Patriarchy - Knowledge

3426:. Aaby concludes: 'The connection between the reification of women on the one hand and the state and private property on the other is exactly the opposite of that posed by Engels and his followers. Without the reification of women as a historically given socio-structural feature, the origin of private property and the state will remain inexplicable.' If we follow Aaby's argument, which I find persuasive, we must conclude that in the course of the agricultural revolution the exploitation of human labor and the sexual exploitation of women become inextricably linked. 1373: 5881: 1815: 7693: 1473:, a philosopher who wrote about "good mothers" in the context of maternal ethics, describes the dilemma facing contemporary mothers who must train their children within a patriarchal system. She asks whether a "good mother" trains her son to be competitive, individualistic, and comfortable within the hierarchies of patriarchy, knowing that he may likely be economically successful but a mean person, or whether she resists patriarchal ideologies and 1843: 1801: 7681: 1829: 5895: 1210:

Epistle to the Hebrews. In his essay "A Judicial Patriarchy: Family Law at the Turn of the Century", Michael Grossberg coined the phrase "judicial patriarchy", stating that "The judge became the buffer between the family and the state", and that "Judicial patriarchs dominated family law because within these institutional and intraclass rivalries judges succeeded in protecting their power over the law governing the hearth."

7703: 1325:. According to standard sociological theory, patriarchy is the result of sociological constructions that are passed down from generation to generation. These constructions are most pronounced in societies with traditional cultures and less economic development. Even in modern, developed societies, however, gender messages conveyed by family, mass media, and other institutions largely favor males having a dominant status. 987:, which has traditionally been controlled by men. In this view, men directed household production and sought to control women in order to ensure the passing of family property to their own (male) offspring, while women were limited to household labor and producing children. Lerner disputes this idea, arguing that patriarchy emerged before the development of class-based society and the concept of private property. 5907: 1295:, laws governing morality, sexuality, and gender-relations continued to be based on Confucian teachings. Men and women were both subject to strict laws regarding sexual behavior, however men were punished infrequently in comparison to women. Additionally, women's punishment often carried strong social stigma, "rendering unmarriageable", a stigma which did not follow men. Similarly, in the 1333:

have periods of time where they can be aggressive and irrational; furthermore, unrelated effects of aging and similar medical problems are often blamed on menopause, amplifying its reputation. These biological traits and others specific to women, such as their ability to get pregnant, are often used against them as an attribute of weakness.

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combined to sustain patriarchy. Gradually, technological advances, especially industrial machinery, diminished the primacy of physical strength in everyday life. Introduction of household appliances reduced the amount of manual labor needed in the households. Similarly, contraception has given women control over their reproductive cycle.

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structure in his theories. Lerner claims that through this patriarchal belief system, passed down generation to generation, people have been conditioned to believe that men are superior to women. These symbols are benchmarks which children learn about when they grow up, and the cycle of patriarchy continues much past the Greeks.

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patriarchy still grew with power. Lewontin and others argue that such biological determinism unjustly limits women. In his study, he states women behave a certain way not because they are biologically inclined to, but rather because they are judged by "how well they conform to the stereotypical local image of femininity".

1537:, analyzing the concept of patriarchy and the role that it has played in the development of feminist thought, says that seeing patriarchy as a "universal, trans-historical and trans-cultural phenomenon" where "women were everywhere oppressed by men in more or less the same ways tended toward a biological essentialism." 1252:, a Confucian text, places a woman's value on her loyalty and obedience. It explains that an obedient woman is to obey their father before her marriage, her husband after marriage, and her first son if widowed, and that a virtuous woman must practice sexual propriety, proper speech, modest appearance, and hard work. 876:. Several researchers have stated that the first signs of a sexual division of labour dates from around 2 million years ago, deep within humanity's evolutionary past. It has been connected to an evolutionary process during a period of resource scarcity in Africa approximately 2 million years ago. In the 2009 book 1703:. In 1973, Goldberg wrote, "The ethnographic studies of every society that has ever been observed explicitly state that these feelings were present, there is literally no variation at all." Goldberg has critics among anthropologists. Concerning Goldberg's claims about the "feelings of both men and women", 4671:

Patriarchy is a political-social system that insists that males are inherently dominating, superior to everything and everyone deemed weak, especially females, and endowed with the right to dominate and rule over the weak and to maintain that dominance through various forms of psychological terrorism

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often refers to male domination generally, another interpretation sees it as literally "rule of the father". So some people believe patriarchy does not refer simply to male power over women, but the expression of power dependent on age as well as gender, such as by older men over women, children, and

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represents an outlier in this regard. German argued for a need to redefine the origins and sources of the patriarchy, describing the mainstream theories as providing "little understanding of how women's oppression and the nature of the family have changed historically. Nor is there much notion of how

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and applied the challenges they faced to women today. Working from both the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, she analysed different variations of patriarchy, and outlined the paradox of Rahab, a prostitute in the Old Testament who became a role-model in the New Testament Epistle of James, and

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denies inheritance of paternal authority stating, "... reason shows us that mothers have rights and authority equal to those of fathers; for the obligations imposed on children originate equally from the mother and the father, as both are equally responsible for bringing them into the world. Thus the

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family, which they see as a necessary component of female oppression. The family not only serves as a representative of the greater civilization by pushing its own affiliates to change and obey, but performs as a component in the rule of the patriarchal state that rules its inhabitants with the head

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of women. Firestone believes that patriarchy is caused by the biological inequalities between women and men, e.g. that women bear children, while men do not. Firestone writes that patriarchal ideologies support the oppression of women and gives as an example the joy of giving birth, which she labels

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stated that Aristotle believed that "soul contributes the form and model of creation". This implies that any imperfection that is caused in the world must be caused by a woman because one cannot acquire an imperfection from perfection (which he perceived as male). Aristotle had a hierarchical ruling

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The operations of power in such cases are usually enacted unconsciously. All are subject, even fathers are bound by its strictures. It is represented in unspoken traditions and conventions performed in everyday behaviors, customs, and habits. The triangular relationship of a father, a mother and an

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Feminists believe that people have gendered biases, which are perpetuated and enforced across generations by those who benefit from them. For instance, it has historically been claimed that women cannot make rational decisions during their menstrual periods. This claim cloaks the fact that men also

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But in a situation in which ecological conditions and irregularities in biological reproduction threatened the survival of the group, people would search for more reproducers — that is, women. Thus, the first appropriation of private property consists of the appropriation of the labor of women as

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voiced skepticism about the ability of men to translate and interpret passages relating to the roles of the sexes without bias. She proposed alternative translations and interpretations of passages relating to women, and she applied historical and cultural criticism to a number of verses, arguing

