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focused on the issue of payment to slaves. Masters did not commonly pay their slaves a regular wage for their service or loyalty. The slaves worked so that they could either enter Egypt and hope for a better life, receive compensation of living quarters and food, or be granted admittance to work in the afterlife. Although slaves were not "free" or rightfully independent, slaves in the New
Kingdom were able to leave their master if they had a "justifiable grievance". Historians have read documents about situations where this could be a possibility but it is still uncertain if independence from slavery was attainable.
1876:
130:
31:
2110:"I brought back in great numbers those that my sword has spared, with their hands tied behind their backs before my horses, and their wives and children in tens of thousands, and their livestock in hundreds of thousands. I imprisoned their leaders in fortresses bearing my name, and I added to them chief archers and tribal chiefs, branded and enslaved, tattooed with my name, their wives and children being treated in the same way."
2056:, a slave could be owned by both an elite individual (like the king) and a community. In addition, the community had grown in power and now held the capacity to own and administer to public property, including that of slaves, replacing some of the traditional power of the king and his private royal laborers. By this period, slaves could also sometimes become citizens. One method by which this could happen was through marriage.
2016:
employed as fieldworkers, house servants, and cobblers; female laborers as hairdressers, gardeners, and weavers." If a household servant failed to adequately perform their job, they could be dismissed from the home they worked at. In some cases, servants appear to have become emotionally important to their household as depicted on the Cairo Bowl.
2152:. Self-sale into servitude was not always a choice made by the individuals' free will, but rather a result of individuals who were unable to pay off their debts. The creditor would wipe the debt by acquiring the individual who was in debt as a slave, along with his children and wife. The debtor would also have to give up all that was owned.
1926:
of war". Forms of forced labor and servitude are seen throughout all of ancient Egypt. Egyptians wanted dominion over their kingdoms and would alter political and social ideas to benefit their economic state. The existence of slavery not only was profitable for ancient Egypt, but made it easier to keep power and stability of the kingdoms.
2177:
obeyed a master and served as a laborer. The origin of this type of slavery is difficult to pinpoint but some say the slaves were willing to be held captive in return for entrance into Egypt. Entrance into Egypt could also be perceived as having been given "life". Willingness of enslavement is known as
2258:
The fluidity of a slave's occupation does not translate to "freedom". It is difficult to use the word 'free' as a term to describe slave's political or social independence due to the lack of sources and material from this ancient time period. Much of the research conducted on
Egyptian enslavement has
2200:
labor system. The laborers were conscripted for projects such as military expeditions, mining and quarrying, and construction projects for the state. These slaves were paid a wage, depending on their skill level and social status for their work. Conscripted workers were not owned by individuals, like
2159:
Some slaves were bought in slave markets near the
Asiatic area and then bonded as war prisoners. Not all were from foreign areas outside of Egypt but it was popular for slaves to be found and collected abroad. This act of slavery increased Egypt's military status and strength. Bonded laborers dreamed
2916:
Herodotus claimed that the Great
Pyramid at Giza was built with the labour of 100,000 slaves working in three-monthly shifts, a charge that cannot be substantiated. Much of the non-skilled labour on the pyramids was undertaken by peasants working during the Inundation season when they could not farm
2300:
period. Whilst the idea that the
Israelites served as slaves in Egypt features in the Bible, scholars generally agree that the story constitutes an origin myth rather than a historical reality. But the fact that the Bible's depiction of Israelite servitude accords with what it is known about slavery
2222:
that slavery had a greater impact. Slave dealing in
Ancient Egypt was done through private dealers and not through a public market. The transaction had to be performed before a local council or officials with a document containing clauses that were used in other valuable sales. However Pharaohs were
2209:
Masters of
Ancient Egypt were under obligations when owning slaves. Masters were allowed to utilize the abilities of their slaves by employing them in different manners including domestic services (cooks, maids, brewers, nannies, etc.) and labor services (gardeners, stable hands, field hands, etc.).
