Slavery in ancient Greece

4063:, where a man proposes to abolish slavery by making the objects themselves obey spoken orders. Similarly, Aristotle said that slaves would not be necessary "if every instrument could accomplish its own work... the shuttle would weave and the plectrum touch the lyre without a hand to guide them", like the legendary constructs of Daedalus and Hephaestus. Society without slaves is thus relegated to a different time and space. In a "normal" society, one needs slaves. Aristotle argues that slaves are a necessity though, saying "Property is part of the household, ... For no man can live well or indeed live at all, unless he be provided with necessaries." He also argues that slaves are the most important part of the property as they "take precedence of all the instruments." This would suggest that at least some slaves would be treated well for the same reason one would take great care of their most important tools. By viewing slaves as tools of a household, it creates another reason for acceptance of slavery. Aristotle says "indeed the use of slaves and of tame animals is not very different," showing as well that at least in part, some slaves were thought of no higher than the common tamed animals in use at the time. 927: 3204:

to peasant life. Peasants could incur debt for a number of reasons. First, given the nature of their agricultural labor, they often borrowed tools, livestock, or sowing material, and these debts could roll over to the next day. As soon as debts surpassed day-to-day reciprocity, it became more and more difficult for peasants to pay off their loans. Thus, the laborer became indebted to the owner of the land they were working on, becoming indebted to the creditor. Soon after, the debtor might have had to give his property, and eventually his wife, children, and ultimately himself, over to the creditor, thus becoming entirely dependent and virtually enslaved to the creditor.

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to Patterson's definition, there were several criteria that qualified a slave as socially dead. First, they were likely uprooted from kin groups and their homeland, and displaced in a new foreign land. The effect of physically relocating slaves was that they were seen as fundamentally different from the citizen population at any given time, alienating the slave and thus making it easier to justify their abuse and maltreatment. Second, the slaves subjection was permanent, and could only be terminated by the master. Third, socially dead slaves were "dishonored, devalued, and victims of gratuitous violence."

121: 808: 3183:) found themselves in a state of great dependence. Their children belonged to the master. The master was responsible for all their offences, and, inversely, he received amends for crimes committed against his slaves by others. In the Gortyn code, where all punishment was monetary, fines were doubled for slaves committing a misdemeanour or felony. Conversely, an offence committed against a slave was much less expensive than an offence committed against a free person. As an example, the rape of a free woman by a slave was punishable by a fine of 200 607: 3644: 3016: 3734:, verbal chastisement, and various forms of torture were characteristic of a slave's subjection. There was also a legal requirement that slave testimony in court be extracted via torture. Litigants would offer up their slave, who would be stretched out on a rack and whipped, and sometimes even killed, while giving their testimony. It is also not surprising that slaves were subject to physical violence in the private sphere as well: owners were free to whip, torture, and even kill their slaves. 412: 251: 3910: 3614: 9103: 3812:, the daily routine of slaves could be summed up in three words: "work, discipline, and feeding". Xenophon notes the accepted practice of treating slaves as domestic animals, that is to say punishing them for disobedience and rewarding them for good behaviour. For his part, Aristotle prefers to see slaves treated as children and to use not only orders but also recommendations, as the slave is capable of understanding reasons when they are explained. 4081: 9113: 9123: 3683:, they could have either been born outside Greece, or have born inside Greece to foreigners. This dichotomy reinforced the view of non-Greeks as fundamentally "The Other". This "Othering" of foreigners very likely made it psychologically easier for Athenians to "deny personhood" to someone who was seen as essentially different from themselves, thus making it easier to enslave non-Greeks and deprive them of their humanity. Consequently, 3748: 3442: 3292: 742: 24: 3412:, a type of enslavement of limited duration during which time the master retained practically absolute rights. If a former master sued the former slave for not fulfilling a duty, however, and the slave was found innocent, the latter gained complete freedom from all duties toward the former. Some inscriptions imply a mock process of that type could be used for a master to grant his slave complete freedom in a legally binding manner. 663: 3896:. It can probably be explained by the relative dispersion of Greek slaves, which would have prevented any large-scale planning. Slave revolts were rare, even in Rome. Individual acts of rebellion of slaves against their master, though scarce, are not unheard of; a judicial speech mentions the attempted murder of his master by a boy slave, not 12 years old. 2917:. Finally, the nationality of a slave was a significant criterion for major purchasers: Ancient practice was avoid a concentration of too many slaves of the same ethnic origin in the same place, in order to limit the risk of revolt. It is also probable that, as with the Romans, certain nationalities were considered more productive as slaves than others. 3079:'s law apparently punished with death the murder of a slave; the underlying principle was: "was the crime such that, if it became more widespread, it would do serious harm to society?" The suit that could be brought against a slave's killer was not a suit for damages, as would be the case for the killing of cattle, but a δίκη φονική ( 653:) confirms the presence of dozens of slaves on the larger estates; they could be common labourers or foremen. The extent to which slaves were used as a labour force in farming is disputed. It is certain that rural slavery was very common in Athens, and that ancient Greece did not have the immense slave populations found on the Roman 880:, a cripple pleading for a pension explains "my income is very small and now I'm required to do these things myself and do not even have the means to purchase a slave who can do these things for me." However, the huge individual slave holdings of the wealthiest Romans were unknown in ancient Greece. When Athenaeus cites the case of 3982:, where he develops the concept of "natural slavery": "for he that can foresee with his mind is naturally ruler and naturally master, and he that can do these things with his body is subject and naturally a slave." As opposed to an animal, a slave can comprehend reason but "…has not got the deliberative part at all." 4003:

and thus that certain men were slaves although they had the soul of a freeman and vice versa. Aristotle himself recognized this possibility and argued that slavery could not be imposed unless the master was better than the slave, in keeping with his theory of "natural" slavery. The Sophists concluded

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While it was possible for individual ancient Greek slaves to be freed, manumission was always in the hands of the owner. Slavery was heritable, meaning that even if an individual slave was granted freedom, their children would still likely be slaves. The permanence of many Greek slaves subjection and

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Looking at slavery in ancient Greece through the lens of social death offers insight regarding the daily lived experiences of ancient Greek slaves. According to Patterson, "slavery is the permanent, violent domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons," and all slaves are socially

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Orlando Patterson's theory of social death says that the institution of slavery robs the slave of his or her "socially recognized existence outside of his master", effectively transforming the slave into a "social nonperson." By this definition, Greek slaves can be considered socially dead. According

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and 400,000 slaves. However, some researchers doubt the accuracy of the figure, asserting that thirteen slaves per free man appear unlikely in a state where a dozen slaves were a sign of wealth, nor is the population stated consistent with the known figures for bread production and import. The orator

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deplores the liberties taken by Athenian slaves: "as for the slaves and Metics of Athens, they take the greatest licence; you cannot just strike them, and they do not step aside to give you free passage". This alleged good treatment did not prevent 20,000 Athenian slaves from running away at the end

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Debt, especially in the agricultural field, was a very common occurrence in ancient Greece. A large portion of the Greek population was composed of peasants, of varying degrees of freedom, who survived on subsistence farming. Thus, lending and borrowing, and consequently incurring debts, was central

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Slaves had fewer judicial rights than citizens and were represented by their masters in all judicial proceedings. A misdemeanor that would result in a fine for the free man would result in a flogging for the slave; the ratio seems to have been one lash for one drachma. With several minor exceptions,

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after the slaves were captured in raids, their actual enslavement took place when they were resold through slave-dealers to Athenians and other slaveowners throughout Greece. After the slaves were captured, they were sold in slave markets. From the 6th century BC on, the vast majority of slaves were

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It is difficult to estimate the number of slaves in ancient Greece, given the lack of a precise census and variations in definitions during that era. It seems certain that Athens had the largest slave population, with as many as 80,000 in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, on average three or four slaves

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Punishment of slaves would have been swift and harsh. Demosthenes viewed punishment for slaves as acceptable in the form of physical harm or injuries for all that they may have done wrong, stating "the body of a slave is made responsible for all his misdeeds, whereas corporal punishment is the last

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He also dismissed those slaves who kept on running off, or deceiving someone, or getting whipped. They were always led out crying, so one of their fellow slaves could mock the bruises and ask then: 'Oh you poor miserable fellow, what's happened to your skin? Surely a huge army of lashes from a whip

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Most historians thus concur that chattel slaves were indeed used in the Greek city-state of Sparta, at least after the Lacedemonian victory of 404 BC against Athens, but not in great numbers and only among the upper classes. As it was in the other Greek cities, chattel slaves could be purchased at

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Though much of Solon's poem is reminiscent of "traditional" slavery, debt bondage slavery was different in that the enslaved Athenian remained an Athenian, dependent on another Athenian, in his place of birth. It is in these lines that Solon put an end to debt bondage. This measure, which received

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and banditry provided a significant and consistent supply of slaves, though the significance of this source varied according to era and region. Pirates and brigands would demand ransom whenever the status of their catch warranted it. Whenever ransom was not paid or not warranted, captives would be

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viewed slaves as a bit more than common animals or tools. On the topic of a man killing his own slave, he says that the man should "purify himself and withhold himself from those places prescribed by law, in the hope that by doing so he will best avoid disaster." This suggests that there still is

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states that "ar is the father of all, the king of all...he turns some into slaves and sets others free." Aristotle also felt this way, stating "the law by which whatever is taken in war is supposed to belong to the victors." He also states that it might have a few issues, though, "For what if the

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The slave’s freedom could be either total or partial, at the master’s whim. In the former, the emancipated slave was legally protected against all attempts at re-enslavement—for instance, on the part of the former master’s inheritors. In the latter case, the emancipated slave could be liable to a

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The capture of prisoners of war and slave raids during warfare between Greek and non-Greek territories were two primary ways of obtaining slaves in Classical Greece. This meant that the majority of the slave population was composed of non-Greeks. This relocation of slaves alienated them from the

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Athenian slaves were the property of their master (or of the state). Masters could dispose of their slaves as they saw fit by selling or renting them, or by granting them freedom. Slaves could have a spouse and children, but slave familial relationships were not recognized by the state, and the

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Slaves could not own property, but their masters often let them save up to purchase their freedom, and records survive of slaves operating businesses by themselves, making only a fixed tax-payment to their masters. Athens also had a law forbidding the striking of slaves: if a person struck what

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Patterson argues that the alienation of the slave from their birthplace and natal culture was the single most salient factor in determining whether a slave was socially dead or not. In ancient Greece, a binary system of classification categorized all people into one of two categories: Greek or

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per year. This was one of the most prized investments for Athenians. The number of slaves working in the Laurium mines or in the mills processing ore has been estimated at 30,000. Xenophon suggested that the city buy a large number of slaves, up to three state slaves per citizen, so that their

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each. Price was also a function of the quantity of slaves available; in the 4th century BC they were abundant and it was thus a buyer's market. A tax on sale revenues was levied by the market cities. For instance, a large helot market was organized during the festivities at the temple of

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Perhaps the most salient feature of the social death of slaves was the dishonor and dehumanization they experienced at the hands of the slave-owning class. Slaves were seen as property: their only value was tied to their physical capacity for labor. This is reflected in Aristotle's work

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from the 6th century BC. It probably dates back to an earlier period, as it was an oral procedure. Informal emancipations are also confirmed in the classical period. It was sufficient to have witnesses, who would escort the citizen to a public emancipation of his slave, either at the

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cites "the ownership of slaves, and notably helots" among the Spartan riches, and Plutarch writes about "slaves and helots". Finally, according to Thucydides, the agreement that ended the 464 BC revolt of helots stated that any Messenian rebel who might hereafter be found within the

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were not intended to free all Greek slaves but only those enslaved by debt. The reforms of Solon left two exceptions: the guardian of an unmarried woman who had lost her virginity had the right to sell her as a slave, and a citizen could "expose" (abandon) unwanted newborn children.

3552:, an enslaved group (that formed the majority of the population) collectively owned by the state. It is uncertain whether Spartan citizens had chattel slaves as well. There are mentions of people manumitted by Spartans, which was supposedly forbidden for helots, or sold outside of 3224:, literally "the shaking off of burdens", or liberation of debts, which prevented all claim to the person by the debtor and forbade the sale of free Athenians, including by themselves. Scholars believe that Solon got the idea for the cancellation of debts from Mesopotamian law. 474:. The tablets indicate that unions between slaves and freemen were common and that slaves could work and own land. It appears that the major division in Mycenaean civilization was not between a free individual and a slave but rather if the individual was in the palace or not. 3815:

Greek literature abounds with scenes of slaves being flogged; it was a means of forcing them to work, as were control of rations, clothing, and rest. This violence could be meted out by the master or the supervisor, who was possibly also a slave. Thus, at the beginning of

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appeared to be a slave in Athens, that person might find himself hitting a fellow citizen because many citizens dressed no better. It astonished other Greeks that Athenians tolerated back-chat from slaves. Athenian slaves fought together with Athenian freemen at the

4161:, it saw in slavery the conditions for the development of elites. Conversely, the theory also demonstrates an opportunity for slaves to join the elite. Finally, Vogt estimates that modern society, founded on humanist values, has surpassed this level of development. 3194:

Slaves did have the right to possess a house and livestock, which could be transmitted to descendants, as could clothing and household furnishings. Their family was recognized by law: they could marry, divorce, write a testament and inherit just like free men.