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Although many 16th- and 17th-century theorists agreed with Aristotle's views concerning the place of women in society, none of them tried to prove political obligation on the basis of the patriarchal family until sometime after 1680. The patriarchal political theory is closely associated with Sir

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Marx was on to something more profound than he knew when he observed that the family contained within itself in embryo all the antagonisms that later develop on a wide scale within the society and the state. For unless revolution uproots the basic social organisation, the biological family – the

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Although patriarchy exists within the scientific atmosphere, "the periods over which women would have been at a physiological disadvantage in participation in hunting through being at a late stage of pregnancy or early stage of child-rearing would have been short". During the time of the nomads,

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First of all, if you take the virtue of a man, it is easily stated that a man's virtue is this—that he be competent to manage the affairs of his city, and to manage them so as to benefit his friends and harm his enemies, and to take care to avoid suffering harm himself. Or take a woman's virtue:

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In its narrow meaning, patriarchy refers to the system, historically derived from Greek and Roman law, in which the male head of the household had absolute legal and economic power over his dependent female and male family members. Patriarchy in its wider definition means the manifestation and

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that a woman's primary concern is to subordinate themselves before patriarchal figures, such as a husband or father, and that they need not concern themselves with intelligence or talent. Ban Zhao is considered by some historians as an early champion for women's education in China; however, her

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The core concept of patriarchy of male domination and female subordination Although patriarchy has been variously defined, for purposes of this article, it means social arrangements that privilege males, where men as a group dominate women as a group, both structurally and ideologically man

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Anna Pollert has described use of the term patriarchy as circular and conflating description and explanation. She remarks the discourse on patriarchy creates a "theoretical impasse ... imposing a structural label on what it is supposed to explain" and therefore impoverishes the possibility of

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The idea that patriarchy is natural has, however, come under attack from many sociologists, explaining that patriarchy evolved due to historical, rather than biological, conditions. In technologically simple societies, men's greater physical strength and women's common experience of pregnancy

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Feminism, as I understand it, arises in resistance to the gender binary enforced by the patriarchy, an injustice that is as harmful to men as it is to women, as we can see in the long history of unjust wars, rationalized by patriarchy, in which men have fought and been killed and injured and

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itself. As such, female liberation needs to begin "with an assessment of the material position of women in capitalist society." In that, German differs from Young or Hartmann by rejecting the notion ("eternal truth") that the patriarchy is at the root of female oppression.

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understanding of patriarchy argue that because of human female biology, women are more fit to perform roles such as anonymous child-rearing at home, rather than high-profile decision-making roles, such as leaders in battles. Through this basis, "the existence of a

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that is harmful to both men and women. It often includes any social, political, or economic mechanism that evokes male dominance over women. Because patriarchy is a social construction, it can be overcome by revealing and critically analyzing its manifestations.

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portrayed women as morally, intellectually, and physically inferior to men; saw women as the property of men; claimed that women's role in society was to reproduce and to serve men in the household; and saw male domination of women as natural and virtuous.

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in the West, "the emperor of Japan changed Japanese modes of worship", giving supremacy to male deities and suppressing belief in female spiritual power in what feminist scholars in the field of religious studies have called a "patriarchal revolution."

1022:. Steven Taylor argues that the rise of patriarchal domination was associated with the appearance of socially stratified hierarchical polities, institutionalised violence and the separated individuated ego associated with a period of climatic stress. 2376:

Today, as in the past, men generally hold political, economic, and religious power in most societies thanks to patriarchy, a system whereby men largely control women and children, shape ideas about appropriate gender behavior, and generally dominate

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argues that the new term identifies the ideological system itself (that men claim dominance and superiority to women) that can be believed and acted upon by either men or women, whereas the earlier terms imply only men act as oppressors of women.

810:; these writers sought to use an understanding of patriarchal social relations to liberate women from male domination. This concept of patriarchy was developed to explain male dominance as a social, rather than biological, phenomenon. 1454:

widely differing that oppression is from class to class." Instead, the patriarchy is not the result of men's oppression of women or sexism per se, with men not even identified as the main beneficiaries of such a system, but

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that there was no single event, and documents that patriarchy as a social system arose in different parts of the world at different times. Some scholars point to social and technological events, notably the emergence of

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as far back as 3100 BCE, as are restrictions on a woman's reproductive capacity and exclusion from "the process of representing or the construction of history". According to some researchers, with the appearance of the

1575:) suggest that sexual conflicts of interest underlying the patriarchy precede the emergence of the human species. However, the extent of male power over females varies greatly across different primate species. Among 1284:, a book containing biographies of women who lived according to the Confucian ideals of virtuous womanhood, popularized an entire genre of similar writing during the Ming dynasty. Women who lived according to this 1263:

extensive writing on the value of a woman's mediocrity and servile behavior leaves others feeling that this narrative is the result of a misplaced desire to cast her in a contemporary feminist light. Similarly to

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in primitive societies is a starting point as much for purely social accounts of the origins of patriarchy as for biological." Hence, the rise of patriarchy is recognized through this apparent "sexual division".

1201:, which proposed a feminist reading of the Old and New Testament. This tendency was enlarged by feminist theory, which denounced the patriarchal Judeo-Christian tradition. In 2020, social theorist and theologian 729:

Historically, patriarchy has manifested itself in the social, legal, political, religious, and economic organization of a range of different cultures. Most contemporary societies are, in practice, patriarchal.

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Feldblum, Joseph T.; Wroblewski, Emily E.; Rudicell, Rebecca S.; Hahn, Beatrice H.; Paiva, Thais; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Pusey, Anne E.; Gilby, Ian C. (December 2014).

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positive laws of God that relate to the obedience of children join the father and the mother without any differentiation; both possess a kind of ascendancy and jurisdiction over their children...."

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in rituals of courtship and marriage. They provide conceptual models for organising power relations in spheres that have nothing to do with the family, for example, politics and business.

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countered in 1974 that the data on women's attitudes are "sparse and contradictory", and that the data on male attitudes about male–female relations are "ambiguous". Also, the effects of

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Sometimes, men in matrilineal societies were the ones who inherited, but they did so through their mother's brothers, and passed their own inheritances along to their sisters' children.

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compare human gender roles to sexed behavior in other primates and some argue that gender inequality comes primarily from genetic and reproductive differences between men and women.

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over which males of most species will compete. This idea suggests that females prefer males who control more resources that can help her and her offspring, which in turn causes an

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Lerner states that Aristotle believed that women had colder blood than men, which made women not evolve into men, the sex that Aristotle believed to be perfect and superior.