2183:
Others suggest that shabtis were held captive because they were foreigners. The full extent of the origins of shabtis is unclear but historians do recognize that women were paid or compensated in some way for their labor whilst men were not. However payment could come in many forms. Although men did
2121:
traditionally refers to an orphan or poor. Methods by which slaves could attain their freedom included marriage or entering temple service (being "purified"). The latter is depicted in, for example, the
Restoration Stela of Tutankhamen. Ramesside Egypt saw a development in the institution of slavery
1951:
is "strike; hit," thus nominalized as "(one who has been) struck down"). This was not a distinct term for "slave" but for prisoners of war, as already stated. The term, 'ḥm', emerged with at least two distinct usages: 1) “Laborer” and 2) “Servant”. Documented evidence exists as early as the reign of
1925:
The word translated as "slave" from the
Egyptian language does not neatly align with modern terms or traditional labor roles. Egyptian texts refer to words 'bꜣk' and 'ḥm' that mean laborer or servant. Some Egyptian language refers to slave-like people as 'sqr-ꜥnḫ', meaning "living prisoner; prisoner
2187:
In the slave market, bonded laborers were commonly sold with a 'slave yoke' or a 'taming stick' to show that the slave was troublesome. This specific type of weaponry to torture the slave has many local names in
Egyptian documents but the preferred term is 'sheyba'. Other forms of restraint used in
2011:
If an individual coerced into labor attempted to escape or was absent from their work, they might be condemned to coerced labor for life. One of the Lahun papyri describes an example of this occurring: "Order issued by the Great Prison in year 31, third month of the summer season, day 5, that he be
1963:
Reliefs from this period depict captured prisoners of war with their hands tied behind their backs. Nubia was targeted—because of its close geographical proximity, cultural similarity, and competitiveness in imperial dominion, and then the scope of campaigns intended to acquire foreign war captives
2071:
contains a biographical text which depicts several boasts regarding the capture of foreign Asiatic slaves. Egyptian servants were treated more humanely as employees, whereas foreign slaves were the objects of trade. The foreigners captured during military campaigns are, for example, referred to in
2063:
period, the military and its expenses grew and so additional coerced labor was needed to sustain it. As such, the "New Kingdom, with its relentless military operations, is the epoch of large-scale foreign slavery". Many more slaves were also acquired via the Mediterranean slave market, where Egypt
2176:
were funerary figures buried with deceased Egyptians. Historians have concluded these figures represent an ideology of earthly persons' loyalty and bond to a master. Evidence of ushabtis shows great relevance to a slavery-type system. The captives were promised an afterlife in the beyond if they
2135:
The Chattel slaves were mostly captives of war and were brought to different cities and countries to be sold as slaves. All captives, including civilians not a part of the military forces, were seen as a royal resource. The pharaoh could resettle captives by moving them into colonies for labor,
2015:
Asiatics could often have Egyptian names but sometimes inscriptions or papyri mentioning them would still apply an ethnic qualification, such as one which mentions an "Asiatic Aduna and her son Ankhu". Both Asiatics and state-owned slaves could perform a variety of jobs: "We find royal laborers
2255:", Egyptian slaves were not tied to the land; the owner(s) could use the slave for various occupational purposes. The slaves could serve towards the productivity of the region and community. Slaves were generally men, but women and families could be forced into the owner's household service.
2239:
Many slaves who worked for temple estates lived under punitive conditions, but on average the Ancient Egyptian slave led a life similar to a serf. They were capable of negotiating transactions and owning personal property. Chattel and debt slaves were given food but probably not given wages.
1884:
1976:, slaves were first defined as men with dignity but remained treated as property. When borrowed money owed to wealthier individuals in Egyptian society could not be paid back, family members – especially women – were sold in return into slavery. During the
2007:
Slaves, especially of Syrian origin were grouped in ghetto camps to perform labor for the state where they lived in harsh conditions, often including beating by their masters. The term for "male Asiatic" in ancient Egyptian language became synonymous with "slave".
2012:
condemned with all his family to labor for life on state land, according to the decision of the court." Military expeditions continued to reduce Asiatics to slavery, and state-owned slaves (royal laborers) shared in the same status as these Asiatic slaves.