3849:) paid to their master, they could live and work alone. They could thus earn some money on the side, sometimes enough to purchase their freedom. Potential emancipation was indeed a powerful motivator, though the real scale of this is difficult to estimate. 3095:. However, slaves did belong to their master's household. A newly bought slave was welcomed with nuts and fruits, just like a newly-wed wife. Slaves took part in most of the civic and family cults; they were expressly invited to join the banquet of the 631:

All activities were open to slaves with the exception of politics. For the Greeks, politics was the only occupation worthy of a citizen, the rest being relegated wherever possible to non-citizens. It was status that was of importance, not occupation.

2425: 3601:(helots who slept with Spartan widows in order to help Sparta with manpower shortage because of war casualties), then the Mothaces (very similar to domestic clients) and then the bastards (who though descended from true Spartans, were separated). 3596:

mentions that there was a hierarchy of classes superposed one above the other in the Spartan society. If the Helots and the Laconians are left out, the hierarchy would be as follows: first there were the Neodamodes (former slaves freed), then the

3404:, or was consecrated after his emancipation. The temple would receive a portion of the monetary transaction and would guarantee the contract. The manumission could also be entirely civil, in which case the magistrate played the role of the deity. 579:

594–593 BC) forbade slaves from practising gymnastics and pederasty. By the end of the period, references become more common. Slavery becomes prevalent at the very moment when Solon establishes the basis for Athenian democracy. Classical scholar

454:. Slaves of the god are always mentioned by name and own their own land; their legal status is close to that of freemen. The nature and origin of their bond to the divinity is unclear. The names of common slaves show that some of them came from 3379:. It probably took place during a period of war as a reward for the slaves' loyalty, but in most cases the documentation deals with a voluntary act on the part of the master (predominantly male, but in the Hellenistic period also female). 3668:

dead. The aforementioned aspects of social death shall be examined below in the context of ancient Greek slavery: the natal alienation of slaves, the permanence of a slave's enslavement, and the dishonor, domination, and violence.

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In the 19th century, a politico-economic discourse emerged. It concerned itself with distinguishing the phases in the organisation of human societies and correctly identifying the place of Greek slavery. According to

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There is a lack of direct evidence of slave traffic, but corroborating evidence exists. Firstly, certain nationalities are consistently and significantly represented in the slave population, such as the corps of

588:, was the first city to organize a slave trade, also enjoyed an early democratic process (in the 6th century BC). He concludes that "one aspect of Greek history, in short, is the advance hand in hand, of freedom 4037:

are based on the equal distribution of property, but public slaves are used respectively as craftsmen and land workers. The "reversed cities" placed women in power or even saw the end of private property, as in

873:, portrays poor peasants who have several slaves; Aristotle defines a house as containing freemen and slaves. Conversely, not owning even one slave was a clear sign of poverty. In the celebrated discourse of 2786:, a large consumer of slaves, led to development of the market and an aggravation of piracy. In the 1st century BC, however, the Romans largely eradicated piracy to protect the Mediterranean trade routes. 173:, as it was in contemporaneous societies. The principal use of slaves was in agriculture, but they were also used in stone quarries or mines, as domestic servants, or even as a public utility, as with the 4058:

barley loaves fight with wheat loaves for the honor of being eaten by men. Moreover, objects move themselves—dough kneads itself, and the jug pours itself. The same is pictured in a surviving fragment by

326:δουλεὐω (which survives in Modern Greek, meaning "work") can be used metaphorically for other forms of dominion, as of one city over another or parents over their children. Finally, the term οἰκέτης ( 3706:

the perpetuity of enslavement over generations of a family was therefore indicative of their status as unfree members of society, since their freedom was on someone else's terms and never their own.

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In 2011, Greek slavery remains the subject of historiographical debate, on two questions in particular: can it be said that ancient Greece was a "slave society", and did Greek slaves comprise a

3723:, in which he provides a blunt conceptualization of slaves as property: they are nothing but "living tools" and "animate property". This viewpoint was shared by the rest of free Greek society. 534:

as the Greek heroes. Slavery remained, however, a disgrace: Eumaeus declares, "Zeus, of the far-borne voice, takes away the half of a man's virtue, when the day of slavery comes upon him".

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was bought and freed from such an enterprise by the philosopher's rich friends. On the other hand, it is attested in sources that the rape of slaves was prosecuted, at least occasionally.

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the testimony of a slave was not admissible except under torture. Slaves were tortured in trials because they often remained loyal to their masters. A famous example of a trusty slave was

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The slave was often required to pay for himself an amount at least equivalent to his market value. To this end they could use their savings or take a so-called "friendly" loan (ἔρανος /

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By the rules of war of the period, the victor possessed absolute rights over the vanquished, whether they were soldiers or not. Enslavement, while not systematic, was common practice.

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The existence of Greek slaves was a constant source of discomfort for Greek citizens. The enslavement of cities was also a controversial practice. Some generals refused, such as the

3055:. Despite torture in trials, the Athenian slave was protected in an indirect way: if he was mistreated, the master could initiate litigation for damages and interest (δίκη βλάβης / 211:(an enhancement to real estate). The chattel slave is an individual deprived of liberty and forced to submit to an owner, who may buy, sell, or lease them like any other chattel. 3932:

During the classical period the main justification for slavery was economic. From a philosophical point of view, the idea of "natural" slavery emerged at the same time; thus, as

3845:(brothel prostitutes) lived a particularly brutal existence, while public slaves, craftsmen, tradesmen and bankers enjoyed relative independence. In return for a fee (ἀποφορά / 3375:. They primarily date to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, and the 1st century AD. Collective manumission was possible; an example is known from the 2nd century BC in the island of 4134:, the ancient society was characterized by development of private ownership and the dominant (and not secondary as in other pre-capitalist societies) character of slavery as a 3425:: presentation three times monthly at the home of the former master, forbidden to become richer than him, etc. In fact, the status of emancipated slaves was similar to that of 3126:

relationships ("A slave shall not be the lover of a free boy nor follow after him, or else he shall receive fifty blows of the public lash."), and they were forbidden from the

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Ownership of domestic slaves was common, the domestic male slave's main role being to stand in for his master at his trade and to accompany him on trips. In time of war he was

3107:. A slave could claim asylum in a temple or at an altar, just like a free man. The slaves shared the gods of their masters and could keep their own religious customs if any. 2949:. The Acarnanian League, which was in charge of the logistics, received half of the tax proceeds, the other half going to the city of Anactorion, of which Actium was a part. 3415:

In regard to the city, the emancipated slave was far from equal to a citizen by birth. He was liable to all types of obligations, as one can see from the proposals of

2546: 3211:, Athenians practiced debt enslavement: a citizen incapable of paying his debts became "enslaved" to the creditor. Debt bondage primarily concerned peasants known as 2738:

sold to a trafficker. In certain areas, piracy was practically a national specialty, described by Thucydides as "the old-fashioned" way of life. Such was the case in

3826:(4–5), two slaves complain of being "bruised and thrashed without respite" by their new supervisor. However, Aristophanes himself cites what is a typical old saw in 4106:

discourse among Christians, who are typically awarded the merit of its collapse. From the 16th century the discourse became moralizing in nature. The existence of

3560:; a Philoxenos from Cytherea, reputedly enslaved with all his fellow citizens when his city was conquered, was later sold to an Athenian; a Spartan cook bought by 709:. As in agriculture, they were used for labour that was beyond the capability of the family. The slave population was greatest in workshops: the shield factory of 4054:, where all needs were met without anyone having to work. In this type of society, as explained by Plato, one reaped generously without sowing. In Telekleides' 3215:

who, unable to pay their rents, worked land owned by rich landowners. In theory, debt bondage slaves would be liberated when their original debts were repaid.

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There was slave trade between kingdoms and states of the wider region. The fragmentary list of slaves confiscated from the property of the mutilators of the

639:, the foundation of the Greek economy. Some small landowners might own one slave, or even two. An abundant literature of manuals for landowners (such as the 270:

The ancient Greeks had several words to indicate slaves, which leads to textual ambiguity when they are studied out of their proper context. In the works of

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penalty to inflict on a free man." This was spoken about in legal proceedings, suggesting that it would have been a widely accepted way of treating slaves.

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cause of war be unjust?" If the war was because of an unfair or incorrect reason, should the victors of that war be allowed to take the losers as slaves?

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Slave raids were a specific form of banditry that was a primary method of gathering slaves. In regions such as Thrace and the eastern Aegean, natives, or

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There were four primary sources of slaves: war, in which the defeated would become slaves to the victorious unless a more objective outcome was reached;

2031: 1672: 222:. No treatises are specifically devoted to the subject, and jurisprudence was interested in slavery only as much as it provided a source of revenue. 1364: 431: 571:

620 BC) mentioned slaves. Draco, the first Athenian lawgiver, allowed a wide space for private violence against the slave. According to Plutarch,

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John D. Bury and Russell Meiggs (4th ed. 1975): A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great. New York: St. Martin's Press, page 375

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to slavery, and vice versa. Conversely, the emancipation by ransom of a city that had been entirely reduced to slavery carried great prestige:

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The practice became more common in the 4th century BC and gave rise to inscriptions in stone which have been recovered from shrines such as

3083:), demanding punishment for the religious pollution brought by the shedding of blood. In the 4th century BC, the suspect was judged by the 2964:

The Greeks had many degrees of enslavement. There was a multitude of categories, ranging from free citizen to chattel slave, and including

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is beset by significant methodological problems. Documentation is disjointed and very fragmented, focusing primarily on the city-state of

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slavery (where the slave was regarded as a piece of property, as opposed to a member of human society) and land-bonded groups such as the

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Vol. 1, The Ancient Mediterranean World. Edited by Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge, 176–193. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2011.

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claimed that "not even the most worthless slave can be put to death without trial"; the master's power over his slave was not absolute.

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A traditional pose in funerary steles, see for instance Felix M. Wassermann, "Serenity and Repose: Life and Death on Attic Tombstones"

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slavery had significant impact on the debate, with some authors lending it civilizing merits and others denouncing its misdeeds. Thus

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theory. According to him slavery was the foundation of Greek democracy. It was thus a legal and social phenomenon, and not economic.

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140. Two legal categories can be distinguished: "slaves (εοιο)" and "slaves of the god (θεοιο)", the god in this case probably being

2956:: The transaction could be invalidated if the purchased slave turned out to be crippled and the buyer had not been warned about it. 4096: 3652: 3024: 2855:. Local professionals sold their own people to Greek slave merchants. The principal centres of the slave trade appear to have been 2793:

captured in slave raids were the primary source of slaves, rather than prisoners of war. As described by Xenophon, and Menander in

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employed by Athens as a police force—originally 300, but eventually nearly a thousand. Secondly, the names given to slaves in the

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Foucart, P. "Mémoire sur l'affranchissement des esclaves par forme de vente à une divinité d'après les inscriptions de Delphes",

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or before a public tribunal. This practice was outlawed in Athens in the middle of the 6th century BC to avoid public disorder.

1729: 1147: 3091:; the imposed penalty seems to have been more than a fine but less than death—maybe exile, as was the case in the murder of a 530:

eats and drinks with his servants; in the winter, he sleeps in their company. Eumaeus, the "divine" swineherd, bears the same

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stated, "be free in the mind, although you are slave: and thus you will no longer be a slave". This idea, repeated by the

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In parallel, the concept that all men, whether Greek or barbarian, belonged to the same race was being developed by the

9147: 7860: 7550: 7243: 7177: 5361: 4542: 2561: 2255: 2009: 852:, recalls that the effort to enlist 15,000 male slaves of military age led to the defeat of the Southern Greeks at the 56: 7248: 7223: 6158: 6107: 6093: 6065: 6051: 6021: 6005: 5988: 5941: 5912: 5899: 5878: 5853: 5824: 5779: 5703: 5686: 5669: 5626: 5609: 5597: 5578: 5551: 5520: 5503: 5486: 5460: 5374: 4978: 4856: 4494: 4328: 3795: 3695:

birthrights from their natal clan, village, or community, relegating the enslaved population to permanent outsiders.

