833:
mother. Our young women were expected to be physically strong....The young women received formal instruction in traditional planting....Since the
Iroquois were absolutely dependent upon the crops they grew, whoever controlled this vital activity wielded great power within our communities. It was our belief that since women were the givers of life they naturally regulated the feeding of our people....In all countries, real wealth stems from the control of land and its resources. Our Iroquois philosophers knew this as well as we knew natural law. To us it made sense for women to control the land since they were far more sensitive to the rhythms of the Mother Earth. We did not own the land but were custodians of it. Our women decided any and all issues involving territory, including where a community was to be built and how land was to be used....In our political system, we mandated full equality. Our leaders were selected by a caucus of women before the appointments were subject to popular review....Our traditional governments are composed of an equal number of men and women. The men are chiefs and the women clan-mothers....As leaders, the women closely monitor the actions of the men and retain the right to veto any law they deem inappropriate....Our women not only hold the reins of political and economic power, they also have the right to determine all issues involving the taking of human life. Declarations of war had to be approved by the women, while treaties of peace were subject to their deliberations.
1268:, a village only for women from one tribe with about 36 residents, was established under a matriarch. It was founded on an empty piece of land by women who fled their homes after being raped by British soldiers. They formed a safe-haven in rural Samburu County in northern Kenya. Men of the same tribe established a village nearby from which to observe the women's village, the men's leader objecting to the matriarch's questioning the culture and men suing to close the women's village. As of 2019, 48 women, most of whom who have fled gender-based violence like female genital mutilation, assault, rape, and abusive marriages call Umoja home, living with their children in this all female-village. Many of these women faced stigma in their communities following these attacks and had no choice but to flee. Others sought to escape from the nearby Samburu community, which practices child marriage and female genital mutilation. In the village, the women practice "collective economic cooperation." The sons are obligated to move out when they turn eighteen. Not only has the Umoja village protected its members, the members have also done extensive work for gender equity in Kenya. The message of the village has spread outside of Kenya as member "Lolosoli's passion for gender equity in Kenya has carried her to speak on social justice at the United Nations and to participate in an international women's rights conference in South Africa."
810:, had as its "gender ideology ... one of female superiority, and it operated within a social actuality of sexual equality." According to LeBow (based on Schlegel's work), in the Hopi, "gender roles ... are egalitarian .... either sex is inferior." LeBow concluded that Hopi women "participate fully in ... political decision-making." According to Schlegel, "the Hopi no longer live as they are described here" and "the attitude of female superiority is fading". Schlegel said the Hopi "were and still are matrilineal" and "the household ... was matrilocal". Schlegel explains why there was female superiority as that the Hopi believed in "life as the highest good ... the female principle ... activated in women and in Mother Earth ... as its source" and that the Hopi had no need for an army as they did not have rivalries with neighbors. Women were central to institutions of clan and household and predominated "within the economic and social systems (in contrast to male predominance within the political and ceremonial systems)." The Clan Mother, for example, was empowered to overturn land distribution by men if she felt it was unfair since there was no "countervailing ... strongly centralized, male-centered political structure".
4889:"Women do not run for office as readily as men do, nor do most women, it seems, call on them to run. It seems that they do not have the same desire to 'run' things as men, to use the word in another political sense that like the first includes standing out in front.... Women are partisan, like men; hence they are political, like men. But not to the same degree. They will readily sail into partisan conflict, but they are not so ready to take the lead and make themselves targets of partisan hostility (though they do write provocative books)." "study .... traces the gender gap ... to 'participatory factors,' such as education and income, that give men greater advantages in civic skills, enabling them to participate politically" "n politics and in other public situations, he willingly takes responsibility when others hang back.... His wife and children ... are weaker", "manliness ... is aggression that develops an assertion, a cause it espouses"... "a woman .... may have less ambition or a different ambition, but being a political animal like a man, she too likes to rule, if in her way". See also
1287:, some women's studies scholars such as Roopleena Banerjee consider the Khasi to be matriarchal. Banerjee asserts that "to assess and account a matriarchal society through the parameters of the patriarchy would be wrong" and that "we should avoid looking at history only through the colonizer/colonized boundaries." The Khasi people consist of many clans who trace their lineage through the matriarchs of the families. A Khasi husband typically moves into his wife's home, and both wife and husband participate equally in raising their children. A Khasi woman named Passah explains that " would come to his wife's home late at night... In the morning, he's back at his mother's home to work in the fields," showing how a man's role consists of supporting his wife and family in Khasi society. Traditionally, the youngest daughter, called the Khadduh, receives and cares for ancestral property. As of 2021, the Khasi continue to practice many female-led customs, with wealth and property being passed down through the female side of the family.
3945:
unable to serve politically because of menstruation and pregnancy, public affairs are too sordid for women and would cost women their respect and femininity (apparently including fertility), superiority is not traditional, women lack the political capacity and authority men have, it is impractical because of a shortage of women with the ability to govern at that level of difficulty as well as the desire and ability to wage war, women are less aggressive, or less often so, than are men and politics is aggressive, women legislating would not serve men's interests or would serve only petty interests, it is contradicted by current science on genderal differences, it is unnatural, and, in the views of a playwright and a novelist, "women cannot govern on their own." On the other hand, another view is that "women have 'empire' over men" because of nature and "men ... are actually obeying" women.
4924:"ability to fight .... is an important claim to rule ..., and it is the culmination of the aggressive manly stereotype we are considering", "who can reasonably deny that women are not as accomplished as men in battle either in spirit or in physique? .... Conservatives say that this proves that women are not the same as men", & "manliness is best shown in war, the defense of one's country at its most difficult and dangerous" "there might come a point when ... stronger persons would have to be fought rather than merely told off.... The very great majority of women would take a pass on the opportunity to be GI Jane. In the NATO countries where women are allowed in combat units they form only 1 percent of the complement.... Whatever their belief about equality, women might reasonably decide they are needed more elsewhere than in combat"
4208:, Greece, on a limited principle of equality. In the play, according to Mansfield, Praxagora, a character, argues that women should rule because they are superior to men, not equal, and yet she declines to assert publicly her right to rule, although elected and although acting in office. The play, Mansfield wrote, also suggests that women would rule by not allowing politics, in order to prevent disappointment, and that affirmative action would be applied to heterosexual relationships. In the play, as Mansfield described it, written when Athens was a male-only democracy where women could not vote or rule, women were presented as unassertive and unrealistic, and thus not qualified to govern. The play, according to Sarah Ruden, was a fable on the theme that women should stay home.
4149:, according to Healey, "held that rule by a woman was contrary to God's law but cautioned against using that reason to oppose such rule". According to Richards, Bullinger said women were normally not to rule. Around 1560, Calvin, in disagreeing with Knox, argued that the existence of the few women who were exceptions showed that theological ground existed for their exceptionalism. Knox's view was much debated in Europe at the time, the issue considered complicated by laws such as on inheritance and since several women were already in office, including as Queens, according to de Abreu. Knox's view is not said to be widely held in modern Protestantism among leadership or laity.
4065:, according to Karma Lekshe Tsomo, some hold that "the Buddha allegedly hesitated to admit women to the Saáč
gha ...." because their inclusion would hasten the demise of the monastic community and the very teachings of Buddhism itself. "In certain Buddhist countriesâBurma, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, and Thailandâwomen are categorically denied admission to the Saáč
gha, Buddhism's most fundamental institution", according to Tsomo. Tsomo wrote, "throughout history, the support of the Saáč
gha has been actively sought as a means of legitimation by those wishing to gain and maintain positions of political power in Buddhist countries."
4957:"Mrs. Woodhull offers herself in apparent good faith as a candidate, and perhaps she has a remote impression, or rather hope, that she may be elected, but it seems that she is rather in advance of her time. The public mind is not yet educated to the pitch of universal woman's rights" ... "At present man, in his affection for and kindness toward the weaker sex, is disposed to accord her any reasonable number of privileges. Beyond that stage he pauses, because there seems to him to be something which is unnatural in permitting her to share the turmoil, the excitement, the risks of competition for the glory of governing."
29:
4496:
the edges of the herd. Apart from the mating season when they begin to compete with each other, European bison bulls serve a more active role in the herd only once a danger to the group's safety appears. In bonobos, even the highest ranking male will sometimes face aggression from females and is occasionally injured by them. Female bonobos secure feeding privileges and exude social confidence while the males generally cower on the sidelines. The only exceptions are males with influential mothers, so even the rank between the males is influenced strongly by females. Females also initiate group travels.
9620:(Boston, Mass.) (on genderal integration: "essential duty of the female is ... in choosing a father for her children" & "women will always love men", both per col. 2, & "closer union, deeper attachment between men and women", per col. 3; on freedom: " full economic independence.... freedom now allowed our girls", per col. 1, "freedom" (several references), per col. 2, & "feminism .... set free four-fifths of its labor" & "comparative freedom of action possible to women today ", both per col. 3) (microfilm (Bell & Howell)).
5567:(Boston: South End, 1984) (probably former), pp. 181â187 ("freedom came to be seen by some black militants as a liberation from the oppression caused by black women"), hooks, bell, pp. 180â181 ("many black men 'absorbed' the Moynihan ideology, and this misogyny itself became absorbed into the black freedom movement" and included this, "Moynihan's view", as a case of "American neo-Freudian revisionism where women who evidenced the slightest degree of independence were perceived as 'castrating' threats to the male identity"), and see hooks, bell, p. 79.
4018:
leaders but 75% said women could hold other high positions. In 1994, the Muslim
Brotherhood said that "social circumstances and traditions" may justify gradualism in the exercise of women's right to hold office (below head of state). Whether the Muslim Brothers still support that statement is unclear. As reported in 1953, Roald reported later, "Islamic organizations held a conference in the office of the Muslim Brothers .... claim ... that it had been proven that political rights for women were contrary to religion". Some nations have specific bans. In
4398:, Mars is ruled by a female Martian known only as The Supervisor, who long ago deemed all male Martians to the trash underground and kept all females in functioning society. The film reveals The Supervisor, for an unexplained reason, changed how Martian society was being run (from children being raised by parents) to Martian children being raised by "Nannybots". The Supervisor sacrifices one Earth mother every twenty-five years for that mother's knowledge of order, discipline and control, which is transferred to the Nannybots who raise the female Martians.
1307:
4009:, the founder and last prophet of Islam. The hadith says, according to Roald, "a people which has a woman as leader will never prosper." The hadith's transmission, context, and meaning have been questioned, wrote Roald. According to Roald, the prohibition has also been attributed as an extension of a ban on women leading prayers "in mixed gatherings". Possibly, Roald noted, the hadith applies only against being head of state and not other high office. One source, wrote Roald, would allow a woman to "occupy every position except that of
749:
scholars relied on "this 'matriarchal' aspect of the myth to differentiate
Vietnamese society from the pervasive spread of Chinese Confucian patriarchy," and that "resistance to China's colonization of Vietnam ... the view that Vietnam was originally a matriarchy ... women's struggles for liberation from (Chinese) patriarchy as a metaphor for the entire nation's struggle for Vietnamese independence," and therefore, a "metaphor for the struggle of the matriarchy to resist being overthrown by the patriarchy." According to
1257:. As of 2016, the sole heirs in the family are still daughters. Since 1990, when foreign tourism became permitted, tourists started visiting the Mosuo people. As pointed out by the Xinhua News Agency, "tourism has become so profitable that many Mosuo families in the area who have opened their homes have become wealthy." Although this revived their economy and lifted many out of poverty, it also altered the fabric of their society to have outsiders present who often look down on the Mosuo's cultural practices.
4461:
4089:
904:. Engels speculated that the domestication of animals increased material wealth, which was claimed by men. Engels said that men wanted to control women to use as laborers and to pass on wealth to their children, requiring monogamy; as patriarchy rose, women's status declined until they became mere objects in the exchange trade between men, causing the global defeat of the female sex and the rise of individualism and competition. According to Eller, Engels may have been influenced with respect to women's status by
1519:
390:", according to historian Paula Louise Scalingi. Gynecocracy is defined by Scalingi as "government by women", similar to dictionary definitions (one dictionary adding 'women's social supremacy' to the governing role). Scalingi reported arguments for and against the validity of gynocracy and said, "the humanists treated the question of female rule as part of the larger controversy over sexual equality." Possibly, queenship, because of the power wielded by men in leadership and assisting a queen, leads to
787:
276:, teaching about). The term matriology was used in theology and history of religion as a designation for the study of particular motherly aspects of various female deities. The term was subsequently borrowed by other social sciences and humanities and its meaning was widened in order to describe and define particular female-dominated and female-centered aspects of cultural and social life. The male alternative for matriology is patriology, with patriarchy being the male alternative to matriarchy.
682:
9755:, p. 72 ("the evidence ... of males ruling over all societies at almost all times" & "males ... have dominated all politics we know of") & 58 ("every previous society, including our democracy up to now, has been some kind of patriarchy, permeated by stubborn, self-insistent manliness" (italics omitted)) and see p. 66 (patriarchy as "based on manliness, not merely those governments staffed by males", applicability depending on the antecedent for "here").
825:, a constitution by which women participated in the League's political decision-making, including deciding whether to proceed to war, through what may have been a matriarchy or gyneocracy. According to Doug George-Kanentiio, in this society, mothers exercise central moral and political roles. The dates of this constitution's operation are unknown; the League was formed in approximately 1000â1450, but the constitution was oral until written in about 1880. The League still exists.
464:
4631:
4115:. According to Scalingi, the work is "perhaps the best known analysis of gynecocracy" and Knox was "the most notorious" writer on the subject. According to an 1878 edition, Knox's objection to any women reigning and having "empire" over men was theological and it was against nature for women to bear rule, superiority, dominion, or empire above any realm, nation, or city. Susan M. Felch said that Knox's argument was partly grounded on a statement of the
4655:
4619:
4643:
3527:
1041:
142:
523:. The 19th-century belief that matriarchal societies existed was due to the transmission of "economic and social power ... through kinship lines" so that "in a matrilineal society all power would be channeled through women. Women may not have retained all power and authority in such societies ..., but they would have been in a position to control and dispense power... not unlike the nagging wife or the domineering mother."
4345:(2006) introduces New Amazonia, a colony planet with a matriarchal and largely lesbian population who eschew the strict and ruthless population control and environmentalism instituted on Earth. The Amazonians are aggressive, warlike, and subjugate the few men they tolerate for reproduction and service, but they are also pragmatic and defensive of their freedom from the male-dominated Coalition that seeks to conquer them.
950:. However, other anthropologists warned that "the goddess worship or matrilocality that evidently existed in many paleolithic societies was not necessarily associated with matriarchy in the sense of women's power over men. Many societies can be found that exhibit those qualities along with female subordination." According to Eller, Gimbutas had a large part in constructing a myth of historical matriarchy by examining
3835:
3814:"interchangeably" and proposed a discourse "rooted in the purest female chauvinism" and seemed to support "a feminist counterattack stigmatizing the patriarchal present", "giv ... in to a revenge-seeking form of feminism", "build ... her case on the humiliation of men", and "asserti ... a specifically feminine nature ... morally superior." Castro criticized Elizabeth Gould Davis'
3934:, a feminist, wrote that, for feminists to achieve state power, women must democratically cooperate with men. "Women must take their place with a new generation of brothers in a struggle for the world's fortunes. Herland, whether of virtuous matrons or daring sisters, is not an option... he well-being and liberty of women cannot be separated from democracy's survival." (
425:
intergenerational relationships (as matriarchy may), but do not distinguish between males and females insofar as they apply to specific arrangements for sons as well as daughters from the perspective of their relatives on their mother's side. Accordingly, these concepts do not represent matriarchy as 'power of women over men' but instead familial dynamics.
167:, "'matriarchy' can be thought of ... as a shorthand description for any society in which women's power is equal or superior to men's and in which the culture centers around values and life events described as 'feminine.'" Eller wrote that the idea of matriarchy mainly rests on two pillars, romanticism and modern social criticism. With respect to a
3772:. According to Kathryn Rountree, the belief in a prepatriarchal "Golden Age" of matriarchy may have been more specifically about a matrifocal society, although this was believed more in the 1970s than in the 1990sâ2000s and was criticized within feminism and within archaeology, anthropology, and theological study as lacking a scholarly basis, and Prof.
855:, several generations of scholars, usually arguing from known myths or oral traditions and examination of Neolithic female cult-figures, suggested that many ancient societies might have been matriarchal, or even that there existed a wide-ranging matriarchal society prior to the ancient cultures of which we are aware. After Bachofen's three-volume
753:, "the matriarchal flavor of the time is ... attested by the fact that Trung Trac's mother's tomb and spirit temple have survived, although nothing remains of her father", and the "society of the Trung sisters" was "strongly matrilineal". According to Donald M. Seekins, an indication of "the strength of matriarchal values" was that a woman,
199:, claimed that there is a matriarchy among Black families in the United States, because a quarter of them were headed by single women; thus, families composing a substantial minority of a substantial minority could be enough for the latter to constitute a matriarchy within a larger non-matriarchal society with non-matriarchal political dynamics.
111:), matriarchy is a "form of social organization in which the mother or oldest female is the head of the family, and descent and relationship are reckoned through the female line; government or rule by a woman or women." A popular definition, according to James Peoples and Garrick Bailey, is "female dominance". Within the academic discipline of
761:, raised an army of "over 80,000 soldiers ... many of her officers were women", with which they defeated the Chinese. According to Seekins, "in 40, Trung Trac was proclaimed queen, and a capital was built for her" and modern Vietnam considers the Trung sisters to be heroines. According to Karen G. Turner, in the third century A.D.,
3721:, with her description of an asserted "female State". The work was described by Rohrlich as a "fictional counterpart" to "so-called Amazon societies". Scholarly interpretations of the fictional work include that women win a war against men, "reconcil" with "those men of good will who come to join them", exercise feminist autonomy through
119:, matriarchy is a "culture or community in which such a system prevails" or a "family, society, organization, etc., dominated by a woman or women" without reference to laws that require women to dominate. In general anthropology, according to William A. Haviland, matriarchy is "rule by women". According to Lawrence A. Kuzner in 1997,
10038:"Holy Scripture inculcates for women a sphere higher than and apart from that of public life; because as women they find a full measure of duties, cares and responsibilities and are unwilling to bear additional burdens unsuited to their physical organization.", a "signed ... petition against female suffrage" (January, 1871), in
3725:, decide how to govern, and rule the men. The women confronting men are, according to Tucker Farley, diverse and thus stronger and more united and, continued Farley, permit a "few ... men, who are willing to accept a feminist society of primitive communism, ... to live." Another interpretation is that the author created an
3618:, in 1911 and 1914, argued for "a woman-centered, or better mother-centered, world" and described "government by women". She argued that a government led by either sex must be assisted by the other, both genders being "useful ... and should in our governments be alike used", because men and women have different qualities.