2279:, the pyramids were not built by slaves; Hawass's archeological discoveries in the 1990s in Cairo show the workers were paid laborers rather than slaves. Rather it was farmers who built the pyramids during flooding, when they could not work their lands.
2184:
not receive monetary wages, shabtis were promised life in the netherworld and that promise could be perceived as payment for them. So Shabtis are associated with bonded labor but historians speculate that there was some sort of choice for the Shabtis.
2301:
in ancient Egypt has convinced some scholars that the story probably has some historical basis. In any case, the construction of the pyramids does not appear in the biblical story. Modern archaeologists consider that the Israelites were indigenous to
1664:
2201:
other slaves, but rather required to perform labor as a duty to the state. Conscripted labor was a form of taxation by government officials and usually happened at the local level when high officials called upon small village leaders.
2122:
where slaves could now become objects of private (rather than just public) property, and they could be bought and sold. Slaves themselves could now own some property and had a few legal protections, although they were not many.
2160:
of emancipation but never knew if it was ever achievable. Slaves foreign to Egypt had possibilities of return to homelands but those brought from Nubia and Libya were forced to stay in the boundaries of Egypt.
2064:
was the main purchaser of international slaves. This Mediterranean market appears to have been controlled by Asiatic Bedouin who would capture individuals, such as travelers, and sell them on the market.
2140:. Some chattel slaves began as free people who were found guilty of committing illicit acts and were forced to give up their freedom. Other chattel slaves were born into the life from a slave mother.
1659:
2251:
were seen as property or a commodity to be bought and sold. Their human qualities were disregarded and were merely seen as property to be used for a master's labor. Unlike the more modern term, "
1964:
expanded to Libya and Asia. Local Egyptians also entered into servitude due to an unstable economy and debts. Officials who abused their power could also be reduced to servitude.
1922:. Even these seemingly well-differentiated types of slavery are susceptible to individual interpretation. Egypt's labor culture encompassed many people of various social ranks.
3036:
2210:
Masters also had the right to force the slave to learn a trade or craft to make the slave more valuable. Masters were forbidden to force child slaves to harsh physical labor.
3084:
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are recorded as having been captured as prisoners of war and reduced to slavery. During this period, slaves could sometimes be rented. One manuscript known as
1649:
1180:
1534:
906:
643:
1270:
911:
1960:- and Libyans all of whom would be used to perform labour—regardless of their will otherwise—or – if warranted, would be conscripted into the military.
603:
2247:
era, originated from foreign lands. The slaves themselves were seen as an accomplishment to Egyptian kings' reign, and a sign of power. Slaves or
1906:
to refer to different classes of servitude over the course of dynastic history. Interpretation of the textual evidence of classes of slaves in
958:
2196:
Several departments in the Ancient Egyptian government were able to draft workers from the general population to work for the state with a
1654:
1504:
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74:
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995:
1738:
1699:
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81:
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Ve-'Ed Ya'aleh (Gen 2:6), Volume 1: Essays in Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Edward L. Greenstein
1780:
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63:
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their lands. In return for their services they were given rations of food, a welcome addition to the family diet.
2783:
1910:
has been difficult to differentiate by word usage alone. There were three types of enslavement in Ancient Egypt:
1748:
1519:
325:
2032:
1218:
1206:
786:
598:
244:
52:
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2080:). In reward for his services in the construction of temples across Egypt, Thutmose III rewarded his official
3138:
3123:
1790:
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434:
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giving them to temples, giving them as rewards to deserving individuals, or giving them to his soldiers as
2037:
1795:
1639:
1509:
1170:
938:
918:
478:
446:
1956:, in the 26th century BC, war campaigns in the territory of Nubia, in which war-captives would be labeled
165:
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1855:
1805:
1529:
1447:
574:
355:
175:
2053:
1714:
1566:
1551:
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638:
308:
3058:. In Machinist, Peter; Harris, Robert A.; Berman, Joshua A.; Samet, Nili; Ayali-Darshan, Noga (eds.).