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was "to be the slave of his captor", which means that the ownership of chattel slaves was not illegal at that time.

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Corinthian black-figure terra-cotta votive tablet of slaves working in a mine, dated to the late seventh century BC

3568:, both versions being mentioned by Plutarch; and the famous Spartan nurses, much appreciated by Athenian parents. 3191:), while the rape of a non-virgin slave by another slave brought a fine of only one obolus (a sixth of a drachm). 2230: 7700: 7560: 7555: 6832: 6148: 6134: 2509: 2280: 1086: 3873:), probably among the better-treated slaves, although some researchers believe them to be mainly workers of the 3624: 9084: 7725: 7139: 6236: 6168: 4807: 3841: 3773: 3593: 3466: 3316: 1979: 1967: 1547: 1359: 1005: 767: 45: 3964:

theorizes about this latent idea at the end of the 5th century BC. According to him, the temperate climate of

3059:). Conversely, a master who excessively mistreated a slave could be prosecuted by any citizen (γραφὴ ὕβρεως / 499:, slaves are mainly women taken as booty of war, while men were either ransomed or killed on the battlefield. 9079: 8636: 8129: 7645: 7565: 7263: 6973: 3506: 3130:("A slave shall not take exercise or anoint himself in the wrestling-schools."). Both laws are attributed to 2551: 2334: 1195: 636: 610: 3396:

Emancipation was often of a religious nature, where the slave was considered to be "sold" to a deity, often

9052: 7581: 7035: 3137:

The sons of vanquished foes would be enslaved and often forced to work in male brothels, as in the case of

3122:

Slaves had special sexual restrictions and obligations. For example, a slave could not engage free boys in

2556: 2400: 2270: 1931: 1699: 1679: 1239: 1207: 853: 527: 2875:. Some "barbarian" slaves were victims of war or localised piracy, but others were sold by their parents. 926: 8107: 7715: 7591: 7253: 7207: 7162: 6938: 6627: 4808:

Julia, LS; Oude geschiedenis en antieke cultuur OGKG - Antieke Cultuur Blok; J.H. Krul (December 2017).

4050:, but could not picture slaves in charge of masters. The only societies without slaves were those of the 3123: 2616: 2566: 2290: 2208: 1335: 1116: 936: 8646: 3839:

The condition of slaves varied very much according to their status; the mine slaves of Laureion and the

8768: 8641: 7774: 7769: 7745: 7655: 7172: 6270: 5890: 5273: 2475: 2327: 2312: 2203: 1399: 1069: 81: 4020: 3571:

Some texts mention both slaves and helots, which seems to indicate that they were not the same thing.

863:

According to the literature, it appears that the majority of free Athenians owned at least one slave.

9126: 9069: 8025: 7828: 7813: 7670: 6990: 6885: 6359: 6293: 2571: 2470: 2001: 1989: 1579: 1552: 601: 291: 7637: 7617: 6815: 6473: 5053: 839:

ordered a general census of Attica, which arrived at the following figures: 21,000 citizens, 10,000

508:, the slaves also seem to be mostly women. These slaves were servants and sometimes are concubines. 7823: 7786: 7720: 7386: 7273: 5638: 3913:

Depiction of a slave seated on an altar, looking at the purse he is about to steal, c. 400–375 BC,

3758: 3451: 3301: 2351: 2220: 1773: 1562: 1047: 948: 752: 5323: 5301: 5016: 4199:"The Economic and Sociological Significance of Debt Bondage and Detribalization in Ancient Greece" 3730:, while free citizens were not, further differentiating the slave class from the rest of society. 1227: 9106: 8230: 8030: 8015: 7818: 7801: 7781: 7750: 7650: 7586: 7202: 7187: 7157: 7118: 6995: 6847: 6349: 4123: 3878: 3762: 3455: 3305: 3009:

Military rights and obligations (military service as servant, heavy or light soldier, or sailor).

2536: 2275: 2225: 2153: 1926: 1704: 1648: 1631: 1062: 756: 154: 148: 34: 6153: 9152: 9064: 8067: 7838: 7796: 7730: 7695: 7147: 7131: 6827: 6768: 6617: 6612: 5865: 4119: 4111: 3088: 2609: 2578: 2083: 1824: 1736: 1584: 1308: 1274: 1269: 728:. The female slave carried out domestic tasks, in particular bread baking and textile making. 9116: 8345: 8335: 8325: 8310: 8000: 7740: 7710: 7665: 7660: 7291: 7258: 7060: 6965: 6951: 6607: 6478: 6442: 6072:

Le traitement des prisonniers de guerre en Grèce ancienne. Des origines à la conquête romaine

6028: 5846:

Bibliographie zur antiken Sklaverei. I: Bibliographie. II: Abkurzungsverzeichnis und Register

5161: 4084: 4034: 2872: 2759: 2445: 2300: 2213: 2198: 1880: 1868: 1614: 1599: 1384: 1159: 1081: 1052: 8588: 8582: 8568: 8052: 8010: 7982: 7867: 7680: 6910: 6706: 6186: 4030: 3978: 3888:

Conversely, there are no records of a large-scale Greek slave revolt comparable to that of

3827: 3719: 3104: 3044: 2884: 2719: 2583: 2487: 2450: 2378: 2322: 2191: 2148: 1962: 1892: 1567: 1347: 1249: 1133: 1040: 427: 360: 223: 120: 2706:. Some cities passed accords to forbid the practice: in the middle of the 3rd century BC, 8: 8719: 8689: 8077: 7972: 7967: 7404: 6719: 6632: 6602: 6556: 6319: 5994: 5973: 5798: 4060: 3727: 3561: 2997:

Legal rights and duties (liability to arrest and/or arbitrary punishment, or to litigate)

2681: 2071: 2051: 1936: 1921: 1790: 1761: 1751: 1641: 1589: 1557: 1354: 1212: 1180: 1175: 1128: 985: 836: 807: 3063:); this was not enacted for the sake of the slave, but to avoid violent excess (ὕβρις / 884:, a friend of Aristotle and owner of a thousand slaves, this appears to be exceptional. 128:

of Mnesarete, daughter of Socrates; a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress.

8936: 8833: 8739: 8383: 8300: 8188: 7690: 7514: 7030: 7010: 6867: 6738: 6622: 6417: 6344: 4939: 4783: 4692: 4684: 4637: 4587: 4450: 4289: 4281: 4234: 4226: 4135: 3112: 3048: 2782:, not far away, allowed for "moving myriad slaves daily". The growing influence of the 2763: 2317: 2163: 2138: 2128: 2093: 2088: 2056: 2021: 2014: 1955: 1948: 1805: 1624: 1619: 1609: 1379: 1232: 1190: 1185: 1138: 1106: 1096: 1033: 560: 279: 3003:

Possibility of social mobility (manumission or emancipation, access to citizen rights)

1254: 1200: 9112: 9011: 8598: 8147: 7995: 7947: 7791: 7760: 7705: 7622: 7499: 7371: 7192: 7025: 6978: 6918: 6792: 6774: 6750: 6732: 6687: 6642: 6637: 6288: 6190: 6103: 6089: 6061: 6047: 6017: 6001: 5984: 5937: 5908: 5895: 5874: 5849: 5820: 5775: 5699: 5682: 5665: 5622: 5605: 5593: 5574: 5547: 5516: 5499: 5482: 5468: 5456: 5370: 5166: 4974: 4931: 4887: 4852: 4815: 4787: 4773: 4717: 4696: 4676: 4641: 4629: 4591: 4579: 4538: 4490: 4454: 4411: 4385: 4375: 4324: 4293: 4273: 4238: 4218: 4064: 3858: 3565: 3116: 3052: 2868: 2405: 2123: 2118: 2061: 2046: 2026: 1848: 1843: 1778: 1741: 1574: 1540: 1369: 1222: 1111: 990: 721: 621: 531: 187: 678:, which had large slave populations, often leased out by rich private citizens. The 286:). The term has a general meaning but refers particularly to war prisoners taken as 8941: 8473: 8438: 8255: 8112: 7990: 7877: 7872: 7197: 7152: 6983: 6890: 6506: 6339: 6324: 6314: 4966: 4844: 4765: 4668: 4621: 4571: 4530: 4482: 4442: 4316: 4265: 4210: 4025: 3874: 3390: 3076: 2880: 2795: 2595: 2173: 2168: 2158: 2133: 2098: 2066: 2036: 1909: 1897: 1875: 1853: 1800: 1636: 1604: 906: 881: 650: 564: 443: 311: 6196: 4836: 4068:

some sense of inappropriateness in killing a slave, even one owned by the killer.

3651:; on the right, a bearded slave carries his master's shield and helm, 380–370 BC, 3408:

number of obligations to the former master. The most restrictive contract was the

3023:; on the right, a bearded slave carries his master's shield and helm, 380–370 BC, 2778:

explains the popularity of the practice among the Cilicians by its profitability;

693:; Hipponicos, 600; and Philomidès, 300. Xenophon indicates that they received one 606: 330:) was used, as meaning "one who lives in house", referring to household servants. 8956: 8714: 8502: 8315: 8057: 7923: 7855: 7182: 6780: 6762: 6756: 6670: 6647: 6521: 6432: 6392: 6329: 4848: 3853: 3421: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2665: 2504: 2395: 2390: 2143: 2113: 2108: 1831: 1795: 1594: 1512: 1217: 963: 698: 482: 416: 8981: 8694: 6084:

Gabrielsen, V. "La piraterie et le commerce des esclaves", in E. Erskine (ed.),

5981:

The Black Hunter : Forms of Thought and Forms of Society in the Greek World

4672: 4522: 4019:

The Greeks could not comprehend an absence of slaves. Slaves exist even in the "

4004:

that true servitude was not a matter of status but a matter of spirit; thus, as

3643: 3015: 537:

It is difficult to determine when slave trading began in the archaic period. In

8838: 8778: 8773: 8729: 8510: 8458: 8448: 8428: 8418: 8162: 8157: 8152: 7005: 6804: 6798: 6786: 6586: 6561: 6334: 6259: 5491: 5449: 4559: 4534: 4474: 4404:"Review of: Reconstructing the Slave: the Image of the Slave in Ancient Greece" 4308: 3943: 3877:, whose conditions were infamously harsh. The title of a 4th-century comedy by 3852:

Ancient writers considered that Attic slaves enjoyed a "peculiarly happy lot":

3429:, the residing foreigners, who were free but did not enjoy a citizen’s rights. 3138: 3119:

that the citizens should "save themselves, their women, children, and slaves".

2903: 2783: 2689: 2677: 2588: 2482: 1374: 1015: 973: 625: 539: 379: 183: 170: 4819: 4575: 4486: 4389: 4320: 831:, mostly tradesmen. The lowest estimate, of 20,000 slaves, during the time of 9141: 9074: 8991: 8966: 8656: 8578: 8260: 8203: 8102: 8092: 8062: 8044: 7918: 7070: 6852: 6744: 6700: 6662: 6501: 6422: 5614: 4958: 4935: 4891: 4680: 4633: 4583: 4415: 4403: 4277: 4222: 4157:

Current historiography developed in the 20th century; led by authors such as

4046: 3924:

and the pre-classical authors, slavery was an inevitable consequence of war.

2953: 2703: 2526: 2455: 1902: 1885: 1660: 1490: 1480: 1264: 914: 869: 835:, corresponds to one slave per family. Between 317 BC and 307 BC, the tyrant 467: 411: 259: 250: 227: 4970: 4721: 333:

Other terms used to indicate slaves were less precise and required context:

8891: 8843: 8709: 8563: 8433: 8072: 7908: 7414: 7376: 7075: 5883: 5566: 5357: 4811:

Debt and its aftermath: The Near Eastern background to Solon's seisachtheia

4759: 4609: 4165: 4143: 4092: 4013: 3952: 3938: 3909: 3817: 3731: 3648: 3577: 3274: 3220: 3036: 3020: 2979: 2909: 2892: 2699: 2531: 2368: 2344: 2250: 2243: 1974: 1502: 1475: 1438: 1416: 1303: 1020: 1000: 978: 968: 958: 953: 943: 864: 706: 617: 614: 581: 5963:

McKeown, Niall. The Invention of Ancient Slavery? London: Duckworth, 2007.

