2158:, slaves were mainly obtained through prisoners of war. Other ways people could become slaves was by inheriting the status from their parents. One could also become a slave on account of his inability to pay his debts. Slavery was the direct result of poverty. People also sold themselves into slavery because they were poor peasants and needed food and shelter. Slaves only attempted escape when their treatment was unusually harsh. For many, being a slave in Egypt made them better off than a freeman elsewhere. Young slaves could not be put to hard work and had to be brought up by the mistress of the household. Not all slaves went to houses. Some also sold themselves to temples or were assigned to temples by the king. Slave trading was not very popular until later in Ancient Egypt. But while slave trading eventually sprang up all over Egypt, there was little worldwide trade. Rather, the individual dealers seem to have approached their customers personally.
2139:
145:
2336:
2162:
cleaning. Some were gardeners or field hands in stables. They could be craftsmen or even get a higher status. For example, if they could write, they could become a manager of the master's estate. Captive slaves were mostly assigned to the temples or a king, and they had to do manual labor. The worst thing that could happen to a slave was being assigned to the quarries and mines. Private ownership of slaves, captured in war and given by the king to their captor, certainly occurred at the beginning of the
1978:, written between 1755–1750 BC, also distinguishes between the free and the enslaved. Like the Code of Ur-Nammu, it offers a reward of two shekels for returning a fugitive slave, but unlike the other code, states that harbouring or assisting a fugitive was punishable by death. Slaves were either bought abroad, taken as prisoners in war, or enslaved as a punishment for being in debt or committing a crime. The Code of Hammurabi states that if a slave is purchased and within one month develops
1915:
24:
2029:
2472:, Roman military expansion was a major source of slaves. Besides manual labor, slaves performed many domestic services, and might be employed at highly skilled jobs and professions. Teachers, accountants, and physicians were often slaves. Greek slaves in particular might be highly educated. Unskilled slaves, or those condemned to slavery as punishment, worked on farms, in mines, and at mills.
2254:
1982:("benu-disease") then the purchaser can return the slave and receive a full refund. The code has laws relating to the purchase of slaves abroad. Numerous contracts for the sale of slaves survive. The final law in the Code of Hammurabi states that if a slave denies his master, then his ear will be cut off.
2281:
encouraged slaves to save up to purchase their freedom, and records survive of slaves operating businesses by themselves, making only a fixed tax-payment to their masters. Athens also had a law forbidding the striking of slaves—if a person struck an apparent slave in Athens, that person might find
2161:
Only slaves with special traits were traded worldwide. Prices of slaves changed with time. Slaves with a special skill were more valuable than those without one. Slaves had plenty of jobs that they could be assigned to. Some had domestic jobs, like taking care of children, cooking, brewing, or
1998:
and getting farther away from the center of
Hittite civilization — from which it can be concluded that at least some of the slaves kept by the Hittites possessed a realistic chance of escaping and regaining their freedom, possibly by finding refuge with other kingdoms or ethnic groups.
2269:
slaves had some opportunities for emancipation, though all of these came at some cost to their masters. The law protected slaves, and though a slave's master had the right to beat him at will, a number of moral and cultural limitations existed on excessive use of force by masters.
2113:) is an important passage related to slavery. It has been noted that the slavery in the Bible differs greatly from Roman and modern slavery in that slaves mentioned in the Old Testament received sexual protection and enough food, and were not chained, tortured or physically abused.
1643:
1993:
texts from
Anatolia include laws regulating the institution of slavery. Of particular interest is a law stipulating that reward for the capture of an escaped slave would be higher if the slave had already succeeded in crossing the
1898:
condemned a majority of slaves to agricultural and industrial labor, and they lived hard lives. In many of these cultures, slaves formed a very large part of the economy, and in particular the Roman Empire and some of the
2420:: as an enterprising and unscrupulous rascal, who must use his wits to profit from his master, rescue him from his troubles, or gain him the girl of his dreams. These plots were adapted by the Roman playwrights
1891:. This would include those children born into slavery, but who were actually the children of the master of the house. The slave master would ensure that his children were not condemned to a life of slavery.