2955:
88:
3128:
1973:
1810:
1709:
1240:
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818:
791:
296:
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2539:
quoted in Loprieno, Antonio. "Slavery and Servitude". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2012) pg. 10
2001:
1590:
1459:
1012:
801:
187:
466:
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2223:
able to bypass this, and possessed the power to give slaves to any they saw fit, usually being a
1977:
1775:
1514:
1464:
1392:
1165:
943:
887:
870:
301:
41:
2113:
In the Adoption Papyrus, the term "slave"/"servant" is contrasted with the term "free citizen (
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853:
838:
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320:
291:
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Loprieno, Antonio. "Slavery and Servitude". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2012) pp. 1-19
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8:
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Ancient Egypt slave markets were more common than the shebya, such as ropes and cords.
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Ancient Egyptians were able to sell themselves and children into slavery in a form of
493:
439:
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2908:
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during the first century CE, an account that was subsequently popularized during the
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229:
2784:"Great Pyramid tombs unearth 'proof' workers were not slaves | Egypt | The Guardian"
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145:
19:
1993:
1911:
1743:
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1352:
1347:
1070:
1034:
833:
751:
456:
202:
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Shaw, G. J. 2012. Slavery, Pharaonic Egypt. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History.
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A statue of a kneeling captive in Ancient Egypt, Old Kingdom ca. 2246-2152 a. C
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2993:
The Legends of the Pyramids: Myths and Misconceptions about Ancient Egypt
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1940:
1895:
1612:
1600:
953:
756:
746:
704:
518:
2671:
2457:
2168:
One type of slavery in ancient Egypt granted captives the promise of an
2091:, coerced temple labor was only performed by male and female slaves. At
2076:
as "men in captivity" and individuals were referred to as "dependents" (
2714:
2283:
2104:
2036:
A mummy's soles depicting two Asian prisoners. Between 722 and 332 BC,
1760:
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761:
628:
2169:
1903:
1005:
670:
532:
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were also able to sell themselves into slavery for food or shelter.
687:
30:
2617:
2287:
2228:
2218:
Ancient Egypt was a peasant-based economy and it was not until the
2153:
2068:
1997:
1943:
Period, prisoners of war captured by the Egyptian army were called
1595:
1153:
1097:
1049:
709:
554:
409:
315:
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1953:
1899:
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340:
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2004:
also shows forced labor being performed on arable state land.
1967:
1883:
1280:
1102:
682:
665:
527:
362:
330:
2520:"The Dark Side of a Model Community: The 'Ghetto' of el-Lahun"
1902:
in Pharaonic Egypt are complicated by terminology used by the
2286:
slaves built the pyramids was first made by Jewish historian
2019:
2000:
papyri depict prisoners being employed in state enterprises.
537:
523:
498:
134:
2305:
and never resided in ancient Egypt in significant numbers.
2271:
were not built by slaves. According to noted archeologists
404:
234:
2906:
Watterson, Barbara (1997). "The Era of Pyramid-builders".
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
1980:, records show that coerced laborers included conscripts (
2882:"Journeys of the Pyramid Builders - Archaeology Magazine"
2470:
2438:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
2618:"Slavery in Egypt during the Saite and Persian Periods"
2542:
3056:"Exodus 1, Akkadian pilku, and Israelite Corvée Labor"
2107:
claiming to have captured innumerable foreign slaves:
2734:
2732:
2693:
Aldred, Cyril (1977). "The Sheyba in Ancient Egypt".
2262:
2930:"Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids"
1535:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2436:Silver, Morris (2009). "What Makes Shabti Slave?".
55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2907:
2836:Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids
2729:
2267:There is a consensus among Egyptologists that the
18:For slavery in Egypt in post-classical times, see
2589:"Ancient Egypt: Slavery, its causes and practice"
2117:) of the land of the pharaoh". Often, the phrase
3110:
3037:"Were Hebrews Ever Slaves in Ancient Egypt? Yes"
1650:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2356:
2354:
2345:The Ancient Egyptians (Beliefs & Practices)
2857:"NOVA Online/Pyramids/Who Built the Pyramids?"
2756:Builders of the Pyramids | National Geographic
2622:Revue Internationale des droits de l'antiquité
2471:Altägyptisches Wörterbuch (24 November 2023).