4769: 4625: 4446: 4269: 3808:

It is difficult to appreciate the condition of Greek slaves. According to

1783: 8911: 8803: 8783: 8611: 8119: 8097: 8087: 8082: 8005: 7962: 7509: 7419: 7409: 7296: 7286: 7050: 6427: 6402: 4158: 4107: 4103: 3968:

produced a placid and submissive people. This explanation is reprised by

3961: 3942:, the Greeks "f no man are they called the slaves or vassals", while the 3822: 3583: 3352: 3172: 3154: 3115:, and the monuments memorialize them. It was formally decreed before the 3100: 2852: 2373: 2361: 1714: 1517: 1507: 1465: 1279: 832: 714: 640: 556: 287: 255: 235: 231: 8616: 4688: 4656: 4309:"Slaves or Serfs?: Patterson on the Thetes and Helots of Ancient Greece" 4285: 4253: 3613: 302:), "quadruped" or livestock. The most common word for slaves is δοῦλος ( 8848: 8818: 8813: 8798: 8684: 8651: 8320: 8290: 7957: 7685: 7519: 7361: 7356: 7346: 7331: 7316: 7306: 7281: 6657: 6412: 6367: 6223: 5953: 5733:, Besançon, 10–11 mai 1971. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1973, pp. 9–23. 5432:

Brulé, P. (1978a) "Signification historique de la piraterie grecque ",

4943: 4919: 4230: 4198: 4139: 4051: 4040: 3957: 3925: 3598: 2824: 2649: 2521: 1818: 1522: 1389: 887: 845: 824: 655: 585: 424: 375: 298:), (literally, "one with the feet of a man") as opposed to τετράποδον ( 133: 4809: 4369: 4080: 4016:, was not so much an opposition to slavery as a trivialization of it. 522:. The slave was distinctive in being a member of the core part of the 374:) – literally, "the follower" or "the one who accompanies". Also, the 8823: 8749: 8734: 8704: 8699: 8631: 8555: 8540: 8525: 8468: 8368: 8020: 7952: 7524: 7504: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7429: 7424: 7394: 7341: 7301: 7080: 6946: 6900: 6880: 6511: 6382: 6121:

The Swineherd and the Bow: Representations of Class in the “Odyssey.”

6086:

Le Monde hellénistique. Espaces, sociétés, cultures. 323-31 av. J.-C.

6058:

Esclavage, guerre, économie en Grèce ancienne. Hommages à Yvon Garlan

5268: 5183: 4881: 4345:"Modern Day Abolition – National Underground Railroad Freedom Center" 4131: 3985: 3973: 3947: 3933: 3889: 3809: 3225: 3127: 3084: 3072: 2897: 2860: 2815:

mentions 32 slaves whose origins have been ascertained: 13 came from

2755: 2739: 2715: 2685: 1766: 1431: 1293: 857: 679: 516: 420: 364: 348: 6088:. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2004, pp. 495–511. 6060:. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, "History" series, 1997. 5784:

Pritchett, W.K. and Pippin, A. (1956). "The Attic Stelai, Part II",

5696:

Douleia: Esclavage et pratiques discursives dans l'Athènes classique

4711: 3747: 3441: 3291: 1448: 741: 23: 8873: 8863: 8853: 8828: 8606: 8573: 8535: 8478: 8393: 8378: 8235: 8225: 8142: 8137: 7534: 7529: 7489: 7484: 7459: 7439: 7366: 7321: 7311: 7167: 7065: 7000: 6928: 6536: 5983:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988 (1st edn. 1981). 5873:. London: Duckworth; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981. 5621:, vol.II (books 5–8). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 4430: 4214: 4009: 4005: 3965: 3142: 3040: 2965: 2921: 2771: 2723: 2673: 2356: 1914: 1858: 1810: 1470: 1315: 1170: 1076: 812: 646: 451: 390: 356: 197: 191: 175: 8626: 5894:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999 (1st edn. 1970). 5498:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003, p. 127–152 3988:, at the same time as Aristotle, took the opposite view, saying: " 3272:

much praise in antiquity, was merely a cancellation of debts. The

9016: 9006: 8951: 8946: 8931: 8921: 8906: 8901: 8788: 8676: 8666: 8545: 8520: 8515: 8488: 8483: 8463: 8453: 8443: 8408: 8398: 8388: 8340: 8330: 8305: 8270: 8265: 8240: 7893: 7675: 7336: 7326: 7085: 7055: 7045: 7040: 7020: 7015: 6895: 6842: 6551: 6541: 6531: 6526: 6516: 6228: 5156: 4560:"Like a worm I' the bud? A heterology of classical Greek slavery" 4151: 4000: 3866: 3553: 3387: 2982:

proposed a set of criteria for different degrees of enslavement:

2936:

per day. Demosthenes' father's cutlers were valued at 500 to 600

2856: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2767: 2751: 2747: 2711: 2707: 2669: 2339: 1421: 1101: 918: 828: 725: 686: 519: 504: 477:

There is no continuity between the Mycenaean era and the time of

455: 239: 208: 166: 8961: 8275: 5817:

Peasant-Citizen and Slave: The Foundations of Athenian Democracy

8986: 8916: 8896: 8858: 8724: 8530: 8423: 8360: 8350: 8295: 7913: 7898: 7494: 7479: 7454: 7449: 7434: 7095: 7090: 6857: 6837: 6581: 6571: 6566: 6437: 6397: 6387: 6372: 6171:– The International Group for Research on Slavery in Antiquity 6000:. Bruxelles: Complexe, "History" series, 2006 (1st edn. 1988). 5604:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988 (1st edn. 1982) 5563:

II. Paris: publications of the École française d'Athènes, 1958.

3914: 3862: 3557: 3545: 3401: 3397: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3188: 3184: 3168: 3158: 3065: 2969: 2946: 2942: 2929: 2864: 2844: 2816: 2775: 2734: 2696: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2637: 2041: 1863: 1443: 1426: 1288: 1123: 1091: 874: 710: 694: 690: 682: 675: 671: 544: 471: 463: 435: 318:, "male slave" (or "servant", "bondman"; Linear B: 𐀈𐀁𐀫), or 275: 219: 204: 201: 137: 129: 8996: 8971: 8868: 8808: 8793: 8661: 8621: 8373: 8285: 8280: 8250: 8245: 8220: 7903: 7444: 7399: 7351: 6923: 6875: 6576: 6546: 6493: 6468: 6407: 6377: 5631:

Jameson, M.H. "Agriculture and Slavery in Classical Athens",

3969: 3921: 3920:

Very few authors of antiquity call slavery into question. To

3885:(Δραπεταγωγός), suggests that slave flight was not uncommon. 3572: 3549: 3426: 3416: 3356: 3208: 3162: 3131: 3092: 2973: 2920:

The price of slaves varied in accordance with their ability.

2840: 2836: 2820: 2811: 2779: 2743: 1298: 1284: 1259: 891: 840: 572: 495: 478: 459: 447: 344: 271: 263: 125: 6181: 5791:

Pritchett (1961). "Five New Fragments of the Attic Stelai",

5739:

Mele, A. "Esclavage et liberté dans la société mycénienne",

4843:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 249–270, 2006-04-17, 3709: 3687:

became inextricably associated with slaves, and conversely,

3000:

Familial rights and privileges (marriage, inheritance, etc.)

9001: 8976: 8926: 8413: 8403: 5711:

Mactoux, M.-M. (1981). "L'esclavage comme métaphore :

5465:

Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche

4920:"Enslaving "Barbaroi" and the Athenian Ideology of Slavery" 3893: 1165: 995: 323: 5729:

Masson, O. "Les noms des esclaves dans la Grèce antique",

662: 400:) – literally "body", used in the context of emancipation. 6208:– subject index on slavery and related topics, by author 6032:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1955. 5743:, Besançon 2–3 mai 1973. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1976. 4610:"Greek Towers and Slaves: An Archaeology of Exploitation" 4254:"Greek Towers and Slaves: An Archaeology of Exploitation" 2976:. The common ground was the deprivation of civic rights. 5958:

Ancient Slavery and Abolition: From Hobbes to Hollywood.

4475:"Freedom, Slavery, and Female Sexual Honor in Antiquity" 3175:

engraved in stone dating to the 3rd century BC, slaves (

563:. According to epigraphic evidence, the homicide law of 551:

although their exact status is unclear. The presence of

5918:

Slavery in Classical Antiquity. Views and Controversies

5801:(1983). "Agriculture and Slavery in Classical Athens", 4713:

Slavery in classical antiquity: views and controversies

3218:

Solon put an end to debt bondage with the σεισάχθεια /

2640:(at sea); banditry (on land); and international trade. 322:, "female slave" (or "maid-servant", "bondwoman"). The 258:, Silician red-figured calyx-krater, c. 350 BC–340 BC. 238:

made no substantial differentiation between slaves and

4608:

Morris, Sarah P.; Papadopoulos, John K. (2005-04-01).

4102:

Slavery in Greek antiquity has long been an object of

827:

remarked on the desertion of 20,890 slaves during the

393:", also used in a derogatory way to call adult slaves. 6100:

Slaves, Warfare, and Ideology in the Greek Historians

5442:

Brulé, P. (1992) "Infanticide et abandon d'enfants",

3031:

master could scatter the family members at any time.

702:

leasing would assure the upkeep of all the citizens.

6206:

Index thématiques de l'esclavage et de la dépendance

2972:, disenfranchised citizens, freedmen, bastards, and 2296:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