4128:. On the popularity of Knox's views, Patricia-Ann Lee said Knox's "fierce attack on the legitimacy of female rule ... he said ... little that was unacceptable ... to most of his contemporaries", although Judith M. Richards disagreed on whether the acceptance was quite so widespread. According to David Laing's
5555:(1965) ("In this analysis Moynihan asserted that since a fourth of black families were headed by single women, black society was a matriarchy .... his situation undermined the confidence and 'manhood' of black men, and therefore prevented their competing successfully in the white work world.") and citing
171:, according to Barbara Epstein, "matriarchy ... means a social system organized around matriliny and goddess worship in which women have positions of power." According to Adler, in the Marxist tradition, it usually refers to a pre-class society "where women and men share equally in production and power."
1155:
retribution on sinners. While not a creation of the Hebrew Bible, Shekinah appears in a slightly later
Aramaic translation of the Bible in the first or second century C.E., according to Patai. Initially portrayed as the presence of God, she later becomes distinct from God, taking on more physical attributes.
1358:, and that their females observed their ancient maternal customs, "frequently hunting on horseback with their husbands; in war taking the field; and wearing the very same dress as the men". Moreover, said Herodotus, "no girl shall wed till she has killed a man in battle". Amazons came to play a role in
6421:, p. 71 (Ahu Ho Gong, Padaung chief: "no man can be chief over women. I am chief of the men. But women, well! Women only do what they themselves wish" & "it is the same with women all over the world", pp. 52â53, & "no man can rule over women. They just do what they themselves want").
3944:
Other criticisms of matriarchy are that it could result in reverse sexism or discrimination against men, that it is opposed by most people including most feminists, or that many women do not want leadership positions. governing takes women away from family responsibilities, women are too likely to be
3650:
are a form of advocacy. According to Tineke
Willemsen, "a feminist utopia would ... be the description of a place where at least women would like to live." Willemsen continues, among "type of feminist utopias ... stem from feminists who emphasize the differences between women and men. They
1464:
This mythical matriarchal conception corresponds to the conception of the
Basques, clearly reflected in their mythology. The Earth is the mother of the Sun and the Moon, compared to Indo-European patriarchal conceptions, where the sun is reflected as a God, numen or male spirit. Prayers and greetings
832:
In our society, women are the center of all things. Nature, we believe, has given women the ability to create; therefore it is only natural that women be in positions of power to protect this function....We traced our clans through women; a child born into the world assumed the clan membership of its
456:
as the kinship structure of a social system whereby the mothers assume structural prominence. The term does not necessarily imply domination by women or mothers. In addition, some authors depart from the premise of a mother-child dyad as the core of a human group where the grandmother was the central
4119:
against women teaching or usurping authority over men. According to Maria Zina Gonçalves de Abreu, Knox argued that a woman being a national ruler was unnatural and that women were unfit and ineligible for the post. Kathryn M. Brammall said Knox "considered the rule of female monarchs to be anathema
3911:
Biology as a ground for holding either males or females superior over the other has been criticized as invalid, such as by Andrea
Dworkin and by Robin Morgan. A claim that women have unique characteristics that prevent women's assimilation with men has been apparently rejected by Ti-Grace Atkinson.
3853:
Adler reported, "if feminists have diverse views on the matriarchies of the past, they also are of several minds on the goals for the future. A woman in the coven of Ursa Maior told me, 'right now I am pushing for women's power in any way I can, but I don't know whether my ultimate aim is a society
1460:
that maintains that the existence of a psychosocial structure centered or focused on the matriarchal-feminine archetype (mother / woman, which finds in the archetype of the great Basque mother Mari, her precipitate as a projection of Mother Earth / nature) that "permeates, coagulates and unites the
1425:
split Zeus's head, allowing Athena, in full battle armor, to burst forth from his forehead. Athena was thus described as being "born" from Zeus. The outcome pleased Zeus as it didn't fulfill the prophecy of Themis which (according to
Aeschylus) predicted that Zeus will one day bear a son that would
4495:
herds has also been described by specialists as a matriarchy â the cows of the group lead it as the entire herd follows them to grazing areas. Though heavier and larger than the females, the older and more powerful males of the
European bison usually fulfill the role of satellites that hang around
3587:
424:
Some people who sought evidence for the existence of a matriarchy often mixed matriarchy with anthropological terms and concepts describing specific arrangements in the field of family relationships and the organization of family life, such as matrilineality and matrilocality. These terms refer to
365:
Gynecocracy, gynaecocracy, gynocracy, gyneocracy, and gynarchy generally mean 'government by women over women and men'. All of these words are synonyms in their most important definitions, and while these words all share that principal meaning, they differ a little in their additional meanings, so
3896:
in 2005, with papers published. Göttner-Abendroth argued that "matriarchies are all egalitarian at least in terms of genderâthey have no gender hierarchy .... or many matriarchal societies, the social order is completely egalitarian at both local and regional levels", that, "for our own path
1480:
and her metamorphoses offers all a typical symbolism of the matriarchal-naturalistic context. According to the archetype of the Great Mother, this is usually related to fertility cults, as in the case of Mari, who is the determinant of fertility-fecundity, the maker of rain or hail, that on whose
4144:
said, according to Healey, "that government by a woman was a deviation from the original and proper order of nature, and therefore among the punishments humanity incurred for original sin". Nonetheless, Calvin would not always question a woman's right to inherit rule of a realm or principality.
3940:
was feminist utopian fiction by
Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1911, featuring a community entirely of women except for three men who seek it out, strong women in a matriarchal utopia expected to last for generations, demonstrated a marked era of peace and personal satisfaction, although Charlotte
3904:
According to Eller, "a deep distrust of men's ability to adhere to" future matriarchal requirements may invoke a need "to retain at least some degree of female hegemony to insure against a return to patriarchal control", "feminists ... the understanding that female dominance is better for
3805:
believed that a "matriarchal counterrevolution patriarchal revolution"] ... is the only hope for the survival of the human race." She believed that "spiritual force", "mental and spiritual gifts", and "extrasensory perception" will be more important and therefore that "woman will ...
1147:
goddess, her worship was adopted by Hebrews who intermarried with Canaanites. She was worshipped in public and was represented by carved wooden poles. Numerous small nude female figurines of clay were found all over ancient Palestine and a seventh-century Hebrew text invokes her aid for a woman
748:
is said to be evidence of "the presence of an original 'matriarchy' in North Vietnam and led to the double kinship system, which developed there .... combined matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of family structure and assigned equal importance to both lines." Chiricosta said that other
191:
as the "investigation and presentation of non-patriarchal societies", effectively defining matriarchy as non-patriarchy. She has also defined matriarchy as characterized by the sharing of power equally between the two genders. According to Diane LeBow, "matriarchal societies are often described
4017:
has stated that women may not be president or head of state but may hold other public offices but, "as for judiciary office, .... he majority of jurispudents ... have forbidden it completely." In a study of 82 Islamists in Europe, according to Roald, 80% said women could not be state
3868:
is a caricature of powered gender relations which have been completely reversed, with the female sex on the top and the male sex a degraded, oppressed group"; "gender inequality is expressed through power inversion" and "all gender roles are reversed and women rule over a class of intimidated,
182:
When we hear the word "matriarchy", we are conditioned to a number of responses: that matriarchy refers to the past and that matriarchies have never existed; that matriarchy is a hopeless fantasy of female domination, of mothers dominating children, of women being cruel to men. Conditioning us
4239:
is an early feminist utopia (published 1905) based on advanced science and technology developed by women, set in a society, Ladyland, run by women, where "the power of males is taken away and given to females," and men are secluded and primarily attend to domestic duties, according to Seemin
3651:
tend to formulate their ideal world in terms of a society where women's positions are better than men's. There are various forms of matriarchy, or even a utopia that resembles the Greek myth of the Amazons.... ery few modern utopias have been developed in which women are absolute autocrats."
743:
explains that "the ancient Vietnamese family system was most likely matriarchal, with women ruling over the clan or tribe" until the Vietnamese "adopt ... the patriarchal system introduced by the Chinese." That being said, even after adopting the patriarchal Chinese system, Vietnamese women,
701:
is sometimes used, and, while more accurate, still does not reflect the full complexity of their social organization. In fact, it is not easy to categorize Mosuo culture within traditional Western definitions. They have aspects of a matriarchal culture: women are often the head of the house,
558:. There are some disagreements and possible exceptions. A belief that women's rule preceded men's rule was, according to Haviland, "held by many nineteenth-century intellectuals". The hypothesis survived into the 20th century and was notably advanced in the context of feminism and especially
5030:"To promote a woman to beare rule, superioritie, dominion or empire aboue any realme, nation, or citie, is repugnant to nature, contumelie to God, a thing most contrarious to his reueled will and approued ordinance, and finallie it is the subuersion of good order, of all equitie and iustice"
4013:(the leader of all Muslims)." One exception to the head-of-state prohibition was accepted without a general acceptance of women in political leadership, Roald reported. Political activism at lower levels may be more acceptable to Islamist women than top leadership positions, said Roald. The
3948:
Pursuing a future matriarchy would tend to risk sacrificing feminists' position in present social arrangements, and many feminists are not willing to take that chance, according to Eller. "Political feminists tend to regard discussions of what utopia would look like as a good way of setting
954:
cultures that never really resembled the alleged universal matriarchy. She asserts that in "actually documented primitive societies" of recent (historical) times, paternity is never ignored and that the sacred status of goddesses does not automatically increase female social status, and she
1154:
is the name of the feminine holy spirit who embodies both divine radiance and compassion. Exemplifying various traits associated with mothers, she comforts the sick and dejected, accompanies the Jews whenever they are exiled, and intercedes with God to exercise mercy rather than to inflict
149:
The word matriarchy, for a society politically led by females, especially mothers, who also control property, is often interpreted to mean the general opposite of patriarchy, but it is not an opposite. According to Peoples and Bailey, the view of anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday is that
5233:(Cornell University Press, 2002) ("matriarchies are not a mirror form of patriarchies but rather ... a matriarchy "emphasizes maternal meanings where 'maternal symbols are linked to social practices influencing the lives of both sexes and where women play a central role in these practices
900:, in 1884, claimed that, in the earliest stages of human social development, there was group marriage and that therefore paternity was disputable, whereas maternity was not, so that a family could be traced only through the female line. This was a materialist interpretation of Bachofen's
162:
and Elizabeth Shanklin wrote, "by 'matriarchy,' we mean a non-alienated society: a society in which women, those who produce the next generation, define motherhood, determine the conditions of motherhood, and determine the environment in which the next generation is reared." According to
4140:, who, according to Lee, "considered the woman ruler to be a monster in nature, and used ... scriptural argument to prove that females were barred ... from any political power", even if, according to Richards, the woman was "virtuous". Some views included conditionality; while
3700:
public and social institutions". She also wrote that women fare better when controlling the means of production and that equality with men should not be supported, even if female domination is no more "just" than male domination. On the other hand, in 1985, she was "probably more of a
1489:
Bamberger (1974) examines several matriarchal myths from South American cultures and concludes that portraying the women from this matriarchal period as immoral often serves to restrain contemporary women in these societies, providing reason for the overthrow by the patriarchy.
3981:
Some theologies and theocracies limit or forbid women from being in civil government or public leadership or forbid them from voting, effectively criticizing and forbidding matriarchy. Within none of the following religions is the respective view necessarily universally held:
150:
matriarchies are not a mirror or inverted form of patriarchies but rather that a matriarchy "emphasizes maternal meanings where 'maternal symbols are linked to social practices influencing the lives of both sexes and where women play a central role in these practices
174:
According to Adler, "a number of feminists note that few definitions of the word , despite its literal meaning, include any concept of power, and they suggest that centuries of oppression have made it impossible for women to conceive of themselves with such power."
4120:
to good government" and that Knox "also attacked those who obeyed or supported female leaders", including men. Robert M. Healey said that Knox objected to women's rule even if men accepted it. On whether Knox personally endorsed what he wrote, according to Felch,
3674:, Veronica A. Ouma reviewed the book and argued her view that while Dworkin "pays lip service to the egalitarian nature of ... societies , she envisions a state whereby women either impose gender equality or a state where females rule supreme above males."
923:(1930), the first work to focus on women's cultural history, a classic of feminist matriarchal study. Her view is that all past human societies were originally matriarchal, while most later shifted to patriarchy and degenerated. The controversy intensified with
308:. All these terms meant the same: the rule by females (mother or wife). Although Bachofen and Lewis Morgan confined the "mother-right" inside households, it was the basis of female influence upon the whole society. The authors of the classics did not think that
385:
Some question whether a queen ruling without a king is sufficient to constitute female government, given the amount of participation of other men in most such governments. One view is that it is sufficient. "By the end of Elizabeth's reign, gynecocracy was a
4050:, according to Marsha Freeman, it reserved nonenforcement for any religious communities that forbid women from sitting on religious courts. According to Freeman, "the tribunals that adjudicate marital issues are by religious law and by custom entirely male."
1346:, "in Amazon societies, women were ... mothers and their society's only political and religious leaders", as well as the only warriors and hunters; "queens were elected" and apparently "any woman could aspire to and achieve full human expression."
702:
inheritance is through the female line, and women make business decisions. However, unlike in a true matriarchy, political power tends to be in the hands of males, and the current culture of the Mosuo has been heavily shaped by their minority status.
10796:"There were occasionally women so endowed, that the singular good qualities which shone forth in them made it evident that they were raised up by Divine authority". Calvin, letter to William Cecil (on or after January 29, 1559 (probably 1560)), in
3635:
sometimes means "the political rule of women", that meaning is often rejected, on the ground that matriarchy is not a mirroring of patriarchy. Patriarchy is held to be about power over others while matriarchy is held to be about power from within,
1448:'s studies of Celtic societies show that the power of women was reflected not only in myth and legend but in legal codes pertaining to marriage, divorce, property ownership, and the right to rule...although this was overthrown by the patriarchy."
3905:
societyâand better for menâthan the present world order", as is equalitarianism. On the other hand, Eller continued, if men can be trusted to accept equality, probably most feminists seeking future matriarchy would accept an equalitarian model.
3640:
having written on that distinction and Adler having argued that matriarchal power is not possessive and not controlling, but is harmonious with nature, arguing that women are uniquely capable of using power without exploitative purposes.
933:(1948) and his later analysis of classical Greek mythology, focusing on the reconstruction of earlier myths that had conjecturally been rewritten after a transition from matriarchal to patriarchal religion in very early historical times.
4030:
of 35 nations having 90% of the world's Muslims, "substantial majorities of both sexes in all the major Muslim countries say that women should be allowed to vote without influence from men ... and to serve in the highest levels of
542:, Olga Soffer, and Jake Page, no true matriarchy is known to have actually existed. Anthropologist Joan Bamberger argued that the historical record contains no primary sources on any society in which women dominated. Anthropologist
6319:"The view of matriarchy as constituting a stage of cultural development now is generally discredited. Furthermore, the consensus among modern anthropologists and sociologists is that a strictly matriarchal society never existed."
4915:" Aristotle .... s women do not have the authority, the political capacity, of men, they are, as it were, elbowed out of politics and ushered into the household.... Meanwhile, the male rules because of his greater authority".
1093:
According to Rohrlich, "many scholars are convinced that Crete was a matriarchy, ruled by a queen-priestess" and the "Cretan civilization" was "matriarchal" before "1500 BC," when it was overrun and colonized by the patriarchy.
4176:'gynocentric,' life-loving values" will return to prominence. This, according to Eller, produces "a virtually infinite number of years of female equality or superiority coming both at the beginning and end of historical time".
8762:
718:, India, "has a matriarchal society", but this may not be scholarly. In Kerala, Nairs, Thiyyas, Brahmins of Payyannoor village and Muslims of North Malabar and in Karnataka, Bunts and Billavas follow the matrilineal system.
10830:
An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subiects agaynst the late blowne Blast, concerninge the Gouernment of Wemen wherin be confuted all such reasons as a straunger of late made in that behalfe, with a briefe exhortation to
9374:(N.Y.: Links, 1974 (SBN (not ISBN) 0-8256-3023-1)) (may preclude female nationalism (relevant herein insofar as female nationalism is matriarchal)); also there exists (not read by this Knowledge editor) Atkinson, Ti-Grace,
4179:
Among criticisms is that a future matriarchy, according to Eller, as a reflection of spirituality, is conceived as ahistorical, and thus may be unrealistic, unreachable, or even meaningless as a goal to secular feminists.
738:
According to William S. Turley, "the role of women in traditional Vietnamese culture was determined by ... indigenous customs bearing traces of matriarchy", affecting "different social classes" to "varying degrees".
8189:] in her article three large classes of utopias: ... 2) feminists who emphasize the difference ; in these utopias women have a better position than men or feminine qualities are more valued than masculine ones").
4447:, published between 2004 and 2020, follows an alternate history of Japan in which most of the male population is killed by a disease, resulting in a matriarchal society. It is best known in the United States by its 2023
3806:
predominate", and that it is "about ... the next civilization will ... revolve", as in the kind of past that she believed existed. According to critic Prof. Ginette Castro, Elizabeth Gould Davis used the words
3786:
envisioned a "return to the former glory and wise equanimity of the matriarchies" in the future and "imagined lesbians as constituting an imaginary radical state, and invoked 'the return to the harmony of statehood and
9357:
405:
as "an extreme, feminist wing" of humanity and that North African women "ruled the country politically" before being overthrown by forms of patriarchy and, according to Adler, Diner "envision a dominance matriarchy".
3926:
Diversity within a proposed community can, according to Becki L. Ross, make it especially challenging to complete forming the community. However, some advocacy includes diversity, in the views of Dworkin and Farley.
4333:(2005) is set in a world where, according to Page Traynor, "women are in charge", "boys are rare and valued but not free", and "boys are kept at home to do the cooking and child caring until the time they marry".
4076:, "India's most extensive all-male Hindu nationalist organization," has debated whether women can ever be Hindu nationalist political leaders but without coming to a conclusion, according to Paola Bacchetta. The
183:
negatively to matriarchy is, of course, in the interests of patriarchs. We are made to feel that patriarchy is natural; we are less likely to question it, and less likely to direct our energies to ending it.
