 19550: 19548:9781850657088 19544: 19540: 19539: 19531: 19524: 19518: 19510: 19506: 19502: 19498: 19494: 19490: 19483: 19468: 19464: 19463:"Our history" 19458: 19442: 19438: 19432: 19416: 19409: 19401: 19386: 19382: 19378: 19377: 19371: 19363: 19347: 19343: 19337: 19330: 19324: 19316: 19310: 19306: 19302: 19301: 19293: 19286: 19280: 19271: 19264: 19258: 19251: 19245: 19238: 19233: 19217: 19211: 19195: 19189: 19182: 19178: 19173: 19165: 19159: 19155: 19148: 19132: 19128: 19124: 19117: 19102:on 8 May 2006 19101: 19097: 19096: 19088: 19080: 19077: 19070: 19062: 19056: 19052: 19051: 19043: 19035: 19031: 19027: 19023: 19020:(2): 144–55. 19019: 19015: 19014: 19006: 18998: 18992: 18988: 18987: 18979: 18963: 18959: 18955: 18951: 18944: 18928: 18921: 18914: 18911: 18905: 18889: 18883: 18867: 18860: 18852: 18848: 18844: 18840: 18836: 18832: 18825: 18818: 18813: 18797: 18796: 18791: 18785: 18778: 18773: 18764: 18758: 18743:on 9 May 2013 18739: 18735: 18731: 18727: 18723: 18719: 18715: 18708: 18701: 18694: 18690: 18688: 18683: 18682: 18677: 18676: 18671: 18667: 18661: 18654: 18650: 18646: 18640: 18633: 18628: 18612: 18606: 18599: 18594: 18587: 18581: 18572: 18563: 18547: 18543: 18536: 18525: 18521: 18520: 18512: 18505: 18497: 18493: 18489: 18485: 18479: 18477: 18461: 18457: 18451: 18443: 18439: 18435: 18431: 18427: 18423: 18416: 18408: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18386: 18384: 18382: 18380: 18378: 18376: 18367: 18355: 18340: 18334: 18330: 18329: 18321: 18305: 18301: 18294: 18279: 18273: 18269: 18268: 18260: 18254:, 1 July 2003 18253: 18249: 18246:Rees Davies, 18243: 18227: 18223: 18219: 18215: 18209: 18202: 18198: 18195: 18191: 18185: 18179: 18175: 18169: 18154:on 4 May 2013 18153: 18149: 18142: 18133: 18126: 18121: 18106:on 4 May 2013 18105: 18101: 18094: 18079:on 3 May 2013 18078: 18074: 18067: 18060: 18054: 18047: 18043: 18039: 18034: 18018: 18014: 18013: 18008: 18002: 17993: 17977: 17973: 17967: 17951: 17947: 17943: 17937: 17929: 17922: 17911: 17904: 17902: 17894: 17888: 17882: 17876: 17869: 17865: 17861: 17855: 17853: 17851: 17849: 17841: 17837: 17833: 17827: 17821: 17815: 17808: 17802: 17800: 17783: 17779: 17772: 17764: 17758: 17750: 17746: 17742: 17736: 17732: 17731: 17724: 17717: 17711: 17696: 17690: 17686: 17685: 17677: 17670: 17664: 17648: 17644: 17638: 17622: 17616: 17600: 17596: 17590: 17574: 17568: 17560: 17556: 17549: 17541: 17537: 17531: 17516: 17512: 17506: 17490: 17486: 17482: 17475: 17459: 17455: 17449: 17434: 17430: 17426: 17422: 17418: 17414: 17407: 17391: 17387: 17381: 17377: 17376: 17368: 17360: 17354: 17350: 17343: 17336: 17331: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17300: 17292: 17286: 17282: 17275: 17259: 17255: 17248: 17232: 17228: 17222: 17206: 17200: 17184: 17180: 17174: 17158: 17154: 17148: 17141: 17135: 17128: 17122: 17115: 17111: 17107: 17106: 17100: 17098: 17096: 17081: 17077: 17071: 17065: 17061: 17057: 17056: 17049: 17041: 17035: 17031: 17030: 17022: 17014: 17010: 17006: 16999: 16993: 16991: 16990:9781403938695 16987: 16983: 16982:9781403917232 16979: 16975: 16971: 16967: 16963: 16959: 16957: 16953: 16945: 16938: 16932: 16916: 16912: 16906: 16890: 16886: 16880: 16872: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16854: 16850: 16847:(3): 270–77. 16846: 16842: 16838: 16831: 16815: 16809: 16801: 16795: 16791: 16790: 16782: 16766: 16759: 16751: 16745: 16741: 16740: 16732: 16724: 16723:Evo and Proud 16720: 16713: 16705: 16701: 16697: 16690: 16682: 16676: 16672: 16671: 16663: 16661: 16653: 16642: 16636: 16632: 16627: 16626: 16620: 16616: 16609: 16594: 16590: 16584: 16578: 16575: 16570: 16563: 16558: 16552:, 1981, p. 19 16551: 16545: 16537: 16533: 16532: 16525: 16518: 16512: 16496: 16492: 16486: 16480: 16476: 16472: 16466: 16450: 16446: 16442: 16436: 16428: 16424: 16418: 16410: 16409:Bloomberg.com 16406: 16400: 16384: 16380: 16376: 16370: 16362: 16358: 16352: 16345: 16344: 16340: 16334: 16327: 16326: 16322: 16316: 16309: 16308: 16304: 16298: 16291: 16290: 16286: 16280: 16272: 16268: 16266: 16261: 16255: 16249:, 13 Oct 2014 16248: 16247: 16243: 16239: 16234: 16227: 16226: 16225:The Telegraph 16222: 16216: 16201: 16197: 16190: 16183: 16182: 16177: 16171: 16155: 16149: 16141: 16137: 16131: 16120: 16116: 16109: 16102: 16094: 16087: 16079: 16073: 16057: 16051: 16042: 16041: 16032: 16024: 16023: 16015: 16000: 15996: 15990: 15974: 15968: 15960: 15956: 15949: 15934: 15930: 15923: 15917: 15913: 15906: 15899: 15894: 15886: 15882: 15875: 15867: 15866: 15858: 15851: 15846: 15830: 15826: 15820: 15804: 15798: 15791: 15786: 15778: 15771: 15764: 15758: 15751: 15745: 15738: 15732: 15725: 15720: 15713: 15708: 15701: 15695: 15689:, pages 14-15 15688: 15684: 15678: 15669: 15660: 15651: 15644: 15640: 15634: 15626: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15608: 15604: 15601:(1): 154–61. 15600: 15596: 15592: 15585: 15578: 15572: 15563: 15561: 15551: 15549: 15539: 15537: 15527: 15518: 15511: 15505: 15490: 15484: 15480: 15479: 15471: 15456: 15450: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15434: 15419: 15413: 15409: 15408: 15400: 15385: 15379: 15375: 15374: 15366: 15350: 15349: 15341: 15326: 15320: 15316: 15315: 15307: 15300: 15296: 15291: 15290: 15281: 15273: 15267: 15259: 15257:9781300568070 15253: 15249: 15248: 15240: 15238: 15221: 15220: 15212: 15196: 15195: 15187: 15171: 15170: 15162: 15147: 15141: 15137: 15136: 15128: 15113: 15107: 15103: 15102: 15094: 15087: 15086:Ancient India 15081: 15079: 15069: 15063: 15059: 15055: 15052: 15046: 15039: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15015: 15006: 15000: 14997:. Routledge. 14996: 14995: 14987: 14979: 14978:www.gwpda.org 14975: 14969: 14953: 14949: 14942: 14934: 14930: 14924: 14916: 14910: 14906: 14905: 14897: 14890: 14884: 14869: 14868: 14860: 14856: 14850: 14843: 14838: 14831: 14826: 14818: 14812: 14804: 14798: 14794: 14793: 14785: 14778: 14766: 14762: 14756: 14752: 14751: 14743: 14736: 14731: 14724: 14719: 14712: 14707: 14701: 14699: 14693: 14691: 14683: 14677: 14674: 14668: 14660: 14658:9781850657088 14654: 14650: 14649: 14641: 14633: 14631:9780520051294 14627: 14623: 14622: 14614: 14606: 14602: 14598: 14596:9780521840675 14592: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14579: 14571: 14565:(1977), p. 36 14564: 14559: 14553: 14547: 14540: 14535: 14529: 14524: 14515: 14508: 14502: 14496: 14495: 14488: 14472: 14471:"Human Cargo" 14465: 14455: 14446: 14440: 14434: 14432: 14422: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14396: 14389: 14383: 14376: 14370: 14363: 14357: 14350: 14344: 14337: 14331: 14324: 14318: 14311: 14305: 14298: 14292: 14276: 14272: 14266: 14259: 14253: 14246: 14241: 14234: 14231: 14226: 14219: 14214: 14198: 14192: 14176: 14172: 14165: 14154: 14148: 14140: 14134: 14130: 14129: 14121: 14115: 14110: 14104: 14099: 14083: 14076: 14068: 14064: 14058: 14050: 14048:9780820338644 14044: 14040: 14039: 14031: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13988: 13981: 13975: 13968: 13962: 13954: 13948: 13941: 13935: 13928: 13924: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13909: 13901: 13895: 13887: 13885:9780722297803 13881: 13877: 13876: 13868: 13860: 13854: 13846: 13840: 13836: 13835: 13827: 13819: 13807: 13799: 13795: 13794: 13786: 13778: 13774: 13771:(3): 311–54. 13770: 13766: 13759: 13743: 13739: 13733: 13726: 13722: 13713: 13707: 13701: 13693: 13687: 13683: 13682: 13674: 13666: 13662: 13656: 13648: 13642: 13638: 13637: 13629: 13621: 13615: 13611: 13610: 13602: 13594: 13590: 13584: 13576: 13570: 13566: 13565: 13557: 13541: 13537: 13531: 13523: 13517: 13513: 13506: 13504: 13495: 13489: 13485: 13484: 13476: 13469: 13463: 13455: 13451: 13445: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13415: 13413: 13396: 13392: 13386: 13378: 13377: 13369: 13367: 13358: 13352: 13348: 13347: 13339: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13304: 13296: 13290: 13286: 13285: 13277: 13270: 13264: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13237: 13229: 13223: 13219: 13218: 13210: 13194: 13193: 13188: 13182: 13175: 13169: 13162: 13156: 13149: 13143: 13136: 13130: 13114: 13110: 13104: 13088: 13084: 13078: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13037: 13033: 13027: 13018: 13011: 13005: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12967: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12945: 12930: 12926: 12920: 12904: 12898: 12883: 12879: 12873: 12857: 12853: 12847: 12831: 12827: 12821: 12813: 12809: 12802: 12794: 12790: 12784: 12776: 12770: 12762: 12758: 12751: 12743: 12739: 12733: 12725: 12721: 12714: 12706: 12702: 12695: 12687: 12681: 12665: 12658: 12656: 12639: 12635: 12629: 12627: 12611:on 6 May 2014 12610: 12606: 12602: 12595: 12579: 12575: 12574: 12568: 12560: 12558: 12541: 12537: 12531: 12515: 12508: 12493: 12489: 12483: 12476: 12470: 12454: 12450: 12444: 12428: 12427:Premium Times 12424: 12418: 12403: 12402: 12397: 12390: 12383: 12377: 12375: 12358: 12357: 12352: 12346: 12339: 12335: 12330: 12323: 12318: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12295: 12287: 12283: 12277: 12269: 12265: 12258: 12250: 12246: 12239: 12228: 12224: 12217: 12210: 12203: 12202: 12198: 12193: 12177: 12173: 12167: 12152: 12148: 12142: 12127: 12123: 12116: 12100: 12094: 12086: 12080: 12064: 12060: 12054: 12046: 12041: 12033: 12017: 12013: 12007: 11991: 11985: 11969: 11963: 11947: 11941: 11932: 11924: 11918: 11914: 11913: 11905: 11898: 11892: 11890: 11883: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11858: 11849: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11817: 11811: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11774: 11768: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11726: 11720: 11705: 11701: 11695: 11679: 11675: 11669: 11650: 11643: 11637: 11628: 11613:on 2 May 2012 11612: 11608: 11601: 11594: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11571: 11556: 11554:9781108032612 11550: 11546: 11545: 11538: 11531: 11520: 11516: 11515: 11508: 11492: 11486: 11478: 11472: 11468: 11467: 11459: 11443: 11437: 11430: 11424: 11417: 11412: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11389:(2): 113–28. 