367:); but during the classical age, it meant "servant". 5788:, Vol.25, No.3 (Jul.–Sep., 1956), pp. 178–328. 4431:"Homer, Hesiod, and the 'Origins' of Greek Slavery" 3386:) from their master, a friend or a client like the 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6079:Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires 5907:. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1998 (1st edn. 1980). 5795:, Vol.30, No. 1 (Jan.–Mar., 1961), pp. 23–29. 5746:Morrow, G.R. "The Murder of Slaves in Attic Law", 4814:. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 4607: 4251: 815:slave attempts to break in a horse, date unknown, 485:. The terminology differs: the slave is no longer 5966:Morris, Ian. "Archaeology and Greek Slavery." In 5741:Proceedings of the 1973 GIREA Workshop on Slavery 5731:Proceedings of the 1971 GIREA Workshop on Slavery 5717:Proceedings of the 1980 GIREA Workshop on Slavery 5650:Lauffer, S. "Die Bergwerkssklaven von Laureion", 5561:Recherches sur l'histoire et les cultes de Thasos 4841:Democracy and the Rule of Law in Classical Athens 4197:Polakoff, Murray E.; Dhrymes, Phoebus J. (1958). 3835:has fallen down on you and laid waste your back?' 3247:Exiles from home through debt’s oppressive load, 2750:. Outside of Greece, this was also the case with 894:had proportionally the largest number of slaves. 584:likewise remarks that Chios, which, according to 481:, where social structures reflected those of the 446:, as documented in numerous tablets unearthed in 9139: 5844:Bellen, H., Heinen H., Schäfer D., Deissler J., 5750:, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Jul., 1937), pp. 210–227. 4523:"Revisiting Slavery, Property, and Social Death" 4252:Morris, Sarah P.; Papadopoulos, John K. (2005). 2411:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 685:leased a thousand slaves to the silver mines of 389:) – literally "child", used in the same way as " 306:), used in opposition to "free man" (ἐλεύθερος, 6464: 6102:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 5936:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 5862:. Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1991. 4196: 3241:Far from his god-built land, an outcast slave, 2932:); while a workman at major works was paid one 511:There were some male slaves, especially in the 6116:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1924. 6029:The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity 5513:Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque 5479:Le IVe siècle grec jusqu'à la mort d'Alexandre 6244: 6081:, 2nd series, vol.2 (1865), pp. 375–424. 5956:, Richard Alston, and Justine McConnell, eds. 5870:The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World 3861:at the incitement of the Spartan garrison at 3253:But wandering far and wide, I brought again; 3047:), who, despite his Persian origin, betrayed 2617: 5979:"Women, Slaves and Artisans", third part of 5934:Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine 5662:La Grèce au Ve siècle de Clisthène à Socrate 5530:Recueil des inscriptions juridiques grecques 2770:and the mountain peoples from the coasts of 2416:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 310:); an earlier form of the former appears in 6016:. London: Routledge, 1989 (1st edn. 1981). 5542:, BCH suppl.20. Paris: publications of the 4367: 3869:. These were principally skilled artisans ( 3776:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3469:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3319:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3250:Speaking no more the dear Athenian tongue, 3238:"And many a man whom fraud or law had sold 770:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 254:A master (right) and his slave (left) in a 7130: 6251: 6237: 5808:Von Fritz, K. "The Meaning of ἙΚΤΗΜΟΡΟΣ", 5515:. Paris: Klincksieck, 1999 (new edition). 3691:became synonymous with Greek citizenship. 3244:I brought again to Athens; yea, and some, 2718:, in 316 BC, restored Thebes. Before him, 2624: 2610: 470:and were probably enslaved as a result of 5528:Dareste R., Haussoullier B., Reinach Th. 5494:"Rebels and Sambos in Classical Greece", 4924:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 4661:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 4557: 4520: 3899: 3796:Learn how and when to remove this message 3711:General dishonor, domination and violence 3679:non-Greek. Non-Greek peoples were called 3533:Learn how and when to remove this message 3339:Learn how and when to remove this message 790:Learn how and when to remove this message 294:, the Greeks frequently used ἀνδράποδον ( 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 4917: 4757: 4203:Economic Development and Cultural Change 4097:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 4079: 3908: 3653:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 3642: 3025:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 3014: 2421:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 2286:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 2266:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 817:National Archaeological Museum of Athens 806: 661: 605: 410: 249: 119: 5968:The Cambridge World History of Slavery. 5321: 4956: 4753: 4751: 4374:. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. 3256:And those that here in vilest slavery ( 3103:, and were allowed initiation into the 2676:was reduced to slavery, as was that of 2672:. Likewise in 348 BC the population of 713:employed 120 slaves, and the father of 705:Slaves were also used as craftsmen and 406: 290:(in other words, property). During the 159:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 9140: 8184: 6197:Manumission records of women at Delphi 5998:Travail et esclavage en Grèce ancienne 5950:London: Bristol Classical Press, 1993. 5812:, Vol.61, No.1 (1940), pp. 54–61. 5763:Plassart, A. "Les Archers d'Athènes," 5635:, no.73 (1977–1978), pp. 122–145. 5455:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1985. 5356: 4965:, London: Routledge, pp. 83–109, 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4709: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4472: 4428: 3482:"Spartan slaves" Slaves in Sparta 3087:, a court which had jurisdiction over 2729: 856:, which corresponds to the figures of 823:per household. In the 5th century BC, 9041: 8183: 7612: 7116: 6463: 6283: 6232: 5905:Ancient Slavery & Modern Ideology 5644:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1957. 5583:Economy and Society in Ancient Greece 5571:Économie et société en Grèce ancienne 5014: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4831: 4829: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4654: 4603: 4601: 4468: 4466: 4464: 3737: 2308:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1985:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 8652:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 6284: 5927:Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Greece 5299: 4761:Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Greece 4306: 3774:adding citations to reliable sources 3741: 3608: 3467:adding citations to reliable sources 3436: 3317:adding citations to reliable sources 3286: 2887:often had a geographical link; thus 2500:Slave marriages in the United States 2104:Human trafficking in the Middle East 897: 768:adding citations to reliable sources 735: 635:The principal use of slavery was in 555:is confirmed by lyric poets such as 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 6044:La Piraterie crétoise hellénistique 5848:, 2 vol. Stuttgart: Steiner, 2003. 5803:American Journal of Ancient History 5772:Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves 5592:. Paris: La Découverte, 1982. 1982 5369:. Chatto & Windus. p. 12. 5363:Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology 4728: 4503: 3956:, "are all slaves, except one"—the 3904: 3671: 3148: 2959: 2952:Buyers enjoyed a guarantee against 1839:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 717:owned 32 cutlers and 20 bedmakers. 697:per slave per day, amounting to 60 13: 7613: 6258: 5832: 5585:. London: Chatto and Windus, 1981. 5001: 4898: 4870: 4826: 4794: 4598: 4461: 3604: 2991:Authority over the work of another 2652:recalls that 7,000 inhabitants of 2493:last survivors of American slavery 169:was a widely accepted practice in 14: 9164: 6128: 6056:Brulé, P. and Oulhen, J. (dir.). 5960:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011. 5929:Cambridge University Press, 2021. 5810:The American Journal of Philology 5532:, vol.II. Paris: E. Leroux, 1904. 4837:"Did Solon Abolish Debt-Bondage?" 4521:Patterson, Orlando (2016-12-19). 3432: 2774:could also be added to the list. 1454:Field slaves in the United States 1321:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 9121: 9111: 9102: 9101: 6178:Greek law bibliographic database 6123:Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press. 5767:, XXVI (1913), pp. 151–213. 5719:, Kazimierz, 3–8 November 1980, 4959:"Black African Slaves and Serfs" 4957:Derrick, Jonathan (2022-08-04), 4558:Cartledge, Paul (October 1993). 4150:, 1898) were soon to oppose the 3746: 3612: 3440: 3355:is confirmed to have existed in 3290: 3006:Religious rights and obligations 2994:Power of punishment over another 1331:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 1326:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 1155:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 925: 740: 595: 442:Slaves were present through the 22: 9122: 5698:. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1980. 5654:no.12 (1956), pp. 904–916. 5410: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5350: 5341: 5315: 5293: 5280: 5261: 5249: 5236: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5193: 5176: 5149: 5140: 5128: 5112: 5100: 5088: 5071: 5059: 5043: 5034: 4992: 4950: 4703: 4648: 4614:American Journal of Archaeology 4551: 4371:Ancient Greek and Roman slavery 4258:American Journal of Archaeology 4116:History of Slavery in Antiquity 4075: 3658: 3198: 2801:bought in these slave markets. 2668:in the neighbouring village of 2281:Committee of Experts on Slavery 1832:East, Southeast, and South Asia 731: 186:practice distinguishes between 33:needs additional citations for 5755:Sparta and her Social Problems 5590:Les Esclaves en Grèce ancienne 4764:. Cambridge University Press. 4422: 4396: 4361: 4337: 4300: 4245: 4190: 4177: 3594:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges 3282: 2924:valued a Laurion miner at 180 2804: 2722:enslaved and then emancipated 2710:agreed not to reduce any free 1980:Slave raiding in Easter Island 670:Slave labour was prevalent in 526:("family unit", "household"): 347:, the word meant "companion" ( 245: 207:, who were more like medieval 1: 6723: 6710: 6691: 6674: 5860:La Schiavitù nel mondo antico 5715:chez les orateurs attiques", 5559:Dunant, C. and Pouilloux, J. 5446:no.18 (1992), pp. 53–90. 5444:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 5434:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 5422: 5182:An idea already expressed by 4918:Rosivach, Vincent J. (1999). 4758:Forsdyke, Sara (2021-06-08). 4142:represented by the historian 3698: 3231:Constitution of the Athenians 3207:Prior to its interdiction by 802: 282:, the slave was called δμώς ( 7851:Funeral and burial practices 7036:Military of Mycenaean Greece 6159:Resources in other libraries 5948:Slavery in Classical Greece. 5328:Internet History Sourcebooks 5021:Internet History Sourcebooks 4849:10.1017/cbo9780511497858.013 3590:the market or taken in war. 3263:Crouched 'neath a master's ( 3234:quotes one of Solon's poems: 3051:and helped Athenians in the 2271:Temporary Slavery Commission 1932:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 854:Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) 515:, a prime example being the 7: 6215:Bibliothèque numérique ISTA 6119:Thalmann, William G. 1998. 6114:Piracy in the Ancient World 5805:No.8 (1983), pp. 1–47. 5774:. New York: Schoken, 1995. 5723:, 10, 1981, pp. 20–42. 5600:, translated in English as 5436:no.4 (1978), pp. 1–16. 5079:Of Airs, Waters, and Places 4673:10.25162/historia-2016-0001 4473:Harper, Kyle (2016-12-19). 3171:, in Crete, according to a 2823:, and the others came from 2291:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 1336:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 890:estimates that the isle of 613:, a common use for slaves, 57:"Slavery in ancient Greece" 10: 9169: 7775:Greek Revival architecture 7117: 6191:Ancient History Sourcebook 6187:Documents on Greek slavery 6074:. Paris: De Boccard, 1968. 5920:. Cambridge: Heffer, 1960. 5581:, originally published as 5463:, originally published as 5017:"The Politics- On Slavery" 4535:10.1002/9781119162544.ch14 4435:Revue des études anciennes 4408:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 4307:Hunt, Peter (2016-12-19). 