3908:"Demographic", "feminist matriarchalists run the gamut" but primarily are "in white, well-educated, middle-class circles"; many of the adherents are "religiously inclined" while others are "quite secular".
3825:
was interested in matriarchy and was one of the largest of the radical feminist women's liberation groups of the 1960s. Two members wanted "the restoration of female rule", but the organization's founder,
4377:, which is a collaborative online horror fiction website, the Daevites are an ancient society in which women took the roles of both religious and political leaders, and men often take the place of slaves
3739:, when published). She considered equal rights as tokenism that works against sisterhood, even as she supported abortion being legal and other reforms. She considered her book pro-female and anti-male.
4047:
3919:
is that the best qualified people should be chosen, regardless of gender or sex. On the other hand, Mansfield considered merit insufficient for office, because a legal right granted by a sovereign (
1241:
indicates that Brittonnic society permitted explicit female autocracy or a form of gender equality which contrasted strongly with the patriarchal Mediterranean civilisation that later overthrew it.
7793:
Bamberger, Joan, The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in Primitive Society, in M. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere, Women, Culture, and Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974), p. 279.
3614:, in 1871, called for men to open the U.S. government to women or a new constitution and government would be formed in a year; and, on a basis of equality, she ran to be elected president in 1872.
4227:
is an early feminist utopian novel (published 1889), which is matriarchal in that all political leadership roles in New Amazonia are required to be held by women, according to Duangrudi Suksang.
3862:
Some fiction caricatured the current gender hierarchy by describing an inverted matriarchal alternative without necessarily advocating for it. According to Karin Schönpflug, "Gerd Brantenberg's
4111:
1298:
and elsewhere have highlighted the central role of women in their societies, referring to them as matriarchies, in danger of being overthrown by the patriarchy, or as matriarchal in character.
4022:
at times, according to Elaheh Rostami Povey, women have been forbidden to fill some political office roles because of law or because of judgments made under the Islamic religion. According to
768:
to personify the matriarchal culture that mitigated Confucianized patriarchal norms .... she is also painted as something of a freak ... with her ... savage, violent streak."
6652:, p. 12 and see pp. 13 & 32 (the "three persons" apparently being the sisters Trung Trac and Trung Nhi in A.D. 40, per p. 12, & Trieu Au in A.D. 248, per p. 13).
4995:
Another translation is, "a people which has a woman as a leader will not succeed." The 2001 author's paraphrase of the hadith, "the people who have a female leader will not succeed", is at
875:
in pre-Hellenic societies. The concept was further investigated by Lewis Morgan. According to Uwe Wesel, Bachofen's myth interpretations have proved to be untenable. According to historian
9897:, p. 50 ("our science rather clumsily confirms the stereotype about manliness, the stereotype that stands stubbornly in the way of the gender-neutral society") and see pp. 43â49.
9712:(N.Y.: Burt Franklin, 1970 (1838)), p. 81 (objecting to women "participating in government", "reflecting perhaps the Victorian notion that public affairs were too sordid for women").
1714:
554:, features shared by nearly all current human societies) includes men being the "dominant element" in public political affairs, which he asserts is the contemporary opinion of mainstream
4042:
leaders, a position, beginning before Israel became a modern state, has been that for women to hold public office in Israel would threaten the state's existence, according to educator
1626:
4819:
Adler wrote a matriarchy is "a realm where female things are valued and where power is exerted in non-possessive, non-controlling, and organic ways that are harmonious with nature."
11884:
Goettner-Abendroth, Heide (2009b). "The deep structure of matriarchal society: findings and political relevance of modern matriarchal studies". In Heide Goettner-Abendroth (ed.).
11886:
Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future: Selected Papers: First World Congress on Matriarchal Studies, 2003 / Second World Congress on Matriarchal Studies, 2005
11867:
Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future: Selected Papers: First World Congress on Matriarchal Studies, 2003 / Second World Congress on Matriarchal Studies, 2005
6369:
Suionibus Sithonum gentes continuantur, cetera similes uno differunt, quod femina dominatur: in tantum non modo a libertate, sed etiam a servitute degenerant. Hic Suebiae finis.
178:
Matriarchy has often been presented as negative, in contrast to patriarchy as natural and inevitable for society, and thus that matriarchy is hopeless. Love and Shanklin wrote:
6405:
3780:
would generously include "a place for men ... in which they can be happy and productive, if not necessarily powerful and in control" and might have social power as well.
9370:, December, 1979 (interview) (mentioning "female nationalism" (relevant herein insofar as the female nationalism is matriarchal) & women as nation); Atkinson, Ti-Grace,
4966:"Koranic verse 4: 34 ... has been used to denounce female leadership" ("4: 34" spaced so in original), but the verse may apply to family life rather than to politics.
7125:
Das Mutterrecht. Eine Untersuchung ĂŒber die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen Natur. Eine Auswahl herausgegeben von Hans-JĂŒrgen Heinrichs
11185:
7817:)), p. 9 ("women must organize against patriarchy as a class") but see p. 11 ("some radical feminists ... opt ... for anarchistic, violent methods").
1158:
Meanwhile, the Indo-Europeans were known to have practiced multiple succession systems, and there is much better evidence of matrilineal customs among the Indo-European
10370:(1919) ("In the Torah, in the Prophets and in the Writings, in the Halacha and in the Aggadah, we hear ... that the duty of fixed public service falls upon men.").
10245:, as accessed March 5, 2011 (search for "Role of Women in Islamic Society" without quotation marks yielding no results), but a document with similar relevant effect is
1253:
people are an ethnic group in southwest China. They are considered one of the most well-known matriarchal societies, although many scholars assert that they are rather
312:
meant 'female government' in politics. They were aware of the fact that the sexual structure of government had no relation to domestic rule and to roles of both sexes.
4408:
depicts a world (Barbieland) ruled entirely by Barbies in positions such as doctors, scientists, lawyers, and politicians while the Kens spend their time at the beach.
3830:, would have objected had she remained in the organization, because, according to a historian, " had always doubted that women would wield power differently from men."
3709:
particular institutions and can use them to serve women's interests. Reproduction is a case in point." Spender wrote Chesler "remarks ... women will be superior".
777:
1709:
1401:
suggested that a myth displaced earlier myths that had to change when a major cultural change brought patriarchy to replace a matriarchy. According to this myth, in
4124:, in 1968, argued that even Knox may not have personally believed his stated position but may have merely pandered to popular sentiment, itself a point disputed by
3776:
wrote that "the evidence ... of males ruling over all societies at almost all times". Eller said that, other than a few separatist radical lesbian feminists,
1641:
3854:
where all human beings are equal, regardless of the bodies they were born into, or whether I would rather see a society where women had institutional authority.
3705:
wrote that Chesler "takes a ... stand .... quality is a spurious goal, and of no use to women: the only way women can protect themselves is if they
515:, in which descent is traced through the female line, is sometimes conflated with historical matriarchy. Sanday favors redefining and reintroducing the word
416:, and "invert ... the privilege of the ... binary ... arguing for 'the superiority of values embodied in traditionally female experience'".
93:
societies. While some may consider any non-patriarchal system to be matriarchal, most academics exclude those systems from matriarchies as strictly defined.
5021:"I am assured that God hath reueled to some in this our age, that it is more then a monstre in nature, that a woman shall reigne and haue empire aboue man."
1631:
714:
as Scheduled Tribes, "some ... matriarchal and matrilineal" "and thus have been known to be more egalitarian". According to interviewer Anuj Kumar,
123:
argued in 1924 that the definitions of matriarchy and patriarchy had "logical and empirical failings (...) were too vague to be scientifically useful".
6358:
4172:
conceptualized humanity as beginning with "female-ruled or equalitarian societies", until displaced by patriarchies, and that in the millennial future
3991:
3670:
stated that she wanted women to have their own country, "Womenland," which, comparable to Israel, would serve as a "place of potential refuge". In the
1748:
130:, a reluctance to accept the existence of matriarchies might be based on a specific culturally biased notion of how to define matriarchy: because in a
3701:
feminist-anarchist ... more mistrustful of the organisation of power into large bureaucratic states ". Between Chesler's 1972 and 2005 editions,
1181:"You Spartan women are the only women that lord it over your men", to which Gorgo replied: "Yes, for we are the only women that are mothers of men!"
1139:
that the Jewish religion, far from being pure monotheism, contained from earliest times strong polytheistic elements, chief of which was the cult of
624:
as "the last matriarchal society in Europe" because "the older women here take care of almost everything on land as their husbands travel the seas".
581:(1975) stated that "the predominance of a supreme goddess is probably a reflection from the practice of matriarchy which at all times characterized
11022:
8306:, p. 347 (italics so in original) and see pp. 296, 335â336, 337â338, 340, 341, 345, 346, 347, & 348â349 and see also pp. 294â295
3768:, "an ancient matriarchy ... the lost object of women's freedom." Prof. Cynthia Eller found widespread acceptance of matriarchal myth during
3644:
For radical feminists, the importance of matriarchy is that "veneration for the female principle ... somewhat lightens an oppressive system."
3056:
7360:
3758:
3745:
has also long advocated for a return to matriarchy, a restoration of its status before its overthrow by patriarchy, along with associated author
4902:"Athenians were extreme, but almost no Greeks or Romans thought women should participate in government. There was no approved public forum for
3658:, have argued that women should govern societies of women and men. In all of these advocacies, the governing women are not limited to mothers:
2887:
7485:
3897:
toward new egalitarian societies, we can gain ... insight from ... matriarchal patterns", and that "matriarchies are not abstract
2440:
192:
as ... egalitarian ...", although anthropologist Ruby Rohrlich has written of "the centrality of women in an egalitarian society."
187:
The Matriarchal Studies school led by Göttner-Abendroth calls for an even more inclusive redefinition of the term: Göttner-Abendroth defines
12173:
Poldervaart, Saskia (1997). "Utopianism and feminism: some conclusions". In Alkeline van Lenning; Marrie Bekker; Ine Vanwesenbeeck (eds.).
781:
8111:
437:
12639:
Willemsen, Tineke M. (1997). "Feminism and utopias: an introduction". In Alkeline van Lenning; Marrie Bekker; Ine Vanwesenbeeck (eds.).
5520:
744:
especially peasant women, still held a higher position than women in most patriarchal societies. According to Chiricosta, the legend of
134:
men rule over women, a matriarchy has frequently been conceptualized as women ruling over men, while she believed that matriarchies are
12353:
Rountree, Kathryn (2001). "The past is a foreigners' country: goddess feminists, archaeologists, and the appropriation of prehistory".
11113:
7879:
Woman, Church and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Women through the Christian Ages; with Reminiscences of the Matriarchate
3555:
7390:
4080:, a counterpart organization composed of women, believes that women can be Hindu nationalist political leaders and has trained two in
11418:
Bacchetta, Paola (2002). "Hindu nationalist women: on the use of the feminine symbolic to (temporarily) displace male authority". In
11203:
1731:
1726:
509:
states that she uses "the term matristic simply to avoid the term matriarchy with the understanding that it incorporates matriliny."
452:. Matrifocal societies are those in which women, especially mothers, occupy a central position. Anthropologist R. T. Smith refers to
4471:
Matriarchy may also refer to non-human animal species in which females hold higher status and hierarchical positions, such as among
12922:
12576:
Tsomo, Karma Lekshe (1999). "MahÄprajÄpatÄ«'s legacy: the Buddhist women's movement: an introduction". In Karma Lekshe Tsomo (ed.).
5634:
2385:
1743:
12198:
The Celebration of the Fantastic: Selected Papers from the Tenth Anniversary International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts
7456:
5615:
5212:
4358:(2016), women develop the ability to release electrical jolts from their fingers, thus leading them to become the dominant gender.
442:
Anthropologists have begun to use the term matrifocality. There is some debate concerning the terminological delineation between
11332:
9066:
7417:"Mosuo People Maintain Rare Matriarchal Society (2)." Xinhua News Agency â CEIS, Jun 11 2000, p. 1. ProQuest. Web. 18 Apr. 2021.
6940:
The Social and Political Position of Women Among the Huron-Iroquois Tribes, Report of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology
4291:(1988), the only men who live in Women's Country are the "servitors," who are servants to the women, according to Peter Fitting.
3949:
themselves up for disappointment", according to Eller, and argue that immediate political issues must get the highest priority.
1237:
perspective, they hint at a possible earlier era when female power predominated. The first-century historical British figure of
1143:, the mother goddess. A story in the Biblical Book of Judges places the worship of Asherah in the 12th century BC. Originally a
8807:
McCoy, Sherry; Hicks, Maureen (1979). "A Psychological Retrospective on Power in the Contemporary Lesbian-Feminist Community".
6451:
6071:
2865:
1558:
851:. Several generations of ethnologists were inspired by his pseudo-evolutionary theory of archaic matriarchy. Following him and
9885:, p. 80 n. 51 ("successful ambition in women makes them more womanish in the sense of representing women's views").
7174:
Die Frau und der Sozialismus. Als Beitrag zur Emanzipation unserer Gesellschaft, bearbeitet und kommentiert von Monika Seifert
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1229:) contain ambiguous episodes of primal female power which have been interpreted as folk evidence of matriarchal attitudes in
11747:
Farley, Tucker (1984). "Realities and fictions: lesbian visions of Utopia". In Ruby Rohrlich; Elaine Hoffman Baruch (eds.).
11441:
Brammall, Kathryn M. (1996). "Monstrous metamorphosis: nature, morality, and the rhetoric of monstrosity in Tudor England".
9146:
6538:
Mukherjee, Sucharita Sinha (2013). "Women's Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India".
6494:
Sinha Mukherjee, Sucharita (2013). "Women's Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India".
12874:
12826:
Sukumar, R. (July 2006). "A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus".
10314:
9110:
3579:
has mostly fallen out of use for the anthropological description of existing societies, it remains current as a concept in
3473:
3403:
2713:
1696:
7513:
1097:
Also according to Rohrlich, "in the early Sumerian city-states 'matriarchy seems to have left something more than a trace.
10406:, p. 65 (the tribunals are discussed in the context of "the marital law regime in each religion", including Judaism)
5256:
3483:
3478:
3173:
2897:
2498:
7631:
Latino and Latina Writers: Cuban and Cuban American authors; Dominican and other authors; Puerto Rican authors. Volume 2
7429:
4046:, who reports the view has "wide consensus". When Israel ratified the international women's equality agreement known as
1370:
and the Amazons. Although Strabo was sceptical about their historicity, the Amazons were taken as historical throughout
158:
wrote, "literally, ... means government by mothers, or more broadly, government and power in the hands of women."
11679:
7753:(Abhandlungen der philosophisch-philologischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1849), 63.
6057:
2698:
1721:
1701:
1016:
11978:
3888:'s International Academy for Modern Matriarchal Studies and Matriarchal Spirituality (HAGIA) organized conferences in
1866:
1108:
were matriarchal while the Indo-Europeans practiced a patriarchal system. An example of this view is found in Stone's
12908:
12889:
12819:
12804:
12789:
12774:
12755:
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3488:
3423:
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1080:
565:
Matriarchs, according to Peoples and Bailey, do exist; there are "individual matriarchs of families and kin groups."
530:
society defines a society in which a couple resides close to the bride's family rather than the bridegroom's family.
195:
Matriarchy is also the public formation in which the woman occupies the ruling position in a family. Some, including
9087:
6156:
2163:
1378:
spoke of the Amazons as a real people. Medieval authors continued a tradition of locating the Amazons in the North,
11979:"Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution: How the Founding Fathers Ignored the Clan Mothers"
7578:
7185:
6477:
6336:
2828:
2395:
1666:
1105:
885:
is a recent non-academic author advocating an "anthropology of landscape" based on allegedly matriarchal traces in
7841:)), p. 52 ("radical feminist theory .... could, indeed, be said to point in the direction of 'matriarchy
1444:
plenty of evidence of ancient societies where women held greater power than in many societies today. For example,
39:
People, in 1901; with her mother, White Corn; her eldest daughter, Annie Healing holding her granddaughter, Rachel
12965:
3792:
1676:
1621:
1000:
4299:
3686:(1993), fiction, wrote of "a utopia where women are leading societies but are doing so with the consent of men."
256:
Terms with similar etymology are also used in various social sciences and humanities to describe matriarchal or
126:
Most academics exclude egalitarian nonpatriarchal systems from matriarchies more strictly defined. According to
9103:
7629:
5326:, pp. 161â162 & 184 & n. 84 (p. 184 n. 84 probably citing Spretnak, Charlene, ed.,
4287:
3873:
is not a typical example of gender inequality in the sense that a vision of a desirable matriarchy is created;
3548:
3340:
2995:
2961:
2870:
2348:
1661:
1062:
847:
The controversy surrounding prehistoric or "primal" matriarchy began in reaction to the 1861 book by Bachofen,
7277:, p. 36 and see p. 37 ("Minoan matriarchate" (subquoting, at p. 37 n. 7, Thomson, George,
12236:
11768:
11443:
4810:, elder matriarchs of certain Native American clans, who were typically in charge of appointing tribal chiefs
3453:
3443:
3345:
2875:
2693:
1790:
1691:
1671:
1456:
The hypothesis of Basque matriarchism or theory of Basque matriarchism is a theoretical proposal launched by
543:
538:
Most anthropologists hold that there are no known societies that are unambiguously matriarchal. According to
12427:
Scalingi, Paula Louise (1978). "The Scepter or the Distaff: The Question of Female Sovereignty, 1516â1607".
12021:
LeBow, Diane (1984). "Rethinking matriliny among the Hopi". In Ruby Rohrlich; Elaine Hoffman Baruch (eds.).
11716:
Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staates. Im Anschluss an Lewis H. Morgans Forschungen
9386:(unpublished), was held by author) (relevant herein insofar as female nationalism is matriarchal) (cited by
7012:
Ancient Society Or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization
6351:
6052:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 137 and see pp. 136â137 & 143.
5720:
Leeuwe, Jules de, untitled comment (November 18, 1977) (emphases so in original), as a response to and with
5452:
5042:, in Christianity, a state of sin, or violation of God's will, due to Adam's rebellion in the Garden of Eden
4136:
saying, " views were in harmony with those of his colleagues ... ". Writing in agreement with Knox was
1959:
1800:
1104:
One common misconception among historians of the Bronze Age such as Stone and Eisler is the notion that the
11398:
9942:
I.1254b) ("the male is by nature superior and the female inferior, the male ruler and the female subject").