2372:
Freelance slaves, who didn't live with their master but worked in their master's shop or fields and paid him taxes from money they got from their own properties (insofar as society allowed slaves to own
1638:
2811:
2324:, where slaves, working in extremely poor conditions, produced the greatest part of the silver (although recent excavations seem to suggest the presence of free workers at Laurion). During the
2089:), there are many references to slaves, including rules of how they should behave and be treated. Slavery is viewed as routine, as an ordinary part of society. During
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1628:
1159:
2238:, which opposed slavery and suggested that every person living in a city-state had the right to freedom subject to no one, except those laws decided using
1513:
885:
622:
1958:. It states that a slave that marries cannot be forced to leave the household, and that the bounty for returning a slave who has escaped the city is two
1249:
890:
2328:
between Athens and Sparta, twenty thousand
Athenian slaves, including both mine-workers and artisans, escaped to the Spartans when their army camped at
2282:
himself hitting a fellow-citizen, because many citizens dressed no better. It startled other Greeks that
Athenians tolerated back-chat from slaves (
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937:
2192:
The study of slavery in
Ancient Greece remains a complex subject, in part because of the many different levels of servility, from traditional
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2383:) who served primarily in unskilled tasks at which they could be chained: for example, rowers in commercial ships, or miners.
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2290:(writing nearly seven centuries after the event) states that Athenian slaves fought together with Athenian freemen in the
2246:, for example, said: "God has set everyone free. No one is made a slave by nature." Furthermore, a fragment of a poem of
1759:
1396:
1056:
907:
703:
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2105:. Non-Hebrew slaves and their offspring were the perpetual property of the owner's family, with limited exceptions. The
2464:, a slave who had belonged to a citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom (
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Corinthian black-figure terra-cotta votive tablet of slaves working in a mine, dated to the late seventh century BC
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2265:, each with its own laws. All of them permitted slavery, but the rules differed greatly from region to region.
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2120:, slaves are told to obey their owners, who are in turn told to "stop threatening" their slaves. The
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a slave-holder could rely on the support of fellow slave-holders if his slaves offered resistance.
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In some areas of Greece there existed a class of unfree laborers tied to the land and called
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8:
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Public slaves, who worked as police-officers, ushers, secretaries, street-sweepers, etc.
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slaves were also to be released during their seventh year of service, according to the
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2468:), including the right to vote, though he could not run for public office. During the
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By the late 4th century BCE passages start to appear from other Greeks, especially in
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2231:, Aristotle declared all non-Greeks slaves by birth, fit for nothing but obedience.
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2812:"Confronting Slavery in the Classical World | Emory | Michael C. Carlos Museum"
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2369:, living in their master's home and working at home, on the land or in a shop.
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2841:. Translated by Jones, W.H.S.; H.A. Ormerod. London: William Heinemann Ltd.
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Other than flight, resistance on the part of slaves occurred only rarely.
1947:, written c. 2100 – 2050 BCE, includes laws relating to slaves during the
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built a large part of their wealth on slaves acquired through conquest.
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607:
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Athenians did their best to save their "women, children and slaves".
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2178:: apparently such a contract then required the consent of the slave.
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A drunk man vomiting, while a young slave is holding his forehead.
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Mummy soles depicting two Asian prisoners. Between 722 and 332 BC,
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job should disqualify the practitioner from citizenship. Quoting
2197:
1918:
C. 1480 BC, fugitive slave treaty between Idrimi of
Alakakh (now
1895:
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1557:
639:
319:
136:
2590:"A Collection of Contracts from Mesopotamia, c. 2300 - 428 BCE"
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2402:
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1959:
1903:
1259:
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661:
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309:
2607:. Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910-1911.
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1952:
1862:
516:
502:
477:
2355:
slaves came from various regions and spoke various languages
2277:, about 10-30% of the population were slaves. The system in
1876:, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of
2170:(732–656 BCE), and contracts of servitude survive from the
383:
213:
2253:
2219:
defended slavery as a natural and necessary institution.