2163:
1856:
3018:"For You Were [Not] Slaves in Egypt"
2808:Archaeology, Current World (24 March 2022).
2743:. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 160–174.
2527:The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture
2351:
1968:First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom
1879:A figurine from Egypt of a semitic slave (2)
1655:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2979:
2977:
2807:
2615:
2020:Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom
1863:
1849:
2905:
2899:
2661:
2643:
2243:Egyptian slaves, specifically during the
2125:
1947:("living prisoners"; the root meaning of
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
2989:"Why Are the Pyramids Not in the Bible?"
2983:
2974:
2646:"Work and Compensation in Ancient Egypt"
2557:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
2407:
2031:
2023:
1882:
1874:
1660:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1525:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1505:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
128:
3089:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide
3082:
2995:. Red Lightning Books. pp. 31–32.
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2360:
2336:
133:An Ancient Egyptian slave market, with
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2738:
2692:
2435:
2408:Loprieno, Antonio (21 November 2012).
2374:
2372:
3053:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2611:
2609:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2381:"Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt"
2342:
1547:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1224:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
3034:
2769:
2565:10.1093/acref/9780195102345.001.0001
2431:
2429:
2427:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2378:
2361:Everett, Susanne (24 October 2011).
2347:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 91.
1739:Slave marriages in the United States
1343:Human trafficking in the Middle East
53:adding citations to reliable sources
24:
2695:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
2650:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
2616:Cruz-Uribe, Eugene (January 1982).
2369:
1078:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
2632:
2606:
2490:
2365:. Chartwell Books. pp. 10–11.
2263:Great Pyramids not built by slaves
2143:
2130:
1732:last survivors of American slavery
14:
3150:
3087:. In Johnston, Sarah Iles (ed.).
3015:
2810:"Records of the pyramid builders"
2559:. Oxford University Press. 2001.
2424:
2394:
693:Field slaves in the United States
560:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
2450:10.1163/002249909X12574071439813
570:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
565:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
394:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
164:
29:
3076:
3047:
3028:
3009:
2948:
2922:
2874:
2849:
2827:
2801:
2747:
2686:
2581:
2533:
2414:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
2379:Dunn, Jimmy (24 October 2011).
2343:David, Rosalie (1 April 1998).
2191:
1520:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1071:East, Southeast, and South Asia
40:needs additional citations for
2512:
2464:
2327:
2087:During and after the reign of
1934:
1219:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2320:
2234:
2052:show that by the time of the
3091:. Harvard University Press.
2038:Late Period of ancient Egypt
1510:Temporary Slavery Commission
1171:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
2477:Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae
2308:
1894:existed at least since the
1530:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
575:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
3155:
3062:. SBL Press. p. 406.
2707:10.1177/030751337706300130
2663:10.1177/030751330709300109
2213:
2204:
2054:Second Intermediate Period
1929:
1715:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1552:Anti-Slavery International
1317:North Africa and West Asia
64:"Slavery in ancient Egypt"
17:
3083:Collins, John J. (2004).
2956:"Who Built the Pyramids?"
2914:. Blackwell. p. 63.
2644:Warburton, David (2007).
2473:""sqr" (Lemma ID 146200)"
1974:First Intermediate Period
1811:Emancipation Proclamation
1483:Opposition and resistance
1241:Sex trafficking in Europe
1229:Blackbirding in Polynesia
792:Trans-Saharan slave trade
137:slaves waiting to be sold
3119:Ancient Egyptian society
2739:Cooney, Kathlyn (2007).
2084:over 150 "dependents".
2002:Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446
1892:Slavery in ancient Egypt
1591:Compensated emancipation
802:Indian Ocean slave trade
2410:"Slavery and Servitude"
2293:Antiquities of the Jews
1988:), and royal laborers (
1898:period. Discussions of
1515:1926 Slavery Convention
1271:Germany in World War II
888:North and South America
410:Contract of manumission
2126:Types of coerced labor
2045:
2029:
1888:
1880:
996:British Virgin Islands
548:Circassian slave trade
514:Safavid imperial harem
509:Ottoman Imperial Harem
138:
3054:Zevit, Ziony (2021).