7710:
7026:
Der Mythos vom Matriarchat. Ăber Bachofens Mutterrecht und die Stellung von Frauen in frĂŒhen Gesellschaften
3941:
Perkins Gilman was herself a feminist advocate of society being gender-integrated and of women's freedom.)
3877:
is more a caricature of male hegemony by twisting gender hierarchy but not really offering a 'better world.
3433:
3408:
3233:
2502:
2457:
2450:
1736:
1686:
1681:
51:
12234:
Richards, Judith M. (1997). ""To promote a woman to beare rule": talking of queens in mid-Tudor England".
11285:
11139:
1942:
849:
Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World
11038:
Fitting, Peter (1992). "Reconsiderations of the Separatist Paradigm in Recent Feminist Science Fiction".
5582:
4419:
4073:
3628:
3438:
3428:
3398:
3280:
3265:
3255:
2843:
2708:
2703:
2400:
1978:
1568:
1058:
374:
also means 'government by one woman', 'female dominance', and, derogatorily, 'petticoat government', and
8271:
4444:
4054:'Men's superiority' is a fundamental tenet in Judaism", according to Irit Umanit. According to Freeman,
1461:
traditional Basque social group in a way that is different from the patriarchal Indo-European peoples".
1118:
was an Indo-European invention superimposed on an ancient matriarchal Semitic nation. Evidence from the
12707:
4609:
4566:
4517:
4354:
4218:
3990:, some Muslim scholars hold a view that female political leadership should be restricted, according to
3381:
2968:
2266:
1563:
1465:
were dedicated to these two sisters at dawn and dusk, when they returned to the bosom of Mother Earth.
20:
8753:(N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1973 (SBN (not ISBN) 671-21433-0)), p. 248 and see pp. 248â249.
6572:
5251:
5208:
3885:
3606:(it is unclear who was first) introduced the concept of matriarchy and the discourse was joined in by
1768:
1435:
942:
in Neolithic Europe with matriarchal traits, which had been replaced by the patriarchal system of the
222:
127:
12955:
12460:
4807:
3541:
3193:
2973:
2415:
2224:
2170:
962:
From the 1970s, ideas of matriarchy were taken up by popular writers of second-wave feminism such as
231:
103:
70:, and control of property. While those definitions apply in general English, definitions specific to
12040:
Lee, Patricia-Ann (1990). "A bodye politique to governe: Aylmer, Knox and the debate on queenship".
5328:
Politics of Women's Spirituality: Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power Within the Feminist Movement
4726:
Amazon feminism, feminism that emphasizes female physical prowess toward the goal of gender equality
1173:
while the men were often away fighting, or when both kings were incapacitated or too young to rule.
585:
civilization to a greater or lesser degree, before this practice was overthrown by the patriarchy".
12960:
12851:
11843:
11766:
Felch, Susan M. (1995). "The rhetoric of Biblical authority: John Knox and the question of women".
5103:
4948:, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which provides collective military defense for member nations
4434:
4307:) is set in a matriarchal society where, due to a genetic mutation, women outnumber men by 70 to 1.
3615:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3415:
3295:
3091:
2853:
2507:
2309:
2185:
2158:
2071:
1971:
750:
12863:
Il matriarcato. Ricerca sulla ginecocrazia del mondo antico nei suoi aspetti religiosi e giuridici
10962:
10253:, as accessed March 5, 2011 ("social circumstances and traditions" as justifying gradualism, per
10246:
10181:
5475:(review of Bennholdt-Thomsen, Veronika, Cornelia Giebeler, Brigitte Holzer, & Marina Meneses,
4576:
1481:
telluric forces depend the crops, in space and time, life and death, luck (grace) and misfortune.
1472:
argued that the archetypal background of Basque mythology had to be inscribed in the context of a
12715:
12429:
12042:
11624:(1991). "Relativizing the patriarchy: the sacred history of the feminist spirituality movement".
9430:(N.Y.: Paragon House, 1993), pp. 373â418) & by Weiss, Penny A., & Marilyn Friedman,
4865:
4389:
4230:
4077:
3300:
3260:
2951:
2944:
2902:
2141:
1883:
1233:
European Iron Age societies. Often transcribed from a retrospective, patriarchal, Romanised, and
1051:
196:
9280:
6994:
5741:
5230:
1126:, however, indicates that the primitive Semitic family was in fact patriarchal and patrilineal.
12297:
12289:
11567:
10511:
4714:
3682:
3599:
3448:
3108:
3015:
2838:
2799:
2688:
2678:
2654:
2632:
2622:
2597:
2587:
2256:
2012:
1900:
1824:
1457:
1174:
916:
398:
120:
6283:
4294:
3735:
wrote of hag-ocracy, "the place we govern", and of reversing phallocratic rule in the 1990s (
562:, but the hypothesis is mostly discredited today, most experts saying that it was never true.
239:, meaning 'rule of women', has been in use since the 17th century, building on the Greek word
28:
12866:
11248:
9990:
8957:, pp. 388, 383 & 382. See also p. 253 ("moved toward ... matriarchalism").
7807:
Applications of Feminist Legal Theory to Women's Lives: Sex, Violence, Work, and Reproduction
7085:
5513:
4678:
4341:
4256:
4243:
3864:
3802:
3746:
3198:
3158:
3148:
3103:
2934:
2909:
2818:
2683:
2445:
2405:
1890:
1807:
967:
711:
351:
285:
112:
6690:
Following the Trail of the Fairy-Bird: The Search For a Uniquely Vietnamese Women's Movement
6194:(Smithsonian Books & Collins (HarperCollinsPublishers), 1st Smithsonian Books ed. 2007 (
5734:
Inquiry and Debate in the Human Sciences: Contributions from Current Anthropology, 1960â1990
4693:, the cultural phenomenon of many Black families being headed by mothers with fathers absent
7187:
Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Helen Diner
5528:
4868:(ESP), perception sensed by the mind but not originating through recognized physical senses
4317:(2004) is set in a "closed matriarchal world where men have no legal rights", according to
4274:
4106:
3769:
3717:
3320:
3275:
3245:
3228:
3218:
3066:
2978:
2956:
2848:
2823:
2758:
2602:
2582:
2532:
2390:
2331:
2304:
2044:
1878:
1603:
1593:
1359:
1110:
943:
938:
872:
666:
609:
559:
527:
86:
11729:
Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 1980s
11088:
8204:
4265:(1983), Avalon is an island with a matriarchal culture, according to Ruben Valdes-Miyares.
401:
as "a strong gynocracy" and "women monopolizing government" and she described matriarchal
8:
12950:
12940:
11474:
10993:
8084:, p. 12 (quoting also Mary Daly ("matriarchy 'was not patriarchy spelled with an "m.
5600:
5534:
4581:
4556:
4522:
4366:
4261:
4137:
4081:
3996:
3607:
3595:
3569:
3138:
3128:
3098:
3086:
3081:
2983:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2577:
2512:
2492:
2430:
2373:
2336:
2314:
2280:
2214:
1966:
1871:
1650:
1598:
1588:
1543:
1222:
1214:
1198:
1021:
852:
650:
457:
ancestor with her children and grandchildren clustered around her in an extended family.
324:
12011:
11400:
Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America
5082:
describes this view as "consensus", listing matriarchy as a hypothetical social system:
4491:. Such animal hierarchies have not been replaced by patriarchy. The social structure of
12737:
12597:
12528:
12442:
12384:
12370:
12315:
Rohrlich, Ruby (1984). "Introduction". In Ruby Rohrlich; Elaine Hoffman Baruch (eds.).
12267:
12253:
12123:
12055:
11998:
11946:
11908:
11799:
11785:
11641:
11600:
11460:
11385:
11290:
11260:
11047:
10959:
Behind the Veil: Representation of Muslim Woman in Indian Writings in English 1950â2000
10355:
9532:
9413:
9405:
8824:
7554:
7081:
7063:
7055:
6632:
6555:
6511:
5700:
5596:
5273:
5216:
4235:
4146:
4035:
4014:
3931:
3912:
On the other hand, not all advocates based their arguments on biology or essentialism.
3325:
3315:
3305:
3290:
3285:
3270:
3223:
3203:
3178:
3143:
3133:
3113:
3010:
2892:
2882:
2783:
2537:
2368:
2239:
2121:
1834:
1795:
1548:
1325:, as an allegory for a possible real life shift from matriarchy to patriarchy in early
1310:
1306:
1291:
1135:
1123:
1027:
J.F. del Giorgio insists on a matrifocal, matrilocal, matrilineal Paleolithic society.
822:
727:
547:
520:
391:
9126:
8793:, esp. pp. 8 & 15â16 & also pp. 19, 71, 111, 204, 205, 212, 219 & 231
5577:
4511:
4426:; in which only women vote & "Stinky & Dumb" men are relegated to house tasks.
4058:-led "governments have been less than hospitable to women's high-level participation."
12904:
12885:
12870:
12839:
12815:
12800:
12785:
12770:
12751:
12686:
12667:
12644:
12625:
12606:
12581:
12562:
12545:
12535:
12512:
12491:
12413:
12391:
12374:
12339:
12320:
12301:
12274:
12220:
12201:
12192:
Porter, Laurence M. (1992). "Feminist fantasy and open structure in Monique Wittig's
12178:
12159:
12153:
12138:
12105:
12099:
12085:
12026:
11963:
11915:
11889:
11870:
11851:
11829:
11823:
11808:
11752:
11733:
11727:
11685:
11661:
11645:
11607:
11584:
11555:
11534:
11528:
11510:
11481:
11427:
11404:
11389:
11350:
11264:
10507:
10335:
10022:
9927:
9829:
9564:
9540:
9443:
9435:
9417:
9349:
9341:
9320:
9312:
8987:
8930:
8448:
8427:
8228:
8116:
8036:
7931:
7834:
7810:
7635:
7258:
7229:
7093:
7067:
6797:
6772:
6615:
Turley, William S. (September 1972). "Women in the Communist Revolution in Vietnam".
6559:
6515:
6435:
6385:
6253:
6216:
6195:
6084:
6066:
6053:
5849:
5814:
5737:
5692:
5659:
5277:
5188:
5167:
4849:
4601:
4319:
4248:
3827:
3777:
3631:, matriarchy and patriarchy are not conceived as simple mirrors of each other. While
3621:
3611:
3386:
3250:
3213:
3208:
3188:
3183:
3153:
3118:
3071:
3061:
3025:
3020:
3005:
3000:
2914:
2649:
2642:
2617:
2607:
2592:
2462:
2435:
2326:
2285:
2261:
2136:
2116:
2103:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2027:
1927:
1502:
1410:
991:
925:
539:
444:
394:, contributing to the difficulty of other women in becoming heads of the government.
332:
90:
12066:; Shanklin, Elizabeth (1983). "The answer is matriarchy". In Joyce Trebilcot (ed.).
11480:. Translated by Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell. New York, NY: New York University Press.
11368:
de Abreu, Maria (2003). "John Knox: Gynaecocracy, 'The Monstrous Empire of Women'".
11073:
9362:, as accessed December 4, 2010 (no source cited for Ti-Grace Atkinson's statement);
7765:, p. 196 (italics so in original; p. 196 n. 20 citing Markale, Jean,
7237:
6587:, as accessed September 29, 2012 (whether statement was by Kumar or Kom is unknown).
4506:
4278:(1986) and its sequels, the alien pequenino species in every forest are matriarchal.
3901:, constructed according to philosophical concepts that could never be implemented."
1322:
12835:
12451:
12438:
12362:
12245:
12075:
12051:
11990:
11938:
11929:
Healey, Robert M. (1994). "Waiting for Deborah: John Knox and Four Ruling Queens".
11777:
11711:
11633:
11504:
11452:
11419:
11377:
9397:
9388:
Ringelheim, Joan (1985). "Women and the Holocaust: A Reconsideration of Research".
9019:
8816:
8033:
Pinks, Pansies, and Punks: The Rhetoric of Masculinity in American Literary Culture
7897:, speech to Woman's Suffrage Convention, New York, May 11, 1871, excerpt quoted in
7047:
6624:
6547:
6503:
6080:
5265:
4828:
4690:
4591:
4586:
4423:
4269:
4163:
4125:
4116:
4039:
4027:
4019:
3961:
3773:
3763:
3655:
3335:
3330:
3240:
3168:
3163:
3123:
3076:
3051:
2988:
2860:
2788:
2637:
2522:
2410:
2321:
2275:
2251:
2175:
2148:
2111:
1954:
1947:
1937:
1917:
1861:
1844:
1785:
1538:
983:
897:
799:
495:
67:
55:
11681:
The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won't Give Women a Future
11186:"Ćoku: The Inner Chambers Anime's English-Subtitled Trailer Reveals June 29 Debut"
5514:
Office of Policy Planning and Review (Daniel Patrick Moynihan, principal author),
5269:
4750:, a Germanic or Finnic people who lived in Northern Europe in the first century AD
4596:
758:
754:
460:
The term matricentric means 'having a mother as head of the family or household'.
382:
is rarely used in modern times. None of these definitions are limited to mothers.
236:
12945:
12766:
12743:
12660:
12405:
11723:
11500:
10358:, or Rabbi Abraham Isaac Hacohen Kook; "a significant spiritual leader of the ",
10318:
9490:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), ch. 6, & Tarcov, Nathan,
9133:
9114:
9091:
8263:
7951:
The dates are those of two original editions of the same work, both cited herein.
6979:
6551:
6507:
6481:
6362:
6160:
6133:
5721:
5524:
4659:
4647:
4635:
4460:
4394:
4282:
4252:(1978), is, according to Batya Weinbaum, set within a "female supremacist world".
4084:, but considers women only as exceptions, the norm for such leadership being men.
3935:
3742:
3689:
3647:
3603:
3531:
2939:
2748:
2736:
2542:
2487:
2467:
2425:
2290:
2180:
2126:
2084:
2022:
2017:
1983:
1895:
1849:
1402:
1387:
1343:
1318:
1276:
1202:
975:
646:
598:
506:
475:
468:
289:
235:, the earliest known attestation of the word matriarchy is in 1885. By contrast,
63:
12797:
The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy
11496:(Paris, France: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1984)
11259:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p.
10307:
9705:
9107:
7486:"In Kenya's Umoja Village, a sisterhood preserves the past, prepares the future"
1314:
12386:
Paul Among the People: The Apostle Reinterpreted and Reimagined in his Own Time
11658:
Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America
11381:
11109:
10190:
The Woman's Right to Vote, Be Elected and Occupy Public and Governmental Posts.
7038:
Mann, Susan (November 2000). "Presidential Address: Myths of Asian Womanhood".
5877:
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged
5784:
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged
5330:(Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1982), p. xiii (Spretnak, Charlene,
4771:
4623:
4542:
4492:
4484:
4472:
4464:
4440:
4374:
4349:
4336:
4088:
3712:
3667:
3310:
2753:
2718:
2527:
2343:
2295:
2089:
2049:
1932:
1477:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1295:
1284:
1254:
987:
951:
868:
864:
807:
786:
762:
698:
512:
487:
82:
12506:
12079:
11253:
5187:(Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press (div. of Sage Publications), pbk. 1997 (
4132:
to Knox's work, Knox's views were agreed with by some people at the time, the
12934:
12726:
12549:
12119:
11699:
11675:
11653:
11621:
11549:
11335:[ƻubr got a basket, so he escaped from the Pszczyna nature reserve].
9483:
5696:
4759:
4404:
4200:
4121:
4098:
4023:
3965:
3916:
3822:
3783:
2612:
2572:
2567:
2482:
2229:
2192:
1817:
1812:
1398:
1363:
1130:
930:
876:
818:
740:
681:
413:
214:
164:
47:
4974:(Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1995), p. 38 & perhaps
1518:
519:, especially in reference to contemporary matrilineal societies such as the
12366:
12063:
11903:
11159:
10979:
Sex-Role Reversal in the Thirties: Leslie F. Stone's 'The Conquest of Gola,
10061:
7545:
Banerjee, Roopleena (2015). "'Matriarchy' and Contemporary Khasi Society".
5039:
4783:
4537:
4527:
4361:
4223:
4195:
4043:
3957:
3843:
3815:
3753:
Some such advocacies are informed by work on the matriarchies of the past:
3702:
2833:
2763:
2627:
2562:
2557:
2517:
2472:
2234:
2153:
2131:
2032:
1907:
1780:
1445:
1272:
1265:
1006:
971:
963:
956:
905:
882:
860:
638:
555:
483:
479:
409:
159:
155:
71:
11800:"Women, law, religion, and politics in Israel: a human rights perspective"
11574:. Edited and translated by John Philip Lundin. New York, NY: Julian Press.
9145:
For a review of the conferences, esp. that of 2005, by a participant, see
8244:
4681:, an approach to anthropology that tries to reduces male bias in the field
463:
350:
society, although these terms do not definitionally emphasize motherhood.
9971:
9967:
9127:
Societies of Peace: 2nd World Congress on Matriarchal Studies (home page)
9081:
8115:(Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 15th Anniversary ed. 1997 (original 1982) (
7746:
6153:
4795:
4532:
4326:
4310:
4141:
3796:
2246:
2037:
1473:
1469:
1194:
998:
Age, it has been denounced as feminist wishful thinking in works such as
795:
642:
491:
346:
135:
12002:
11226:
10994:
www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/73/weinbaum73.htm alternative availability
10230:
The Role of Women in Islamic Society According to the Muslim Brotherhood
7558:
7293:, p. 207 ("matriarchal societies, particularly Minoan Crete"), and
6759:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6470:
5726:
Women's Status in Egalitarian Society: Implications for Social Evolution
5704:
5680:
5313:(Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
5143:
5141:
4630:
1210:
12782:
Mysteries of the Snake Goddess: Art, Desire, and the Forging of History
12530:
The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation
12257:
12013:
The First Blast of the Trumpet against the monstruous regiment of Women
11950:
11789:
11464:
11114:"Environmental Fascists Fight Gun-Loving Lesbians for Alien Technology"
11051:
10503:
10242:
9409:
8828:
7059:
6636:
5556:
5133:(subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
4877:
4702:
4571:
4550:
3953:
3889:
2793:
2477:
1422:
1383:
1351:
1065: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
979:
947:
745:
670:
654:
131:
12475:
Quarterly Journal of Ideology: "A Critique of the Conventional Wisdom"
12473:
Schlegel, Alice (1984). "Hopi gender ideology of female superiority".