2261:
Greece in pre-Roman times consisted of many independent
2294:, and the monuments memorialize them. Spartan serfs,
1514:
Supplementary
Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
1883:Masters could free slaves, and in many cases, such
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2876:(University of Michigan, 1998, 2002), pp. 23, 209.
2428:, and in the modern era influenced the character
2362:Athens had various categories of slave, such as:
2166:(1550–1295 BCE). Sales of slaves occurred in the
1962:. It reveals that there were at least two major
2884:
2748:
1629:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2576:Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor
2298:, could win freedom through bravery in battle.
2093:, slaves were to be released, according to the
1861:, from the earliest known recorded evidence in
2435:A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
2755:The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World
2723:
2721:
2208:, and several other classes of non-citizens.
1835:
2223:believed that the practice of any manual or
2040:texts from within a religion or faith system
1634:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2766:
2416:show how the Athenians preferred to view a
2284:Old Oligarch, Constitution of the Athenians
2718:
2409:; one could not freely buy and sell them.
2124:has many implications related to slavery.
1842:
1828:
2834:
2309:On the other hand, much of the wealth of
2174:(c. 672 – 525 BCE) and from the reign of
2069:Learn how and when to remove this message
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
2676:
2605:"BABYLONIAN LAW — The Code of Hammurabi"
2334:
2252:
2137:
1913:
1639:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1504:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1484:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
2772:
2677:Williams, Peter J. (21 December 2015).
2885:
2874:The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic
2405:. Penestae and helots did not rate as
2729:"Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt"
1526:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1203:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
2250:also shows that he opposed slavery.
2022:
1718:Slave marriages in the United States
1322:Human trafficking in the Middle East
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
2758:. pp. 409 ff. – Ch. VII, § ii
2456:in allowing freed slaves to become
1057:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
1966:: those free, and those enslaved.
1711:last survivors of American slavery
14:
2904:
2679:"Does the Bible Support Slavery?"
2602:
1872:cultures, comprised a mixture of
672:Field slaves in the United States
539:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
2617:
2573:
2027:
1887:went on to rise to positions of
549:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
544:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
373:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
143:
22:
2863:
2828:
2804:
2742:
2707:
2696:
2670:
2002:
1499:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1050:East, Southeast, and South Asia
33:needs additional citations for
2659:
2648:
2637:
2626:
2611:
2603:Johns, Claude Hermann Walter.
2596:
2582:
2567:
2546:
1198:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2760:The Theory of Natural Slavery
2539:
2047:that critically analyze them.
1943:, the oldest known surviving
2144:Late Period of ancient Egypt
1909:
1489:Temporary Slavery Commission
1150:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
2731:. Touregypt.net. 2011-10-24
2475:
1985:
1509:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
554:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
2909:
2788:Cambridge University Press
2620:"HAMMURABI'S CODE OF LAWS"
2487:Slavery in ancient Babylon
2445:
2185:
2131:
2019:Christian views on slavery
2012:
2006:
1969:
1694:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1531:Anti-Slavery International
1296:North Africa and West Asia
2529:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2497:Slavery in ancient Greece
2302:mentions that during the
2196:through various forms of
2188:Slavery in ancient Greece
2181:
1964:social strata at the time
1790:Emancipation Proclamation
1462:Opposition and resistance
1220:Sex trafficking in Europe
1208:Blackbirding in Polynesia
771:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2492:Slavery in ancient Egypt
2134:Slavery in ancient Egypt
2127:
1934:
1570:Compensated emancipation
781:Indian Ocean slave trade
2502:Slavery in ancient Rome
2448:Slavery in ancient Rome
2441:
2015:Jewish views on slavery
1494:1926 Slavery Convention
1250:Germany in World War II
867:North and South America
389:Contract of manumission
2344:
2258:
2151:
1931:
975:British Virgin Islands
527:Circassian slave trade
493:Safavid imperial harem
488:Ottoman Imperial Harem
57:"Slavery in antiquity"
2838:Description of Greece
2779:Conquerors and Slaves
2519:Black Sea slave trade
2338:
2256:
2141:
2043:without referring to
2009:The Bible and slavery
1917:
1214:Europe and North Asia
1174:Australia and Oceania
874:Pre-Columbian America
446:Slave raid of Suðuroy
378:Slavery in al-Andalus
300:Black Sea slave trade
229:21st-century jihadism
2893:Slavery in antiquity
2750:G.E.M. de Ste. Croix
2172:Twenty-sixth Dynasty
2168:Twenty-fifth Dynasty
2051:improve this article
1865:to the pre-medieval
1669:Indentured servitude
1597:Underground Railroad
1397:United Arab Emirates
786:Zanzibar slave trade
753:By country or region
566:Atlantic slave trade
468:Ma malakat aymanukum
352:Venetian slave trade
42:improve this article
2776:(31 January 1981).