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states that "...many cultures bestow power preferentially on one sex or the other...." Some anthropologists, such as Floriana Ciccodicola, have argued that patriarchy is a

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argues that patriarchy evolved in humans through conflict between the respective reproductive interests of males and females. She lists six ways it may have emerged:

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Many feminists (especially scholars and activists) have called for culture repositioning as a method for deconstructing patriarchy. Culture repositioning relates to

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Sociologists tend to reject predominantly biological explanations of patriarchy and contend that socialization processes are primarily responsible for establishing

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Catalano, D. Chase J.; Griffin, Pat (2016). "Sexism, Heterosexism, and Trans* Oppression: An Integrated Perspective". In Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne (eds.).

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i.e. patriarchy as the 'norm' or common sense, is relevant. However, there do exist cultures that some anthropologists have described as matriarchal. Among the

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Alger, Ingela; Hooper, Paul L.; Cox, Donald; Stieglitz, Jonathan; Kaplan, Hillard S. (19 May 2020). "Paternal provisioning results from ecological change".

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to describe the interactive relationship of capitalism and patriarchy in producing and reproducing the oppression of women. According to Hartmann, the term

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contest this argument, arguing that gender roles and gender inequity are instruments of power and have become social norms to maintain control over women.

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also understands patriarchy as the primary cause of women's oppression. The system of patriarchy accomplishes this by alienating women from their bodies.

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along gender lines, with power predominantly held by men, has been observed in most, but not all societies. The concept of patriarchy is also related to

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Jaggar, Young, and Hartmann are among the feminist theorists who argue that the system of patriarchy should be completely overturned, especially the

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Feminist theorists have written extensively about patriarchy either as a primary cause of women's oppression, or as part of an interactive system.

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institutionalization of male dominance over women and children in the family and the extension of male dominance over women in society in general.

1246:, Confucianism has strong dictates regarding the behavior of women, declaring a woman's place in society, as well as outlining virtuous behavior. 3228:. Cambridge McDonald Monograph Series. Cambridge Oakville, Connecticut: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. 3183: 1443:. In its being both systematic and universal, therefore, the concept of patriarchy represents an adaptation of the Marxist concept of class and 1069:. In it, Plato argues that women would have complete educational and political equality in such a society, and would serve in the military. The 6994: 4465: 3387: 2424:

extended from the 1840s to the late 1970s Nevertheless, men's government of women is one of the most deeply entrenched of all power structures

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there is no difficulty in describing it as the duty of ordering the house well, looking after the property indoors, and obeying her husband.

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There is also considerable variation in the role that gender plays in human societies, and there is no academic consensus on to what extent

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This psychoanalytic model is based upon revisions of Freud's description of the normally neurotic family using the analogy of the story of

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However, in the latter half of the 18th century, clerical sentiments of patriarchy were meeting challenges from intellectual authorities –

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has composed six overlapping structures that define patriarchy and that take different forms in different cultures and different times:

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The household: women are more likely to have their labor expropriated by their husbands such as through housework and raising children

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a patriarchal myth. For Firestone, women must gain control over reproduction in order to be free from oppression. Feminist historian

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between males and females may have originated with the invention of cooking, which is estimated to have happened simultaneously with

297: 1278:, widowed women were expected to never remarry, and unmarried women were expected to remain chaste for the duration of their lives. 6651: 6117: 2052: 1558: 1316: 878: 1755:

younger men. Some of these younger men may inherit and therefore have a stake in continuing these conventions. Others may rebel.

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Hunnicutt, Gwen (2009). "Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women: Resurrecting 'Patriarchy' as a Theoretical Tool".

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vinculum through which the psychology of power can always be smuggled – the tapeworm of exploitation will never be annihilated.

1230:, and ancient writings were replete with references to great priestesses and magicians. However, at the time contemporary with 5705:

Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture: An Intersectional Approach to the Complexities and Challenges of Male Identity

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believes that male control over women's sexuality and reproductive functions is a fundamental cause and result of patriarchy.

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Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (2015). "Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community".

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I shall define patriarchy as a system of social structures, and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women.

1938: 644: 7647: 7605: 7355: 7191: 6764: 1676:, argues that females almost always invest more energy into producing offspring than males, and therefore, females are a 2554: 6365: 6100: 6095: 5955: 4107: 3753: 2622: 2588: 838:

defines patriarchy as "a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress, and exploit women".

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Resisting Injustice and the Feminist Ethics of Care in the Age of Obama: "Suddenly ... All the Truth Was Coming Out"

3278: 7083: 6661: 6070: 6002: 1623:, China), for example, women exert greater power, authority, and control over decision-making. Other societies are 1189:

that their admonitions applied to specific historical situations, and were not to be viewed as universal commands.

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Family and other relations: a thesis examining the extent to which family relationships shape the relations of art

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in the Aegean, the Balkans and southern Italy instituted male hierarchies that led to the rise of patriarchy in

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What Paul Really Said About Women: an Apostle's liberating views on equality in marriage, leadership, and love

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inheriting eldest son frequently form the dynamic and emotional narratives of popular culture and are enacted

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rule by the male head of a family; however, since the late 20th century it has also been used to refer to

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Gao, Xiongya (2003). "Women Existing for Men: Confucianism and Social Injustice against Women in China".

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In the 19th century, various women began to question the commonly accepted patriarchal interpretation of

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in which power is primarily held by adult men. The term was particularly used by writers associated with

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was meant as a moral guide for proper feminine behavior, and was widely accepted as such for centuries.

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used Grimké's criticism of biblical sources to establish a basis for feminist thought. She published

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left a record of his shock at the contrast between the roles of Egyptian women and the women of

7590: 7290: 7206: 7056: 6984: 6920: 6898: 6888: 6863: 6853: 6424: 6293: 6249: 6192: 6030: 5948: 5925: 5626:(1999). "Articulating adolescent girls' resistance to patriarchal discourse in popular media". 5447: 5421: 4567: 3888:"Daughter/Wife/Mother or Sage/Immortal/Bodhisattva? Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions" 2992: 2727:

Hennessy, Rosemary (2012). "Patriarchy". In Harrington, A.; Marshall, B.L.; Muller, H. (eds.).

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Culture: representation of women in media, and popular culture is "within a patriarchal gaze".

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Some preconditions for the eventual development of patriarchy were the emergence of increased

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Practicing anthropology in development processes: new perspectives for a radical anthropology

4652: 4350:"Assessing the "Engines of Liberation": Home Appliances and Female Labor Force Participation" 3524: 3468: 2845:"Can the patriarchy be matrilineal? An anthropologist calls for clarity | Santa Fe Institute" 1968: 1953: 1681: 1288:

ideal were celebrated in official documents, and some had structures erected in their honor.