10688:
10686:
10088:
9478:, pp. 173â174 & nn. 14, 16â17, & 19, citing Hobbes,
8949:, p. 184, quoting Barbara Mehrhof and Pam Kearon. Full names per
8773:, as accessed (at a prior URL) October 21, 2010 (citing in n. 45
4880:, partisanship that is extreme and unreasoning and in favor of a group
4112:
The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
3834:
12900:
11994:
11910:
Feminism Encounters Traditional Judaism: Resistance and Accommodation
11524:
11144:
6950:
6948:
6748:
5138:
4906:
kind of women's self-expression, not even in the arts and religion ."
4561:
4102:
3732:
3722:
2773:
2768:
1856:
1367:
1355:
1347:
1280:
1163:
1129:
However, not all scholars agree. Anthropologist and Biblical scholar
995:
909:
246:
36:
12249:
11942:
11781:
11704:
Gentlemen and Amazons: The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory, 1861â1900
11456:
8820:
7928:
The Woman Who Ran for President: The Many Lives of Victoria Woodhull
7281:(N.Y.: Citadel Press, 1965), p. 450)), Baruch, Elaine Hoffman,
7051:
6628:
6109:
6107:
3586:
1040:
141:
11637:
10988:, vol. 24, no. 3 (November, 1997), pp. 471â482 (available via
10683:
10615:
10613:
10368:
Open Letter to the Honorable Committee of the "Mizrahi" Association
9934:)), pp. 238â239 (probably from SchĂŒssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth,
9836:)), vol. 1, p. 892, col. 2 (earliest example dated 1944).
9401:
7509:
7507:
7425:
7423:
6192:
The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory
4846:
Websters' First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language
4654:
4476:
4430:
4169:
4159:
4062:
4006:
3677:
3637:
3580:
2547:
2420:
1988:
1510:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1218:
1190:
1151:
1119:
886:
879:, as of 2000, "few scholars these days find ... persuasive."
814:
665:
Possible matriarchies in Burma are, according to Jorgen Bisch, the
621:
250:
75:
9539:(1st ed.). N.Y.: Modern Library (Random House). p. 394.
9283:
Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea
9243:
9241:
9239:
7628:
West-Duran, Alan; Herrera-Sobek, MarĂa; Salgado, CĂ©sar A. (2004).
6945:
4618:
12488:
Feminism, Economics and Utopia: Time Travelling Through Paradigms
11559:
6104:
5254:(2017). "Matriarchal studies: Past debates and new foundations".
4747:
4448:
3624:
includes "matriarchal worship", according to Prof. James Penner.
2219:
1339:
1226:
1140:
803:
715:
613:
603:
593:
402:
32:
10647:(N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 267, as cited in
10610:
7504:
7457:"She grew up in a community where women rule and men are banned"
7420:
6432:
The Trouser People: A Story of Burma in the Shadow of the Empire
6231:
6229:
6119:
International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
5008:
Although India is majority Hindu, it is officially secular, per
1409:
is said to have swallowed his pregnant lover, the titan goddess
260:
aspects of social, cultural, and political processes. Adjective
12269:
Women's Movements in Asia: Feminisms and Transnational Activism
12196:". In Donald E. Morse; Marshall B. Tymn; Csilla Bertha (eds.).
11424:
Jewels of Authority: Women and Textual Tradition in Hindu India
10867:
10865:
10863:
10066:
10064:
9938:(Crossroad Publishing, 1983) & edited), quoting Aristotle (
9236:
9226:
9224:
9222:
8053:
8051:
8049:
7857:, p. 55 & n. 15, citing Stanton, Elizabeth Cady,
7734:
6610:
6608:
6606:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5973:
4488:
4205:
4002:
1418:
1414:
1326:
1178:
1170:
1144:
1115:
821:
nations or tribes before the U.S. became a nation, operated by
10727:(N.Y.: reprint, 1931, originally 1558) (chap. on gynecocracy).
10019:
Sisterhood, Interrupted: From Radical Women to Grrls Gone Wild
7881:(Watertown, Mass.: Persephone Press, 1980 (1893)), p. 21.
7627:
7189:(Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn Museum, last updated March 27, 2007)
6982:
Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History
6136:
Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History
5158:
5156:
4980:
Lyssna pÄ mÀnnen: att leva i en patriarkalisk muslimsk kontext
4774:, belonging to the father's lineage, generally for inheritance
3915:
A criticism by Mansfield of choosing who governs according to
11825:
Notorious Victoria: The Life of Victoria Woodhull, Uncensored
10934:
Overtaking Patriarchy: Corbett's and Dixie's Visions of Women
10907:(N.Y.: Basic Books, 1966), ch. 9, and Saxonhouse, Arlene W.,
9924:
Paul and Empire: Religion and Power in Roman Imperial Society
8636:
7801:
7799:
6961:
6524:(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989), & Agarwal, Bina,
6442:), p. 213 ("Kayaw societies are strictly matriarchal.").
6406:
Where women rule: the last matriarchy in Europe â in pictures
6226:
6186:
6184:
5166:(Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 8th ed. 1997 (
4480:
4069:
4055:
3987:
3893:
3869:
effeminate men" compelled into that submissive gender role. "
1261:
1250:
1206:
1159:
817:
Confederacy or League, combining five to six Native American
694:
690:
617:
486:
label their notion of a "woman-centered" society surrounding
412:
is the 'dominant or exclusive focus on women', is opposed to
240:
203:
59:
12508:
For the Record: The Making and Meaning of Feminist Knowledge
10860:
10277:) (Cairo: n.p., 1953) (bibliographic information partly per
9776:
Athenians discussed in the context of play by Aristophanes,
9724:
9722:
9720:
9718:
9219:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8046:
7616:
Six Nations Women's Traditional Council Fire Report to CEDAW
6696:, pp. 125, 126 (single quotation marks so in original).
6603:
5970:
994:
and "encouraged" by Stone and Eisler, but, at least for the
990:. "A Golden Age of matriarchy" was prominently presented by
12624:. Translated by Jane Brierley. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
11888:. Translated by Karen Smith. Toronto: Inanna Publications.
10526:, p. 168 & n. 76, citing Kelkar, Kakshmibai,
9710:
Letters on Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman
8348:, p. 214 (reply from Phyllis Chesler to Dale Spender).
7297:, p. 6 ("the Minoan matriarchy" & "Minoan Crete").
6958:(New Mexico: Clear Light Publishers, 2000), pp. 53â55.
6307:(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), p. 137.
6252:. Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 33â34.
5994:
5992:
5153:
4945:
4735:
1406:
582:
96:
11572:
Mothers and Amazons: The First Feminine History of Culture
11333:"Ć»ubr dostaĆ kosza, wiÄc uciekĆ z pszczyĆskiego rezerwatu"
10955:
Feminism and Feminist Utopia in Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain's
10450:
10448:
10332:
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined
10312:(Arab Insight (World Security Institute), January 8, 2008)
9264:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9256:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8183:, p. 182 ("Tineke Willemsen distinghuishes [
7796:
7176:(Stuttgart: Dietz, 1974 (1st published 1879)), p. 63.
6526:
A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia
6250:
Sanctifying Misandry: Goddess Ideology and the Fall of Man
6181:
5806:
5804:
4437:, the crew land on a planet ruled by giant muscular women.
955:
interprets utopian matriarchy as an invented inversion of
778:
Gender roles among the indigenous peoples of North America
11117:
10001:
9999:
9715:
9494:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 38.
8192:
8185:
6286:
The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in primitive society
6069:(1985). "Humanism, gynocentrism, and feminist politics".
5292:
Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society
5203:
5201:
4762:, sovereign state until merged with South Vietnam in 1976
1417:. The mother and child created havoc inside Zeus. Either
936:
From the 1950s, Marija Gimbutas developed a theory of an
782:
Native Americans in the United States § Gender roles
12666:. Translated by David Le Vay. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
12336:
The House That Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation
9926:(Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press Intntl., 1997 (
9382:
6â7, Spring 1984, pp. 35â54 (French) (Eng. trans.,
6175:
The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe
5989:
5841:
5839:
5811:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1321:
has been interpreted by some feminist scholars, such as
354:
Jules de Leeuwe argued that some societies were "mainly
12104:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993.
11602:
Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967â1975
10545:
10483:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10475:
10445:
10292:
Feminist Contestations of Institutional Domains in Iran
9327:))), p. 27 (pagination per edition at Amazon.com).
9271:, p. 10 (whether author's data global unspecified)
9253:
8562:, p. 80, purportedly quoting within the quotation
8467:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8321:
5801:
5786:(G. & C. Merriam (Merriam-Webster), 1966), entries
5425:
5423:
4970:, pp. 189â190 cites, respectively, Badawi, Jamal,
4705:, form of government ruled by males, especially fathers
3846:
wrote of women fighting for and creating a "gynocratic
3818:
and assertion of superiority as "sexist" and "treason".
474:
Matristic: Feminist scholars and archeologists such as
12410:
The Serengeti lion: A study of predatorâprey relations
12128:(3rd ed.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
10896:
10894:
10892:
10528:
Stri-Ek Urja Kendra: Strivishayak Vicharon Ka Sankalan
10243:
official English-language website advanced search page
9996:
8892:, p. 35 and see pp. 26, 27, 32â36, & 42.
8743:
8741:
7778:
6708:, p. 125 (single quotation marks so in original).
6660:
6658:
6101:(Minneapolis: West Publishing Co., 1992), p. 360.
5198:
4204:, about women gaining legislative power and governing
1338:
A legendary matriarchy related by several writers was
912:, while patriarchy was characterized by exploitation.
11013:(Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 2007).
10249:
Muslim Brotherhood on Muslim women in Islamic Society
10184:
Muslim Brotherhood on Muslim women in Islamic Society
9426:) (also in Rittner, Carol, & John K. Roth, eds.,
7825:
7823:
6792:, in Young, Marilyn B., & Robert Buzzanco, eds.,
6771:(Santa Barbara California: ABC-Clio, hardcover 2002 (
6522:
The Cohesive Role of Sanskritization and Other Essays
5879:(G. & C. Merriam (Merriam-Webster), 1966), entry
5836:
5536:
History at the Department of Labor: In-Depth Research
4738:, an ancient civilization in part of what is now Iran
4607:
3791:" Her work inspired efforts at implementation by the
1476:
dominated by the Great Mother, in which the cycle of
908:, according to whom matriarchy naturally resulted in
726:
Anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday has said that the
221:, "to rule". The notion of matriarchy was defined by
10911:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), ch. 1.
10472:
9826:
Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang
9612:, vol. CXL, no. 65, September 3, 1916 (Extra ed.),
9294:, as accessed December 25, 2010 (first published in
8458:
8035:(Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2011 (
6461:(Toronto, Ontario, Canada), August 15, 2011, 11:55p.
5420:
4467:
social structure has been described as a matriarchy.
1317:. The myth surrounding CoyolxÄuhqui and her brother
653:
regions are two of the top matriarchal societies of
12317:
Women in Search of Utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers
12200:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 261â270.
12023:
Women in Search of Utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers
11883:
11864:
11749:
Women in Search of Utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers
10889:
10275:
The White Paper on the Rights of the Egyptian Woman
9213:
9197:
9193:
9181:
9166:
8984:
Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist
8927:
Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction
8738:
8274:
Do Arabs and Jews Realize How Much They Look Alike?
8225:
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation
7191:, as accessed March, 2008, & November 15, 2013.
6655:
6292:(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974)
5343:
4798:, set of norms for a gender in social relationships
4717:, queen regnant of England and Ireland in 1533â1603
3664:
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation
697:, is frequently described as matriarchal. The term
397:Some matriarchies have been described by historian
168:
12712:Aboriginal Siberia, a Study in Social Anthropology
12659:
12596:
12580:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
12527:
12383:
12266:
12135:Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
11907:
11798:
11606:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
11599:
11473:
11252:
11201:
11011:Avalon Revisited: Reworkings of the Arthurian Myth
10723:, pp. 250, 249, citing Goodman, Christopher,
10124:
9982:
9980:
9153:, as accessed February 6, 2011 (also published in
8885:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8875:
8873:
7930:(Bridgehampton, N.Y.: Bridge Works, 1st ed. 1995 (
7820:
6796:(Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, hardback 2002 (
6471:Lugu Lake Mosuo Cultural Development Association,
6097:Ferraro, Gary, Wenda Trevathan, & Janet Levy,
6064:(brackets in title so in original) & quoting:
5716:
5714:
842:
419:
10940:, vol. 4, no. 2 (1993), pp. 74â93 (available via
10664:(N.Y.: Scribner, 1974), p. 145, as cited in
10271:al-Kitab al-abiyad lil-huquq al-mar'a al-misriyya
10241:The document stating it was not available at its
8929:(Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2d ed. 1998 (
8424:Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory
8388:and see pp. 114â115, 127, 131, & 134â135
7861:(Washington Woman's Rights Convention, 1869), in
7845:") and see pp. 52â53 (political separatism).
7711:"History of Iran: Histories of Herodotus, Book 4"
6848:
6846:
5872:
5870:
5250:
1114:, wherein she makes the case that the worship of
892:
733:
498:) and in ancient civilizations by using the term
323:"Gynecocracy" redirects here. For the novel, see
12932:
12848:Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy
12763:The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles
12605:. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
12561:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
11848:The Man-Made World; or, Our Androcentric Culture
11807:. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
11732:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
11312:Marta KÄ
dziela (Director) (September 24, 2014).
11227:"Social and reproductive behaviour in elephants"
10232:(London: International Islamic Forum, 1994), 14.
8447:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978 (
7579:"Khasis: India's indigenous matrilineal society"
6598:Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy
6213:Woman at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy
5231:Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5100:Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy
4844:by Mary Daly, see Daly, Mary, with Jane Caputi,
1366:spoke of the conquest of large parts of Asia by
19:"Matriarch" redirects here. For other uses, see
12292:. In Renate Bridenthal; Claudia Koontz (eds.).
12025:. New York, NY: Schocken Books. pp. 8â20.
11706:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
11530:Gyn/Ecology: the Metaethics of Radical Feminism
10228:, p. 197, quoting The Muslim Brotherhood,
9977:
8940:
8870:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8235:)), p. 246 and see pp. 248 & 336.
6895:
6893:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6863:
6861:
6493:
6190:Adovasio, J. M., Olga Soffer, & Jake Page,
5813:(Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 3d ed. 1992 (
5711:
4831:, a philosophy combining anarchism and feminism
3952:"Matriarchists", as typified by male-conceived
12865:(Turin, Italy: Giulio Einaudi editore, 2016) (
12265:Roces, Mina; Edwards, Louise P., eds. (2010).
12177:. Tilburg University Press. pp. 177â194.
10903:, pp. 73â74 & n. 37, citing Strauss, Leo,
10554:(italicization and boldface, if any, removed).
10460:
10342:)), pp. 366â367 and see pp. 414â415.
10298:, no. 69, pp. 49 & 53 (Winter, 2001).
9668:, p. 49 and see also pp. 170â171 & 204â206
9563:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989 (
9309:The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism
8526:, p. 238 and see Baruch, Elaine Hoffman,
7809:(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996 (
6843:
6528:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
5867:
5553:The Negro Family: The Case for National Action
5516:The Negro Family: The Case For National Action
4978:, and Roald, Anne Sofie, & Pernilla Ouis,
4786:, ethics and philosophy derived from Confucius
428:
12132:
11962:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11277:
11247:
10812:(sometime in 1551â1559) (approximate title)).
10588:
10586:
10562:
10560:
10530:(Nagpur: Sevika Prakashan, n.d.), ch. 2.
9046:
9044:
7179:
6769:Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia
6050:Breaking up totality: A rhetoric of laughter
5681:"'Matriarchy' and Contemporary Khasi Society"
5355:
5207:
5147:
5109:
4848:(London, Great Britain: Women's Press, 1988 (
3549:
12685:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
12601:. In Kalpana Misra; Melanie S. Rich (eds.).
12578:Buddhist Women Across Cultures: Realizations
12264:
12062:
11803:. In Kalpana Misra; Melanie S. Rich (eds.).
11581:Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions
11224:
10857:, p. 281 and see pp. 282 & 287
10321:, p. 46, as accessed December 28, 2010.
8847:
8765:Lesbians, Legal Theory and Other Superheroes
8614:, p. 375 & fnn. and see p. 384
7080:
6938:, pp. 505 & 506, quoting Carr, L.,
6890:
6873:
6858:
6717:
6705:
6693:
5846:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
5458:Second World Congress on Matriarchal Studies
5441:
5379:
5213:"Matriarchal Society: Definition and Theory"
3568:For groups and communities without men, see
315:
12643:. Tilburg University Press. pp. 1â10.
12294:Becoming Visible: Women in European History
12172:
11077:(book review (reviewed September 27, 2004))
11007:Morgan's Queendom: The Other Arthurian Myth
10354:, p. 105, attributing the argument to
9518:, p. 238 (respecting Wittig, Monique,
9336:Badinter, Elisabeth, trans. Julia Borossa,
9287:Letters From a War Zone: Writings 1976â1989
8280:, Jun. 10, 2009, 11:43 p.m. (op-ed opinion)
8180:
8123:)), ch. 1 (original 1982 ed. cited in
8112:Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics
7877:, p. 57, citing Gage, Matilda Joslyn,
7361:"Plutarch âą Sayings of Spartans â Lycurgus"
7086:"Constructing Femininity â the Lilith Case"
6720:, p. 125 (parentheses so in original).
6520:, citing Srinivas, Mysore Narasimhachar,
5779:
5777:
5635:Liddell, Henry George, & Robert Scott,
5616:Liddell, Henry George, & Robert Scott,
4001:. The restriction has been attributed to a
710:In India, of communities recognized in the
533:
438:list of matrilineal or matrilocal societies
62:. In a broader sense it can also extend to
12485:
11914:. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press.
11554:. New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
10662:Trumpeter of God: A Biography of John Knox
10583:
10557:
10310:Saudi Women's Rights: Stuck at a Red Light
9592:
9387:
9050:
9041:
9035:
9015:
8953:, pp. 407, 409 & memberships per
8806:
8291:
7547:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
6473:The Mosuo: Matriarchal/Matrilineal Culture
5685:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3923:, a king), was more important than merit.
3696:(2005 and 1972) that feminist women must "
3556:
3542:
2441:African-American women's suffrage movement
1451:
1429:
1184:
12638:
12619:
12296:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp.