11388: 11384: 11377: 11361: 11355: 11340: 11336: 11330: 11314: 11310: 11304: 11296: 11289: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11256: 11255: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11237: 11221: 11215: 11208: 11203: 11196: 11191: 11175: 11171: 11164: 11145: 11138: 11132: 11116: 11110: 11094: 11090: 11084: 11068: 11064: 11057: 11049: 11043: 11039: 11038: 11030: 11015: 11011: 11005: 10997: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10978: 10964: 10960: 10954: 10946: 10940: 10936: 10929: 10927: 10918: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10903: 10898: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10874: 10867: 10861: 10855: 10851: 10845: 10838: 10832: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10808: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10780: 10772: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10742: 10740:9780814722121 10736: 10732: 10731: 10722: 10714: 10710: 10704: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10682: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10655: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10620: 10614: 10598: 10594: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10566: 10560: 10558: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10519: 10513: 10509: 10502: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10454: 10452:9789988550325 10448: 10444: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10425: 10420: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10371: 10364: 10353: 10351:9780826416285 10347: 10343: 10342: 10334: 10327: 10322: 10320:9781139059251 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10293: 10291: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10218: 10216:9781139059251 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10189: 10181: 10175: 10171: 10164: 10160: 10144: 10135: 10131: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10084:Sambo's Grave 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10008:by Longfellow 10007: 10006: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9877:White slavery 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9795:Forced labour 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9780:Child slavery 9778: 9776: 9772: 9771:Verdingkinder 9768: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9756: 9749: 9747: 9746:Richard Pares 9743: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9726: 9722: 9721:profit motive 9717: 9713: 9707: 9705: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9694:Eric Williams 9691: 9687: 9685: 9674: 9672: 9668: 9663: 9660: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9520: 9518: 9511: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9490: 9488: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9468: 9462: 9460: 9459:Peter Kolchin 9456: 9454: 9445: 9442: 9437: 9423: 9418: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9382: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9330:child slavery 9327: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9295: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9256: 9254: 9250: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9109:abolitionists 9106: 9101: 9099: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9048: 9041:United States 9038: 9036: 9032: 9031:July Monarchy 9028: 9022: 9009: 9004: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8954:ancien régime 8951: 8946: 8941: 8932: 8930: 8929:Abbé Grégoire 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8900: 8898: 8894: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8867: 8857: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8843: 8841: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8778: 8776: 8775:Joseph Knight 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8751:In 1772, the 8739: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8684:Edward Barley 8681: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8628: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8489: 8484: 8482: 8477: 8475: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8397: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8373: 8369: 8368:Victor Hugues 8364: 8356: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8305:Easter Island 8302: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8245:One group of 8238: 8236: 8232: 8231:King movement 8228: 8223: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8123:caste society 8120: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8065: 8064:labor camps. 8063: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8050:besprizorniki 8046: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7956:Allied powers 7953: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7940:gentiles and 7939: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7926: 7918: 7913: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7894: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7854:Joseph Sturge 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7792:refers to an 7791: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7708: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7592: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7460:Dutch Guianas 7456: 7455:Cape Coloured 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7368:Willem Bosman 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7075:French empire 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7020:Grand Master 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6994:Galley-slaves 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6970:Mediterranean 6964: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6669:Christianized 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6588: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6507:British Isles 6504: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6458:Ottoman fleet 6455: 6451: 6450:Islamic world 6447: 6443: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6217:slave revolts 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6197:Roman slavery 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6163:Ancient Greek 6160: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6078:White slavery 6069: 6067: 6063: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6023:spoils of war 6020: 6016: 6013:, IS claimed 6012: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5993:Islamic State 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5776:Reginald Dyer 5772: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5740: 5739:Mughal empire 5736: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5593:Slave Dynasty 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5537: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5463:Ancient China 5453: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5418:ancient India 5413: 5406:Ancient India 5398: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5384:According to 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5367:genocides of 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5271:(present-day 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5033:Ancient Egypt 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5009:Chinese coins 5006: 5001: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4875:border states 4871: 4869: 4868:slave-traders 4865: 4861: 4860:Robert E. Lee 4857: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4735:Supreme Court 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4672:States Rights 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4593:Benjamin Kent 