2534:Bukhara slave trade
2524:Red Sea slave trade
2452:Rome differed from
2351:gives two reasons:
2217:classical antiquity
2122:Epistle to Philemon
1949:Third Dynasty of Ur
1926:(now Cilicia). Ref:
1894:The institution of
1755:Slave Route Project
886:Americas indigenous
776:Red Sea slave trade
766:Contemporary Africa
629:Topics and practice
399:Crimean slave trade
394:Bukhara slave trade
347:Genoese slave trade
224:Contemporary Africa
204:Forced prostitution
2835:Pausanias (1918).
2655:Leviticus 25:44–47
2482:History of slavery
2345:
2292:Battle of Marathon
2259:
2164:Eighteenth Dynasty
2152:
1932:
1536:Blockade of Africa
843:Somali slave trade
759:Sub-Saharan Africa
451:Turkish Abductions
409:Khivan slave trade
404:Khazar slave trade
357:Balkan slave trade
315:Prague slave trade
2797:978-0-521-28181-2
2644:Deuteronomy 15:12
2633:Leviticus 25:8–13
2578:. pp. 13–22.
2554:"Ancient Slavery"
2454:Greek city-states
2349:GEM de Ste. Croix
2326:Peloponnesian War
2304:Battle of Salamis
2103:Deuteronomic Code
2095:Book of Leviticus
2079:
2078:
2071:
2045:secondary sources
1976:Code of Hammurabi
1852:
1851:
1802:Freedmen's Bureau
1624:Third Servile War
1619:International law
1186:Human trafficking
948:Human trafficking
623:Thirteen colonies
441:Sack of Baltimore
209:Human trafficking
118:
117:
110:
92:
2900:
2877:
2867:
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2860:
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2826:
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2816:carlos.emory.edu
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2550:
2412:The comedies of
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2067:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2031:
2030:
2023:
1941:Code of Ur-Nammu
1922:) and Pillia of
1878:prisoners of war
1844:
1837:
1830:
1814:Emancipation Day
1647:
1614:Slave Trade Acts
305:Byzantine Empire
147:
120:
119:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
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2805:
2798:
2790:. p. 101.
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2743:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2703:Ephesians 6:5–9
2701:
2697:
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2685:
2675:
2671:
2666:Exodus 21:26–27
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2240:majoritarianism
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2184:
2136:
2130:
2111:Genesis 9:18–27
2075:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2011:
2005:
1988:
1974:The Babylonian
1972:
1937:
1912:
1848:
1819:
1818:
1723:Slave narrative
1679:Fugitive slaves
1659:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1609:Slave rebellion
1464:
1454:
1453:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1224:United Kingdom
1160:Yankee princess
754:
746:
745:
473:Avret Pazarları
419:Avret Pazarları
288:Medieval Europe
254:
244:
243:
182:Forced marriage
157:
114:
103:
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94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
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2796:
2774:Hopkins, Keith
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2636:
2625:
2610:
2595:
2581:
2574:Roth, Martha.