12101:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
12074:
12016:. English Scholar's Library. Vol. 2.
11583:(3rd ed.). New York, NY: Continuum.
11476:American Feminism: a Contemporary History
11426:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
11417:
11330:
11197:
11195:
10900:
10523:
10499:
10487:
10466:
10194:Thirdly, Women's Holding of Public Office
9986:
9963:
9906:
9894:
9882:
9857:
9845:
9813:
9801:
9789:
9752:
9677:
9665:
9653:
9641:
9629:
9537:The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present
9475:
9459:
9428:Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust
9104:1st World Congress on Matriarchal Studies
8994:)), p. 187 (italics so in original).
8708:
8176:
8164:
7833:(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986 (
7391:"The Place In China Where The Women Lead"
7326:(N.Y.: Citadel Press, 1965), p. 160.
6537:
6365:, as accessed June 8, 2013, paragraph 45.
5561:Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism
5009:
4422:, Blossom wanted society to based on the
4101:, considered only historically, in 1558,
1081:Learn how and when to remove this message
12814:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986 (
12799:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993 (
12748:Why Men Rule: A Theory of Male Dominance
12472:
12426:
12412:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12352:
12338:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
12314:
12287:
12233:
12133:Peoples, James; Bailey, Garrick (2012).
12084:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
12010:Knox, John (1878) . Edward Arber (ed.).
11865:Goettner-Abendroth, Heide, ed. (2009a).
11440:
11367:
11318:Saved World â Episode 2 â Forest Majesty
10842:
10821:
10808:(2d ser.), p. 35) (Calvin reviser,
10784:
10736:
10692:
10619:
10604:
10592:
10539:
9743:, p. 120, but see pp. 120â121.
9740:
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9196:, p. 25 and see p. 24 and, in
8693:
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8445:Communities of Women: An Idea in Fiction
8410:
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7634:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 354.
7544:
7319:
7307:
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7274:
6899:
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6379:
6172:
5983:
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5949:
5937:
5774:
5678:
5551:, p. 171, citing Moynihan, Daniel,
5501:
5294:(U.S.: Columbia University Press, 1993).
4972:Gender Equity in Islam: Basic Principles
4459:
4087:
3833:
3585:
2386:Discrimination against transgender women
1305:
1166:than among any ancient Semitic peoples.
974:, and expanded with the speculations of
785:
680:
568:
462:
378:also means 'women as the ruling class'.
330:A matriarchy is also sometimes called a
140:
97:Definitions, connotations, and etymology
27:
12825:
12680:
12525:
12504:
11960:Poisoning the Minds of the Lower Orders
11902:
11821:
11796:
11722:
11578:
11499:
11314:Ocalony Ćwiat â odc. 2 â LeĆny majestat
11202:MirosĆaw Androsiuk (January 26, 2012).
11184:Pineda, Rafael Antonio (May 22, 2023).
11037:
10957:Sultana's Dream, in Kidwai, A.R., ed.,
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10403:
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10039:
9701:
9580:
9216:, p. 25 (emphasis so in original).
9026:(Norwegian original published in 1977).
8657:
8559:
8495:
8369:
8357:
8345:
8332:
8315:
8303:
8223:Other than quotation: Dworkin, Andrea,
7979:
7960:
7910:
7898:
7874:
7854:
7697:
7685:
7673:
7661:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7322:, p. 39, quoting Thomson, George,
7212:
7200:
6804:)), pp. 95â96 but see p. 107.
6340:(reprinted 2000, © 1975), vol. 2, pt. 2
6202:)), pp. 251â255, esp. p. 255.
5658:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
5653:
5548:
5414:
4224:New Amazonia: A Foretaste of the Future
3971:
1313:depicting the vanquished Aztec goddess
1189:Arising in the period ranging from the
669:and, according to Andrew Marshall, the
370:also means 'women's social supremacy',
81:Matriarchies may also be confused with
12933:
12657:
12594:
12556:
12449:
12290:"Women in transition: Crete and Sumer"
12217:Women in Islam: The Western Experience
12191:
12137:(9th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth.
11976:
11957:
11928:
11842:
11746:
11710:
11597:
11471:
11284:Angier, Natalie (September 10, 2016).
11283:
11255:The Behaviour Guide to African Mammals
11192:
11183:
11138:Steele, Francesca (October 15, 2016).
11137:
11108:
10772:
10760:
10748:
10631:
10415:
10269:, p. 34, citing Shafiq, Duriyya,
10208:, p. 198 (for study details, see
9951:
9728:
9515:
9006:, p. 198 ("Maior" so in original)
8970:
8966:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8913:
8901:
8889:
8563:
8547:
8523:
8511:
8499:
8483:
8471:
8397:
8381:
8270:was challenged on its reliability, in
8152:
8019:
8007:
7995:
7983:
7964:
7576:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7454:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7413:
7411:
7148:
7136:
7112:
6967:
6935:
6923:
6911:
6742:
6729:
6614:
6380:Gjelstad, Anne Helene (January 2020).
6238:, p. 152 and see pp. 158â161
5744:& E-ISSN 1537-5382)), p. 241.
5565:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
5370:, p. 193 (italics so in original)
4890:
1493:
1436:Ancient Celtic women § Matriarchy
1244:
12641:Feminist Utopias: In a Postmodern Era
12575:
12526:Sukumar, Raman (September 11, 2003).
12381:
12214:
12175:Feminist Utopias: In a Postmodern Era
12118:
12070:. New Jersey: Rowman & Allenheld.
12020:
11765:
11698:
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11652:
11620:
11566:
11547:
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11177:
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10920:
10883:
10871:
10854:
10725:How Superior Powers Ought to be Obeyd
10665:
10648:
10577:
10454:
10439:
10278:
10266:
10225:
10209:
10205:
10166:
10154:
10142:
10130:
10118:
10106:
10094:
10082:
10070:
10055:
10005:
9869:
9777:
9764:
9689:
9268:
9247:
9230:
9003:
8864:
8841:
8809:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
8763:Franklin, Kris, & Sara E. Chinn,
8750:Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution
8732:
8720:
8669:
8360:, p. 151 (emphasis in original).
8140:
8136:
8124:
8093:
8081:
8069:
8057:
7762:
7664:, pp. 335â336 (italics omitted).
7347:
7335:
7160:
7088:. In Platzner, Robert Leonard (ed.).
6837:
6825:
6315:
6313:
6272:
6247:
6235:
6065:
6047:
6034:
6022:
6010:
5998:
5618:An Intermediate GreekâEnglish Lexicon
5490:
5429:
5403:
5391:
5367:
5323:
4996:
4967:
4183:
12333:
12151:
12068:Mothering: Essays in Feminist Theory
12009:
11828:. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books.
11523:
11509:. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
11286:"Beware the Bonds of Female Bonobos"
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10709:
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10551:
9503:
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9117:, both as accessed January 29, 2011.
8969:, pp. 183â184; foundership per
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8623:
8611:
8599:
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8575:
7891:A Lecture on Constitutional Equality
7829:Dale, Jennifer, & Peggy Foster,
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7037:
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6664:
6649:
6099:Anthropology: An Applied Perspective
5311:, both as accessed November 3, 2013.
5307:(online), entry patriarchy to entry
5185:Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology
5075:
5073:
5059:
5057:
4577:Patriarchs (Bible) § Matriarchs
3715:authored, as fiction (not as fact),
1063:adding citations to reliable sources
1034:
573:
12924:Early Human Kinship was Matrilineal
12098:
12039:
11331:PluciĆska, Sylwia (April 6, 2010).
11225:Vidya; Sukumar (October 10, 2005).
10720:
10677:
10514:(BJP)), all according to Bacchetta.
9970:(playwright, per p. 126), and
9828:(N.Y.: Random House, 1st ed. 1994 (
9767:, p. 80 (emphasis in original)
9595:, p. 21 and see p. 20â21.
8986:(N.Y.: Random House, 1st ed. 1977 (
7565:
7527:
7467:
7443:
7408:
6816:, p. 44 and see pp. 44â52
6765:Trung Sisters, Rebellion of (39â43)
6732:, p. 39 (n. 176 omitted).
6454:In China, a Matriarchy Under Threat
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5892:
5753:
5539:, all as accessed November 2, 2013.
5530:Chapter IV. The Tangle of Pathology
4936:is 'a female member of a military'.
4303:(1992) (translated into English as
3654:A minority of feminists, generally
1413:, who was carrying their daughter,
771:
292:used such terms and expressions as
279:
13:
12701:
12681:Zerilli, Linda M. G. (2005).
12443:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1978.tb01228.x
12056:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1990.tb00780.x
11494:Radioscopie du féminisme américain
11370:Reformation and Renaissance Review
11320:] (Documentary). Poland: TVP1.
9920:The Praxis of Coequal Discipleship
9881:Not absolutely but relatively so:
9462:, pp. 241â242, citing Plato,
9149:Khasi Matriliny Has Many Parallels
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8426:(London: Routledge, 2d ed., 2002 (
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7769:(London: Gordon Cremonesi, 1975)).
7522:, July 9, 2005, p. 2 (online)
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5732:, vol. 33, no. 1, supp.
5479:(Mexico: Consejo Editorial, 1994))
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1017:The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory
169:prehistoric matriarchal Golden Age
14:
12977:
12915:
12683:Feminism and the Abyss of Freedom
10216:, quantity of 82 per p. 64).
10021:(N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007 (
8769:Review of Law & Social Change
8639:. University of Mother God Church
8318:, p. 337 and see p. 340
6956:Iroquois Culture & Commentary
6600:(Cornell University Press, 2002).
6215:(Cornell University Press, 2004 (
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5067:(William Morrow & Co., 1973).
5054:
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12534:. Oxford University Press, USA.
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12319:. New York, NY: Schocken Books.
11869:. Toronto: Inanna Publications.
11751:. New York, NY: Schocken Books.
11343:
11324:
11305:
11241:
11218:
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11131:
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11067:
11058:
11031:
11016:
10999:
10971:
10947:
10926:
10914:
10877:
10848:
10836:
10828:, citing Aylmer (AElmer), John,
10815:
10790:
10778:
10766:
10754:
10742:
10730:
10714:
10698:
10671:
10654:
10637:
10625:
10598:
10571:
10533:
10517:
10493:
10433:
10421:
10409:
10397:
10385:
10373:
10345:
10324:
10301:
10284:
10260:
10235:
10219:
10199:
10175:
10169:, p. 186 & ch. 8,
10160:
10148:
10136:
10112:
10100:
10076:
10049:
10032:
10011:
9957:
9945:
9912:
9900:
9888:
9875:
9863:
9851:
9839:
9819:
9807:
9795:
9783:
9770:
9758:
9746:
9734:
9695:
9683:
9671:
9659:
9647:
9635:
9623:
9598:
9586:
9574:
9553:
9525:
9509:
9497:
9482:, ch. 10, 14â15, & 21,
9469:
9453:
9434:(Temple University Press, 1995 (
9330:
9301:
9274:
9207:
9187:
9175:
9160:
9139:
9120:
9097:
9075:
9056:
9029:
9009:
8997:
8976:
8960:
8919:
8907:
8895:
8835:
8796:
8780:
8756:
8726:
8714:
8702:
8687:
8675:
8663:
8651:
8629:
8617:
8605:
8593:
8581:
8569:
8553:
8541:
8517:
8505:
8489:
8477:
8437:
8416:
8403:
8391:
8375:
8363:
8351:
8338:
8309:
8297:
8285:
8238:
8217:
8170:
8158:
8146:
8130:
8103:
8075:
8063:
8025:
8013:
8001:
7989:
7973:
7954:
7945:
7920:
7904:
7884:
7868:
7848:
7787:
7772:
7756:
7740:
7728:
7703:
7691:
7679:
7667:
7655:
7621:
7609:
7596:
7353:
7341:
7329:
7313:
7300:
7268:
7247:
7228:(N.Y.: Spence Publishing, 1998 (
7218:
7206:
7194:
7166:
7154:
7142:
7130:
7127:(Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1975 ).
7117:
7106:
7074:
7031:
7018:
7003:
6997:Myth, Religion, and Mother Right
6988:
6973:
6929:
6917:
6905:
6831:
5518:(U.S. Department of Labor, 1965)
5257:Asian Journal of Women's Studies
5033:
5024:
5015:
5002:
4989:
4960:
4951:
4939:
4927:
4918:
4909:
4896:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4834:
4822:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4653:
4641:
4629:
4617:
4455:
3821:One organization that was named
3525:
3057:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2396:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1517:
1484:
1354:were descendants of Amazons and
1039:
1020:. The idea is not emphasized in
859:, classicists such as Harrison,
857:Myth, Religion, and Mother Right
837:
693:culture, which is in China near
225:(1681â1746), who first named it
11850:. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books.
11548:Davis, Elizabeth Gould (1971).
11403:. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
11360:
11204:"LeĆnicy woĆajÄ
ĆŒubry na siano"
10366:, pp. 101â102, Kook, Rav,
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9918:SchĂŒssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth,
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7028:(Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1980).
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6807:
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6682:
6670:
6643:
6590:
6566:
6531:
6487:
6464:
6445:
6424:
6411:
6398:
6373:
6345:
6330:
6297:
6277:
6266:
6241:
6205:
6166:
6142:
6127:
6091:
6040:
6028:
6016:
6004:
5955:
5943:
5931:
5916:
5901:
5886:
5747:
5672:
5647:
5628:
5609:
5590:
5570:
5542:
5507:
5495:
5484:
5464:
5446:
5435:
5408:
5397:
5385:
5373:
5361:
5349:
5337:
5317:
5297:
5284:
5065:The Inevitability of Patriarchy
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4684:
4672:
4153:
3976:
3793:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
1050:needs additional citations for
1001:The Inevitability of Patriarchy
843:Earliest prehistory and undated
420:Intergenerational relationships
272:(mother) and Greek word Î»ÎżÎłÎżÏ (
11160:"Daevite Hub â SCP Foundation"
10961:(APH Publishing Corp., 2007).
10334:(N.Y.: Viking, hardback 2011 (
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6794:A Companion to the Vietnam War
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3489:Women's suffrage organizations
1283:. Although largely considered
893:Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages
823:The Great Binding Law of Peace
734:Ancient Vietnam (before 43 CE)
490:worship during prehistory (in
16:Social system with female rule
1:
12620:Vonarburg, Elisabeth (1992).
12557:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983).
12511:. London: The Women's Press.
12404:
12237:The Sixteenth Century Journal
12158:. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
12155:Vietnamese-American Catholics
11931:The Sixteenth Century Journal
11769:The Sixteenth Century Journal
11444:The Sixteenth Century Journal
11140:"The Power by Naomi Alderman"
9492:Locke's Education for Liberty
9380:Nouvelle Questions Feministes
9085:(International Academy HAGIA)
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7090:Gender, Tradition and Renewal
6338:The Cambridge Ancient History
5602:The History of Human Marriage
5563:(Boston: South End, 1981) or
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5048:
4412:
4212:
4168:According to Eller, feminist
3729:'open structure' of freedom".
1030:
730:society may be a matriarchy.
579:The Cambridge Ancient History
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11660:. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
11533:. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
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7040:The Journal of Asian Studies
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4451:adaptation of the same name.
4300:Chroniques du Pays des MĂšres
3474:Suffragists and suffragettes
3404:American feminist literature
1301:
790:Girl in the Hopi Reservation
721:
602:that in "the nations of the
7:
12734:The Language of the Goddess
12708:Czaplicka, Marie Antoinette
11718:(in German). Berlin: Dietz.
11579:Donovan, Josephine (2000).
11351:"The Other Sister, Bonobos"
10966:(Digital.library.upenn.edu)
10510:, both associated with the
10502:, p. 168 (the 2 being
10251:(October 29, 2005) (trans.)
10186:(October 29, 2005) (trans.)
9604:Gilman, Charlotte Perkins,
9157:(India), October 15, 2005).
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7831:Feminists and State Welfare
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6290:Women, Culture, and Society
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6048:Davis, Debra Diane (2000).
5583:Online Etymology Dictionary
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5356:Peoples & Bailey (2012)
5148:Peoples & Bailey (2012)
4499:
4420:The Powerpuff Girls Rule!!!
4288:The Gate to Women's Country
4074:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
3884:On egalitarian matriarchy,
3795:(LOOT) in 1976â1980 and in
3672:Palestine Solidarity Review
2714:Views on transgender topics
2704:Views on sexual orientation
1440:According to Adler, "there
828:George-Kanentiio explains:
612:describes the women on the
268:that comes from Latin word
202:Etymologically, it is from
10:
12982:
12828:International Zoo Yearbook
12812:The Creation of Patriarchy
12486:Schönpflug, Karin (2008).
12452:"Man's field: a review of
12215:Roald, Anne Sofie (2001).
11983:American Indian Law Review
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10362:, p. 101, citing, at
9214:Goettner-Abendroth (2009b)
9198:Goettner-Abendroth (2009a)
9194:Goettner-Abendroth (2009b)
9182:Goettner-Abendroth (2009b)
9167:Goettner-Abendroth (2009a)
9132:December 18, 2014, at the
9113:February 17, 2011, at the
7895:The Great Secession Speech
6790:"Vietnam" as a Women's War
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6706:Roces & Edwards (2010)
6694:Roces & Edwards (2010)
6484:, retrieved July 10, 2011.
6361:September 7, 2013, at the
5442:Love & Shanklin (1983)
5380:Love & Shanklin (1983)
5344:Goettner-Abendroth (2009a)
4840:For another definition of
4567:Matriarch (disambiguation)
4518:Female cosmetic coalitions
4219:Elizabeth Burgoyne Corbett
4157:
3567:
1433:
1390:in the heart of Germania.
1333:
1290:Spokespersons for various
1264:, according to Emily Wax,
1221:), and the Germanic (e.g.
1177:, was asked by a woman in
871:looked at the evidence of
775:
757:, with her younger sister
606:woman is the ruling sex."
435:
322:
241:
189:Modern Matriarchal Studies
21:Matriarch (disambiguation)
18:
12658:Wittig, Monique (1985) .
12603:Jewish Feminism in Israel
12461:Claremont Review of Books
12456:, by Harvey C. Mansfield"
12076:Mansfield, Harvey Claflin
11977:Jacobs, Renée E. (1991).