4590: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4399:Massachusetts 4396: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274:United States 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4233:Repartimiento 4227:Latin America 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4128:First Nations 4123: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069:Port-of-Spain 4065: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3826:, a group of 3825: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3616:. Among some 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3442: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3052: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3006:forced labour 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938:mal de Luanda 2935: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893:United States 2890: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807:The kings of 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2731: 2725: 2714: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2559:Iberian Union 2556: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2539:Islamic state 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2430: 2427:13th century 2423: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413:trans-Saharan 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2267:(1235–1645), 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:Western Sudan 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2195:Barbary coast 2192: 2191:Swahili coast 2188: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2125:(left) and a 2124: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:ancient India 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015:ancient China 2012: 2011:ancient Egypt 2007: 2005: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:ancient times 1767: 1763: 1762:nationalities 1759: 1755: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1643:Slave catcher 1641: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1572:Forced labour 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1417:Abolitionists 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1019:comfort women 1017: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002:Chukri System 1000: 998: 995: 994: 993: 990: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 949: 946: 945: 942: 939: 936: 932: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 901: 898: 897: 896: 893: 891: 890:Latin America 888: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 847: 844: 842: 841:interregional 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 826:prison labour 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796:United States 794: 790: 787: 786: 785: 782: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 769: 766: 763: 762: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 742: 739: 738: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 658: 655: 654: 648: 647: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 612: 611: 608: 607:White slavery 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Slave raiding 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 576: 573: 572: 571: 568: 566: 565:Corvée labour 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 534: 531: 530: 526: 525: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 465: 462: 461: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 381:Abbasid harem 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 357: 354: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 325: 324:Barbary Coast 322: 318: 315: 314: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 261: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 154: 151: 146: 145: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 57: 54: 49: 48: 44: 40: 39: 36: 32: 31:Forced labour 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 22607: 22599: 22591: 22583: 22575: 22567: 22559: 22485: 22477: 22458: 22452:The Octoroon 22450: 22442: 22423: 22397: 22389: 22381: 22362: 22354: 22346: 22338: 22330: 22322: 22314: 22306: 22298: 22290: 22282: 22274: 22266: 22258: 22250: 22242: 22234: 22226: 22204: 22196: 22188: 22180: 22172: 22164: 22143: 22135: 22127: 22119: 22111: 22103: 22095: 22087: 22079: 22071: 22063: 22055: 22047: 22039: 22031: 21845:Thomas James 21794:Moses Grandy 21789:David George 21748:Lucy Delaney 21722:Peter Bruner 21661:Sam Aleckson 21541:Roustam Raza 21452:Joseph Pitts 21374:Robert Adams 21358:by continent 21173: 21115:Rome Statute 20994: 20980: 20973: 20965: 20957: 20948: 20936: 20928: 20916: 20892: 20872: 20856: 20849: 20842: 20835: 20832:Thomas, Hugh 20825: 20805: 20799: 20775: 20763: 20756: 20749: 20742: 20732: 20722: 20697: 20679: 20659: 20644: 20637: 20623: 20616: 20599: 20592: 20582: 20581:Rio, Alice. 20573: 20557: 20550: 20536: 20529: 20515: 20508: 20498: 20491: 20484: 20477: 20467: 20453: 20449:(2 vol 1998) 20446: 20439: 20432: 20423: 20416: 20409: 20395:. Retrieved 20381: 20377: 20360: 20353: 20346: 20339: 20332: 20327:Bibliography 20312:. Retrieved 20306: 20296: 20284:. Retrieved 20278: 20268: 20243: 20239: 20233: 20200: 20196: 20190: 20157: 20153: 20147: 20139: 20134: 20126: 20121: 20113: 20108: 20090: 20085: 20080:(1999) 3:470 20077: 20072: 20064: 20059: 20051: 20046: 20021: 20017: 20011: 20000: 19990: 19981: 19975: 19966: 19957: 19948: 19928: 19921: 19909: 19903: 19883: 19876: 19856: 19849: 19841: 19836: 19828: 19823: 19814: 19805: 19793:. Retrieved 19789:the original 19784: 19775: 19763:. Retrieved 19753: 19741:. Retrieved 19736: 19727: 19707: 19700: 19691: 19682: 19673: 19664: 19652: 19644: 19639: 19624: 19619: 19607:. Retrieved 19603:the original 19590: 19581: 19565: 19557: 19537: 19530: 19522: 19517: 19495:(1): 55–77. 19492: 19488: 19482: 19470:. Retrieved 19466: 19457: 19445:. Retrieved 19441:The Guardian 19440: 19431: 19419:. Retrieved 19408: 19388:. Retrieved 19374: 19362: 19350:. Retrieved 19346:the original 19336: 19328: 19323: 19299: 19292: 19284: 19279: 19270: 19257: 19249: 19244: 19236: 19232: 19220:. Retrieved 19210: 19198:. Retrieved 19188: 19176: 19172: 19153: 19147: 19135:. Retrieved 19131:the original 19126: 19116: 19104:. Retrieved 19100:the original 19094: 19087: 19079: 19075: 19069: 19049: 19042: 19017: 19013:Ethnohistory 19011: 19005: 18985: 18978: 18966:. Retrieved 18962:the original 18957: 18953: 18943: 18931:. Retrieved 18920: 18912: 18904: 18892:. Retrieved 18882: 18870:. Retrieved 18859: 18834: 18830: 18824: 18812: 18802:19 September 18800:. Retrieved 18793: 18784: 18772: 18757:cite journal 18745:. Retrieved 18738:the original 18717: 18713: 18700: 18686: 18679: 18673: 18666:Williamsburg 18660: 18644: 18639: 18627: 18615:. Retrieved 18605: 18593: 18585: 18580: 18571: 18562: 18550:. Retrieved 18546:the original 18535: 18524:the original 18517: 18504: 18495: 18491: 18463:. Retrieved 18459: 18450: 18433: 18429: 18415: 18404: 18342:. Retrieved 18327: 18320: 18308:. Retrieved 18303: 18293: 18281:. Retrieved 18266: 18259: 18242: 18230:. Retrieved 18221: 18217: 18208: 18189: 18184: 18173: 18168: 18156:. Retrieved 18152:the original 18141: 18132: 18120: 18108:. Retrieved 18104:the original 18093: 18081:. Retrieved 18077:the original 18066: 18058: 18053: 18048:, pp. 37–38. 18037: 18033: 18021:. Retrieved 18017:the original 18010: 18001: 17992: 17980:. Retrieved 17976:the original 17966: 17954:. Retrieved 17950:the original 17945: 17936: 17927: 17921: 17887: 17875: 17859: 17826: 17819: 17814: 17806: 17786:. Retrieved 17781: 17771: 17729: 17723: 17715: 17710: 17698:. Retrieved 17683: 17676: 17668: 17663: 17651:. Retrieved 17647:the original 17637: 17625:. Retrieved 17623:. Milism.net 17615: 17603:. Retrieved 17599:the original 17589: 17577:. Retrieved 17567: 17558: 17554: 17548: 17539: 17530: 17518:. Retrieved 17514: 17505: 17493:. Retrieved 17488: 17484: 17474: 17462:. Retrieved 17458:the original 17448: 17436:. Retrieved 17416: 17406: 17394:. Retrieved 17390:the original 17374: 17367: 17348: 17342: 17334: 17330: 17318:. Retrieved 17314:the original 17309: 17299: 17280: 17274: 17262:. Retrieved 17258:the original 17247: 17235:. Retrieved 17231:the original 17221: 17209:. Retrieved 17199: 17187:. Retrieved 17183:the original 17173: 17161:. Retrieved 17157:the original 17147: 17139: 17134: 17129:(1997) 2:659 17126: 17121: 17103: 17083:, retrieved 17079: 17070: 17053: 17048: 17028: 17021: 17004: 16998: 16955: 16951: 16949: 16944: 16936: 16931: 16919:. Retrieved 16914: 16905: 16893:. Retrieved 16889:the original 16879: 16844: 16840: 16830: 16818:. Retrieved 16808: 16788: 16781: 16769:. Retrieved 16758: 16738: 16731: 16722: 16712: 16695: 16689: 16669: 16651: 16644:. Retrieved 16624: 16608: 16596:. Retrieved 16593:Museum Wales 16592: 16583: 16569: 16561: 16557: 16549: 16544: 16536:the original 16530: 16524: 16516: 16511: 16499:. Retrieved 16495:the original 16485: 16470: 16465: 16453:. Retrieved 16449:the original 16444: 16435: 16427:The Guardian 16426: 16417: 16408: 16399: 16387:. Retrieved 16383:the original 16378: 16369: 16360: 16351: 16341: 16337:Nour Malas, 16333: 16323: 16315: 16305: 16297: 16289:The Atlantic 16287: 16279: 16271:the original 16263: 16254: 16244: 16233: 16223: 16215: 16205:11 September 16203:. Retrieved 16199: 16189: 16179: 16170: 16158:. Retrieved 16148: 16140:the original 16130: 16119:the original 16114: 16101: 16092: 16086: 16060:. Retrieved 16050: 16039: 16031: 16025:. E. Arnold. 