2035:
2027:
1886:
1878:
1235:Europe and North Asia
1195:Australia and Oceania
895:Pre-Columbian America
467:Slave raid of Suðuroy
399:Slavery in al-Andalus
321:Black Sea slave trade
250:21st-century jihadism
132:
3139:Slavery in antiquity
3124:New Kingdom of Egypt
3035:Bohstrom, Philippe.
2315:Slavery in the Bible
2282:The allegation that
1887:A slave being beaten
1690:Indentured servitude
1618:Underground Railroad
1418:United Arab Emirates
807:Zanzibar slave trade
774:By country or region
587:Atlantic slave trade
489:Ma malakat aymanukum
373:Venetian slave trade
49:improve this article
2886:www.archaeology.org
2788:amp.theguardian.com
2593:www.reshafim.org.il
1776:Slave Route Project
907:Americas indigenous
797:Red Sea slave trade
787:Contemporary Africa
650:Topics and practice
420:Crimean slave trade
415:Bukhara slave trade
368:Genoese slave trade
245:Contemporary Africa
225:Forced prostitution
2741:The Egyptian World
2363:History of Slavery
2220:Greco-Roman period
2046:
2030:
1889:
1881:
1557:Blockade of Africa
864:Somali slave trade
780:Sub-Saharan Africa
472:Turkish Abductions
430:Khivan slave trade
425:Khazar slave trade
378:Balkan slave trade
336:Prague slave trade
139:
3098:978-0-674-01517-3
3069:978-0-88414-484-7
2987:(3 August 2021).
2814:World Archaeology
2164:The term "Shabti"
1873:
1872:
1823:Freedmen's Bureau
1645:Third Servile War
1640:International law
1207:Human trafficking
969:Human trafficking
644:Thirteen colonies
462:Sack of Baltimore
230:Human trafficking
125:
124:
117:
99:
3146:
3129:Slavery in Egypt
3103:
3102:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2960:Harvard Magazine
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2936:. 2 January 2010
2926:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2665:
2641:
2630:
2629:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2553:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2433:
2422:
2421:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2101:Papyrus Harris I
1865:
1858:
1851:
1835:Emancipation Day
1668:
1635:Slave Trade Acts
326:Byzantine Empire
168:
141:
140:
120:
113:
109:
106:
100:
98:
57:
33:
25:
20:Slavery in Egypt
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3052:
3048:
3033:
3029:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2985:Colavito, Jason
2982:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2737:
2730:
2691:
2687:
2642:
2633:
2614:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2555:
2554:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2469:
2465:
2434:
2425:
2406:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2359:
2352:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2311:
2265:
2237:
2216:
2207:
2194:
2166:
2146:
2144:Bonded laborers
2133:
2131:Chattel slavery
2128:
2022:
1994:Reisner Papyrus
1970:
1937:
1932:
1912:chattel slavery
1869:
1840:
1839:
1744:Slave narrative
1700:Fugitive slaves
1680:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1630:Slave rebellion
1485:
1475:
1474:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1245:United Kingdom
1181:Yankee princess
775:
767:
766:
494:Avret Pazarları
440:Avret Pazarları
309:Medieval Europe
275:
265:
264:
203:Forced marriage
178:
121:
110:
104:
101:
58:
56:
46:
34:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3075:
3068:
3046:
3027:
3016:Ariel, David.