3267:) frown, I set them free." 2476:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 2313:Anti-Slavery International 2078:North Africa and West Asia 599: 9148:Slavery in ancient Greece 9097: 9048: 9042: 9037: 8882: 8759: 8748: 8675: 8597: 8554: 8501: 8359: 8211: 8202: 8198: 8179: 8128: 8043: 7981: 7943: 7936: 7886: 7846: 7837: 7759: 7636: 7632: 7608: 7574: 7543: 7385: 7272: 7216: 7183:Attalid kings of Pergamon 7138: 7129: 7125: 7112: 6991:Antigonid Macedonian army 6964: 6937: 6909: 6866: 6823: 6814: 6656: 6595: 6492: 6488: 6459: 6358: 6307: 6303: 6279: 6266: 6224:Greek Manumission Project 6154:Resources in your library 6140:Slavery in ancient Greece 5765:Revue des études grecques 5757:. Prague: Academia, 1971. 5602:Slavery in Ancient Greece 5544:École française d'Athènes 4886:. Macmillan and Co. Ltd. 4710:Finley, Moses I. (1968). 4655:Sosin, Joshua D. (2016). 4576:10.1017/s0017383500022762 4487:10.1002/9781119162544.ch5 4321:10.1002/9781119162544.ch3 2928:(i.e. about 775 grams of 2572:Emancipation Proclamation 2244:Opposition and resistance 2002:Sex trafficking in Europe 1990:Blackbirding in Polynesia 1553:Trans-Saharan slave trade 602:Economy of ancient Greece 415:Women as plunder of war: 216:slavery in ancient Greece 6046:, Belles Lettres, 1978. 5819:. New York: Verso, 1988 5083:Peri aeron hydaton topon 4187:, Vol. 64, No. 5, p.198. 4171: 4118:among his works for the 4029:. The utopian cities of 3556:. For example, the poet 3141:, who at the request of 3099:, the second day of the 2352:Compensated emancipation 1563:Indian Ocean slave trade 6014:Greek and Roman Slavery 5694:Mactoux, M.-M. (1980). 5619:The Iliad: a Commentary 5125:, accessed 17 May 2006. 5056:, accessed 17 May 2006. 4971:10.4324/9781003310747-5 4429:Harris, Edward (2012). 3726:Slaves were subject to 2660:were taken prisoner by 2276:1926 Slavery Convention 2032:Germany in World War II 1649:North and South America 1171:Contract of manumission 378:ἀκολουθίσκος, used for 351:was referred to as the 7217:Artists & scholars 7132:List of ancient Greeks 6769:Second Athenian League 6618:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 6443:Ancient Greek colonies 5946:Fisher, Nicolas R. E. 5858:Bieżuńska-Małowist I. 5481:. Paris: Seuil, 1995. 4112:Henri-Alexandre Wallon 4099: 3917: 3900:Views of Greek slavery 3837: 3655: 3621:This section is empty. 3269: 3089:unintentional homicide 3027: 2643: 1757:British Virgin Islands 1309:Circassian slave trade 1275:Safavid imperial harem 1270:Ottoman Imperial Harem 819: 667: 628: 444:Mycenaean civilization 439: 267: 214:The academic study of 147:This article contains 141: 8336:Sybaris on the Traeis 7061:Sacred Band of Thebes 6801:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 6315:Cycladic civilization 5681:. Paris: Seuil, 2003 5664:. Paris: Seuil, 1995 5573:. Paris: Seuil, 1997 5040:Mactoux (1980), p.52. 4963:Africa's Slaves Today 4883:Our Hellenic heritage 4880:James, H. R. (1930). 4770:10.1017/9781139505772 4657:"A Metic was a Metic" 4626:10.3764/aja.109.2.155 4447:10.3406/rea.2012.7067 4270:10.3764/aja.109.2.155 4185:The Classical Journal 4083: 4035:Hippodamus of Miletus 3912: 3832: 3646: 3236: 3018: 2988:Right to own property 2873:Black Sea slave trade 1996:Europe and North Asia 1956:Australia and Oceania 1656:Pre-Columbian America 1228:Slave raid of Suðuroy 1160:Slavery in al-Andalus 1082:Black Sea slave trade 1011:21st-century jihadism 810: 665: 609: 414: 253: 123: 7861:mythological figures 7582:Ancient Greek tribes 6707:Peloponnesian League 5866:De Ste-Croix, G.E.M. 5324:"Against Timocrates" 5211:Menander, frag. 857. 5077:Hippocratic corpus, 5052:, v.242. Trans. ed. 4998:Heraclitus, frag.53. 4529:. pp. 265–296. 4481:. pp. 109–121. 4368:Hunt, Peter (2017). 4148:Slavery in Antiquity 4120:abolition of slavery 4114:in 1847 published a 4031:Phaleas of Chalcedon 3828:ancient Greek comedy 3770:improve this section 3463:improve this section 3313:improve this section 3105:Eleusinian Mysteries 3045:Ephialtes of Trachis 3043:(the counterpart of 2867:at the mouth of the 2720:Philip II of Macedon 2451:Indentured servitude 2379:Underground Railroad 2179:United Arab Emirates 1568:Zanzibar slave trade 1535:By country or region 1348:Atlantic slave trade 1250:Ma malakat aymanukum 1134:Venetian slave trade 850:Against Areistogiton 764:improve this section 407:Pre-classical Greece 42:improve this article 7973:Tunnel of Eupalinos 7968:Theatre of Dionysus 7592:Ancient Macedonians 7208:Tyrants of Syracuse 6720:Amphictyonic League 6320:Minoan civilization 6042:Brulé, P. (1978b). 5891:The Ancient Economy 5815:Wood, E.M. (1988). 5748:Classical Philology 5496:Spartan Reflections 4023:" of Aristophanes' 3883:The Runaway-catcher 3728:corporal punishment 3562:Dionysius the Elder 2863:, and even faraway 2730:Piracy and banditry 2682:Alexander the Great 2537:Slave Route Project 1668:Americas indigenous 1558:Red Sea slave trade 1548:Contemporary Africa 1411:Topics and practice 1181:Crimean slave trade 1176:Bukhara slave trade 1129:Genoese slave trade 1006:Contemporary Africa 986:Forced prostitution 837:Demetrius Phalereus 343:) – At the time of 8647:Menestheus's Limin 8301:Pandosia (Lucania) 8189:Greek colonisation 7551:Athenian statesmen 7312:Diogenes of Sinope 7173:Kings of Macedonia 7163:Kings of Commagene 7031:Macedonian phalanx 7011:Hellenistic armies 6759:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 6623:Indo-Greek Kingdom 6345:Hellenistic Greece 5642:Athenian Democracy 5302:"On the Choreutes" 5274:The Deipnosophists 5190:, 854–856frag.831. 5054:Herbert Weir Smyth 4315:. pp. 55–80. 4136:mode of production 4100: 4095:, 2nd century BC, 3918: 3738:Slavery conditions 3656: 3153:A fragment of the 3113:battle of Marathon 3028: 2764:Hellenistic period 2318:Blockade of Africa 1625:Somali slave trade 1541:Sub-Saharan Africa 1233:Turkish Abductions 1191:Khivan slave trade 1186:Khazar slave trade 1139:Balkan slave trade 1097:Prague slave trade 820: 668: 629: 561:Theognis of Megara 543:(8th century BC), 440: 280:Theognis of Megara 268: 149:special characters 142: 9135: 9134: 9093: 9092: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9024: 8599:Iberian Peninsula 8531:Lipara/Meligounis 8497: 8496: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8148:Cypriot syllabary 8039: 8038: 7948:Athenian Treasury 7932: 7931: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7193:Ptolemaic dynasty 7153:Archons of Athens 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 6979:Athenian military 6960: 6959: 6793:League of Corinth 6775:Thessalian League 6751:Chalcidian League 6733:Acarnanian League 6643:Ptolemaic Kingdom 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6135:Library resources 6026:Westermann, W.L. 5677:Lévy, E. (2003). 5660:Lévy, E. (1995). 5633:Classical Journal 5469:Kohlhammer Verlag 5121:, 1:2, 2. Trans. 4779:978-1-139-50577-2 4381:978-1-78785-697-4 4349:freedomcenter.org 4021:Cloud cuckoo land 3859:Peloponnesian War 3806: 3805: 3798: 3641: 3640: 3543: 3542: 3535: 3517: 3349: 3348: 3341: 3117:Battle of Salamis 3053:Battle of Salamis 3039:'s Persian slave 2664:and sold for 120 2634: 2633: 2584:Freedmen's Bureau 2406:Third Servile War 2401:International law 1968:Human trafficking 1730:Human trafficking 1405:Thirteen colonies 1223:Sack of Baltimore 991:Human trafficking 898:Sources of supply 800: 799: 792: 622:Antimenes Painter 434:, c. 440–430 BC, 184:historiographical 155:rendering support 118: 117: 110: 92: 9160: 9125: 9124: 9115: 9105: 9104: 9039: 9038: 8757: 8756: 8256:Heraclea Lucania 8209: 8208: 8200: 8199: 8181: 8180: 7941: 7940: 7873:Twelve Olympians 7844: 7843: 7634: 7633: 7610: 7609: 7198:Seleucid dynasty 7178:Kings of Paionia 7127: 7126: 7114: 7113: 6984:Scythian archers 6891:Graphe paranomon 6821: 6820: 6728: 6725: 6715: 6712: 6696: 6693: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6490: 6489: 6461: 6460: 6340:Classical Greece 6325:Mycenaean Greece 6305: 6304: 6281: 6280: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6174: 6037:Specific studies 5974:Vidal-Naquet, P. 5925:Forsdyke, Sara. 5762: 5738: 5728: 5710: 5693: 5676: 5659: 5649: 5558: 5537: 5527: 5510: 5476: 5441: 5431: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5407:Garlan, p.19–20. 5405: 5399: 5398:Garlan, p.13–14. 5396: 5390: 5389:Garlan, p.10–13. 5387: 5381: 5380: 5368: 5358:Finley, Moses I. 5354: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5297: 5291: 5284: 5278: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5242:Apud Aristotle, 5240: 5234: 5229:Apud Aristotle, 5227: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5180: 5174: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5012: 4999: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4915: 4896: 4895: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4805: 4792: 4791: 4755: 4726: 4725: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4605: 4596: 4595: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4527:On Human Bondage 4518: 4501: 4500: 4479:On Human Bondage 4470: 4459: 4458: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4313:On Human Bondage 4304: 4298: 4297: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4194: 4188: 4181: 3905:Historical views 3875:mines of Laurion 3801: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3750: 3742: 3673:Natal alienation 3636: 3633: 3623:You can help by 3616: 3609: 3564:or by a king of 3538: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3475: 3444: 3437: 3351:The practice of 3344: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3294: 3287: 3149:Slaves in Gortyn 2960:Status of slaves 2915:a Thracian woman 2881:Scythian archers 2626: 2619: 2612: 2596:Emancipation Day 2429: 2396:Slave Trade Acts 1087:Byzantine Empire 929: 902: 901: 795: 788: 784: 781: 775: 744: 736: 651:Pseudo-Aristotle 578: 570: 314:inscriptions as 292:classical period 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 9168: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9131: 9089: 9044: 9021: 8884: 8878: 8761: 8752: 8744: 8715:Melaina Korkyra 8671: 8593: 8550: 8503:Aeolian Islands 8493: 8355: 8213: 8194: 8193: 8167: 8124: 8035: 7977: 7928: 7882: 7833: 7755: 7746:Wedding customs 7628: 7627: 7596: 7587:Thracian Greeks 7570: 7561:Olympic victors 7539: 7381: 7268: 7212: 7203:Kings of Sparta 7188:Kings of Pontus 7158:Kings of Athens 7134: 7121: 7100: 6996:Army of Macedon 6956: 6933: 6905: 6862: 6810: 6783:(370–c. 230 BC) 6781:Arcadian League 6765:(c. 400–188 BC) 6763:Aetolian League 6757:Boeotian League 6739:Hellenic League 6726: 6713: 6703:(c. 650–404 BC) 6694: 6688:Italiote League 6681: 6677: 6671:Doric Hexapolis 6661: 6652: 6648:Seleucid Empire 6591: 6484: 6483: 6447: 6354: 6330:Greek Dark Ages 6299: 6298: 6275: 6262: 6257: 6218: 6217:– free library 6209: 6172: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6126: 5839:General studies 5835: 5833:Further reading 5830: 5760: 5736: 5726: 5708: 5691: 5674: 5657: 5647: 5556: 5535: 5525: 5511:Chantraine, P. 5508: 5474: 5439: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5366: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5290:, Book 1 Part 4 5285: 5281: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5181: 5177: 5157:Hippias of Elis 5154: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5013: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4955: 4951: 4916: 4899: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4835: 4834: 4827: 4806: 4795: 4780: 4756: 4729: 4716:. Heffer, etc. 4708: 4704: 4653: 4649: 4606: 4599: 4564:Greece and Rome 4556: 4552: 4545: 4519: 4504: 4497: 4471: 4462: 4427: 4423: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4382: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4351: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4305: 4301: 4250: 4246: 4195: 4191: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4124:French colonies 4078: 3907: 3902: 3854:Pseudo-Xenophon 3802: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3767: 3751: 3740: 3714: 3703: 3676: 3661: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3607: 3605:Athenian slaves 3539: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3476: 3474: 3460: 3435: 3345: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3310: 3285: 3201: 3151: 2962: 2913:, simply meant 2807: 2732: 2646: 2630: 2601: 2600: 2505:Slave narrative 2461:Fugitive slaves 2441: 2433: 2432: 2423: 2391:Slave rebellion 2246: 2236: 2235: 2194: 2184: 2183: 2006:United Kingdom 1942:Yankee princess 1536: 1528: 1527: 1255:Avret Pazarları 1201:Avret Pazarları 1070:Medieval Europe 1036: 1026: 1025: 964:Forced marriage 939: 900: 878:For the Invalid 805: 796: 785: 779: 776: 761: 745: 734: 604: 598: 576: 568: 532:Homeric epithet 483:Greek Dark Ages 417:Ajax the Lesser 409: 248: 164: 163: 162: 153:Without proper 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 9166: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9119: 9109: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8765: 8763: 8754: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8679: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8560: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8507: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8449:Megara Hyblaea 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8429:Hybla Gereatis 8426: 8421: 8419:Heraclea Minoa 