16021: 16014: 16002:. Retrieved 15998: 15989: 15977:. Retrieved 15967: 15958: 15948: 15936:. Retrieved 15932: 15911: 15905: 15893: 15884: 15874: 15864: 15857: 15845: 15833:. Retrieved 15828: 15819: 15807:. Retrieved 15797: 15789: 15785: 15776: 15770: 15762: 15757: 15749: 15744: 15736: 15731: 15723: 15719: 15711: 15707: 15699: 15694: 15677: 15668: 15659: 15650: 15633: 15598: 15594: 15584: 15576: 15571: 15526: 15517: 15509: 15504: 15492:. Retrieved 15477: 15470: 15458:. Retrieved 15443: 15433: 15421:. Retrieved 15406: 15399: 15387:. Retrieved 15372: 15365: 15353:. Retrieved 15351:. p. 63 15347: 15340: 15328:. Retrieved 15313: 15306: 15298: 15288: 15280: 15246: 15224:. Retrieved 15218: 15211: 15199:. Retrieved 15193: 15186: 15174:. Retrieved 15168: 15161: 15149:. Retrieved 15134: 15127: 15115:. Retrieved 15101:Qin Shihuang 15100: 15093: 15068: 15050: 15045: 15035: 15021: 14993: 14986: 14977: 14968: 14956:. Retrieved 14951: 14941: 14932: 14923: 14903: 14896: 14888: 14883: 14871:. Retrieved 14865: 14849: 14837: 14825: 14811: 14791: 14784: 14776: 14769:. Retrieved 14749: 14742: 14735:Toynbee 1973 14730: 14718: 14711:Toynbee 1973 14706: 14697: 14689: 14682: 14672: 14667: 14647: 14640: 14620: 14613: 14577: 14570: 14562: 14558: 14546: 14534: 14523: 14514: 14506: 14501: 14492: 14487: 14475:. Retrieved 14464: 14454: 14445: 14437:Lewis 1994, 14421: 14404: 14395: 14387: 14382: 14374: 14373:Eric Foner, 14369: 14361: 14356: 14348: 14343: 14335: 14330: 14322: 14317: 14309: 14304: 14296: 14295:Eric Foner, 14291: 14279:. Retrieved 14275:the original 14265: 14257: 14252: 14240: 14232: 14225: 14213: 14201:. Retrieved 14191: 14179:. Retrieved 14174: 14164: 14147: 14127: 14120: 14109: 14098: 14086:. Retrieved 14075: 14066: 14057: 14037: 14030: 13997: 13993: 13987: 13979: 13974: 13966: 13961: 13947: 13939: 13934: 13926: 13914: 13908: 13894: 13874: 13867: 13853: 13833: 13826: 13798:the original 13792: 13785: 13768: 13764: 13758: 13746:. Retrieved 13741: 13732: 13721: 13712: 13705: 13700: 13680: 13673: 13664: 13655: 13635: 13628: 13608: 13601: 13592: 13583: 13563: 13556: 13544:. Retrieved 13539: 13530: 13511: 13482: 13475: 13467: 13462: 13453: 13444: 13432:. Retrieved 13428:the original 13423: 13399:. Retrieved 13395:the original 13385: 13375: 13345: 13338: 13316:(1): 15–35. 13313: 13309: 13303: 13283: 13276: 13268: 13263: 13246: 13242: 13236: 13216: 13209: 13197:. Retrieved 13190: 13181: 13173: 13168: 13160: 13159:Mike Davis, 13155: 13147: 13142: 13134: 13129: 13117:. Retrieved 13113:the original 13103: 13091:. Retrieved 13087:the original 13077: 13065:. Retrieved 13061: 13052: 13040:. Retrieved 13036:the original 13026: 13017: 13009: 13004: 12992:. Retrieved 12988:the original 12975: 12966: 12958:the original 12953: 12944: 12932:. Retrieved 12928: 12919: 12907:. Retrieved 12897: 12885:. Retrieved 12881: 12872: 12860:. Retrieved 12856:the original 12846: 12834:. Retrieved 12830:the original 12820: 12811: 12801: 12792: 12783: 12769: 12761:The Guardian 12760: 12750: 12741: 12732: 12724:the original 12713: 12705:the original 12694: 12680: 12668:. Retrieved 12642:. Retrieved 12640:. 5 May 2014 12637: 12613:. Retrieved 12609:the original 12604: 12594: 12582:. Retrieved 12571: 12544:. Retrieved 12539: 12530: 12518:. Retrieved 12507: 12495:. Retrieved 12491: 12482: 12469: 12457:. Retrieved 12452: 12443: 12431:. Retrieved 12426: 12417: 12405:. Retrieved 12401:The Guardian 12399: 12389: 12361:. Retrieved 12356:The Guardian 12354: 12345: 12338:Human Rights 12329: 12317: 12309:the original 12304: 12294: 12285: 12276: 12268:The Guardian 12267: 12257: 12249:The Guardian 12248: 12238: 12227:the original 12222: 12209: 12199: 12192: 12180:. Retrieved 12175: 12166: 12154:. Retrieved 12150: 12141: 12129:. Retrieved 12125: 12115: 12103:. Retrieved 12093: 12079: 12067:. Retrieved 12063:the original 12053: 12032: 12020:. Retrieved 12015: 12006: 11994:. Retrieved 11984: 11972:. Retrieved 11962: 11950:. Retrieved 11940: 11931: 11911: 11904: 11896: 11879: 11871: 11862: 11861:Mungo Park, 11857: 11848: 11820:. Retrieved 11810: 11794: 11793:Ibn Warraq. 11789: 11777:. Retrieved 11767: 11755:. Retrieved 11751:the original 11741: 11729:. Retrieved 11719: 11707:. Retrieved 11703: 11694: 11682:. Retrieved 11678:the original 11668: 11656:. Retrieved 11649:the original 11636: 11627: 11617:19 September 11615:. Retrieved 11611:the original 11600: 11592: 11585:. Retrieved 11576: 11570: 11558:. Retrieved 11543: 11537: 11529: 11522:. Retrieved 11513: 11507: 11495:. Retrieved 11485: 11465: 11458: 11446:. Retrieved 11436: 11429:Indian Ocean 11423: 11411: 11386: 11382: 11376: 11364:. Retrieved 11354: 11342:. Retrieved 11338: 11329: 11317:. Retrieved 11313:the original 11303: 11294: 11288: 11276:. Retrieved 11272:the original 11262: 11253: 11236: 11224:. Retrieved 11214: 11202: 11190: 11178:. Retrieved 11173: 11163: 11151:. Retrieved 11144:the original 11131: 11119:. Retrieved 11109: 11097:. Retrieved 11093:the original 11083: 11071:. Retrieved 11067:the original 11056: 11036: 11029: 11017:. Retrieved 11013: 11004: 10984: 10977: 10966:, retrieved 10962: 10953: 10934: 10901: 10891: 10883:Nile Scribes 10882: 10873: 10865: 10860: 10853: 10844: 10836: 10812: 10807: 10791: 10790:John Byron, 10786: 10774: 10770: 10760: 10751: 10744:. Retrieved 10729: 10721: 10712: 10703: 10695:the original 10690: 10681: 10669:. Retrieved 10665: 10644:The Guardian 10642: 10601:. Retrieved 10597:the original 10569:. Retrieved 10544:. Retrieved 10540:the original 10535: 10526: 10507: 10501: 10493: 10479: 10475: 10465: 10456: 10442: 10422: 10400: 10383: 10380:the original 10370: 10362: 10355:. Retrieved 10340: 10333: 10324: 10302: 10298: 10281: 10246:(1): 19–34. 10243: 10239: 10229: 10220: 10198: 10194: 10188: 10169: 10163: 10143: 10134: 10044: 10003: 9995:(1787–1807?) 9948:Abolitionism 9835:Blackbirding 9790:Debt bondage 9767:Child labour 9730: 9708: 9697: 9688: 9680: 9664: 9656: 9648:corporations 9630:published a 9623: 9613: 9606: 9598: 9590: 9582: 9560: 9550: 9540: 9527: 9521: 9513: 9508: 9492: 9484: 9472: 9464: 9457: 9449: 9420: 9390: 9380: 9369:adopted the 9364: 9361: 9350: 9323: 9303:World War II 9296: 9268:World War II 9257: 9246: 9231: 9212: 9209:, April 1945 9207:Nazi Germany 9153:ACT, No. XV. 9148: 9146: 9137: 9102: 9069: 9059:presented a 9054: 9029:against the 9024: 8986: 8971: 8958:yellow fever 8953: 8938: 8906: 8888:Jean Boucaux 8873: 8851: 8847:Sierra Leone 8844: 8837: 8818: 8810: 8779: 8758: 8752: 8750: 8701:Frere Treaty 8683: 8675: 8663: 8654: 8646: 8634: 8626: 8618: 8611:El Almirante 8610: 8602: 8594: 8506:Abolitionism 8457: 8400: 8393: 8381: 8377: 8350:Abolitionism 8325: 8298: 8278: 8275: 8271:Christchurch 8268: 8244: 8224: 8210: 8203:Te Rauparaha 8196: 8191: 8177: 8172:, with each 8163: 8143: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8077: 8074:Blackbirding 8059: 8048: 8044: 8033:Soviet Union 8022: 7998:Soviet Union 7995: 7982:Soviet Union 7972:forced labor 7965: 7933:Arbeitslager 7931: 7928:Nazi Germany 7925:World War II 7922: 7878:of a slave. 7861: 7858: 7846:Oba of Lagos 7799: 7787: 7764: 7754: 7731: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7704: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7670: 7639: 7602:Lord Exmouth 7599: 7589:Lord Exmouth 7586: 7553: 7529: 7517:Jan Janszoon 7509: 7487: 7451:South Africa 7393: 7374:(1703) that 7371: 7360:Dutch Brazil 7331: 7323: 7320:Dutch Empire 7313: 7291: 7287:Leyes Nuevas 7260: 7239:Black ladino 7216: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7192: 7173: 7166:great plague 7155: 7151:Bandeirantes 7129:Dum Diversas 7115: 7107: 7057:established 7044: 7026: 7024:among them. 7006:Naval forces 6984:in 1685 and 6968: 6899:Anglo-Saxons 6886: 6876: 6862: 6826:Mehmed Giray 6823: 6795:Haci I Giray 6792: 6776:Mamluk Egypt 6760:Golden Horde 6745: 6722: 6710: 6677: 6627:In the late 6626: 6593: 6553: 6535: 6519:debt slavery 6516: 6490: 6462: 6439: 6359: 6324: 6293: 6287: 6268: 6234: 6193:Rome's farms 6178: 6152: 6142: 6115: 6090: 6066:Persian Gulf 6059: 6037: 6026: 6021:practice of 6008: 5990: 5975:Sexual jihad 5937:. Slaves in 5912: 5876:Khmer Empire 5873: 5827: 5796: 5774: 5743: 5724: 5696: 5678: 5676: 5631: 5613: 5609: 5574: 5543:Tang dynasty 5540: 5533: 5500: 5474: 5451: 5445: 5431: 5425: 5415: 5386:Ronald Segal 5383: 5376: 5350: 5342:Ottoman army 5331: 5317: 5315: 5283: 5281: 5254: 5221: 5206: 5198: 5164: 5153: 5014: 5005:Tang dynasty 4990: 4920: 4908: 4872: 4853: 4785: 4739: 4684: 4645: 4601: 4596: 4591:' colleague 4582: 4576: 4566: 4544:(1739); and 4531: 4508: 4496: 4421:Rhode Island 4364: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4304: 4302: 4299:Early events 4258:in Ecuador, 4252: 4219:to escape a 4190: 4184: 4183:passed the 4181:Upper Canada 4173:Lower Canada 4162: 4150:British rule 4143: 4125: 4089: 4085:emancipation 4080: 4066: 4059: 4003:human rights 3992: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3951: 3941: 3933: 3894: 3860: 3854: 3838: 3824:Clapham Sect 3821: 3815: 3776: 3743:Amazon Basin 3738: 3735:Amazon River 3727:Bandeirantes 3720: 3681: 3644:Bandeirantes 3567: 3552: 3546: 3531:Maya society 3516: 3482: 3451: 3427: 3421:and sold to 3408:some of the 3399: 3369: 3347:2,000 each ( 3326:area of the 3313: 3309:child labour 3294: 3283: 3264: 3260:forced labor 3257: 3238: 3227: 3219:bonded labor 3204: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3148: 3131:Modern times 3094: 3058:North Africa 3050: 3048: 3003: 2998: 2986: 2966: 2950: 2942:malnutrition 2937: 2930: 2926: 2879:In 1807 the 2878: 2862: 2854: 2813:war captives 2806: 2787: 2756: 2728: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2692: 2603: 2593:, Lisbon or 2575:the Americas 2564: 2561:(1580–1640). 