1231: 1149: 932:, and suggests that patriarchal social structures did not develop until after the end of the 839: 627: 415: 3551: 3364:

Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge, Volume 2

3341: 3184:"The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles" 2440: 1222:, power in society was more evenly distributed, particularly in the religious domain, where 7502: 7457: 7427: 7410: 7400: 7248: 7169: 7157: 7093: 7066: 6949: 6868: 6848: 6798: 6656: 6377: 6325: 6014: 5997: 5987: 5779:

Patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale: women in the international division of labour

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Buss, David Michael; Schmitt, David P. (May 2011). "Evolutionary psychology and feminism".

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Bosson, Jennifer Katherine; Vandello, Joseph Alan; Buckner, Camille E. (27 February 2018).

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in various areas, while infanticide of any form was, by the letter of the law, prohibited.

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Not all of the great Greek thinkers believed that women were inferior. Aristotle's teacher

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Green, Fiona Joy (2010). "Patriarchal Ideology of Motherhood". In O'Reilly, Andrea (ed.).

33:"Patriarchal system" redirects here. For the political hierarchy of the Western Zhou, see 8: 7742: 7727: 7320: 7310: 7280: 7268: 7263: 7174: 7130: 7125: 7120: 6843: 6778: 6758: 6696: 6639: 6574: 6409: 6382: 6355: 6239: 6182: 6057: 6009: 5992: 5972: 5565: 5114: 3849:"Patriarchal Revolution in Ancient Japan: Episodes from the "Nihonshoki" Sūjin Chronicle" 2325: 1861: 1774: 1696: 1455: 1384: 1178: 1126: 865: 703: 688: 623: 4828: 4771: 2072: 7507: 7497: 7487: 7472: 7467: 7452: 7405: 7385: 7360: 7325: 7315: 7295: 7110: 7036: 6989: 6964: 6939: 6803: 6634: 6476: 6397: 6040: 5759: 5682: 5206: 5131: 4892: 4788: 4755: 4736: 4701: 4627: 4459: 4385: 4377: 4127: 4088: 3992: 3959: 3932: 3868: 3831: 3381: 3048: 2908: 2875: 2852: 2245: 2191: 2183: 2013: 1963: 1866: 1738: 1632: 1597: 1517: 1436: 1416: 1300: 945: 558: 460: 390: 179: 116: 66: 5885: 1931: 7696: 7553: 7432: 7395: 7390: 7370: 7365: 7335: 7300: 7253: 7243: 7115: 7041: 7031: 7024: 7014: 6915: 6908: 6883: 6873: 6858: 6728: 6701: 6491: 6471: 6456: 6439: 6330: 6320: 6256: 6222: 6207: 5941: 5852: 5825: 5806: 5782: 5733: 5708: 5701:"Patriarchy, Male Privilege, and the Consequences of Living in a Patriarchal Society" 5654: 5609: 5577: 5545: 5518: 5485: 5458: 5393: 5361: 5329: 5297: 5272: 5239: 5154: 5092: 5067: 5035: 4975: 4946: 4921: 4884: 4842: 4793: 4740: 4705: 4660: 4631: 4575: 4535: 4447: 4437: 4369: 4310: 4280: 4270: 4225: 4200: 4175: 4061: 4051: 4025: 4015: 3982: 3922: 3860: 3794: 3731: 3678: 3653: 3615: 3584: 3557: 3530: 3476: 3447: 3410: 3367: 3324: 3320: 3285: 3229: 3162: 3133: 3098: 3053: 3035: 2968: 2913: 2895: 2824: 2791: 2766: 2732: 2704: 2671: 2450: 2409: 2365: 2333: 2305: 2275: 2249: 2237: 2229: 2195: 2137: 1542: 1404: 1372: 1258: 1007: 991: 699: 385: 370: 365: 4896: 4719:

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tend to reject predominantly biological explanations of patriarchy and contend that

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on males to be competitive with each other in order to gain resources and power.

1677: 1636: 1157: 1073:

also valued the participation of women, who were treated as intellectual equals.

1034:, in the Platonic dialogue of the same name, sums up the prevailing sentiment in 1019: 1003: 948:, historical research has not yet found a specific "initiating event". Historian 827: 684: 568: 525: 480: 465: 410: 160: 92: 87: 4732: 4697: 3793:. Chapel Hill London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 289–307. 2179: 1185: 1169: 7653: 7492: 6944: 6793: 6613: 6564: 6414: 6298: 5678:"Gender, democratic citizenship v. patriarchy: a feminist perspective on Rawls" 5089:

Male dominance and female autonomy: domestic authority in matrilineal societies

3996: 3199: 2436: 2389: 2040: 1998: 1993: 1887: 1806: 1767: 1644: 1605: 1508: 1450: 1444: 1408: 1202: 1070: 1031: 843: 742: 719: 515: 505: 495: 440: 233: 5918: 5127: 5000: 4837: 4812: 4779: 3936: 2501: 2090: 1148:. However, it was not published until after his death. In it, he defended the 7721: 6878: 6838: 6833: 6748: 6547: 6419: 6227: 5510: 5381: 4979: 4451: 4373: 4065: 3864: 3039: 2899: 2630: 2596: 2562: 2528: 2233: 2225: 1913: 1881: 1715: 1610: 1492: 1474: 1397: 1347:

Paid work: women are likely to be paid less and face exclusion from paid work

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The gendering of art education: modernism, identity, and critical feminism

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1708: 1624: 1462: 1243: 1108: 999:, there is also "the exclusion of woman from the God-humanity covenant". 960: 937: 933: 929: 925: 917: 883: 715: 707: 455: 450: 5880: 5763: 5517:. London Bristol, Pennsylvania: Taylor & Francis. pp. 192–209. 4381: 4349: 4092: 3963: 3872: 2187: 1814: 6743: 5774: 5443: 5429: 5413: 4880: 4648: 4534:. Routledge Research in American Politics and Governance. p. 143. 4108:"Law, Sexual Morality, and Gender Equality in Qing and Communist China" 4043: 3848: 3730:(1st ed.). Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press. pp. 130–138. 3553:

The police power: patriarchy and the foundations of American government

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Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries P-Z

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Governing the hearth: law and the family in nineteenth-century America

3580:

Engendering origins: critical feminist readings in Plato and Aristotle

2993:"Why ancient men had to evolve from carousers to doting dads — or die" 2880:

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her son to be cooperative and communal but economically unsuccessful.

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The state: women are unlikely to have formal power and representation

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Sommer, Volker; Bauer, Jan; Fowler, Andrew; Ortmann, Sylvia (2010).