3008:
3001:
2973:
2947:
2921:
2898:
2873:
2848:
2826:
2800:
2768:
2746:
2728:
2685:
2631:
2605:
2580:
2573:
2541:
2532:
2511:
2489:
2463:
2423:
2393:
2368:
2350:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2269:Great Pyramids
2264:
2261:
2236:
2233:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2193:
2190:
2165:
2162:
2145:
2142:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2072:the Annals of
2021:
2018:
1984:), fugitives (
1978:Middle Kingdom
1969:
1966:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1722:List of slaves
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:Dutch Republic
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
983:
978:
973:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
916:
915:
914:
904:
903:
902:
891:
890:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
867:
866:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
810:
809:
799:
794:
789:
783:
782:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
738:
737:
733:
732:
727:
725:Child soldiers
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
701:
700:
690:
685:
680:
675:
674:
673:
668:
663:
652:
651:
647:
646:
641:
636:
634:Spanish Empire
631:
626:
621:
616:
614:Middle Passage
611:
606:
601:
596:
590:
589:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
476:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
444:
443:
442:
435:Ottoman Empire
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
390:
389:
383:
382:
381:
380:
370:
365:
360:
359:
358:
353:
348:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
312:
311:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
282:
276:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
255:Sexual slavery
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
221:
220:
215:
213:Child marriage
210:
200:
195:
190:
188:Child soldiers
185:
179:
174:
173:
170:
169:
161:
160:
150:
149:
123:
122:
37:
35:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3151:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3002:9781684351497
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2962:. 1 July 2003
2961:
2957:
2951:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2910:The Egyptians
2902:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2574:9780195102345
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2202:
2199:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:Berlin papyri
2043:
2039:
2034:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:ancient Egypt
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Slave catcher
1764:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Forced labour
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:Abolitionists
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:comfort women
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:Chukri System
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:Latin America
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
970:
967:
965:
964:interregional
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
949:prison labour
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
919:United States
917:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
892:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
781:
778:
777:
771:
770:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
734:
731:
730:White slavery
728:
726:
723:
721:
720:Slave raiding
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
699:
696:
695:
694:
691:
689:
688:Corvée labour
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
653:
649:
648:
645:
642:
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60:Find sources:
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38:This article
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3134:Debt bondage
3088:
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2992:
2964:. Retrieved
2959:
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2596:. Retrieved
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2480:. Retrieved
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2444:(4/5): 4–8.
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2150:bonded labor
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2093:Medinet Habu
2089:Amenhotep II
2086:
2077:
2074:Thutmose III
2067:The tomb of
2066:
2058:
2047:
2042:Museo Egizio
2014:
2010:
2006:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1924:
1920:forced labor
1916:bonded labor
1891:
1890:
1771:Slave patrol
1608:Freedom suit
1584:Sierra Leone
1574:Colonization
1490:Abolitionism
1470:Baháʼí Faith
1443:Christianity
1393:Saudi Arabia
1249:Penal Labour
1214:Blackbirding
1120:Debt bondage
1108:penal system
934:Contemporary
924:Field slaves
912:U.S. Natives
871:South Africa
742:Galley slave
715:Slave market
705:House slaves
678:Blackbirding
656:Conscription
580:21st century
543:Umm al-walad
387:Muslim world
356:Emancipation
286:
260:Wage slavery
240:Penal labour
218:Wife selling
208:Bride buying
193:Conscription
183:Child Labour
176:Contemporary
126:
111:
102:
92:
85:
78:
71:
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47:Please help
42:verification
39:
15:
2861:www.pbs.org
2701:: 176–177.
2298:Renaissance
2277:Zahi Hawass
2273:Mark Lehner
2245:New Kingdom
2097:Sea Peoples
2095:, defeated
2061:New Kingdom
2059:During the
2048:One of the
1972:During the
1941:Old Kingdom
1939:During the
1935:Old Kingdom
1896:Old Kingdom
1786:court cases
1663: [
1613:Slave Power
1601:Manumission
1448:Catholicism
1323:Afghanistan
1064:Puerto Rico
976:The Bahamas
954:Slave codes
757:Shanghaiing
747:Impressment
639:Slave Coast
519:Qajar harem
479:Concubinage
452:slave trade
3113:Categories
2966:6 February
2891:6 February
2866:6 February
2842:6 February
2819:6 February
2793:6 February
2762:6 February
2321:References
2235:Slave life
2179:self-sale.