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2446:Main article:
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2407:chattel slaves
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2379:War-captives (
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2359:
2356:
2341:Brygos Painter
2313:came from its
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2059:September 2019
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1701:List of slaves
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723:
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234:Sexual slavery
231:
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201:
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192:Child marriage
189:
179:
174:
169:
167:Child soldiers
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140:
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129:
128:
116:
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98:September 2014
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2905:
2894:
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2890:
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2875:
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2870:Fergus Millar
2866:
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2854:
2850:
2848:0-674-99328-4
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2722:
2715:
2714:1 Timothy 6:1
2710:
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2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:chattel slave
2189:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2156:Ancient Egypt
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:New Testament
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:Old Testament
2084:
2073:
2070:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:This section
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1961:
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1954:
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1870:Mediterranean
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:ancient world
1856:
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1745:Slave catcher
1743:
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1674:Forced labour
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1519:Abolitionists
1517:
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1234:
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1130:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:comfort women
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:Chukri System
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
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1080:
1078:
1075:
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1021:
1020:
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1007:
1003:
1000:
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993:
992:Latin America
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
949:
946:
944:
943:interregional
941:
939:
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934:
931:
929:
928:prison labour
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
898:United States
896:
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734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:White slavery
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:Slave raiding
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
678:
675:
674:
673:
670:
668:
667:Corvée labour
665:
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560:
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555:
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545:
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537:
535:
532:
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525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:Abbasid harem
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:Barbary Coast
424:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
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390:
387:
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170:
168:
165:
163:
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156:
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142:
141:
138:
134:
133:Forced labour
131:
130:
126:
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121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2873:
2865:
2837:
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
2778:
2768:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2733:. Retrieved
2709:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:
2672:
2661:
2650:
2639:
2628:
2618:King, L. W.
2613:
2598:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2558:. Retrieved
2556:. Ditext.com
2548:
2507:Contubernium
2465:
2451:
2433:
2411:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2367:House-slaves
2361:
2346:
2343:, 500-470 BC
2308:
2272:
2260:
2233:
2213:philosophers
2210:
2191:
2160:
2153:
2148:Museo Egizio
2115:
2107:Curse of Ham
2083:Hebrew Bible
2080:
2065:
2056:
2049:Please help
2037:
2003:In the Bible
1989:
1973:
1938:
1920:Tell Atchana
1893:
1882:
1874:debt-slavery
1853:
1750:Slave patrol
1587:Freedom suit
1563:Sierra Leone
1553:Colonization
1469:Abolitionism
1449:Baháʼí Faith
1422:Christianity
1372:Saudi Arabia
1228:Penal Labour
1193:Blackbirding
1099:Debt bondage
1087:penal system
913:Contemporary
903:Field slaves
891:U.S. Natives
850:South Africa
721:Galley slave
694:Slave market
684:House slaves
657:Blackbirding
635:Conscription
559:21st century
522:Umm al-walad
366:Muslim world
335:Emancipation
258:
239:Wage slavery
219:Penal labour
197:Wife selling
187:Bride buying
172:Conscription
162:Child Labour
155:Contemporary
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2683:Be Thinking
2462:manumission
2418:house-slave
2332:in 413 BC.
2273:In ancient
2263:city-states
1996:Halys River
1956:Mesopotamia
1765:court cases
1642: [
1592:Slave Power
1580:Manumission
1427:Catholicism
1302:Afghanistan
1043:Puerto Rico
955:The Bahamas
933:Slave codes
736:Shanghaiing
726:Impressment
618:Slave Coast
498:Qajar harem
458:Concubinage
431:slave trade
2821:2023-07-15
2735:2015-10-18
2560:2015-10-18
2540:References
2373:property).