4305:

The menopause industry: how the medical establishment exploits women

3159:

Agricultural and pastoral societies in ancient and classical history

2933:"Patrilineal vs. Matrilineal Succession: How Does Inheritance Work?" 1439:

to a moral and political responsibility liable directly to men as a

1387:, a radical-libertarian feminist, defines patriarchy as a system of 1356:

Sexuality: women's sexuality is more likely to be treated negatively

671:

in which positions of authority are primarily held by men. The term

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between 1 and 2 million years ago. The idea was early proposed by

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controlled by the father or eldest male or group of males, and in

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Hartmann, Heidi. "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism".

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on the cultures represented in the studies were not considered.

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interact together to oppress women. Young, Hartmann, and other

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epoch, following social and technological developments such as

687:

to describe a broader social structure in which men as a group

4753: 4012:

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3787:"A judicial patriarchy: family law at the turn of the century" 2274:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 969–970. 1699:. Goldberg contends that patriarchy is a universal feature of 2623: 2589: 2555: 2521: 1900: 1640: 1616: 1491:

Some feminist theorists believe that patriarchy is an unjust

1377: 1238:

In ancient China, gender roles and patriarchy were shaped by

1219: 1096: 1084: 1062: 983:(1884), assigns the origin of patriarchy to the emergence of 778: 769: 759: 745: 184: 102: 19:

This article is about the social system. For other uses, see

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literally means "the rule of the father" and comes from the

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Patriarchy is a social system in which men are the primary

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Louis, Chevalier de Jaucourt (Biography) (February 2003).

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female strategies that reinforce male control over females

1925:

Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism

1142:. Sometime before 1653, Filmer completed a work entitled 1065:

laid out his vision of the most just society in his work

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Defining women: Social institutions and gender divisions

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Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to The Old Testament

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The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe

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retold the stories of thirty biblical women in her book

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about the respective virtues of men and women. He says:

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Masculinity and the British organization man since 1945

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argues that social behavior is primarily determined by

1643:

of southern Africa, have been characterized as largely

1469:

and patriarchy were intertwined systems of oppression.

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The dialectic of sex: the case for feminist revolution

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Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History

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in a anthropological sense, although not exclusively.

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acts to explain and justify patriarchy by attributing

5805:. Vol. 2. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 4940: 4267:

Not in our genes: biology, ideology, and human nature

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The heyday of the patriarchal structures analyzed in

714:

processes are primarily responsible for establishing

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Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)

5730:

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In Tierney, Helen (ed.). 2180:10.1177/0038038589023002004 2046: 1792: 1672:, sometimes referred to as 1583:in their social structure. 813: 21:Patriarchy (disambiguation) 10: 7794: 5920:"Patriarchal System" 5842:; Wheelan, Imelda (2004). 5505:Tierney, Margaret (1995). 5448:"Theoretical perspectives" 5358:Visual and other pleasures 5292:Cockburn, Cynthia (1991). 4653:"Understanding patriarchy" 4170:Macionis, John J. (2012). 3812:Gossberg, Michael (1985). 3785:Gossberg, Michael (1985). 3612:The Creation of Patriarchy 3405:The Creation of Patriarchy 3280:The Creation of Patriarchy 3200:10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408 3157:. In Adas, Michael (ed.). 2963:Wrangham, Richard (2009). 2624: 2590: 2556: 2522: 2300:Henslin, James M. (2001). 2132:The Creation of Patriarchy 2077:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2073:"Definition of PATRIARCHY" 1974:Patriarch (disambiguation) 1608:' description of the term 1552: 1482:The Creation of Patriarchy 1310: 1297:People's Republic of China 1030:A prominent Greek general 955:The Creation of Patriarchy 928:societies were relatively 922:evolutionary psychological 903:unfinished essay from 1876 849: 794:has been used to refer to 779: 770: 760: 746: 613:Journal of Law and Society 333:Colonialism and resistance 39: 32: 25: 18: 7673: 7613: 7552: 7545: 7224: 6931: 6682:Female genital mutilation 6625: 6558: 6455: 6175: 6164: 6091:Majority-Muslim countries 6056: 6023: 5980: 5971: 5781:. London: Zed Books Ltd. 5484:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 5232:"The cultural revolution" 5149:Goldberg, Steven (1974). 5128:10.1007/s11199-011-9987-3 4838:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.056 4780:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.039 4151:Pacific Basin Law Journal 3724:Durso, Pamela R. (2003). 3438:Gimbutas, Marija (1992). 3366:. New York. p. 791. 2009:The personal is political 1555:Sex differences in humans 1480:Lerner, in her 1986 book 1313:Sex differences in humans 1119:were denied such rights. 952:asserts in her 1986 book 874:sexual division of labour 860:Sexual division of labour 287:Non-western state systems 263:African Political Systems 7648:Women's studies journals 7606:Women's rights activists 6167:Movements and ideologies 5820:Pateman, Carole (2018). 5722:Light, Aimee U. (2005). 5647:Gilligan, Carol (1982). 5087:Schlegel, Alice (1972). 4566:Tickner, Ann J. (2001). 4048:My Country and My People 4010:Bray, Francesca (1997). 3952:Race, Gender & Class 3847:Ellwood, Robert (1986). 3770:Storkey, Elaine (2020). 3759:. NYU Press. p. 31. 3751:Castro, Ginette (1990). 3577:Bar On, Bat-Ami (1994). 3358:Bryson, Valerie (2000). 2226:10.1177/1077801208331246 2025:Comparable social models 1984:Patrician (ancient Rome) 1657:sexual division of labor 1633:indigenous tribal groups 822:figures in the areas of 679:to describe a family or 40:Not to be confused with 7192:International relations 5676:Smiley, Marion (2004). 5538:Roper, Michael (1994). 5513:; Grint, Keith (eds.). 5188:American Anthropologist 5153:. New York: W. Morrow. 5006:Encyclopædia Britannica 4106:Ruskola, Teemu (1994). 3652:. New York: HarperOne. 3502:Plato in Twelve Volumes 3467:Taylor, Steven (2005). 3097:Rehg, Jennifer (2010). 3031:10.1073/pnas.1917166117 2821:10.4324/9781315775852-8 2755:Gardiner, Jean (1999). 2640:A Greek–English Lexicon 2606:A Greek–English Lexicon 2572:A Greek–English Lexicon 2538:A Greek–English Lexicon 2360:Lockard, Craig (2015). 2302:Essentials of Sociology 2004:Sociology of fatherhood 1877:Imperial House of Japan 1746:Psychoanalytic theories 1650:Some proponents of the 1593:Encyclopædia Britannica 1515:, early feminists used 1078:Maryanne Cline Horowitz 1026:Ancient Western history 790:Historically, the term 724:Social constructionists 312:and the State in Africa 7778:Political anthropology 7621:Conservative feminisms 6921:Women in the workforce 6889:Violence against women 6864:Sexual objectification 6824:Opposition to feminism 6031:Bicycling and feminism 5926:Encyclopedia Americana 5898:Quotations related to 5699:Keith, Thomas (2017). 5422:University of Plymouth 5060:"Troubling patriarchy" 4301:Coney, Sandra (1994). 3919:10.2307/j.ctt1ggjhm3.7 3604:Lerner, Gerda (1986). 3401:Lerner, Gerda (1986). 3276:Lerner, Gerda (1986). 2892:10.1098/rstb.2019.0005 2332:. Detroit: Macmillan. 2214:Violence Against Women 2128:Lerner, Gerda (1986). 1790: 1652:biological determinist 1425:patriarchal capitalism 1380: 1193:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1133:Modern Western history 1051: 554:Circumscription theory 341:Europe and the People 310:Technology, Tradition, 7733:Cultural anthropology 7661:Women in peacekeeping 7202:Revisionist mythology 6645:Children's literature 5328:. London: Routledge. 5261:"Life without father" 4811:Thompson, ME (2014). 4050:. Oxford City Press. 3188:American Psychologist 2931:Lewis, Jone Johnson. 2631:Liddell, Henry George 2597:Liddell, Henry George 2563:Liddell, Henry George 2529:Liddell, Henry George 1969:Nature versus nurture 1954:Hegemonic masculinity 1785: 1739:evolution of language 1682:evolutionary pressure 1429:capitalist patriarchy 1375: 1311:Further information: 1226:worships the goddess 1150:divine right of kings 1040: 1006:argues that waves of 840:Social stratification 628:cultural anthropology 416:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 269:Papuan Big man system 7768:Feminist terminology 7763:Feminism and society 7104:Pathways perspective 6950:Gender mainstreaming 6869:Substantive equality 6849:Reproductive justice 6799:Matriarchal religion 6657:Diversity (politics) 5929:. 1920. p. 401. 5914:at Wikimedia Commons 5868:on 30 December 2016. 5624:Durham, Meenakshi G. 5606:Masculine domination 5566:Firestone, Shulamith 4366:10.1162/rest.90.1.81 4259:Lewontin, Richard C. 4112:The Yale Law Journal 3892:ASIANetwork Exchange 3496:W.R.M. Lamb (1967). 3344:; Harris, M. (1993) 2326:Malti-Douglas, Fedwa 2110:Cambridge Dictionary 1989:Patrilocal residence 1780:The Dialectic of Sex 1670:evolutionary biology 1664:Evolutionary biology 1639:groups, such as the 1486:socially constructed 1099:. In ancient Egypt, 824:political leadership 804:second-wave feminism 421:Wolfgang Fikentscher 396:Henri J. M. Claessen 151:Pantribal sodalities 7686:Feminism portal 7566:Ecofeminist authors 7416:Trinidad and Tobago 7356:Republic of Ireland 7217:Composition studies 6899:Women's empowerment 6854:Sex workers' rights 6779:Feminist capitalism 6759:Internalized sexism 6697:Feminism in culture 6580:Kurdish (Jineology) 5822:The Sexual Contract 5748:Messner, Michael A. 5576:. New York: Quill. 5326:Écrits: a selection 5183:by Steven Goldberg" 4918:Primates of Gashaka 4829:2014CBio...24R1125T 4823:(23): R1125–R1127. 