2543: 2492: 2480: 2466: 2393: 2382: 2368: 2347:in northern 2337:Fulani jihad 2315:. Among the 2285:Sierra Leone 2263:(750–1076), 2259:, including 2250: 2242:Sierra Leone 2218: 2099:Tell Atchana 2075:debt-slavery 2047:Roman Empire 2008: 2001: 1978:prison labor 1970:forced labor 1959: 1936: 1908:West African 1880:16th century 1877: 1822: 1815: 1813:Mesopotamian 1786: 1753: 1751: 1648:Slave patrol 1485:Freedom suit 1461:Sierra Leone 1451:Colonization 1367:Abolitionism 1347:Baháʼí Faith 1320:Christianity 1270:Saudi Arabia 1126:Penal Labour 1091:Blackbirding 997:Debt bondage 985:penal system 811:Contemporary 801:Field slaves 789:U.S. Natives 748:South Africa 619:Galley slave 592:Slave market 582:House slaves 555:Blackbirding 533:Conscription 457:21st century 420:Umm al-walad 264:Muslim world 233:Emancipation 149: 137:Wage slavery 117:Penal labour 95:Wife selling 85:Bride buying 70:Conscription 60:Child Labour 53:Contemporary 15: 22221: 1861 22214: 1853 21918:Moses Roper 21902:John Parker 21888:(1790–1880) 21866:Boston King 21857:(1799–1874) 21686:Polly Berry 21629:Mary Prince 21543:(1783–1845) 21537:(1684-1777) 21519:(1698–1733) 21502:(1684–1736) 21485:(1644–1744) 21479:(1660–1736) 21473:(1632–1702) 21467:(1598–1682) 21459: 1735 21442:(1708–1754) 21434:Mende Nazer 21424:(1735–1785) 21412:(1564–1639) 21406:(1767–1843) 21400:(1747–1815) 21394:(1620–1702) 21386:Francis Bok 21382:(1714-1761) 21380:Marcus Berg 21376:(c. 1790–?) 21356:Individuals 20848:Ward, J.R. 20314:15 November 20286:15 November 19982:Marist Poll 19472:20 December 19390:20 December 18613:. Pdavis.nl 18362:|work= 18344:25 November 18310:25 November 18232:10 November 16646:23 February 16548:"Slavery," 15494:14 February 15423:14 February 15330:14 February 14929:"Janissary" 14696:Alice Rio, 14477:1 September 14334:Jim Downs, 13814:|work= 13665:archive.org 13249:(1): 7–10. 12605:Daily Trust 12540:The Rainbow 12516:. CSMonitor 12182:8 September 11180:18 November 10089:Sante Kimes 9659:Marist Poll 9657:A national 9652:slave labor 9616:Steven Hahn 9473:Historians 9367:Arab League 8997:Louis XVIII 8974:Lower Egypt 8676:Mary Carver 8595:Providentia 8253:became the 8247:Polynesians 8207:Musket Wars 8192:taurekareka 8160:New Zealand 8084:sex workers 7902:Polish Jews 7844:, the 11th 7805:English law 7775:West Indian 7759:Amelia Opie 7595:Thomas Luny 7430:Jan Pranger 7340:Slave Coast 7316:Netherlands 7304:Netherlands 7298:Puerto Rico 7142:colonialism 7131:, granting 7124:issued the 7077:during the 7014:Turgut Reis 6901:, and both 6817:raids into 6788:Kazan Khans 6684:Roma people 6629:Middle Ages 6434: 1888 6331:Charlemagne 6275:St. Patrick 6209:plantations 6185:Phoenicians 6116:Records of 5941:society in 5913:Slavery in 5846:nobi system 5834:Gabo Reform 5804:Pacific War 5528:government. 5518:Han dynasty 5507:Emperor Gao 5476:Qin dynasty 5433:Manu Smriti 5369:World War I 5338:Janissaries 5298:janissaries 5296:guards and 5207:During the 5171:Manumission 5109:Philistines 5085:Phoenicians 4987:Boxer Codex 4927:White House 4918:, 1863–77. 4830:King Cotton 4754:Slave Power 4664:War of 1812 4656:the Canadas 4567:Within the 4523:King Cotton 4504:plantations 4441:by statute. 4410:Connecticut 4256:rubber boom 4221:slave state 4205:War of 1812 4177:Nova Scotia 4169:manumission 4165:the Canadas 3907:islands of 3857:Grande Seca 3828:evangelical 3811:plantations 3791:Puerto Rico 3767:Amerindians 3700:Tupi people 3543:Inca Empire 3410:Sub-Saharan 3400:During the 3341:bride price 3311:" in 2002. 3305:Ivory Coast 3228:During the 3205:During the 2913:West Africa 2848:ships. The 2829:slave trade 2811:sold their 2775:slave raids 2695:East Africa 2623:Kong Empire 2476:Omani Arabs 1934:in Africa. 1882:, European 1809:Mesopotamia 1774:present day 1756:spans many 1663:court cases 1540: [ 1490:Slave Power 1478:Manumission 1325:Catholicism 1200:Afghanistan 941:Puerto Rico 853:The Bahamas 831:Slave codes 634:Shanghaiing 624:Impressment 516:Slave Coast 396:Qajar harem 356:Concubinage 329:slave trade 22626:Categories 22399:Copper Sun 22348:Unburnable 22284:Dessa Rose 22011:Osifekunde 21943:Venerable 21886:James Mars 21799:Lear Green 21783:Monticello 21743:Noah Davis 21712:John Brown 21691:Henry Bibb 21634:Venerable 21440:Hark Olufs 21179:Starvation 20897:. Norton. 20632:0333719662 20359:Volume 4: 20352:Volume 3: 20345:Volume 2: 20338:Volume 1: 19609:14 October 19574:2262017727 19447:4 December 19421:4 December 19402:required.) 19352:4 December 19222:4 December 19200:4 December 19156:. Viking. 18933:4 December 18894:14 October 18767:(offprint) 18617:4 December 18552:4 December 18498:(1): 1–31. 18465:14 October 18192:June 2003 17982:4 December 17956:14 October 17788:4 February 17749:1040594362 17700:4 December 17653:4 December 17627:4 December 17605:4 December 17579:4 December 17520:4 December 17464:4 December 17385:0930888006 17358:0817966633 17320:14 October 17290:0817966633 17264:4 December 17237:4 December 17211:4 December 17189:4 December 17163:4 December 17114:1403945519 17064:0521565030 16921:4 December 16895:4 December 16820:4 December 16771:4 December 16501:4 December 16445:Indiatimes 16267:-Australia 16160:4 December 16062:4 December 16004:4 December 15979:4 December 15852:, BBC News 15835:4 December 15809:4 December 15739:pp. 57–58. 15226:11 January 15201:11 January 15176:11 January 15151:11 January 15117:11 January 15062:1405195096 14873:19 January 14281:4 December 14181:14 October 13434:4 December 13401:4 December 13269:Queen Anne 13199:4 December 13119:4 December 13093:4 December 13067:4 December 13058:"Bandeira" 13042:4 December 12994:14 October 12934:4 December 12909:4 December 12887:4 December 12862:4 December 12497:21 October 12022:4 December 11996:4 December 11822:4 December 11779:4 December 11757:4 December 11731:4 December 11709:4 December 11684:4 December 11658:14 October 11497:4 December 11416:Allen 2017 11366:4 December 11344:4 December 11278:4 December 11226:4 December 11153:4 December 11121:4 December 11099:4 December 11073:4 December 11019:4 December 10968:26 January 10821:080284278X 10800:3161480791 10746:21 October 10603:4 December 10546:17 October 10305:: 76–100. 10201:: 76–100. 10155:References 9566:) and the 9503:Eric Foner 9171:See also: 9129:John Brown 9093:Henry Clay 9057:Germantown 9027:revolution 8802:Parliament 8655:La Amistad 8619:Marinerito 8603:Presidente 8385:Royal Navy 8372:Guadeloupe 8330:Rongorongo 8199:Hongi Hika 8110:industry. 8072:See also: 7986:See also: 7960:See also: 7891:See also: 7385:Grand-Popo 7381:Benin City 7332:Slavenkust 7275:Hispaniola 7225:See also: 7180:Mauritania 7146:Protestant 7126:papal bull 7118:Portuguese 7089:See also: 6978:revocation 6919:Varangians 6915:Ibn Rustah 6764:Tokhtamysh 6599:Radhanites 6497:enserfment 6423:Circassian 6373:Al-Andalus 6205:sex slaves 6201:gladiators 6173:See also: 6110:See also: 6076:See also: 6062:cigarettes 5965:See also: 5880:Angkor Wat 5746:Shah Jahan 5725:The first 5640:conquered 5482:castration 5467:See also: 5410:See also: 5395:concubines 5265:Caucasians 5105:Byzantines 5077:Israelites 5073:Canaanites 5021:Asia Minor 4900:Union Army 4826:Deep South 4818:Presidency 4793:Whig Party 4740:Dred Scott 4695:John Brown 4658:after the 4628:slave ship 4620:Ohio River 4589:John Adams 4527:Deep South 4464:New Jersey 4451:legalizes 4432:John Casor 4412:legalizes 4401:legalizes 4392:John Punch 4327:White Lion 4306:White Lion 4292:See also: 4138:and later 4120:See also: 4104:Martinique 4100:Guadeloupe 3999:slave code 3958:Queen Anne 3925:Guadeloupe 3921:Martinique 3885:sugar cane 3731:Portuguese 3704:Portuguese 3642:See also: 3432:in Libya. 