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8365: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8206: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8185: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8163:Attic numerals 8160: 8158:Greek numerals 8155: 8153:Greek alphabet 8150: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8049: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7807:Musical system 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7766: 7764: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7614: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7239:Mathematicians 7236: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7148:Kings of Argos 7144: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7123: 7122: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7006:Cretan archers 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6805:Achaean League 6802: 6799:Euboean League 6796: 6790: 6787:Epirote League 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6735:(c. 500–31 BC) 6730: 6717: 6704: 6698: 6685: 6667: 6665: 6663:Confederations 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6587:Lissus (Crete) 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6498: 6496: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6335:Archaic Greece 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6260:Ancient Greece 6256: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6212: 6203: 6194: 6184: 6175: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129:External links 6127: 6125: 6124: 6117: 6112:Ormerod, H.A. 6110: 6096: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6054: 6034: 6033: 6024: 6012:Wiedemann, T. 6010: 6009: 6008: 5991: 5971: 5964: 5961: 5951: 5944: 5930: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5915: 5902: 5881: 5863: 5856: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5813: 5806: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5770:Pomeroy, S.B. 5768: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5734: 5724: 5706: 5689: 5672: 5655: 5645: 5636: 5629: 5612: 5586: 5564: 5554: 5533: 5523: 5506: 5489: 5472: 5453:Greek Religion 5447: 5437: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5416:Garlan, p.201. 5409: 5400: 5391: 5382: 5375: 5349: 5340: 5314: 5292: 5279: 5260: 5248: 5235: 5222: 5220:Garlan, p.130. 5213: 5204: 5192: 5175: 5148: 5139: 5127: 5111: 5099: 5097:, 4:435a–436a. 5087: 5070: 5058: 5042: 5033: 5000: 4991: 4979: 4949: 4930:(2): 129–157. 4897: 4869: 4857: 4825: 4793: 4778: 4727: 4702: 4647: 4620:(2): 155–225. 4597: 4570:(2): 163–180. 4550: 4544:978-1119162483 4543: 4502: 4495: 4460: 4441:(2): 345–366. 4421: 4395: 4380: 4360: 4336: 4329: 4299: 4264:(2): 155–225. 4244: 4215:10.1086/449759 4189: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4077: 4074: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3804: 3803: 3754: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3697: 3675: 3670: 3660: 3657: 3639: 3638: 3619: 3617: 3606: 3603: 3548:citizens used 3541: 3540: 3447: 3445: 3434: 3433:Spartan slaves 3431: 3347: 3346: 3297: 3295: 3284: 3281: 3200: 3197: 3150: 3147: 3139:Phaedo of Elis 3061:graphē hybreōs 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2961: 2958: 2954:latent defects 2904:The Acharnians 2806: 2803: 2784:Roman Republic 2731: 2728: 2690:Achaean League 2645: 2642: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2483:List of slaves 2480: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2201: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2027:Dutch Republic 2024: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1486:Child soldiers 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1395:Spanish Empire 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1375:Middle Passage 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1196:Ottoman Empire 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1016:Sexual slavery 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 982: 981: 976: 974:Child marriage 971: 961: 956: 951: 949:Child soldiers 946: 940: 935: 934: 931: 930: 922: 921: 911: 910: 899: 896: 829:war of Decelea 804: 801: 798: 797: 748: 746: 739: 733: 730: 626:British Museum 597: 594: 547:owns numerous 540:Works and Days 432:Kodros Painter 408: 405: 404: 403: 402: 401: 394: 383: 368: 247: 244: 224:Greek comedies 171:ancient Greece 157:, you may see 145: 144: 143: 132:, c. 380 BC. ( 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9165: 9154: 9153:Labor history 9151: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9128: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9108: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9047: 9040: 9036: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8627:Hemeroscopion 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8204:Magna Graecia 8201: 8197: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8078:Arcadocypriot 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8031:Zeus, Olympia 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8016:Hera, Olympia 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7919:Mount Olympus 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887:Sacred places 7885: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7711:Olympic Games 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7701:Homosexuality 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7071:Seleucid army 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6745:Delian League 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6721: 6718: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6701:Ionian League 6699: 6689: 6686: 6682: 560 BC 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6423:Magna Graecia 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6108:0-521-58429-9 6105: 6101: 6097: 6095: 6094:2-86847-875-1 6091: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6067: 6066:2-86847-289-3 6063: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6052:2-251-60223-2 6049: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6022:0-415-02972-4 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6006:2-87027-246-4 6003: 5999: 5996: 5995:Vernant J.-P. 5992: 5990: 5989:0-8018-5951-4 5986: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5942:0-521-57433-1 5939: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913:1-55876-171-3 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900:0-520-21946-5 5897: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:0-8014-1442-3 5876: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5854:3-515-08206-9 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5826: 5825:0-86091-911-0 5822: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5780:0-8052-1030-X 5777: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5735: 5732: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5705: 5704:2-251-60250-X 5701: 5697: 5690: 5688: 5687:2-02-032453-9 5684: 5680: 5673: 5671: 5670:2-02-013128-5 5667: 5663: 5656: 5653: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5639:Jones, A.H.M. 5637: 5634: 5630: 5628: 5627:0-521-28172-5 5624: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5610:0-8014-1841-0 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598:2-7071-2475-3 5595: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5579:2-02-014644-4 5576: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5555: 5553: 5552:2-86958-034-7 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538:Ducat, Jean. 5534: 5531: 5524: 5522: 5521:2-252-03277-4 5518: 5514: 5507: 5505: 5504:0-520-23124-4 5501: 5497: 5493: 5492:Cartledge, P. 5490: 5488: 5487:2-02-013129-3 5484: 5480: 5473: 5470: 5467:. Stuttgart: 5466: 5462: 5461:0-631-15624-0 5458: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5438: 5435: 5428: 5427: 5413: 5404: 5395: 5386: 5378: 5376:9780701125103 5372: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5344: 5329: 5325: 5322:Demosthenes. 5318: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5159:apud Platon, 5158: 5155:For instance 5152: 5143: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5037: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4995: 4982: 4980:9781003310747 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4876: 4874: 4860: 4858:9780521852791 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4496:9781119162483 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4364: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4332: 4330:9781119162483 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4209:(2): 88–108. 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4047:Assemblywomen 4043: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3911: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3871:kheirotekhnai 3868: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3800: 3797: 3789: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3755:This section 3753: 3749: 3744: 3743: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3635: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3534: 3526: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3484: – 3483: 3479: 3478:Find sources: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3448:This section 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3343: 3340: 3332: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3298:This section 3296: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762:. During the 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704:Callicratidas 2701: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680:in 335 BC by 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527:Slave catcher 2525: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2456:Forced labour 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301:Abolitionists 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1903:comfort women 1901: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886:Chukri System 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1774:Latin America 1772: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1725:interregional 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1710:prison labour 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680:United States 1678: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491:White slavery 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1481:Slave raiding 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1449:Corvée labour 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1265:Abbasid harem 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1208:Barbary Coast 1206: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 966: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 941: 938: 933: 932: 928: 924: 923: 920: 916: 915:Forced labour 913: 912: 908: 904: 903: 895: 893: 889: 885: 883: 879: 876: 872: 871: 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 818: 814: 809: 794: 791: 783: 773: 769: 765: 759: 758: 754: 749:This section 747: 743: 738: 737: 729: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 707:tradespersons 703: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 681: 677: 673: 664: 660: 658: 657: 652: 648: 644: 643: 638: 633: 627: 623: 619: 616: 612: 608: 603: 596:Economic role 593: 591: 587: 583: 574: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 541: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 518: 514: 509: 507: 506: 500: 498: 497: 492: 489:(doulos) but 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 468:Halicarnassus 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 437: 433: 429: 426: 423:, tondo of a 422: 418: 413: 399: 395: 392: 388: 384: 381: 377: 373: 369: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 337: 336: 335: 334: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 265: 261: 260:Louvre Museum 257: 252: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 203: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 180: 178: 177: 172: 168: 160: 156: 152: 150: 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 8922:Dionysopolis 8892:Abonoteichos 8844:Pantikapaion 8434:Hybla Heraea 7770:Architecture 7735: 7726:Prostitution 7415:Aristophanes 7274:Philosophers 7244:Philosophers 7076:Spartan army 6807:(280–146 BC) 6795:(338–322 BC) 6789:(370–168 BC) 6777:(374–196 BC) 6771:(378–355 BC) 6753:(430–348 BC) 6747:(478–404 BC) 6741:(499–449 BC) 6428:Peloponnesus 6350:Roman Greece 6200: 6149:Online books 6139: 6120: 6113: 6099: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6057: 6043: 6036: 6035: 6027: 6013: 5997: 5980: 5967: 5957: 5947: 5933: 5932:Garnsey, P. 5926: 5917: 5904: 5889: 5868: 5859: 5845: 5838: 5837: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5792: 5785: 5771: 5764: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5730: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5695: 5678: 5661: 5652:Abhandlungen 5651: 5641: 5632: 5618: 5601: 5589: 5582: 5570: 5560: 5539: 5529: 5512: 5495: 5478: 5477:Carlier, P. 5464: 5452: 5443: 5433: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5385: 5362: 5352: 5347:Garlan, p.8. 