4772:2014CBio...24.2855F 4408:Science in the News 3360:"Feminism: Marxist" 3077:The Harvard Gazette 2475:Oxford Dictionaries 2422:The Sexual Contract 1862:Biblical patriarchy 1775:Shulamith Firestone 1697:social conditioning 1674:Bateman's principle 1668:An early theory in 1619:(a tiny society in 1549:Biological theories 1543:gender inequalities 1385:Shulamith Firestone 1179:Christian scripture 1127:Alexander the Great 866:paternal investment 564:Left–right paradigm 7748:Gender and society 7062:Literary criticism 6940:Complementarianism 6667:Effects on society 6635:Complementarianism 6447:Women's liberation 5683:Fordham Law Review 4972:The New York Times 4881:10.1007/BF02734133 4337:. 30 January 2019. 2886:(1780): 20190005. 2853:Santa Fe Institute 2481:on 3 November 2018 2437:Ferguson, Kathy E. 2014:Tree of patriarchy 1964:Male expendability 1867:Chinese patriarchy 1856:Patriarchal models 1777:wrote in her 1970 1631:, primarily among 1598:cultural universal 1588:biology determines 1381: 1301:female infanticide 1269:Precepts for Women 1259:Precepts for Women 1002:The archaeologist 946:Robert M. Strozier 559:Legal anthropology 461:Thomas Blom Hansen 391:Robert L. Carneiro 180:Segmentary lineage 117:Leveling mechanism 67:legal anthropology 7715: 7714: 7669: 7668: 7079:Political ecology 6985:Écriture féminine 6884:Triple oppression 6874:Toxic masculinity 6859:Sexual harassment 6724:Feminist stripper 6702:Feminist movement 6621: 6620: 6559:Ethnic and racial 6160: 6159: 5910:Media related to 5858:978-0-7619-7036-1 5831:978-1-5036-0827-6 5812:978-0-252-02997-4 5788:978-1-78360-169-1 5739:978-0-313-32737-7 5714:978-1-317-59534-2 5660:978-0-674-44544-4 5615:978-0-7456-2265-1 5583:978-0-688-12359-8 5551:978-0-19-825693-9 5524:978-0-7484-0161-1 5491:978-0-07-143959-6 5464:978-0-335-19649-4 5399:978-0-231-11895-8 5367:978-0-230-57646-9 5335:978-0-415-25392-5 5303:978-0-7453-0583-7 5278:978-0-7456-0979-9 5245:978-0-394-47472-4 5160:978-0-688-05175-4 5122:(9–10): 768–787. 5098:978-0-87536-328-8 5073:978-0-415-57829-5 5056:Buchbinder, David 5041:978-88-6134-791-5 4952:978-1-5063-3132-4 4927:978-1-4419-7402-0 4766:(23): 2855–2860. 4666:978-0-7434-8033-8 4581:978-0-415-24352-0 4541:978-1-135-09970-1 4481:Capital and Class 4443:978-0-8133-5070-7 4316:978-0-89793-161-8 4276:978-0-14-022605-8 4231:978-0-13-040737-5 4206:978-0-8476-9534-8 4057:978-1-84902-664-2 4021:978-0-520-91900-6 3988:978-0-8248-2842-4 3928:978-1-5064-2330-2 3800:978-0-8078-6336-7 3737:978-0-86554-876-3 3684:978-0-684-31200-2 3659:978-0-06-061063-0 3621:978-0-19-503996-2 3590:978-0-7914-1643-3 3563:978-0-231-13207-7 3536:978-0-8058-3772-8 3482:978-1-905047-20-8 3453:978-0-06-250337-4 3416:978-0-19-503996-2 3373:978-0-415-92088-9 3291:978-0-19-503996-2 3235:978-0-9519420-1-7 3168:978-1-56639-832-9 3139:978-0-262-03425-8 3124:. The MIT Press. 2974:978-0-465-01362-3 2830:978-1-317-68869-3 2797:978-1-13-661004-2 2772:978-0-41-518718-3 2738:978-1-13-678694-5 2710:978-1-4051-8353-6 2697:Meagher, Michelle 2677:978-0-41-510829-4 2500:Harper, Douglas. 2456:978-0-313-31072-0 2415:978-1-4051-9694-9 2394:"Sexual Contract" 2371:978-1-285-78312-3 2339:978-0-02-865960-2 2311:978-0-536-94185-5 2281:978-1-4129-6846-1 2143:978-0-19-503996-2 1501:heteropatriarchal 1421:Marxist feminists 1405:Iris Marion Young 1198:The Woman's Bible 1012:Ukrainian steppes 992:Ancient Near East 891:division of labor 700:gender inequality 662: 661: 386:Jeremy Boissevain 371:Georges Balandier 366:E. Adamson Hoebel 7785: 7758:Family economics 7705: 7704: 7695: 7694: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7550: 7549: 7533:History of women 7010:Political theory 6911: 6904:Women-only space 6789:Likeability trap 6677:Female education 6173: 6172: 6168: 6128:African-American 6058:Women's suffrage 6049: 6036:Feminist history 5978: 5977: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5909: 5897: 5883: 5869: 5867: 5861:. 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According to 914:Anthropological 911: 909:Sex hierarchies 862: 857: 852: 830:and control of 828:moral authority 816: 736: 720:Sociobiologists 685:feminist theory 658: 618: 617: 594: 586: 585: 569:State formation 549: 541: 540: 526:Bjorn Thomassen 481:Elizabeth Mertz 466:Ted C. Lewellen 411:Pierre Clastres 361: 360:Major theorists 353: 352: 343:Without History 342: 311: 247: 239: 238: 161:Paramount chief 93:Achieved status 88:Ascribed status 80:Status and rank 76: 65: 45: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7791: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7699: 7689: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7654:SCUM Manifesto 7650: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7556: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7525: 7523:United Kingdom 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7197:Existentialism 7194: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7153:Existentialism 7150: 7149: 7148: 7146:Justice ethics 7138: 7133: 7128: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6945:Gender studies 6942: 6937: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6916:Women's rights 6913: 6910:Women's health 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6794:Male privilege 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6763:International 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6474: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6130: 6125: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6106:United Kingdom 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5915: 5903: 5891: 5875: 5874:External links 5872: 5871: 5870: 5857: 5836: 5830: 5817: 5811: 5793: 5787: 5771: 5744: 5738: 5719: 5713: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5666: 5665: 5659: 5644: 5634:(2): 210–229. 5620: 5614: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5582: 5557: 5550: 5530: 5523: 5511:Gill, Rosalind 5497: 5490: 5470: 5463: 5435: 5420:(PhD thesis). 5405: 5398: 5382:Butler, Judith 5373: 5366: 5341: 5334: 5309: 5302: 5284: 5277: 5251: 5244: 5216: 5195:(2): 363–365. 5166: 5159: 5141: 5104: 5097: 5079: 5072: 5047: 5040: 5020: 4992: 4958: 4951: 4933: 4926: 4902: 4852: 4803: 4746: 4711: 4676: 4665: 4637: 4618:(3): 334–350. 4602: 4587: 4580: 4558: 4540: 4520: 4490: 4471: 4442: 4421: 4395: 4340: 4322: 4315: 4290: 4275: 4237: 4230: 4212: 4205: 4183: 4160: 4137: 4124:10.2307/797055 4098: 4087:(3): 129–146. 4071: 4056: 4035: 4020: 4002: 3987: 3969: 3958:(3): 114–125. 3942: 3937:j.ctt1ggjhm3.7 3927: 3901: 3878: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3826:(4): 799–847. 3799: 3777: 3762: 3743: 3736: 3716: 3690: 3683: 3665: 3658: 3640: 3627: 3620: 3596: 3589: 3583:. SUNY Press. 3569: 3562: 3542: 3535: 3515: 3488: 3481: 3459: 3452: 3430: 3415: 3393: 3372: 3350: 3334: 3315:(4): 377–392. 3308:Family Process 3297: 3290: 3261: 3241: 3234: 3209: 3194:(6): 408–423. 3174: 3167: 3145: 3138: 3112: 3089: 3063: 3009: 2980: 2973: 2952: 2923: 2866: 2836: 2829: 2803: 2796: 2778: 2771: 2744: 2737: 2716: 2709: 2683: 2676: 2649: 2615: 2581: 2547: 2513: 2492: 2462: 2455: 2428: 2414: 2381: 2370: 2345: 2338: 2317: 2310: 2287: 2280: 2259: 2220:(5): 553–573. 2204: 2174:(2): 213–234. 2153: 2142: 2115: 2100: 2097:. 2 June 2023. 2082: 2079:. 3 June 2023. 