3430:child rape 3419:sex slaves 3394:See also: 3372:Boko Haram 3332:Boko Haram 3253:US$ 20,000 3215:Mauritania 3135:See also: 3105:Christians 3051:tumbeiros, 3036:slave ship 3024:See also: 2989:Mungo Park 2978:Mozambique 2961:slave ship 2889:Royal Navy 2846:Portuguese 2794:Portuguese 2739:See also: 2718:recovered. 2615:Oyo empire 2611:Bono State 2513:bound for 2474:and under 2364:Madagascar 2253:Senegambia 2226:Arab world 2153:), 200 AD. 2147:Roman rule 2103:Kizzuwatna 2059:Sultanates 2055:Caliphates 1920:abolishing 1829:Christians 1678:J.Q. Adams 1668:Washington 1638:Slave name 1587:convention 1562:Common law 935:Encomienda 731:Seychelles 716:Mauritania 639:Slave ship 506:Panyarring 501:New France 150:Historical 22124:(1936–38) 21610:Caribbean 21436:(b. 1982) 21388:(b. 1979) 21184:War crime 20225:154620412 20182:154620412 20038:214050925 19914:Cavaliers 19743:6 October 19737:BBC.co.uk 19576:), p. 256 19509:144324974 18968:31 August 18890:. Memo.ru 18851:143467546 18734:145344942 18364:ignored ( 18354:cite book 17757:cite book 17561:: 126–48. 17425:0030-5472 17310:roxie.org 16598:11 August 15995:"Slavery" 15460:9 January 15266:cite book 15053:, p. 212 14651:. Hurst. 14605:240619349 14022:140979420 13927:About.com 13816:ignored ( 13806:cite book 13748:11 August 13536:"Slavery" 12972:"Warfare" 12156:29 August 12131:29 August 12105:29 August 11805:. p. 114. 10767:"Slavery" 10764:Compare: 10725:Compare: 10709:"Slavery" 10476:Religions 10260:0011-3204 9924:Janissary 9348:in 1970. 9344:1963 and 9340:in 1962, 9157:Final Act 8976:in 1798, 8903:Abolition 8893:Caribbean 8635:Brillante 8396:mulattoes 8326:ariki-mau 8313:genocidal 8215:sex trade 8080:Polynesia 8025:Stalinism 7862:In 1811, 7505:centuries 7493:Algerians 7366:in 1660. 7283:Charles V 7267:New World 7263:Spaniards 7182:. Prince 7002:slaughter 6998:shipwreck 6990:Huguenots 6883:Old Norse 6819:Muscovite 6805:with the 6784:Astrakhan 6729:Karakorum 6653:Georgians 6641:Black Sea 6493:Lithuania 6300:Byzantine 6241:Britannia 6225:Spartacus 6187:. As the 6159:Herodotus 6001:Christian 5955:abolished 5943:Indonesia 5654:Hindustan 5552:Guangdong 5149:Armenians 5145:Chaldeans 5141:Colchians 5137:Urartians 5133:Parthians 5117:Phrygians 5093:Ammonites 5049:Babylonia 5017:Near East 4929:in 1877, 4925:left the 4816:into the 4356:Caribbean 4348:New World 4311:privateer 4061:Whitehall 4029:(Haiti), 3994:Code Noir 3989:Louis XIV 3929:Caribbean 3913:St. Kitts 3897:Caribbean 3862:Lei Áurea 3807:quilombos 3803:palenques 3723:São Paulo 3692:sugarcane 3582:Tupinambá 3570:Tehuelche 3535:sacrifice 3406:capturing 3292:article. 3234:Janjaweed 3163:sex slave 3109:Europeans 2995:country: 2953:cannibals 2946:Dysentery 2771:Europeans 2672:New World 2599:shipworms 2595:Amsterdam 2587:Liverpool 2583:Caribbean 2497:from the 2279:state of 2234:Cape Town 2027:Babylonia 1884:merchants 1766:religions 1673:Jefferson 1330:Mormonism 1265:Palestine 1079:Australia 1009:Indonesia 900:Lei Áurea 883:Code Noir 863:Caribbean 836:Treatment 575:Treatment 548:Devshirme 410:Odalisque 228:In Russia 169:Babylonia 157:Antiquity 22420:" (1848) 22166:Oroonoko 21850:John Jea 21454:(1663 – 21448:(1705–?) 21430:(1704–?) 21152:Genocide 20946:(1918). 20927:(2014). 20915:(1974). 20889:(1989). 20771:Resendez 20696:(1973). 20308:BBC News 20098:Archived 19591:fcnl.org 19137:12 March 19106:12 March 18486:(2007). 18424:(2007). 18393:(1911). 18306:. London 18283:15 April 18197:Archived 18023:29 April 17433:25818051 17085:26 March 17013:30141458 16968:(2003), 16841:Med Hist 16246:Newsweek 16136:"Stamps" 16072:cite web 15829:BBC News 15625:21741027 15441:(2004). 15029:Archived 14771:6 August 14765:Archived 13919:Archived 12980:Gatineau 12812:BBC News 12742:BBC News 12638:BBC News 12578:Archived 12492:ABC news 12407:23 April 12363:23 April 12176:BBC News 12151:BBC News 12126:BBC News 12045:Archived 12016:BBC News 11974:20 March 11587:25 April 11560:25 April 11524:25 April 11319:27 April 11245:Archived 10613:cite web 10571:20 March 10357:17 March 10278:21151711 9934:Saqaliba 9752:See also 9640:Delaware 9505:states: 9384:— 9280:in Yemen 9270:, legal 9010:(France) 9008:Houilles 8940:Napoleon 8884:Bordeaux 8686:Incident 8664:Emanuela 8657:Incident 8338:smallpox 8318:Peruvian 8301:Rapa Nui 8264:pacifism 8262:. Their 8184:Aotearoa 8170:polities 8100:Peruvian 8086:for the 8043:, abbr. 7874:for the 7714:slavery. 7709:writes: 7622:Sardinia 7572:Sardinia 7532:Janszoon 7210:and the 7085:Portugal 7071:planters 7016:and the 6937:and the 6933:via the 6895:Frisians 6793:In 1441 6752:Venetian 6741:Novgorod 6663:via the 6661:Caucasus 6560:emirates 6527:Cornwall 6444:and the 6365:Portugal 6320:saqaliba 6302:via the 6183:and the 6149:Spartans 6134:citizens 5933:and the 5884:Thailand 5802:and the 5735:Carnatic 5729:sultan, 5707:Jahangir 5690:— 5687:century. 5642:Peshawar 5625:— 5525:Legalist 5455:— 5422:Sanskrit 5361:Armenian 5357:Assyrian 5333:kapıkulu 5328:Anatolia 5319:devşirme 5309:such as 5273:Istanbul 5129:Kassites 5101:Moabites 5097:Edomites 5089:Arameans 5081:Amorites 5061:Hurrians 5057:Hittites 5053:Hattians 4935:Redeemer 4887:Delaware 4883:Kentucky 4742:decision 4727:Buchanan 4711:Missouri 4483:Barbados 4473:(later, 4471:Carolina 4460:New York 4449:Maryland 4388:Virginia 4350:came to 4247:Suriname 4081:de facto 4073:Trinidad 4023:Napoleon 3966:Asiento. 3909:Barbados 3787:Suriname 3755:Paraguay 3574:Comanche 3436:Americas 3423:brothels 3361:Cameroon 3183:voodoosi 3044:Americas 2993:Mandinka 2905:Portugal 2802:João III 2571:Atlantic 2533:forces. 2487:Zanzibar 2468:Zanzibar 2360:Zanzibar 2293:Cameroon 2238:Freetown 2209:kingdoms 2053:Islamic 1916:manillas 1888:Portugal 1871:and the 1851:and the 1778:economic 1758:cultures 1705:Iron bit 1695:40 acres 1658:breeding 1473:Freedman 1308:Religion 1168:Portugal 1053:Thailand 1043:Maldives 1038:Malaysia 1031:Kwalliso 975:Booi Aha 927:Restavek 907:Colombia 878:Trinidad 868:Barbados 758:Zanzibar 706:Ethiopia 587:Saqaliba 481:Database 432:Saqaliba 193:Ancillae 23:a series 21:Part of 22498:Related 22292:Beloved 22276:Kindred 22244:Jubilee 22236:Our Nig 21062:Sources 20735:(2013) 20658:(ed.). 20545:2708589 20412:(1984). 20397:30 June 20260:2590147 20217:3113341 20174:3113341 20116:(1977). 19984:(2015) 19831:(1986). 19795:21 July 19765:21 July 19237:Moriori 19181:M. King 19177:Moriori 19095:Moriori 18655:, p. 48 18403:(ed.). 18158:6 April 18110:6 April 18083:6 April 17495:8 March 17438:8 March 17396:8 March 17076:"slave" 16871:4875614 16862:1033829 16621:(ed.). 16479:2708589 16238:Reuters 15938:1 March 15616:3135801 14958:24 July 14509:, p. 67 14325:(1998). 14312:(2010), 14299:(1971). 14203:24 June 14088:24 July 14014:2784871 13982:, p. 13 13777:4249092 13667:. 1920. 13330:1856592 13176:(1972). 13163:, 88–90 12836:11 June 12336:, 2005 11952:31 July 11403:4283940 10868:, 1999. 10823:, p. 80 10802:, p. 40 10269:2999363 10019:Fazenda 9987:Quakers 9785:Coolies 9758:General 9636:slavery 9601:), and 9309:of the 9288:in Oman 9159:of the 9155:of the 9076:Liberia 8767:slavery 8415:Britain 8379:trade. 8370:in the 8309:Rapanui 8289:tikanga 8255:Moriori 8233:in the 8217:in the 8190:became 8176:tribe ( 8150:ʻAi Noa 8137:luakini 8134:at the 8092:sealing 8088:whaling 8068:Oceania 8037:Russian 8002:katorga 7946:Łapanka 7923:During 7887:Germany 7842:Akitoye 7681:Muscovy 7614:Algiers 7606:Tripoli 7564:Barbary 7546:. They 7536:Algiers 7458:in the 7356:Nigeria 7338:on the 7243:Asiento 7036:Iceland 6980:of the 6974:galleys 6959:Livorno 6911:Iceland 6878:thralls 6863:In the 6756:Genoese 6737:Eurasia 6698:Mongols 6688:Romania 6671:by the 6568:eunuchs 6397:Córdoba 6387:caliph 6385:Almohad 6369:warfare 6357:waned. 6349:to the 6295:thralls 6290:Vikings 6243:, From 6223:led by 6215:led to 6213:ranches 6154:helotry 6019:shariah 5908:Myanmar 5727:Bahmani 5711:Gujarat 5646:Waihand 5634:Al-Utbi 5560:Guizhou 5556:Guangxi 5505:One of 5484:became 5324:Balkans 5311:Enderun 5290:Turkish 5156:slavery 5125:Mitanni 5121:Lydians 5069:Luwians 5041:Assyria 4947:poverty 4893:was an 4746:chattel 4737:in the 4517:in the 4453:slavery 4439:slavery 4414:slavery 4403:slavery 3979:Asiento 3970:Asiento 3942:In the 3917:Antigua 3889:Antigua 3799:Jamaica 3759:Jesuits 3747:Guarani 3669:Guaraní 3610:Tlingit 3598:Klamath 3563:Spanish 3471:British 3448:, 1860. 