2105:Ramses III
1801:J.Q. Adams
1791:Washington
1761:Slave name
1710:convention
1685:Common law
1058:Encomienda
854:Seychelles
839:Mauritania
762:Slave ship
629:Panyarring
624:New France
273:Historical
75:newspapers
2723:192308721
2680:141358997
2284:Israelite
2170:afterlife
1945:sqr.w-ꜥnḫ
1904:Egyptians
1796:Jefferson
1453:Mormonism
1388:Palestine
1202:Australia
1132:Indonesia
1023:Lei Áurea
1006:Code Noir
986:Caribbean
959:Treatment
698:Treatment
671:Devshirme
533:Odalisque
351:In Russia
292:Babylonia
280:Antiquity
105:July 2019
3085:"Israel"
2672:40345836
2628:: 47–71.
2482:23 April
2458:25651197
2309:See also
2288:Josephus
2174:Ushabtis
2154:Peasants
2103:records
2069:Ahmose I
2044:, Turin.
1998:El Lahun
1958:skrw-ꜥnḫ
1828:Iron bit
1818:40 acres
1781:breeding
1596:Freedman
1431:Religion
1291:Portugal
1176:Thailand
1166:Maldives
1161:Malaysia
1154:Kwalliso
1098:Booi Aha
1050:Restavek
1030:Colombia
1001:Trinidad
991:Barbados
881:Zanzibar
829:Ethiopia
710:Saqaliba
604:Database
555:Saqaliba
316:Ancillae
146:a series
144:Part of
3041:Haaretz
3022:Haaretz
2940:9 April
2934:US News
2715:3856322
2656:: 1–5.
2598:4 March
2386:9 April
2214:Economy
2205:Masters
2082:Minmose
1992:). The
1990:hmw-nsw
1954:Sneferu
1930:History
1900:slavery
1806:Lincoln
1679:Related
1579:Liberia
1465:Judaism
1403:Tunisia
1378:Morocco
1368:Lebanon
1333:Bahrain
1328:Algeria
1296:Romania
1261:Denmark
1254:Slavery
1188:Vietnam
859:Somalia
849:Nigeria
824:Comoros
752:Pirates
661:Ghilman
594:Bristol
484:history
457:pirates
346:History
235:Peonage
158:slavery
89:scholar
3095:
3066:
2999:
2721:
2713:
2678:
2670:
2571:
2456:
2303:Canaan
2225:vizier
2198:corvée
1918:, and
1727:owners
1363:Kuwait
1358:Jordan
1311:Sweden
1301:Russia
1286:Poland
1281:Norway
1103:Laogai
1088:Brunei
1083:Bhutan
1045:revolt
1018:Brazil
981:Canada
944:partus
929:female
814:Angola
683:Coolie
666:Mamluk
619:Nantes
599:Brazil
528:Cariye
363:Thrall
331:Kholop
297:Greece
135:Nubian
91:
84:
77:
70:
62:
2719:S2CID
2711:JSTOR
2676:S2CID
2668:JSTOR
2523:(PDF)
2454:JSTOR
2229:noble
1754:songs
1749:films
1667:]
1623:songs
1460:Islam
1438:Bible
1413:Yemen
1408:Qatar
1398:Syria
1373:Libya
1338:Egypt
1306:Spain
1276:Malta
1149:Korea
1137:Japan
1115:India
1093:China
1040:Haiti
900:Aztec
876:Sudan
844:Niger
736:Naval
609:Dutch
538:Qiyan
524:Jarya
499:Harem
341:Serfs
287:Egypt
96:JSTOR
82:books
3093:ISBN
3064:ISBN
2997:ISBN
2968:2023
2942:2016
2893:2023
2868:2023
2844:2023
2821:2023
2795:2023
2764:2023
2626:XXIX
2600:2018
2569:ISBN
2484:2024
2420:(1).
2388:2016
2275:and
2253:serf
2138:loot
2119:nmhj
2115:nmhj
1996:and
1986:tsjw
1982:hsbw
1705:laws
1567:U.S.
1562:U.K.
1500:U.S.
1495:U.K.
1383:Oman
1353:Iraq
1348:Iran
1035:Cuba
939:maps
834:Mali
819:Chad
405:Baqt
302:Rome
198:Debt
156:and
68:news
2703:doi
2658:doi
2561:doi
2446:doi
2290:in
2249:bak
2227:or
2078:mrj
1949:sqr
51:by
3115::
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