11844:Gilman, Charlotte Perkins
11805:Jewish Feminism in Israel
10905:Socrates and Aristophanes
10824:, pp. 168, 170â171,
10804:, n. 1, for letter,
8262:December 8, 2010, at the
8227:(N.Y.: Free Press, 2000 (
7863:History of Woman Suffrage
7805:Weisberg, D. Kelly, ed.,
6480:January 12, 2018, at the
6248:Young, Katherine (2010).
6173:Gimbutas, Marija (1991).
6159:February 2, 2010, at the
6150:The Chalice and the Blade
5654:Grafton, Anthony (2013).
5305:Oxford English Dictionary
5125:Oxford English Dictionary
4986:, pp. 91â108 (1997).
3505:Women's rights by country
2416:Female genital mutilation
1393:
588:
548:human cultural universals
264:is derived from the noun
104:Oxford English Dictionary
78:differ in some respects.
12852:Cornell University Press
12598:"Violence against women"
11797:Freeman, Marsha (2003).
11472:Castro, Ginette (1990).
10281:, p. 25 n. 27)
9432:Feminism & Community
9364:Amazon Continues Odyssey
8925:Tong, Rosemarie Putnam,
7926:Underhill, Lois Beachy,
7516:A Place Where Women Rule
7432:A Place Where Women Rule
7123:Bachofen, Johann Jakob,
6995:Bachofen, Johann Jakob,
6954:George-Kanentiio, Doug,
6688:Chiricosta, Alessandra,
5252:Göttner-Abendroth, Heide
5209:Göttner-Abendroth, Heide
5104:Cornell University Press
4666:
4445:Ćoku: The Inner Chambers
4435:Amazon Women in the Mood
4194:As criticism in 390 BC,
3616:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
3510:Feminists by nationality
3484:Women's studies journals
3479:Women's rights activists
2207:Movements and ideologies
919:(or Helen Diner), wrote
705:
676:
660:
534:History and distribution
467:Venus von Willendorf, a
358:" (others being "mainly
12897:Gender in World History
12334:Ross, Becki L. (1995).
12288:Rohrlich, Ruby (1977).
12273:. Abingdon: Routledge.
12152:Phan, Peter C. (2005).
11397:Adler, Margot (2006) .
11040:Science Fiction Studies
11005:Valdes-Miyares, Ruben,
10986:Science Fiction Studies
10290:Rostami Povey, Elaheh,
9993:, per pp. 194â195.
9488:Natural Rights Theories
9376:Le Nationalisme Feminin
9204:& pts. I & VIII
6382:Big heart, strong hands
6321:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5656:The Classical Tradition
5637:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
5523:April 28, 2014, at the
5477:JuchitĂĄn, City of Women
5084:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5080:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4866:Extrasensory perception
4514:(denials of matriarchy)
4381:
4231:Roquia Sakhawat Hussain
4099:Protestant Christianity
4078:Rashtriya Sevika Samiti
3886:Heide Göttner-Abendroth
2898:International relations
1769:Intersectional variants
1452:Basque myth and society
1430:Celtic myth and society
1185:Iron Age to Middle Ages
645:people residing in the
627:
352:Cultural anthropologist
223:Joseph-François Lafitau
128:Heide Göttner-Abendroth
12966:Political anthropology
12846:Sanday, Peggy Reeves,
12505:Spender, Dale (1985).
12450:Schaub, Diana (2006).
12367:10.1080/13537900123321
11822:Gabriel, Mary (1998).
11598:Echols, Alice (1989).
11249:Despard Estes, Richard
10810:Commentaries on Isaiah
10512:Bharatiya Janata Party
10394:, pp. 59 & 65
10044:The PressâPhiladelphia
9989:, p. 195, citing
9966:, p. 131, citing
9090:July 19, 2011, at the
9018:, p. 108, citing
8805:, p. 204, citing
8498:, p. 80, quoting
8247:Dworkin's Scapegoating
8179:, p. 6. See also
7324:The Prehistoric Aegean
7279:The Prehistoric Aegean
6855:, p. 44 n. 1
6596:Sanday, Peggy Reeves,
6211:Sanday, Peggy Reeves,
6177:. Harper. p. 324.
5229:Sanday, Peggy Reeves,
5162:Haviland, William A.,
4468:
4093:
3839:
3770:feminism's second wave
3683:The Fifth Sacred Thing
3600:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
3591:
3424:Conservative feminisms
2679:Bicycling and feminism
2655:Women in the workforce
2623:Violence against women
2598:Sexual objectification
2558:Opposition to feminism
1825:Vegetarian ecofeminism
1468:Franz-Karl Mayr, this
1342:society. According to
1330:
1175:Gorgo, Queen of Sparta
835:
791:
686:
471:
316:Words beginning with
185:
146:
50:in which positions of
40:
12867:Johann Jakob Bachofen
12723:The World of Odysseus
12595:Umanit, Irit (2003).
12490:. London: Routledge.
12382:Ruden, Sarah (2010).
12219:. London: Routledge.
11188:. Anime News Network.
10317:July 4, 2008, at the
10042:, p. 83, citing
9991:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
9704:, p. 30, citing
9559:Bartkowski, Frances,
9311:(N.Y.: Norton, 1989 (
8696:, pp. 5â9 &
8344:Chesler, Phyllis, in
8098:Beyond God the Father
7982:, p. 62, citing
7963:, p. 61, citing
7917:, esp. pp. 54â57
7781:Euskal Herriko Mitoak
7365:penelope.uchicago.edu
6942:, p. 223 (1884).
5183:Kuznar, Lawrence A.,
4679:Feminist anthropology
4463:
4257:Marion Zimmer Bradley
4244:Marion Zimmer Bradley
4091:
3960:, were criticized by
3837:
3803:Elizabeth Gould Davis
3589:
3454:Feminist rhetoricians
3444:Feminist philosophers
2996:Revisionist mythology
2699:Views on prostitution
2684:Criticism of marriage
2379:Children's literature
1309:
1201:mythologies from the
1199:northwestern European
968:Elizabeth Gould Davis
830:
789:
712:national Constitution
684:
569:By region and culture
466:
436:Further information:
429:Words beginning with
286:Johann Jakob Bachofen
180:
144:
121:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
113:cultural anthropology
31:
12859:Bachofen in-attuale?
12622:In the mother's land
12559:The Birth of Vietnam
11958:Herzog, Don (1998).
11626:History of Religions
11024:Bright Hub Education
10932:Suksang, Duangrudi,
9108:Societies in Balance
8272:Frantzman, Seth J.,
7577:Rathnayake, Zinara.
7255:The Oldest Europeans
6763:Seekins, Donald M.,
6352:Tacitus, Cornelius,
5730:Current Anthropology
4736:Elamite civilization
4305:In the Mothers' Land
4275:Speaker for the Dead
3972:In religious thought
3434:Feminist art critics
3409:Feminist comic books
3366:Lists and categories
3045:By continent/country
2876:Pathways perspective
2759:Gender mainstreaming
2694:Views on pornography
2603:Substantive equality
2583:Reproductive justice
2533:Matriarchal religion
2391:Diversity (politics)
2332:Political lesbianism
1642:Other women's rights
1382:placing them at the
1360:Roman historiography
1111:When God Was a Woman
1059:improve this article
944:Proto-Indo-Europeans
939:Old European culture
873:matriarchal religion
798:(in what is now the
610:Anne Helene Gjelstad
596:claimed in his book
560:second-wave feminism
12895:Stearns, Peter N.,
12857:Schiavoni, Giulio,
12738:Thames & Hudson
12406:Schaller, George B.
10751:, pp. 372, 373
10708:(from extract), in
10660:Reid, W. Stanford,
10308:Al-Mohamed, Asmaa,
9606:What is "Feminism"?
9533:Stansell, Christine
9356:)), p. 32, in
9083:Matriarchal Studies
8637:"Embodiment of God"
8245:Ouma, Veronica A.,
8022:, pp. 153, 177
7715:www.iranchamber.com
7520:The Washington Post
7492:. September 9, 2016
7436:The Washington Post
7253:del Giorgio, J.F.,
7082:von Stuckrad, Kocku
6970:, p. 498 & n. 6
6779:)), vol. 3, p. 898.
5964:, p. 60 &
5641:ÎłÏ
^ΜαÎčÎșÎż-ÎșÏα^ÏÎÎżÎŒÎ±Îč
4582:Other World Kingdom
4557:Menstrual synchrony
4523:Feminist separatism
4295:Ălisabeth Vonarburg
4262:The Mists of Avalon
4138:Christopher Goodman
3968:, and some others.
3778:spiritual feminists
3774:Harvey C. Mansfield
3757:According to Prof.
3629:feminist literature
3608:Matilda Joslyn Gage
3596:first-wave feminist
3570:Feminist separatism
3532:Feminism portal
3439:Feminist economists
3429:Ecofeminist authors
3234:Trinidad and Tobago
3174:Republic of Ireland
2866:Composition studies
2633:Women's empowerment
2588:Sex workers' rights
2513:Feminist capitalism
2493:Internalized sexism
2431:Feminism in culture
1544:History of feminism
1494:In feminist thought
1245:20thâ21st centuries
1022:third-wave feminism
921:Mothers and Amazons
853:Jane Ellen Harrison
751:Keith Weller Taylor
325:Gynecocracy (novel)
229:. According to the
145:Margot Adler (2004)
115:, according to the
12880:Shorrocks, Bryan,
12780:Lapatin, Kenneth,
12732:Gimbutas, Marija,
12125:The Hebrew Goddess
11492:â translated from
11291:The New York Times
11164:The SCP Foundation
10763:, pp. 372â373
10157:, pp. 185â186
10145:, pp. 196â197
10121:, pp. 186â189
10085:, pp. 189â190
10073:, pp. 186â187
9909:, pp. 205â206
9731:, pp. 424â425
9384:Female Nationalism
9319:) (rev. ed. 2000 (
9151:, October 15, 2005
9147:Mukhim, Patricia,
9063:Egalia's Daughters
9024:Egalia's Daughters
8916:, pp. 183â184
8723:, pp. 183â184
8514:, pp. 237â238
8400:, pp. 114â115
8278:The Jerusalem Post
8181:Poldervaart (1997)
7942:, esp. ch. 8.
7767:Women of the Celts
7676:, pp. 335â336
7604:Indigenous Affairs
7306:Three quotations:
7257:(A.J.Place, 2006 (
7240:Skeptical Inquirer
7224:Davis, Philip G.,
7215:, pp. 172â173
6926:, pp. 506â507
6914:, pp. 498â509
6788:Turner, Karen G.,
6540:Feminist Economics
6496:Feminist Economics
6459:The Globe and Mail
6430:Marshall, Andrew,
6303:Brown, Donald E.,
6152:, as cited at the
6067:Young, Iris Marion
6046:Latter quotation:
5597:Edvard Westermarck
5358:, pp. 258â259
5219:on April 19, 2013.
5063:Goldberg, Steven,
4469:
4184:In popular culture
4147:Heinrich Bullinger
4109:'s subject) wrote
4094:
4036:Rabbinical Judaism
4015:Muslim Brotherhood
3932:Christine Stansell
3865:Egalia's Daughters
3840:
3598:discourse, either
3592:
2844:Literary criticism
2709:Views on sexuality
2401:Effects on society
2369:Complementarianism
2349:Women's liberation
2104:Religious variants
2078:trans-exclusionary
1796:Radical lesbianism
1350:reported that the
1331:
1292:indigenous peoples
1136:The Hebrew Goddess
792:
687:
472:
392:queen bee syndrome
147:
41:
12692:978-0-226-98133-8
12673:978-0-8070-6301-9
12650:978-90-361-9747-2
12631:978-0-5532-9962-5
12612:978-1-58465-325-7
12587:978-0-7914-4138-1
12568:978-0-520-04428-9
12541:978-0-19-510778-4
12518:978-0-7043-2862-4
12497:978-0-415-41784-6
12419:978-0-226-73639-6
12397:978-0-375-42501-1
12345:978-0-8020-7479-9
12326:978-0-8052-0762-0
12226:978-0-415-24896-9
12207:978-0-313-27814-3
12184:978-90-361-9747-2
12165:978-0-8091-4352-8
12144:978-1-111-30152-1
12111:978-0-19-861271-1
12091:978-0-300-10664-0
12032:978-0-8052-0762-0
11969:978-0-691-04831-4
11921:978-1-58465-659-3
11895:978-0-9782233-5-9
11876:978-0-9782233-5-9
11857:978-1-57392-959-2
11835:978-1-56512-132-4
11814:978-1-58465-325-7
11758:978-0-8052-0762-0
11739:978-0-520-07010-3
11712:Engels, Friedrich
11691:978-0-8070-6792-5
11667:978-0-8070-6507-5
11613:978-0-8166-1787-6
11590:978-0-8264-1248-5
11540:978-0-8070-1413-4
11516:978-1-4039-6897-5
11506:Women and Madness
11487:978-0-8147-1448-5
11433:978-0-19-513478-0
11410:978-0-14-303819-1
11337:Dziennik Zachodni
11091:A Brother's Price
11075:Publishers Weekly
10977:Weinbaum, Batya,
10909:Fear of Diversity
10508:Sadhvi Rithambara
10340:978-0-670-02295-3
10027:978-1-4039-8204-9
10017:Siegel, Deborah,
9618:The Boston Herald
9610:The Sunday Herald
9593:Schönpflug (2008)
9546:978-0-679-64314-2
9450:))), p. 330.
9448:978-1-56639-277-8
9354:978-0-7456-3381-7
9338:Dead End Feminism
9291:Take Back the Day
9281:Dworkin, Andrea,
9051:Schönpflug (2008)
9036:Schönpflug (2008)
9016:Schönpflug (2008)
8532:Visions of Utopia
8409:Both quotations:
8292:Schönpflug (2008)
8206:Take No Prisoners
8092:, probably â per
8041:978-0-253-22251-0
7901:, pp. 86â87.
7641:978-0-684-31294-1
7350:, pp. 96â111
7287:Visions of Utopia
7263:978-980-6898-00-4
7099:978-3-906769-64-6
6741:Both quotations:
6452:MacKinnon, Mark,
6419:Why Buddha Smiles
6284:Bamberger, Joan,
6259:978-0-7735-3615-9
6200:978-0-06-117091-1
5736:(February, 1992 (
5533:, authorship per
5290:Lepowsky, M. A.,
4715:Queen Elizabeth I
4602:Women in the EZLN
4331:A Brother's Price
4320:Publishers Weekly
4249:The Ruins of Isis
4026:, in a 2001â2007
3828:Ti-Grace Atkinson
3694:Women and Madness
3622:Cultural feminism
3612:Victoria Woodhull
3590:Elizabeth Stanton
3566:
3565:
3517:
3516:
3036:
3035:
3026:womanist theology
2969:Political ecology
2800:Ăcriture fĂ©minine
2727:
2726:
2618:Triple oppression
2608:Toxic masculinity
2593:Sexual harassment
2458:Feminist stripper
2436:Feminist movement
1997:
1996:
1928:Africana womanism
1759:
1758:
1458:Andrés Ortiz-Osés
1124:pre-Islamic Arabs
1091:
1090:
1083:
992:Charlene Spretnak
926:The White Goddess
574:Ancient Near East
101:According to the
12973:
12956:Mother goddesses
12875:978-88-06-229375
12843:
12761:Hutton, Ronald,
12750:(rev. ed. 1993 (
12744:Goldberg, Steven
12696:
12677:
12665:
12654:
12635:
12616:
12600:
12591:
12572:
12553:
12533:
12522:
12501:
12482:
12469:
12446:
12423:
12401:
12389:
12378:
12349:
12330:
12311:
12284:
12272:
12261:
12230:
12211:
12188:
12169:
12148:
12129:
12115:
12095:
12071:
12059:
12036:
12017:
12006:
11995:10.2307/20068706
11973:
11954:
11925:
11913:
11899:
11880:
11861:
11839:
11818:
11802:
11793:
11762:
11743:
11724:Epstein, Barbara
11719:
11707:
11695:
11671:
11649:
11617:
11605:
11594:
11575:
11563:
11544:
11520:
11501:Chesler, Phyllis
11491:
11479:
11468:
11437:
11420:Laurie L. Patton
11414:
11393:
11355:
11354:
11347:
11341:
11340:
11328:
11322:
11321:
11309:
11303:
11302:
11300:
11298:
11281:
11275:
11274:
11258:
11245:
11239:
11238:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11211:
11199:
11190:
11189:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11170:
11156:
11150:
11149:
11135:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11124:
11106:
11100:
11086:
11080:
11071:
11065:
11064:Vonarburg (1992)
11062:
11056:
11055:
11035:
11029:
11020:
11014:
11003:
10997:
10982:
10975:
10969:
10951:
10945:
10930:
10924:
10918:
10912:
10901:Mansfield (2006)
10898:
10887:
10881:
10875:
10869:
10858:
10852:
10846:
10840:
10834:
10819:
10813:
10794:
10788:
10782:
10776:
10770:
10764:
10758:
10752:
10746:
10740:
10734:
10728:
10718:
10712:
10702:
10696:
10690:
10681:
10675:
10669:
10658:
10652:
10643:Ridley, Jasper,
10641:
10635:
10629:
10623:
10617:
10608:
10602:
10596:
10590:
10581:
10575:
10569:
10564:
10555:
10549:
10543:
10537:
10531:
10524:Bacchetta (2002)
10521:
10515:
10500:Bacchetta (2002)
10497:
10491:
10488:Bacchetta (2002)
10485:
10470:
10467:Bacchetta (2002)
10464:
10458:
10452:
10443:
10437:
10431:
10425:
10419:
10413:
10407:
10401:
10395:
10389:
10383:
10377:
10371:
10349:
10343:
10330:Pinker, Steven,
10328:
10322:
10305:
10299:
10288:
10282:
10264:
10258:
10255:A General Remark
10239:
10233:
10223:
10217:
10203:
10197:
10179:
10173:
10164:
10158:
10152:
10146:
10140:
10134:
10128:
10122:
10116:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10092:
10086:
10080:
10074:
10068:
10059:
10053:
10047:
10036:
10030:
10015:
10009:
10003:
9994:
9987:Mansfield (2006)
9984:
9975:
9964:Mansfield (2006)
9961:
9955:
9949:
9943:
9936:In Memory of Her
9916:
9910:
9907:Mansfield (2006)
9904:
9898:
9895:Mansfield (2006)
9892:
9886:
9883:Mansfield (2006)
9879:
9873:
9867:
9861:
9858:Mansfield (2006)
9855:
9849:
9848:, pp. 63â64
9846:Mansfield (2006)
9843:
9837:
9823:
9817:
9814:Mansfield (2006)
9811:
9805:
9802:Mansfield (2006)
9799:
9793:
9790:Mansfield (2006)
9787:
9781:
9780:, pp. 78â80
9774:
9768:
9762:
9756:
9753:Mansfield (2006)
9750:
9744:
9738:
9732:
9726:
9713:
9706:Grimké, Sarah M.