3374:leader 3324:Konduga 3269:in the 3267:pygmies 3179:trokosi 3151:Nigeria 3117:British 3097:Algiers 3012:in the 2970:cassava 2921:Nigeria 2909:Holland 2857:Dahomey 2809:Dahomey 2767:Berbers 2667:disease 2663:Dahomey 2531:Mahdist 2515:Tripoli 2405:Red Sea 2357:Swahili 2349:Nigeria 2317:Ashanti 2291:of the 2281:Bonoman 2273:Songhai 2213:empires 2023:Assyria 1906:) from 1833:Muslims 1782:slavery 1772:to the 1683:Lincoln 1556:Related 1456:Liberia 1342:Judaism 1280:Tunisia 1255:Morocco 1245:Lebanon 1210:Bahrain 1205:Algeria 1173:Romania 1138:Denmark 1131:Slavery 1065:Vietnam 736:Somalia 726:Nigeria 701:Comoros 629:Pirates 538:Ghilman 471:Bristol 361:history 334:pirates 223:History 112:Peonage 35:slavery 22612:(2008) 22604:(2002) 22596:(1867) 22588:(2008) 22580:(1931) 22572:(1847) 22564:(1783) 22490:(2008) 22482:(2003) 22463:(2022) 22455:(1859) 22447:(1858) 22428:(1853) 22410:Essays 22402:(2006) 22394:(1965) 22386:(1951) 22367:(2016) 22359:(2007) 22351:(2006) 22343:(2003) 22335:(2002) 22327:(2001) 22319:(1996) 22311:(1993) 22303:(1990) 22295:(1987) 22287:(1986) 22279:(1979) 22271:(1977) 22263:(1976) 22255:(1967) 22247:(1966) 22239:(1859) 22231:(1856) 22201:(1853) 22198:Clotel 22193:(1852) 22185:(1852) 22177:(1841) 22169:(1688) 22148:(2018) 22140:(1972) 22132:(1956) 22116:(1901) 22108:(1881) 22100:(1872) 22092:(1861) 22084:(1855) 22076:(1853) 22068:(1849) 22060:(1845) 22052:(1839) 22044:(1816) 22036:(1789) 21785:–1901) 21781:(1815 21703:(1834) 21585:Canada 21510:Europe 21367:Africa 21169:Piracy 20939:(1988) 20901: 20861:online 20783: 20766:(2008) 20752:(1970) 20737:online 20704: 20686: 20668: 20630: 20604:online 20553:(1960) 20543: 20532:(1994) 20501:(1984) 20494:(1989) 20460: 20428:(2006) 20419:(1966) 20258: 20223: 20215: 20180: 20172: 20095:online 20036: 19936: 19891: 19864: 19715: 19658:p. 200 19631: 19572: 19545: 19507: 19396: 19311: 19160: 19057: 19034:480764 19032: 18993: 18872:2 June 18849: 18747:12 May 18732: 18651: 18335: 18274: 18061:(2008) 18044: 17893:Google 17881:Google 17866: 17838: 17747: 17737: 17691: 17431: 17423: 17382: 17355: 17287: 17112: 17062: 17036: 17011: 16988: 16980: 16962:angels 16956:angeli 16954:, sed 16939:(1994) 16869: 16859: 16796: 16746: 16677: 16637: 16574:Strabo 16477: 16455:13 May 16389:13 May 15918: 15685: 15641: 15623: 15613: 15485: 15451: 15414: 15389:4 July 15380: 15355:4 July 15321: 15254: 15142: 15108: 15060: 15001: 14911: 14799: 14757: 14655: 14628: 14603: 14593: 14459:1970)] 14412: 14390:(1951) 14377:(1990) 14364:(2005) 14351:(2013) 14338:(2015) 14260:(2000) 14135: 14045: 14020: 14012: 13938:Wood, 13882: 13841: 13775: 13688: 13643: 13616: 13571: 13546:15 May 13518: 13490: 13353: 13328: 13291: 13224: 12670:13 May 12546:4 July 12178:. 2012 12069:29 May 11919: 11801: 11551: 11473: 11401: 11044: 10992: 10941: 10913: 10819: 10798: 10737: 10671:3 June 10514: 10449: 10415: 10348: 10317: 10276: 10266: 10258: 10213: 10176: 9929:Mamluk 9910:People 9399:, and 9195:, and 9087:, and 8982:Arabic 8880:Nantes 8860:France 8829:Muslim 8678:Affair 8647:Creole 8435:, and 8121:was a 8114:Hawaii 8027:, the 7942:Jewish 7938:Polish 7876:murder 7824:, the 7794:assize 7728:galley 7689:çapuls 7685:sefers 7679:, and 7665:, and 7626:Sicily 7612:, and 7449:, and 7447:Ceylon 7422:Jaquim 7418:Ouidah 7406:Ouidah 7387:, and 7376:Allada 7241:, and 7196:Brazil 7188:Lisbon 7162:Venice 7160:, and 7097:, and 6891:Franks 6865:Viking 6857:, and 6843:Thrall 6831:Crimea 6811:steppe 6772:Crimea 6768:Venice 6680:Tatars 6649:Baltic 6645:Slavic 6633:Venice 6621:, and 6564:Iberia 6556:Verdun 6550:France 6540:Angles 6465:Muslim 6419:Meccan 6393:Silves 6381:Lisbon 6263:, and 6237:Strabo 6181:Greeks 6147:, the 6130:Athens 6072:Europe 5997:Yazidi 5985:, and 5939:Toraja 5927:Muslim 5896:Sikkim 5892:Bhutan 5868:, and 5842:famine 5838:Joseon 5806:, the 5703:Bengal 5684:Deccan 5663:Mughal 5616:Ujjain 5558:, and 5548:Fujian 5486:eunuch 5446:Indika 5438:Arrian 5336:, the 5303:Sultan 5193:, and 5167:Sharia 5165:Under 4992:alipin 4889:. The 4780:, and 4733:. The 4707:Kansas 4571:, the 4469:1670: 4447:1663: 4419:1652: 4408:1650: 4397:1641: 4386:1640: 4323:Angola 4286:, and 4264:Brazil 4110:Canada 3903:. The 3891:, 1823 3797:, and 3783:Brazil 3779:Maroon 3757:, the 3725:, the 3688:mining 3673:Indian 3632:Brazil 3594:Pawnee 3578:Caribs 3559:corvée 3446:Brazil 3414:ransom 3384:slaves 3351:12.50/ 3330:where 3320:Chibok 3279:Bantus 3169:, and 3143:, and 3078:, and 3040:slaves 2934:Scurvy 2917:Arabia 2897:France 2887:. The 2859:said: 2834:French 2825:Khasso 2724:young. 2619:Yoruba 2591:Nantes 2507:Kukawa 2495:Sahara 2453:, and 2397:Sahara 2345:Hausas 2341:Sokoto 2321:Yoruba 2313:Angola 2309:Chokwe 2303:, the 2295:, the 2205:states 2193:, and 2179:, and 2159:Africa 2127:Nubian 2123:Syrian 2065:, the 2049:, the 2045:, the 2031:Persia 2017:, the 1984:, and 1867:, the 1845:Europe 1843:, and 1764:, and 1604:owners 1240:Kuwait 1235:Jordan 1188:Sweden 1178:Russia 1163:Poland 1158:Norway 980:Laogai 965:Brunei 960:Bhutan 922:revolt 895:Brazil 858:Canada 821:partus 806:female 691:Angola 560:Coolie 543:Mamluk 496:Nantes 476:Brazil 405:Cariye 240:Thrall 208:Kholop 174:Greece 22436:Plays 20541:JSTOR 20378:Tempo 20374:(PDF) 20256:JSTOR 20221:S2CID 20213:JSTOR 20178:S2CID 20170:JSTOR 20034:S2CID 19739:. BBC 19505:S2CID 19030:JSTOR 18847:S2CID 18741:(PDF) 18730:S2CID 18710:(PDF) 18527:(PDF) 18514:(PDF) 18399:. In 17913:(PDF) 17489:XVIII 17429:JSTOR 16952:Angli 16617:. In 16475:JSTOR 16122:(PDF) 16111:(PDF) 15037:Salon 14862:(PDF) 14694:, b) 14601:S2CID 14156:(PDF) 14018:S2CID 14010:JSTOR 13773:JSTOR 13326:JSTOR 12666:. CNN 12644:5 May 12615:6 May 12584:2 May 12520:9 May 12459:2 May 12433:2 May 12230:(PDF) 12219:(PDF) 11992:. BBC 11818:. BBC 11775:. BBC 11652:(PDF) 11645:(PDF) 11448:3 May 11399:JSTOR 11147:(PDF) 11140:(PDF) 10126:Notes 10013:Other 9805:Gulag 9662:War. 9644:firms 9632:model 9536:Sambo 9401:Labor 9282:, in 8825:Hindu 8322:guano 8211:mokai 8174:Māori 8139:heiau 8127:Kauwa 8108:guano 8062:Gulag 8029:Gulag 8006:Gulag 7988:Gulag 7732:dumas 7724:vizir 7700:Caffa 7610:Tunis 7568:Palma 7525:Lundy 7364:Offra 7348:Benin 7344:Ghana 7328:Dutch 7221:Spain 7158:Genoa 7059:Haiti 6963:Italy 6927:Slavs 6903:Irish 6887:Þræll 6869:Norse 6815:Tatar 6733:Sarai 6657:Turks 6637:Genoa 6481:Malta 6477:Turks 6377:booty 6339:Spain 6010:Dabiq 5900:Tibet 5888:Burma 5830:Korea 5818:Korea 5787:Japan 5716:Malwa 5667:Turan 5620:Malwa 5605:Bantu 5601:Siddi 5365:Greek 5294:Harem 5113:Medes 5037:Akkad 5025:Sumer 4330:' 4145:panis 4039:Haiti 4015:Haiti 3721:From 3606:Haida 3586:Yurok 3554:ayllu 3467:Dutch 3343:" of 3301:cocoa 3265:Many 3241:Niger 3211:Dinka 3196:Sudan 3171:Benin 3159:Ghana 3155:Benin 3121:Dutch 2901:Spain 2842:Dutch 2838:Benin 2763:Arabs 2701:said 2535:Mahdi 2527:Sudan 2519:Egypt 2511:Bornu 2499:Sahel 2333:Bornu 2329:Kanem 2305:Kongo 2301:Niger 2289:Duala 2269:Segou 2261:Ghana 2232:(now 2151:İzmir 2119:mummy 2063:Nubia 1904:ivory 1841:India 1805:Sumer 1768:from 1631:songs 1626:films 1544:] 1500:songs 1337:Islam 1315:Bible 1290:Yemen 1285:Qatar 1275:Syria 1250:Libya 1215:Egypt 1183:Spain 1153:Malta 1026:Korea 1014:Japan 992:India 970:China 917:Haiti 777:Aztec 753:Sudan 721:Niger 613:Naval 486:Dutch 415:Qiyan 401:Jarya 376:Harem 218:Serfs 164:Egypt 22460:Omar 21493:Asia 20899:ISBN 20781:ISBN 20702:ISBN 20684:ISBN 20666:ISBN 20628:ISBN 20507:ed. 20458:ISBN 20399:2019 20316:2014 20288:2014 19934:ISBN 19889:ISBN 19862:ISBN 19797:2015 19767:2015 19745:2015 19713:ISBN 19629:ISBN 19611:2015 19570:ISBN 19543:ISBN 19474:2020 19449:2011 19423:2011 19392:2020 19354:2011 19309:ISBN 19224:2011 19202:2011 19158:ISBN 19139:2008 19108:2008 19055:ISBN 18991:ISBN 18970:2018 18935:2011 18896:2015 18874:2007 18804:2010 18763:link 18749:2013 18649:ISBN 18619:2011 18554:2011 18467:2015 18366:help 18346:2007 18333:ISBN 18312:2007 18285:2011 18272:ISBN 18234:2015 18160:2012 18112:2012 18085:2012 18042:ISBN 18025:2013 17984:2011 17958:2015 17864:ISBN 17836:ISBN 17790:2006 17763:link 17745:OCLC 17735:ISBN 17702:2011 17689:ISBN 17655:2011 17629:2011 17607:2011 17581:2011 17522:2011 17497:2021 17466:2011 17440:2021 17421:ISSN 17398:2021 17380:ISBN 17353:ISBN 17322:2015 17285:ISBN 17266:2011 17239:2011 17213:2011 17191:2011 17165:2011 17110:ISBN 17087:2009 17060:ISBN 17034:ISBN 17009:OCLC 16986:ISBN 16978:ISBN 16950:Non 16923:2011 16897:2011 16867:PMID 16822:2011 16794:ISBN 16773:2011 16744:ISBN 16675:ISBN 16648:2014 16635:ISBN 16600:2023 16503:2011 16457:2017 16391:2017 16207:2014 16162:2011 16078:link 16064:2011 16006:2011 15981:2011 15940:2006 15916:ISBN 15837:2011 15811:2011 15683:ISBN 15639:ISBN 15621:PMID 15496:2017 15483:ISBN 15462:2011 15449:ISBN 15425:2017 15412:ISBN 15391:2010 15378:ISBN 15357:2010 15332:2017 15319:ISBN 15272:link 15252:ISBN 15228:2011 15203:2011 15178:2011 15153:2011 15140:ISBN 15119:2011 15106:ISBN 15058:ISBN 14999:ISBN 14960:2019 14909:ISBN 14875:2011 14797:ISBN 14773:2020 14755:ISBN 14653:ISBN 14626:ISBN 14591:ISBN 14479:2015 14439:Ch.1 14410:ISBN 14283:2011 14205:2014 14183:2015 14133:ISBN 14090:2019 14043:ISBN 13880:ISBN 13839:ISBN 13818:help 13750:2023 13742:Time 13686:ISBN 13641:ISBN 13614:ISBN 13569:ISBN 13548:2018 13516:ISBN 13488:ISBN 13436:2011 13403:2011 13351:ISBN 13289:ISBN 13222:ISBN 13201:2011 13121:2011 13095:2011 13069:2011 13044:2011 12996:2015 12936:2011 12911:2011 12889:2011 12864:2011 12838:2017 12672:2014 12646:2014 12617:2014 12586:2014 12548:2016 12522:2014 12499:2014 12461:2014 12435:2014 12409:2014 12365:2014 12201:IRIN 12184:2012 12158:2010 12133:2010 12107:2010 