2063: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2041:Male privilege 2038: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1999:Son preference 1996: 1994:Phallocentrism 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1928: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1908:Related topics 1906: 1905: 1904: 1891: 1888:Pater familias 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1838: 1824: 1810: 1807:Society portal 1794: 1791: 1768:performatively 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1665: 1662: 1606:Roland Barthes 1604:suggests that 1571:(for example, 1550: 1547: 1509:culture change 1451:Lindsey German 1445:class struggle 1423:use the terms 1409:Heidi Hartmann 1369: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1308: 1305: 1215: 1212: 1203:Elaine Storkey 1134: 1131: 1117:Athenian women 1045: 1027: 1024: 918:archaeological 910: 907: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 844:patrilineality 834:. Sociologist 815: 812: 800:social systems 735: 732: 660: 659: 657: 656: 649: 642: 634: 631: 630: 620: 619: 616: 615: 610: 603: 595: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 516:Aidan Southall 513: 508: 506:James C. Scott 503: 498: 496:Rodney Needham 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 441:Ernest Gellner 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 345: 337: 336: 334: 330: 329: 323: 322: 320: 316: 315: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 289: 288: 285: 283: 279: 278: 271: 266: 258: 257: 254: 252: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 234:Ritual warfare 231: 226: 220: 219: 217: 216:Law and custom 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 171: 170: 168: 164: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 127: 126: 124: 120: 119: 114: 105: 100: 95: 90: 84: 83: 81: 77: 75:Basic concepts 74: 73: 70: 69: 58: 57: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7790: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7708: 7700: 7698: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 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Routledge. 5706: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5585: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5474: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5401: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5350:Mulvey, Laura 5345: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5318:Lacan, Jaques 5313: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5177:(June 1974). 5176: 5170: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4906: 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Bailey 308: 273: 261: 246:Case studies 205:Ethnic group 175:Band society 135: 50: 42:Patriarchate 7636:Comic books 7561:Art critics 7483:South Korea 7463:Philippines 7443:New Zealand 7438:Netherlands 7170:Pornography 7158:Metaphysics 7099:Criminology 7094:Archaeology 7067:Film theory 6769:Women's Day 6519:Ecofeminist 6378:Reactionary 6326:Materialist 6101:Switzerland 6096:New Zealand 6015:Fourth-wave 5998:Second-wave 5775:Mies, Maria 5444:Dalton, Pen 5430:10026.1/758 4875:(1): 1–32. 4649:hooks, bell 4547:11 February 4414:17 February 4044:Lin, Yutang 3498:"71E: Meno" 3424:reproducers 3082:11 December 3002:11 December 1709:colonialism 1645:egalitarian 1625:matrilinear 1581:matriarchal 1573:chimpanzees 1541:explaining 1463:Audre Lorde 1291:In China's 1274:In China's 1244:Han dynasty 1232:Constantine 1218:In ancient 1160:tradition. 1109:real estate 961:agriculture 938:agriculture 934:Pleistocene 930:egalitarian 926:prehistoric 872:, and of a 855:Pre-history 752:patriarkhēs 734:Terminology 456:Ulf Hannerz 451:Lesley Gill 7743:Fatherhood 7728:Patriarchy 7722:Categories 7626:Literature 7571:Economists 7291:Bangladesh 7225:By country 7175:Psychology 7131:Empiricism 7126:Aesthetics 7121:Philosophy 6980:Patriarchy 6960:Matriarchy 6765:Girl's Day 6744:Girl power 6717:In hip hop 6640:Literature 6575:Indigenous 6514:Reclaiming 6410:Standpoint 6383:Separatism 6356:Postmodern 6250:Vegetarian 6240:Difference 6183:Analytical 6010:Third-wave 5993:First-wave 5912:Patriarchy 5900:Patriarchy 5887:patriarchy 4727:(4): 235. 4692:(2): 235. 4335:Penn Today 3508:9 February 2523:πατριάρχης 2095:Britannica 2059:References 2031:Androcracy 1752:patriarchy 1629:matrilocal 1535:Joan Acker 1527:bell hooks 1513:patriarchy 1475:socializes 1433:patriarchy 1413:capitalism 1389:oppression 1145:Patriarcha 1016:Old Europe 882:, British 870:fatherhood 796:autocratic 792:patriarchy 747:πατριάρχης 739:Patriarchy 673:patriarchy 665:Patriarchy 348:Cargo cult 251:Acephelous 141:Matriarchy 136:Patriarchy 123:Leadership 7381:Argentina 7341:Indonesia 7331:Hong Kong 7286:Australia 7187:Seriality 7111:Geography 7037:Sociology 6990:Economics 6975:Kyriarchy 6477:Christian 6457:Religious 6398:Socialist 6188:Anarchist 6133:States of 6071:Australia 5758:: 74–88. 5670::Cited in 5320:(2001) . 5115:Sex Roles 4980:0362-4331 4741:145758809 4721:Sociology 4706:143683720 4686:Sociology 4632:144448501 4599:. UNESCO. 4460:cite book 4452:979993556 4374:0034-6535 4172:Sociology 4066:744466115 4046:(2011) . 3865:8755-4178 3607:"Symbols" 3382:cite book 3040:0027-8424 2937:ThoughtCo 2900:0962-8436 2485:4 January 2250:206667077 2234:1077-8012 2196:220676988 2168:Sociology 2036:Kyriarchy 2019:Womb envy 1959:Homemaker 1872:Domostroy 1417:socialist 1228:Amaterasu 1224:Shintoism 1089:Herodotus 1055:Aristotle 820:authority 691:society. 536:Eric Wolf 108:Age grade 62:Political 7697:Category 7631:American 7503:Thailand 7458:Pakistan 7428:Malaysia 7411:Paraguay 7401:Honduras 7249:Ethiopia 7116:Pedagogy 7042:Rhetoric 7032:Sexology 7025:Womanist 7020:Thealogy 7015:Theology 6814:Misogyny 6687:Femicide 6672:Equality 6626:Concepts 6541:Orthodox 6504:Neopagan 6492:Womanist 6472:Buddhist 6440:Africana 6435:Womanism 6331:Maternal 6321:Lipstick 6287:Activism 6257:Equality 6223:Cultural 6208:Carceral 6143:Virginia 6123:Timeline 6066:Timeline 6003:timeline 5988:Timeline 5965:Feminism 5799:(2004). 5777:(2014). 5764:41035593 5604:(2001). 5568:(1970). 5446:(2001). 5384:(2000). 5352:(2009). 5230:(1974). 5058:(2013). 4897:17741169 4889:24202828 4847:25465331 4798:25454788 4651:(2004). 4513:18 March 4382:40043126 4285:10348941 4093:41298764 4030:42922667 3964:41675091 3873:25002039 3808:See also 3058:32358187 2918:31303167 2439:(1999). 2392:(2016). 2377:society. 2328:(2007). 2242:19182049 2188:42853921 2047:Contrast 1793:See also 1693:genetics 1569:primates 1254:Ban Zhao 1113:property 1105:tribunal 1067:Republic 1046:— 832:property 814:Overview 806:such as 756:compound 696:ideology 689:dominate 593:Journals 190:Chiefdom 167:Polities 53:a series 51:Part of 28:Machismo 7643:Parties 7518:Ukraine 7513:Vietnam 7423:Lebanon 7321:Germany 7311:Finland 7306:Denmark 7281:Albania 7269:Senegal 7264:Nigeria 7180:Therapy 7163:Science 7074:Biology 6602:Mizrahi 6570:Chicana 6531:Islamic 6467:Atheist 6403:Marxist 6373:Radical 6309:Liberal 6304:Lesbian 6282:Hip hop 6262:Eugenic 6203:Atheist 6176:General 6148:Wyoming 5981:General 5973:History 5136:7878675 5013:23 June 4825:Bibcode 4789:4905588 4768:Bibcode 4390:9870721 3709:1 April 3329:1790784 3049:7245097 2997:Inverse 2909:6664128 2643:at the 2609:at the 2575:at the 2541:at the 1760:Oedipus 1635:. 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