2200:, such as
2013:See also:
1924:Kizzuwatna
1780:J.Q. Adams
1770:Washington
1740:Slave name
1689:convention
1664:Common law
1037:Encomienda
833:Seychelles
818:Mauritania
741:Slave ship
608:Panyarring
603:New France
252:Historical
68:newspapers
2784:Cambridge
2381:andrapoda
2288:Pausanias
2244:Alcidamas
2229:Euripides
2221:Aristotle
2099:Israelite
1910:Near East
1867:Antiquity
1775:Jefferson
1432:Mormonism
1367:Palestine
1181:Australia
1111:Indonesia
1002:Lei Áurea
985:Code Noir
965:Caribbean
938:Treatment
677:Treatment
650:Devshirme
512:Odalisque
330:In Russia
271:Babylonia
259:Antiquity
2887:Category
2857:10818363
2512:Ancillae
2476:See also
2470:Republic
2466:libertas
2460:. After
2414:Menander
2395:Thessaly
2390:penestae
2300:Plutarch
2248:Philemon
2225:banausic
2206:penestai
2150:, Turin.
2091:jubilees
1986:Hittites
1980:epilepsy
1953:Sumerian
1945:law code
1885:freedmen
1807:Iron bit
1797:40 acres
1760:breeding
1575:Freedman
1410:Religion
1270:Portugal
1155:Thailand
1145:Maldives
1140:Malaysia
1133:Kwalliso
1077:Booi Aha
1029:Restavek
1009:Colombia
980:Trinidad
970:Barbados
860:Zanzibar
808:Ethiopia
689:Saqaliba
583:Database
534:Saqaliba
295:Ancillae
125:a series
123:Part of
2426:Terence
2422:Plautus
2330:Decelea
2322:Laurion
2198:serfdom
2116:In the
2081:In the
1991:Hittite
1970:Babylon
1960:shekels
1928:131447
1896:slavery
1857:in the
1855:Slavery
1785:Lincoln
1658:Related
1558:Liberia
1444:Judaism
1382:Tunisia
1357:Morocco
1347:Lebanon
1312:Bahrain
1307:Algeria
1275:Romania
1240:Denmark
1233:Slavery
1167:Vietnam
838:Somalia
828:Nigeria
803:Comoros
731:Pirates
640:Ghilman
573:Bristol
463:history
436:pirates
325:History
214:Peonage
137:slavery
82:scholar
2855:
2845:
2794:
2688:7 July
2430:Jeeves
2403:Sparta
2399:helots
2315:silver
2311:Athens
2296:Helots
2279:Athens
2275:Athens
2236:Athens
2202:helots
2182:Greece
2176:Darius
1904:poleis
1706:owners
1342:Kuwait
1337:Jordan
1290:Sweden
1280:Russia
1265:Poland
1260:Norway
1082:Laogai
1067:Brunei
1062:Bhutan
1024:revolt
997:Brazil
960:Canada
923:partus
908:female
793:Angola
662:Coolie
645:Mamluk
598:Nantes
578:Brazil
507:Cariye
342:Thrall
310:Kholop
276:Greece
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
2318:mines
2267:Greek
2211:Most
2128:Egypt
2085:(the
2038:uses
1935:Sumer
1901:Greek
1889:power
1863:Sumer
1733:songs
1728:films
1646:]
1602:songs
1439:Islam
1417:Bible
1392:Yemen
1387:Qatar
1377:Syria
1352:Libya
1317:Egypt
1285:Spain
1255:Malta
1128:Korea
1116:Japan
1094:India
1072:China
1019:Haiti
879:Aztec
855:Sudan
823:Niger
715:Naval
588:Dutch
517:Qiyan
503:Jarya
478:Harem
320:Serfs
266:Egypt
89:JSTOR
75:books
2853:OCLC
2843:ISBN
2792:ISBN
2690:2023
2442:Rome
2432:and
2424:and
2397:and
2017:and
1939:The
1684:laws
1546:U.S.
1541:U.K.
1479:U.S.
1474:U.K.
1362:Oman
1332:Iraq
1327:Iran
1014:Cuba
918:maps
813:Mali
798:Chad
384:Baqt
281:Rome
177:Debt
135:and
61:news
2401:in
2393:in
2320:at
2286:).
2215:of
2154:In
1951:in
44:by
2889::
2872:,
2851:.
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2782:.
2752:.
2720:^
2681:.
2438:.
2242:.
2204:,
2146:.
2097:.
1880:.
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127:on
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2738:.
2692:.
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1930:.
1843:e
1836:t
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105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
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