12071:2017 12024:2011 11998:2011 11976:2014 11954:2008 11917:ISBN 11824:2011 11799:ISBN 11781:2011 11759:2011 11733:2011 11711:2011 11686:2011 11660:2015 11619:2010 11589:2019 11562:2019 11549:ISBN 11526:2019 11499:2011 11471:ISBN 11450:2019 11368:2011 11346:2011 11321:2021 11280:2011 11228:2011 11182:2019 11155:2011 11123:2011 11101:2011 11075:2011 11042:ISBN 11021:2011 10990:ISBN 10970:2017 10939:ISBN 10911:ISBN 10817:ISBN 10796:ISBN 10748:2020 10735:ISBN 10673:2020 10619:link 10605:2011 10573:2014 10548:2013 10512:ISBN 10447:ISBN 10413:ISBN 10359:2019 10346:ISBN 10315:ISBN 10274:PMID 10256:ISSN 10211:ISBN 10174:ISBN 9719:the 9545:and 9477:and 9324:The 9286:and 9232:The 9147:The 9127:and 9119:and 9070:The 9049:and 8989:Elba 8923:and 8868:and 8852:The 8838:The 8827:and 8819:The 8788:and 8649:case 8334:Lima 8201:and 8146:kapu 8144:The 8090:and 7996:The 7990:and 7976:POWs 7917:Jews 7630:Bona 7624:and 7554:The 7521:Salé 7389:Savi 7354:and 7352:Togo 7296:and 7273:and 7271:Cuba 7261:The 7000:and 6905:and 6782:and 6754:and 6723:The 6647:and 6635:and 6475:and 6440:The 6363:and 6314:and 6288:The 6211:and 6203:and 6169:Rome 6080:and 5999:and 5951:Siam 5949:and 5947:Java 5898:and 5886:and 5765:Iran 5718:and 5697:The 5679:iqta 5671:Iran 5669:and 5644:and 5618:and 5575:The 5541:The 5427:dasa 5363:and 5326:and 5259:and 5238:and 5147:and 5047:and 5045:Ebla 5029:Elam 5019:and 4975:and 4961:Asia 4885:and 4849:USCT 4602:The 4509:The 4477:and 4462:and 4309:, a 4260:Peru 4235:and 4175:and 4033:and 3997:, a 3923:and 3822:The 3795:Cuba 3753:and 3690:and 3608:and 3596:and 3548:mita 3511:and 3473:and 3359:and 3357:Chad 3273:and 3167:Togo 3153:and 3119:and 3107:and 2915:and 2844:and 2769:and 2743:and 2604:The 2565:The 2517:and 2353:Arab 2325:Bono 2319:and 2297:Igbo 2277:Akan 2265:Mali 2211:and 2057:and 2051:Arab 1943:Asia 1902:and 1900:gold 1831:and 1752:The 1582:laws 1444:U.S. 1439:U.K. 1377:U.S. 1372:U.K. 1260:Oman 1230:Iraq 1225:Iran 912:Cuba 816:maps 711:Mali 696:Chad 282:Baqt 179:Rome 75:Debt 33:and 22174:Sab 20810:doi 20386:doi 20248:doi 20205:doi 20162:doi 20026:doi 19497:doi 19381:doi 19305:290 19022:doi 18839:doi 18722:doi 18600:BBC 18438:doi 18252:BBC 18222:XVI 16857:PMC 16849:doi 16700:doi 16307:CNN 15611:PMC 15603:doi 14948:"8" 14583:doi 14002:doi 13318:doi 13251:doi 12453:VOA 11582:352 11519:352 11391:doi 10852:". 10484:doi 10405:doi 10307:doi 10264:PMC 10248:doi 10203:doi 9611:). 9593:), 9585:), 9568:WPA 9497:of 8882:or 8179:iwi 8045:ИТК 8018:MVD 7757:by 7575:in 7397:Aja 6957:in 6923:Rus 6921:or 6774:to 6731:or 6694:). 6562:of 6329:of 5828:In 5288:in 5285:kul 4599:). 4067:In 3805:or 3749:of 3517:In 3318:in 3249:CFA 3239:In 3095:In 2621:), 2573:to 2509:in 2311:of 2251:In 1953:on 1807:in 22628:: 22218:c. 22216:– 22211:c. 21808:MD 21456:c. 20834:. 20806:41 20804:. 20798:. 20408:. 20382:23 20380:. 20376:. 20305:. 20277:. 20254:. 20242:. 20219:. 20211:. 20201:46 20199:. 20176:. 20168:. 20158:46 20156:. 20032:. 20022:48 20020:. 19999:. 19813:. 19783:. 19735:. 19597:: 19593:. 19589:. 19564:, 19503:. 19491:. 19465:. 19439:. 19373:. 19307:. 19179:. 19125:. 19028:. 19016:. 18958:77 18956:. 18952:. 18845:. 18835:66 18833:. 18792:. 18759:}} 18755:{{ 18720:. 18718:58 18716:. 18712:. 18691:, 18647:, 18516:. 18496:11 18494:. 18490:. 18475:^ 18458:. 18434:58 18432:. 18428:. 18374:^ 18358:: 18356:}} 18352:{{ 18302:. 18250:, 18226:12 18224:: 18220:. 18216:. 18009:. 17944:. 17900:^ 17847:^ 17798:^ 17780:. 17759:}} 17755:{{ 17743:. 17559:11 17557:. 17538:. 17513:. 17487:. 17483:. 17427:. 17415:. 17308:. 17094:^ 17078:, 16984:/ 16976:. 16972:. 16913:. 16865:. 16855:. 16845:12 16843:. 16839:. 16721:. 16659:^ 16650:. 16633:. 16631:23 16591:. 16443:. 16425:. 16407:. 16377:. 16359:. 16262:. 16240:, 16198:. 16178:, 16113:. 16074:}} 16070:{{ 15997:. 15957:. 15931:. 15883:. 15827:. 15619:. 15609:. 15599:89 15597:. 15593:. 15559:^ 15547:^ 15535:^ 15297:. 15295:56 15268:}} 15264:{{ 15236:^ 15077:^ 15013:^ 14976:. 14950:. 14931:. 14864:. 14775:. 14763:. 14599:. 14589:. 14430:^ 14173:. 14065:. 14016:. 14008:. 13998:27 13996:. 13925:, 13810:: 13808:}} 13804:{{ 13769:97 13767:. 13740:. 13663:. 13591:. 13538:. 13502:^ 13452:. 13422:. 13411:^ 13365:^ 13324:. 13314:77 13312:. 13245:. 13189:. 13060:. 12982:: 12978:. 12974:. 12952:. 12927:. 12880:. 12810:. 12791:. 12759:. 12740:. 12654:^ 12636:. 12625:^ 12603:. 12576:. 12570:. 12556:^ 12538:. 12490:. 12451:. 12425:. 12398:. 12373:^ 12353:. 12303:. 12284:. 12266:. 12247:. 12221:. 12174:. 12149:. 12124:. 12043:. 12014:. 11888:^ 11878:, 11832:^ 11702:. 11591:. 11528:. 11397:. 11387:34 11385:. 11337:. 11172:. 11012:. 10961:, 10925:^ 10881:. 10828:^ 10769:. 10750:. 10711:. 10689:. 10664:. 10653:^ 10641:. 10627:^ 10615:}} 10611:{{ 10581:^ 10556:^ 10534:. 10492:. 10478:. 10474:. 10455:. 10431:^ 10421:, 10411:, 10391:^ 10361:. 10323:. 10313:. 10301:. 10289:^ 10280:. 10272:. 10262:. 10254:. 10244:51 10242:. 10238:. 10219:. 10209:. 10197:. 10041:: 9950:: 9395:, 9321:. 9305:, 9294:. 9278:, 9191:, 9187:, 9183:, 9179:, 9175:, 9135:. 9115:, 9083:, 8899:. 8835:. 8784:, 8431:, 8427:, 8423:, 8291:. 8237:. 8186:, 8039:: 7952:. 7785:. 7675:, 7661:, 7649:. 7608:, 7593:, 7445:, 7391:. 7383:, 7350:, 7346:, 7330:: 7237:, 7233:, 7229:, 7190:. 7153:. 7093:, 7081:. 6961:, 6897:, 6893:, 6885:: 6853:, 6849:, 6845:, 6743:. 6709:, 6675:. 6655:, 6617:, 6613:, 6578:. 6479:. 6460:. 6431:c. 6429:, 6417:A 6310:, 6273:. 6259:, 5981:, 5977:, 5973:, 5969:, 5910:. 5864:, 5860:, 5583:. 5554:, 5550:, 5448:, 5359:, 5348:. 5226:. 5219:. 5189:, 5151:. 5143:, 5139:, 5135:, 5131:, 5127:, 5123:, 5119:, 5115:, 5111:, 5107:, 5103:, 5099:, 5095:, 5091:, 5087:, 5083:, 5079:, 5075:, 5071:, 5067:, 5063:, 5059:, 5055:, 5043:, 5039:, 5035:, 5031:, 5027:, 4937:" 4870:. 4862:, 4858:, 4840:. 4776:, 4772:, 4768:, 4682:. 4643:. 4548:. 4540:; 4506:. 4362:. 4336:. 4282:, 4223:. 4102:, 4071:, 3919:, 3915:, 3911:, 3793:, 3789:, 3710:, 3667:A 3655:, 3469:, 3425:. 3349:$ 3221:. 3139:, 3074:, 3070:, 3066:, 2911:, 2907:, 2903:, 2899:, 2895:, 2836:. 2765:, 2657:, 2653:, 2649:, 2645:, 2641:, 2637:, 2633:, 2629:, 2625:, 2613:, 2589:, 2551:c. 2485:. 2449:, 2445:, 2240:, 2207:, 2189:, 2175:, 2171:, 2167:, 2133:). 2081:, 2061:, 2041:, 2037:, 2033:, 2029:, 2025:, 2021:, 2013:, 1988:. 1980:, 1875:. 1760:, 1542:fa 25:on 22416:" 22223:) 22209:( 21810:) 21461:) 21328:e 21321:t 21314:v 21046:e 21039:t 21032:v 20968:. 20931:. 20919:. 20907:. 20818:. 20812:: 20789:. 20710:. 20674:. 20401:. 20388:: 20318:. 20290:. 20262:. 20250:: 20244:7 20227:. 20207:: 20184:. 20164:: 20040:. 20028:: 20005:. 19942:. 19897:. 19870:. 19799:. 19769:. 19747:. 19721:. 19613:. 19511:. 19499:: 19493:6 19476:. 19451:. 19425:. 19394:. 19383:: 19356:. 19317:. 19265:" 19261:" 19226:. 19204:. 19166:. 19141:. 19110:. 19063:. 19036:. 19024:: 19018:8 18999:. 18972:. 18937:. 18898:. 18876:. 18853:. 18841:: 18806:. 18765:) 18751:. 18724:: 18621:. 18556:. 18469:. 18444:. 18440:: 18368:) 18348:. 18314:. 18287:. 18236:. 18203:. 18162:. 18114:. 18087:. 18027:. 17986:. 17960:. 17895:) 17842:. 17809:. 17792:. 17765:) 17751:. 17704:. 17657:. 17631:. 17609:. 17583:. 17542:. 17524:. 17499:. 17468:. 17442:. 17400:. 17361:. 17324:. 17293:. 17268:. 17241:. 17215:. 17193:. 17167:. 17116:. 17042:. 17015:. 16925:. 16899:. 16873:. 16851:: 16824:. 16802:. 16775:. 16752:. 16725:. 16706:. 16702:: 16683:. 16602:. 16505:. 16459:. 16393:. 16209:. 16164:. 16080:) 16066:. 16008:. 15983:. 15942:. 15924:. 15887:. 15839:. 15813:. 15627:. 15605:: 15498:. 15464:. 15427:. 15393:. 15359:. 15334:. 15274:) 15260:. 15230:. 15205:. 15180:. 15155:. 15121:. 14980:. 14962:. 14935:. 14917:. 14877:. 14844:. 14832:. 14819:. 14805:. 14607:. 14585:: 14481:. 14416:. 14285:. 14207:. 14185:. 14158:. 14092:. 14069:. 14024:. 14004:: 13888:. 13847:. 13820:) 13779:. 13752:. 13694:. 13649:. 13622:. 13595:. 13577:. 13550:. 13524:. 13496:. 13456:. 13438:. 13405:. 13359:. 13332:. 13320:: 13297:. 13257:. 13253:: 13247:6 13230:. 13203:. 13123:. 13097:. 13071:. 13046:. 12998:. 12938:. 12913:. 12891:. 12866:. 12840:. 12814:. 12674:. 12648:. 12619:. 12588:. 12550:. 12524:. 12501:. 12463:. 12437:. 12411:. 12367:. 12288:. 12186:. 12160:. 12135:. 12109:. 12073:. 12026:. 12000:. 11978:. 11956:. 11925:. 11826:. 11783:. 11761:. 11735:. 11713:. 11688:. 11662:. 11621:. 11564:. 11501:. 11479:. 11452:. 11405:. 11393:: 11370:. 11348:. 11323:. 11282:. 11240:" 11230:. 11184:. 11157:. 11125:. 11103:. 11077:. 11050:. 11023:. 10998:. 10947:. 10919:. 10848:" 10675:. 10647:. 10621:) 10607:. 10575:. 10550:. 10520:. 10486:: 10480:4 10407:: 10309:: 10303:4 10250:: 10205:: 10199:4 10182:. 9773:/ 9769:/ 9605:( 9597:( 9589:( 9581:( 8757:( 8487:e 8480:t 8473:v 8449:. 8303:/ 8053:( 7326:( 6965:. 6881:( 6436:. 5011:. 4933:" 4466:. 4455:. 4416:. 4405:. 3955:. 3659:. 3353:£ 3345:₦ 2968:( 2875:. 2689:. 2617:( 2431:. 2355:- 2215:. 1741:e 1734:t 1727:v 937:) 933:( 403:/ 278:‎

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.