5343: 5331:. Retrieved 5327: 5317: 5305:. Retrieved 5295: 5287: 5282: 5272: 5263: 5258:, 271a–272b. 5255: 5251: 5243: 5238: 5230: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5178: 5170: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5050:The Persians 5049: 5045: 5036: 5024:. Retrieved 5020: 4994: 4984:, retrieved 4962: 4952: 4927: 4923: 4882: 4862:, retrieved 4840: 4810: 4760: 4712: 4705: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4617: 4613: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4526: 4478: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4407: 4398: 4370: 4363: 4352:. 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Oxyr. 5162:Protagoras 5123:H. Rackham 5109:, 7:1327b. 4986:2023-03-11 4864:2023-03-13 4820:1358266370 4390:1176434948 4354:2023-03-12 4104:apologetic 4087:mask of a 4052:Golden Age 4041:Lysistrata 4014:Epicurians 3996:a slave". 3958:Great King 3950:states in 3936:states in 3926:Heraclitus 3879:Antiphanes 3700:Permanence 3689:eleutheros 3599:Epeunactae 3493:newspapers 3213:hektēmoroi 3128:palaestrae 3124:pederastic 2891:, used by 2825:Cappadocia 2650:Thucydides 2562:J.Q. Adams 2552:Washington 2522:Slave name 2471:convention 2446:Common law 1819:Encomienda 1615:Seychelles 1600:Mauritania 1523:Slave ship 1390:Panyarring 1385:New France 1034:Historical 888:Thucydides 846:Hypereides 825:Thucydides 803:Population 656:latifundia 600:See also: 592:slavery." 586:Theopompus 425:red-figure 376:diminutive 372:akolouthos 308:eleútheros 300:tetrapodon 296:andrapodon 134:Glyptothek 68:newspapers 9058:in Epirus 9007:Trapezous 8952:Mesambria 8937:Eupatoria 8907:Apollonia 8902:Anchialos 8864:Theodosia 8834:Nymphaion 8824:Myrmekion 8794:Gorgippia 8750:Black Sea 8735:Tragurion 8720:Nymphaion 8705:Epidauros 8700:Epidamnos 8690:Apollonia 8667:Zacynthos 8589:Ptolemais 8583:Apollonia 8556:Cyrenaica 8546:Therassía 8541:Strongyle 8521:Ereikousa 8444:Leontinoi 8384:Apollonia 8261:Hipponion 8058:Mycenaean 8021:Parthenon 7953:Lion Gate 7856:Mythology 7819:Sculpture 7782:Astronomy 7716:Pederasty 7691:Festivals 7676:Education 7556:Lawgivers 7525:Timocreon 7505:Sophocles 7500:Simonides 7475:Philocles 7470:Panyassis 7465:Mimnermus 7430:Herodotus 7425:Euripides 7395:Aeschylus 7342:Leucippus 7302:Aristotle 7081:Strategos 6947:Synedrion 6901:Ostracism 6881:Areopagus 6833:Free city 6628:Macedonia 6512:Byzantion 6418:Macedonia 6383:Cyrenaica 6360:Geography 6294:Geography 6098:Hunt, P. 5269:Athenaeus 5184:Euripides 5173:, 9:1364. 4936:0018-2311 4892:498683728 4788:236293051 4697:161953761 4681:0018-2311 4642:147684885 4634:0002-9114 4592:161818422 4584:0017-3835 4455:193294436 4416:1055-7660 4294:147684885 4278:0002-9114 4239:154209570 4223:0013-0079 4132:Karl Marx 4026:The Birds 3992:has made 3986:Alcidamas 3974:Aristotle 3948:Euripides 3934:Aeschylus 3890:Spartacus 3810:Aristotle 3757:does not 3685:barbarois 3647:Funerary 3450:does not 3300:does not 3226:Aristotle 3085:Palladion 3073:Isocrates 3019:Funerary 2898:The Wasps 2861:Byzantium 2819:, 7 from 2791:barbaroi, 2768:Cilicians 2760:Etruscans 2752:Illyrians 2740:Acarnania 2716:Cassander 2686:Mantineia 2557:Jefferson 2214:Mormonism 2149:Palestine 1963:Australia 1893:Indonesia 1784:Lei Áurea 1767:Code Noir 1747:Caribbean 1720:Treatment 1459:Treatment 1432:Devshirme 1294:Odalisque 1112:In Russia 1053:Babylonia 1041:Antiquity 858:Ctesicles 848:, in his 813:Ethiopian 751:does not 680:strategos 517:swineherd 493:. In the 421:Cassandra 365:Idomeneus 349:Patroclus 339:θεράπων ( 312:Mycenaean 240:craftsmen 228:tragedies 124:Funerary 9107:Category 9085:Theatres 9012:Tripolis 8947:Kerasous 8942:Heraclea 8874:Tyritake 8829:Nikonion 8740:Thronion 8662:Salauris 8617:Emporion 8574:Berenice 8564:Balagrae 8516:Euonymos 8489:Tyndaris 8474:Syracuse 8469:Selinous 8439:Kamarina 8394:Casmenae 8379:Akrillai 8296:Neápolis 8231:Caulonia 8212:Mainland 8143:Linear B 8138:Linear A 8068:Dialects 8045:Language 7839:Religion 7797:Medicine 7731:Religion 7696:Folklore 7681:Emporium 7656:Clothing 7651:Calendar 7535:Xenophon 7530:Tyrtaeus 7515:Theognis 7490:Polybius 7485:Plutarch 7460:Menander 7440:Hipponax 7367:Socrates 7322:Epicurus 7168:Diadochi 7066:Sciritae 7026:Hetairoi 7001:Ballista 6966:Military 6929:Gerousia 6919:Ekklesia 6886:Ecclesia 6868:Athenian 6816:Politics 6729:–279 BC) 6716:–366 BC) 6697:–389 BC) 6633:Pergamon 6603:Bithynia 6596:Kingdoms 6537:Pergamon 6479:Military 6474:Politics 6271:Timeline 5793:Hesperia 5786:Hesperia 5569:(1997). 5360:(1980). 5288:Politics 5256:Politics 5246:, 1268a. 5244:Politics 5233:, 1267b. 5231:Politics 5200:Politics 5167:Antiphon 5165:, 337c; 5135:Politics 5119:Politics 5107:Politics 5095:Republic 5068:, v.276. 4722:67417944 4689:45019214 4286:40024509 4108:colonial 4065:Antiphon 4012:and the 4006:Menander 4001:Sophists 3979:Politics 3966:Anatolia 3944:Persians 3847:apophora 3732:Flogging 3720:Politics 3681:barbaroi 3422:The Laws 3410:paramone 3265:despōtes 3143:Socrates 3041:Sicinnus 2966:penestae 2938:drachmas 2926:drachmas 2922:Xenophon 2885:comedies 2871:via the 2772:Anatolia 2724:Stageira 2712:Knossian 2697:Spartans 2674:Olynthus 2589:Iron bit 2579:40 acres 2542:breeding 2357:Freedman 2192:Religion 2052:Portugal 1937:Thailand 1927:Maldives 1922:Malaysia 1915:Kwalliso 1859:Booi Aha 1811:Restavek 1791:Colombia 1762:Trinidad 1752:Barbados 1642:Zanzibar 1590:Ethiopia 1471:Saqaliba 1365:Database 1316:Saqaliba 1077:Ancillae 907:a series 905:Part of 699:drachmas 676:quarries 647:Xenophon 452:Poseidon 391:houseboy 363:that of 361:Meriones 357:Achilles 353:therapōn 341:therapōn 234:, while 198:Thessaly 193:penestae 176:demosioi 9127:Outline 9080:Temples 9017:Zaliche 8997:Thèrmae 8987:Sesamus 8957:Odessos 8932:Cytorus 8927:Cotyora 8677:Illyria 8642:Mainake 8637:Kypsela 8526:Hycesia 8484:Thermae 8464:Segesta 8454:Messana 8409:Helorus 8389:Calacte 8369:Akragas 8331:Sybaris 8316:Rhegion 8271:Krimisa 8221:Alision 8130:Writing 8103:Locrian 8093:Epirote 8063:Homeric 7996:Artemis 7983:Temples 7924:Olympia 7894:Eleusis 7829:Theatre 7814:Pottery 7741:Warfare 7736:Slavery 7671:Economy 7666:Cuisine 7661:Coinage 7638:Society 7623:Culture 7618:Society 7566:Tyrants 7405:Alcaeus 7387:Authors 7337:Hypatia 7327:Gorgias 7264:Writers 7086:Toxotai 7056:Sarissa 7046:Peltast 7041:Phalanx 7021:Hoplite 7016:Hippeis 6939:Macedon 6911:Spartan 6896:Heliaia 6843:Proxeny 6552:Larissa 6547:Kerkyra 6542:Eretria 6532:Miletus 6527:Ephesus 6522:Corinth 6517:Chalcis 6438:Taurica 6308:Periods 6289:History 6189:on the 5546:, 1990 5471:, 1977. 5277:, 94-95 4944:4436537 4231:1151738 4152:Marxist 4122:in the 4085:Theatre 3972:, then 3867:Decelea 3857:of the 3778:removed 3763:sources 3554:Laconia 3546:Spartan 3507:scholar 3471:removed 3456:sources 3388:hetaera 3362:theatre 3321:removed 3306:sources 3258:douleia 3228:in his 3189:drachms 3185:staters 2934:drachma 2889:Thratta 2857:Ephesus 2849:Macedon 2833:Phrygia 2829:Scythia 2748:Aetolia 2708:Miletus 2688:by the 2670:Catania 2666:talents 2654:Hyccara 2567:Lincoln 2440:Related 2340:Liberia 2226:Judaism 2164:Tunisia 2139:Morocco 2129:Lebanon 2094:Bahrain 2089:Algeria 2057:Romania 2022:Denmark 2015:Slavery 1949:Vietnam 1620:Somalia 1610:Nigeria 1585:Comoros 1513:Pirates 1422:Ghilman 1355:Bristol 1245:history 1218:pirates 1107:History 996:Peonage 919:slavery 772:removed 757:sources 726:hoplite 724:to the 687:Laurium 642:Economy 620:by the 528:Laertes 520:Eumaeus 513:Odyssey 505:Odyssey 502:In the 487:do-e-ro 456:Kythera 430:by the 419:taking 328:oiketēs 320:do-e-ra 316:do-e-ro 202:Spartan 200:or the 188:chattel 182:Modern 167:Slavery 82:scholar 9117:Portal 9065:People 9053:Cities 8992:Sinope 8977:Rhizos 8967:Phasis 8917:Bathus 8912:Athina 8897:Amisos 8859:Tanais 8854:Pityus 8779:Charax 8730:Pharos 8725:Orikon 8622:Helike 8612:Alonis 8579:Cyrene 8511:Didyme 8424:Himera 8399:Catana 8361:Sicily 8351:Thurii 8346:Terina 8311:Pixous 8266:Hydrus 8241:Croton 8073:Aeolic 7991:Aphaea 7914:Dodona 7899:Delphi 7868:Temple 7544:Others 7495:Sappho 7480:Pindar 7455:Lucian 7450:Ibycus 7435:Hesiod 7372:Thales 7140:Rulers 7119:People 7096:Xyston 7091:Xiphos 6952:Koinon 6858:Tyrant 6848:Stasis 6838:Koinon 6638:Pontus 6613:Epirus 6582:Sparta 6572:Rhodes 6567:Megara 6562:Thebes 6507:Athens 6433:Pontus 6398:Epirus 6388:Cyprus 6373:Aeolis 6137:about 6106: 6092: 6064: 6050: 6020: 6004: 5987: 5940: 5911: 5898: 5877: 5852: 5823: 5778: 5713:douleo 5702: 5685: 5679:Sparte 5668: 5625: 5608: 5596: 5577: 5550: 5519: 5502: 5485: 5459: 5373: 5085:), 23. 4977: 4942: 4934: 4890: 4855: 4818: 4786: 4776: 4720: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4640: 4632: 4590: 4582: 4541: 4493: 4453: 4414: 4388: 4378: 4327: 4292: 4284: 4276: 4237: 4229: 4221: 4138:. The 4061:Crates 4010:Stoics 3994:nobody 3990:nature 3915:Louvre 3863:Attica 3842:pornai 3566:Pontus 3558:Alcman 3550:helots 3509: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3427:metics 3402:Apollo 3398:Delphi 3391:Neaira 3384:eranos 3377:Thasos 3373:Dodona 3369:Delphi 3181:oikeus 3177:doulos 3169:Gortyn 3159:Gortyn 3066:hubris 3049:Xerxes 2974:metics 2970:helots 2947:Actium 2943:Apollo 2930:silver 2907:, and 2865:Tanais 2851:, and 2845:Ilyria 2817:Thrace 2812:Hermai 2776:Strabo 2758:, and 2746:, and 2735:Piracy 2678:Thebes 2662:Nicias 2658:Sicily 2638:piracy 2488:owners 2124:Kuwait 2119:Jordan 2072:Sweden 2062:Russia 2047:Poland 2042:Norway 1864:Laogai 1849:Brunei 1844:Bhutan 1806:revolt 1779:Brazil 1742:Canada 1705:partus 1690:female 1575:Angola 1444:Coolie 1427:Mamluk 1380:Nantes 1360:Brazil 1289:Cariye 1124:Thrall 1092:Kholop 1058:Greece 882:Mnason 875:Lysias 870:Plutus 841:metics 722:batman 711:Lysias 695:obolus 691:Attica 683:Nicias 553:douloi 545:Hesiod 472:piracy 464:Lemnos 436:Louvre 396:σῶμα ( 385:παῖς ( 304:doulos 276:Hesiod 220:Athens 205:helots 138:Munich 130:Attica 84: 77: 70: 63: 55: 9075:Stoae 9043:Lists 8962:Oinòe 8885:coast 8883:South 8869:Tyras 8839:Olbia 8809:Kepoi 8762:coast 8760:North 8753:basin 8695:Aulon 8657:Rhode 8569:Barca 8459:Naxos 8414:Henna 8374:Akrai 8341:Taras 8326:Siris 8286:Medma 8281:Locri 8246:Cumae 8236:Chone 8214:Italy 8120:Koine 8098:Ionic 8088:Doric 8083:Attic 7904:Delos 7802:Music 7445:Homer 7400:Aesop 7352:Plato 7254:Poets 6924:Ephor 6876:Agora 6853:Tagus 6828:Boule 6577:Samos 6502:Argos 6408:Ionia 6393:Doris 6378:Crete 6182:Nomoi 6169:GIREA 5993:with 5721:Index 5367:(PDF) 5267:Apud 5066:Helen 4940:JSTOR 4784:S2CID 4693:S2CID 4685:JSTOR 4638:S2CID 4588:S2CID 4451:S2CID 4290:S2CID 4282:JSTOR 4235:S2CID 4227:JSTOR 4172:Notes 3970:Plato 3953:Helen 3946:, as 3922:Homer 3573:Plato 3514:JSTOR 3500:books 3417:Plato 3393:did. 3357:Chios 3209:Solon 3187:(400 3163:Crete 3132:Solon 3097:Choes 3093:Metic 3077:Draco 2910:Peace 2841:Syria 2837:Lydia 2821:Caria 2796:Aspis 2780:Delos 2744:Crete 2515:songs 2510:films 2428:] 2384:songs 2221:Islam 2199:Bible 2174:Yemen 2169:Qatar 2159:Syria 2134:Libya 2099:Egypt 2067:Spain 2037:Malta 1910:Korea 1898:Japan 1876:India 1854:China 1801:Haiti 1661:Aztec 1637:Sudan 1605:Niger 1497:Naval 1370:Dutch 1299:Qiyan 1285:Jarya 1260:Harem 1102:Serfs 1048:Egypt 892:Chios 867:, in 672:mines 573:Solon 565:Draco 549:dmōes 524:oikos 496:Iliad 479:Homer 466:, or 460:Chios 448:Pylos 428:kylix 382:boys. 345:Homer 288:booty 272:Homer 264:Paris 209:serfs 126:stele 89:JSTOR 75:books 9002:Tium 8769:Akra 8710:Issa 8404:Gela 8276:Laüs 8251:Elea 7909:Dion 7761:Arts 7751:Wine 7377:Zeno 6974:Wars 6104:ISBN 6090:ISBN 6062:ISBN 6048:ISBN 6018:ISBN 6002:ISBN 5985:ISBN 5938:ISBN 5909:ISBN 5896:ISBN 5875:ISBN 5850:ISBN 5821:ISBN 5776:ISBN 5700:ISBN 5683:ISBN 5666:ISBN 5623:ISBN 5606:ISBN 5594:ISBN 5575:ISBN 5548:ISBN 5517:ISBN 5500:ISBN 5483:ISBN 5457:ISBN 5371:ISBN 5335:2016 5309:2016 5028:2016 4975:ISBN 4932:ISSN 4888:OCLC 4853:ISBN 4816:OCLC 4774:ISBN 4718:OCLC 4677:ISSN 4630:ISSN 4580:ISSN 4539:ISBN 4491:ISBN 4412:ISSN 4386:OCLC 4376:ISBN 4325:ISBN 4274:ISSN 4219:ISSN 4033:and 3894:Rome 3761:any 3759:cite 3486:news 3454:any 3452:cite 3371:and 3304:any 3302:cite 3173:code 2702:and 2466:laws 2328:U.S. 2323:U.K. 2261:U.S. 2256:U.K. 2144:Oman 2114:Iraq 2109:Iran 1796:Cuba 1700:maps 1595:Mali 1580:Chad 1166:Baqt 1063:Rome 959:Debt 917:and 755:any 753:cite 674:and 491:dmōs 398:sōma 387:pais 380:page 359:and 324:verb 284:dmōs 278:and 226:and 61:news 7706:Law 6199:at 6180:at 5188:Ion 4967:doi 4845:doi 4766:doi 4669:doi 4622:doi 4618:109 4572:doi 4531:doi 4483:doi 4443:doi 4439:114 4317:doi 4266:doi 4262:109 4211:doi 4091:in 4044:or 3976:in 3892:in 3865:in 3772:by 3627:. 3575:in 3465:by 3419:in 3400:an 3315:by 3179:or 3167:In 3157:in 3069:). 2968:or 2945:at 2895:in 2869:Don 2656:in 2644:War 811:An 766:by 689:in 645:of 590:and 559:or 355:of 196:of 44:by 9144:: 6724:c. 6711:c. 6692:c. 6675:c. 5976:: 5886:: 5326:. 5271:, 5186:, 5169:, 5019:. 5003:^ 4973:, 4961:, 4938:. 4928:48 4926:. 4922:. 4900:^ 4872:^ 4851:, 4839:, 4828:^ 4796:^ 4782:. 4772:. 4730:^ 4691:. 4683:. 4675:. 4665:65 4663:. 4659:. 4636:. 4628:. 4616:. 4612:. 4600:^ 4586:. 4578:. 4568:40 4566:. 4562:. 4537:. 4525:. 4505:^ 4489:. 4477:. 4463:^ 4449:. 4437:. 4433:. 4410:. 4406:. 4384:. 4347:. 4323:. 4311:. 4288:. 4280:. 4272:. 4260:. 4256:. 4233:. 4225:. 4217:. 4205:. 4201:. 4168:? 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