9699:
9693:
9687:
9681:
9678:Mansfield (2006)
9675:
9669:
9666:Mansfield (2006)
9663:
9657:
9654:Mansfield (2006)
9651:
9645:
9644:, pp. 79â80
9642:Mansfield (2006)
9639:
9633:
9632:, pp. 80â81
9630:Mansfield (2006)
9627:
9621:
9616:, p. , of
9602:
9596:
9590:
9584:
9578:
9572:
9561:Feminist Utopias
9557:
9551:
9550:
9529:
9523:
9513:
9507:
9501:
9495:
9476:Mansfield (2006)
9473:
9467:
9460:Mansfield (2006)
9457:
9451:
9421:
9334:
9328:
9305:
9299:
9278:
9272:
9266:
9251:
9245:
9234:
9228:
9217:
9211:
9205:
9191:
9185:
9179:
9173:
9164:
9158:
9143:
9137:
9124:
9118:
9106:, also known as
9101:
9095:
9079:
9073:
9060:
9054:
9048:
9039:
9033:
9027:
9020:Gerd Brantenberg
9013:
9007:
9001:
8995:
8980:
8974:
8964:
8958:
8944:
8938:
8923:
8917:
8911:
8905:
8899:
8893:
8887:
8868:
8862:
8845:
8839:
8833:
8832:
8800:
8794:
8784:
8778:
8760:
8754:
8747:Johnston, Jill,
8745:
8736:
8730:
8724:
8718:
8712:
8709:Mansfield (2006)
8706:
8700:
8691:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8661:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8644:
8633:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8609:
8603:
8602:, p. xxxiii
8597:
8591:
8585:
8579:
8573:
8567:
8557:
8551:
8545:
8539:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8475:
8469:
8456:
8455:)), p. 186.
8443:Auerbach, Nina,
8441:
8435:
8420:
8414:
8407:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8379:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8242:
8236:
8221:
8215:
8201:
8190:
8177:Willemsen (1997)
8174:
8168:
8165:Willemsen (1997)
8162:
8156:
8150:
8144:
8134:
8128:
8107:
8101:
8091:
8087:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8044:
8043:)), p. 235.
8029:
8023:
8017:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7993:
7987:
7977:
7971:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7943:
7924:
7918:
7908:
7902:
7893:, also known as
7888:
7882:
7872:
7866:
7852:
7846:
7844:
7827:
7818:
7803:
7794:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7776:
7770:
7760:
7754:
7744:
7738:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7602:Tamang, Stella,
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7574:
7563:
7562:
7542:
7525:
7511:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7482:
7465:
7464:
7452:
7441:
7427:
7418:
7415:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7387:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7339:
7338:, pp. 38â39
7333:
7327:
7317:
7311:
7304:
7298:
7272:
7266:
7251:
7245:
7226:Goddess Unmasked
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7183:
7177:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7134:
7128:
7121:
7115:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7035:
7029:
7022:
7016:
7007:
7001:
6992:
6986:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6952:
6943:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6888:
6882:
6871:
6865:
6856:
6850:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6786:
6780:
6761:
6746:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6612:
6601:
6594:
6588:
6575:Let's Anger Her!
6570:
6564:
6563:
6535:
6529:
6519:
6491:
6485:
6468:
6462:
6449:
6443:
6428:
6422:
6415:
6409:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6377:
6371:
6367:Paragraph 45:6:
6349:
6343:
6334:
6328:
6317:
6308:
6305:Human Universals
6301:
6295:
6281:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6224:
6209:
6203:
6188:
6179:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6154:author's website
6146:
6140:
6131:
6125:
6111:
6102:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6063:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5987:
5981:
5968:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5920:
5914:
5905:
5899:
5890:
5884:
5874:
5865:
5843:
5834:
5808:
5799:
5781:
5772:
5751:
5745:
5722:Leacock, Eleanor
5718:
5709:
5708:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5651:
5645:
5632:
5626:
5613:
5607:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5574:
5568:
5546:
5540:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5473:The Investigator
5468:
5462:
5450:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5427:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5394:, pp. 12â13
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5301:
5295:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5220:
5215:. Archived from
5205:
5196:
5181:
5175:
5174:)), p. 579.
5160:
5151:
5145:
5136:
5134:
5127:(online), entry
5122:
5107:
5097:
5091:
5077:
5068:
5061:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5010:Bacchetta (2002)
5006:
5000:
4993:
4987:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4907:
4900:
4894:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4856:)), p. 137.
4838:
4832:
4829:Anarcha-feminism
4826:
4820:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4691:Black matriarchy
4688:
4682:
4676:
4658:
4657:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4633:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4592:Radical feminism
4587:Bissagos Islands
4424:African Elephant
4367:Earth's Children
4270:Orson Scott Card
4175:
4164:Goddess movement
4126:W. Stanford Reid
4053:
4000:
3992:Anne Sofie Roald
3962:Kathie Sarachild
3880:
3857:
3790:
3767:
3728:
3648:Feminist utopias
3558:
3551:
3544:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3469:Feminist parties
3464:Muslim feminists
3459:Jewish feminists
3370:
3369:
3351:History of women
2974:Political theory
2742:
2741:
2672:
2671:
2645:
2638:Women-only space
2523:Likeability trap
2411:Female education
2225:Anti-pornography
2080:
2079:
2075:
1791:Lesbian of color
1774:
1773:
1651:Women's suffrage
1627:Muslim countries
1622:Women's suffrage
1539:Feminist history
1532:
1531:
1521:
1498:
1497:
1426:overthrow him.
1311:Large stone disk
1279:in the state of
1223:Grendel's mother
1100:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1043:
1035:
1012:Goddess Unmasked
984:Goddess movement
952:Eastern European
915:Austrian writer
898:Friedrich Engels
806:), according to
802:in northeastern
800:Hopi Reservation
772:Native Americans
767:
496:Neolithic Europe
306:female authority
284:In their works,
280:Related concepts
244:
243:
213:), "mother" and
153:
68:social privilege
12981:
12980:
12976:
12975:
12974:
12972:
12971:
12970:
12961:Feminist theory
12931:
12930:
12921:Knight, Chris.
12918:
12810:Lerner, Gerda,
12795:Lerner, Gerda,
12767:Wiley-Blackwell
12765:(Hoboken, NJ:
12716:Clarendon Press
12704:
12702:Further reading
12699:
12693:
12674:
12662:Les GuérillÚres
12651:
12632:
12613:
12588:
12569:
12542:
12519:
12498:
12420:
12398:
12346:
12327:
12308:
12281:
12250:10.2307/2543225
12227:
12208:
12194:Les GuérillÚres
12185:
12166:
12145:
12112:
12092:
12033:
11970:
11943:10.2307/2542887
11922:
11896:
11877:
11858:
11836:
11815:
11782:10.2307/2543787
11759:
11740:
11692:
11668:
11614:
11591:
11541:
11517:
11488:
11457:10.2307/2544266
11434:
11411:
11363:
11358:
11349:
11348:
11344:
11329:
11325:
11311:
11310:
11306:
11296:
11294:
11282:
11278:
11271:
11246:
11242:
11237:(7): 1200â1207.
11231:Current Science
11223:
11219:
11209:
11207:
11200:
11193:
11182:
11178:
11168:
11166:
11158:
11157:
11153:
11136:
11132:
11122:
11120:
11112:(May 6, 2008).
11110:Newitz, Annalee
11107:
11103:
11095:RT Book Reviews
11089:Traynor, Page,
11087:
11083:
11072:
11068:
11063:
11059:
11036:
11032:
11021:
11017:
11004:
11000:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10964:Sultana's Dream
10953:Hasan, Seemin,
10952:
10948:
10938:Utopian Studies
10931:
10927:
10919:
10915:
10899:
10890:
10882:
10878:
10870:
10861:
10853:
10849:
10843:de Abreu (2003)
10841:
10837:
10822:de Abreu (2003)
10820:
10816:
10795:
10791:
10785:Richards (1997)
10783:
10779:
10771:
10767:
10759:
10755:
10747:
10743:
10737:Richards (1997)
10735:
10731:
10719:
10715:
10703:
10699:
10693:Richards (1997)
10691:
10684:
10676:
10672:
10659:
10655:
10642:
10638:
10630:
10626:
10620:Brammall (1996)
10618:
10611:
10605:Brammall (1996)
10603:
10599:
10593:de Abreu (2003)
10591:
10584:
10576:
10572:
10565:
10558:
10550:
10546:
10540:de Abreu (2003)
10538:
10534:
10522:
10518:
10498:
10494:
10486:
10473:
10465:
10461:
10453:
10446:
10438:
10434:
10426:
10422:
10414:
10410:
10402:
10398:
10390:
10386:
10378:
10374:
10350:
10346:
10329:
10325:
10319:Wayback Machine
10306:
10302:
10296:Feminist Review
10289:
10285:
10265:
10261:
10240:
10236:
10224:
10220:
10204:
10200:
10180:
10176:
10165:
10161:
10153:
10149:
10141:
10137:
10129:
10125:
10117:
10113:
10105:
10101:
10093:
10089:
10081:
10077:
10069:
10062:
10054:
10050:
10037:
10033:
10029:)), p. 65.
10016:
10012:
10004:
9997:
9985:
9978:
9962:
9958:
9950:
9946:
9917:
9913:
9905:
9901:
9893:
9889:
9880:
9876:
9868:
9864:
9856:
9852:
9844:
9840:
9824:
9820:
9812:
9808:
9800:
9796:
9788:
9784:
9775:
9771:
9763:
9759:
9751:
9747:
9741:Richards (1997)
9739:
9735:
9727:
9716:
9700:
9696:
9688:
9684:
9676:
9672:
9664:
9660:
9652:
9648:
9640:
9636:
9628:
9624:
9603:
9599:
9591:
9587:
9579:
9575:
9571:)), ch. 1.
9558:
9554:
9547:
9530:
9526:
9520:Les GuérillÚres
9514:
9510:
9502:
9498:
9474:
9470:
9458:
9454:
9340:(Polity, 2006 (
9335:
9331:
9307:Morgan, Robin,
9306:
9302:
9279:
9275:
9267:
9254:
9246:
9237:
9229:
9220:
9212:
9208:
9192:
9188:
9180:
9176:
9165:
9161:
9144:
9140:
9134:Wayback Machine
9125:
9121:
9115:Wayback Machine
9102:
9098:
9092:Wayback Machine
9080:
9076:
9061:
9057:
9049:
9042:
9034:
9030:
9014:
9010:
9002:
8998:
8982:Morgan, Robin,
8981:
8977:
8965:
8961:
8945:
8941:
8937:)), p. 23.
8924:
8920:
8912:
8908:
8900:
8896:
8888:
8871:
8863:
8848:
8840:
8836:
8821:10.2307/3346152
8801:
8797:
8785:
8781:
8761:
8757:
8746:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8719:
8715:
8707:
8703:
8694:Rountree (2001)
8692:
8688:
8682:Rountree (2001)
8680:
8676:
8668:
8664:
8656:
8652:
8642:
8640:
8635:
8634:
8630:
8622:
8618:
8610:
8606:
8598:
8594:
8586:
8582:
8574:
8570:
8558:
8554:
8546:
8542:
8536:Rohrlich (1984)
8530:, in Pt. Four (
8522:
8518:
8510:
8506:
8494:
8490:
8482:
8478:
8470:
8459:
8442:
8438:
8434:)), p. 78.
8421:
8417:
8413:, p. xvii.
8411:Rohrlich (1984)
8408:
8404:
8396:
8392:
8380:
8376:
8368:
8364:
8356:
8352:
8343:
8339:
8331:
8322:
8314:
8310:
8302:
8298:
8290:
8286:
8264:Wayback Machine
8243:
8239:
8222:
8218:
8202:
8193:
8175:
8171:
8163:
8159:
8151:
8147:
8135:
8131:
8127:, p. 287).
8108:
8104:
8100:, p. 94)).
8089:
8085:
8080:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8056:
8047:
8031:Penner, James,
8030:
8026:
8018:
8014:
8006:
8002:
7994:
7990:
7978:
7974:
7959:
7955:
7950:
7946:
7925:
7921:
7909:
7905:
7889:
7885:
7873:
7869:
7853:
7849:
7842:
7828:
7821:
7804:
7797:
7792:
7788:
7777:
7773:
7761:
7757:
7745:
7741:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7717:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7696:
7692:
7684:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7626:
7622:
7614:
7610:
7601:
7597:
7587:
7585:
7575:
7566:
7543:
7528:
7512:
7505:
7495:
7493:
7484:
7483:
7468:
7453:
7444:
7428:
7421:
7416:
7409:
7399:
7397:
7389:
7388:
7379:
7369:
7367:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7346:
7342:
7334:
7330:
7320:Rohrlich (1977)
7318:
7314:
7308:Rohrlich (1977)
7305:
7301:
7295:Rohrlich (1984)
7291:Rohrlich (1984)
7285:, in Pt. Four (
7275:Rohrlich (1977)
7273:
7269:
7252:
7248:
7242:(1999) (review)
7223:
7219:
7211:
7207:
7199:
7195:
7184:
7180:
7172:Bebel, August,
7171:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7147:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7079:
7075:
7052:10.2307/2659214
7036:
7032:
7023:
7019:
7008:
7004:
6993:
6989:
6978:
6974:
6966:
6962:
6953:
6946:
6934:
6930:
6922:
6918:
6910:
6906:
6900:Schlegel (1984)
6898:
6891:
6885:Schlegel (1984)
6883:
6874:
6868:Schlegel (1984)
6866:
6859:
6853:Schlegel (1984)
6851:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6814:Schlegel (1984)
6812:
6808:
6787:
6783:
6762:
6749:
6740:
6736:
6728:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6687:
6683:
6675:
6671:
6663:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6629:10.2307/2642829
6613:
6604:
6595:
6591:
6585:, July 25, 2012
6571:
6567:
6536:
6532:
6492:
6488:
6482:Wayback Machine
6469:
6465:
6450:
6446:
6429:
6425:
6417:Bisch, Jorgen,
6416:
6412:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6378:
6374:
6366:
6363:Wayback Machine
6350:
6346:
6335:
6331:
6318:
6311:
6302:
6298:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6267:
6260:
6246:
6242:
6234:
6227:
6210:
6206:
6189:
6182:
6171:
6167:
6161:Wayback Machine
6148:Eisler, Riane,
6147:
6143:
6132:
6128:
6112:
6105:
6096:
6092:
6060:
6045:
6041:
6033:
6029:
6021:
6017:
6009:
6005:
5997:
5990:
5984:Scalingi (1978)
5982:
5971:
5962:Scalingi (1978)
5960:
5956:
5950:Scalingi (1978)
5948:
5944:
5938:Scalingi (1978)
5936:
5932:
5921:
5917:
5906:
5902:
5891:
5887:
5875:
5868:
5844:
5837:
5809:
5802:
5782:
5775:
5752:
5748:
5719:
5712:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5652:
5648:
5633:
5629:
5614:
5610:
5595:
5591:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5547:
5543:
5525:Wayback Machine
5512:
5508:
5502:Rohrlich (1977)
5500:
5496:
5489:
5485:
5469:
5465:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5398:
5390:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5342:
5338:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5302:
5298:
5289:
5285:
5249:
5245:
5234:
5221:
5206:
5199:
5182:
5178:
5161:
5154:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5123:
5110:
5098:
5094:
5078:
5071:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5007:
5003:
4994:
4990:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4944:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4901:
4897:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4839:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4697:
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4652:
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4628:
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4606:
4502:
4485:naked mole rats
4458:
4418:In the special
4415:
4395:Mars Needs Moms
4384:
4283:Sheri S. Tepper
4236:Sultana's Dream
4215:
4191:
4189:Ancient theatre
4186:
4173:
4166:
4158:Main articles:
4156:
4051:
3994:
3979:
3974:
3878:
3855:
3788:
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3743:Rasa von Werder
3726:
3718:Les GuérillÚres
3690:Phyllis Chesler
3604:Margaret Fuller
3573:
3562:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3420:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3266:Northern Cyprus
3046:
3038:
3037:
3032:
2854:Science fiction
2805:
2784:Women's studies
2749:Feminist method
2739:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2643:
2553:Oedipus complex
2543:Men in feminism
2508:Language reform
2488:Ideal womanhood
2468:Gender equality
2463:Formal equality
2426:Feminationalism
2363:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2310:Post-structural
2209:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2077:
2074:Gender-critical
2073:
2072:
2023:Femonationalism
2007:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1972:Native American
1912:
1867:Critical theory
1829:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1710:Second Republic
1638:
1608:
1575:
1549:Women's history
1529:
1496:
1487:
1454:
1438:
1432:
1403:Greek mythology
1396:
1388:Paulus Diaconus
1344:Phyllis Chesler
1336:
1319:Huitzilopochtli
1304:
1277:Northeast India
1275:people live in
1247:
1187:
1098:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1056:
1044:
1033:
976:Margaret Murray
895:
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840:
784:
776:Main articles:
774:
765:
736:
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679:
663:
630:
591:
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536:
507:Marija Gimbutas
476:Marija Gimbutas
440:
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328:
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197:Daniel Moynihan
151:
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64:moral authority
24:
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12979:
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12916:External links
12914:
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12861:(chapter), in
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11696:
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11672:
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11654:Eller, Cynthia
11650:
11638:10.1086/463229
11632:(3): 279â295.
11622:Eller, Cynthia
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10704:Laing, David,
10697:
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10532:
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10492:
10471:
10459:
10444:
10442:, pp. 6â7
10432:
10428:Freeman (2003)
10420:
10408:
10404:Freeman (2003)
10396:
10392:Freeman (2003)
10384:
10380:Hartman (2007)
10372:
10364:Hartman (2007)
10360:Hartman (2007)
10352:Hartman (2007)
10344:
10323:
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10218:
10212:, ch. 3,
10198:
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9702:Donovan (2000)
9694:
9682:
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9658:
9646:
9634:
9622:
9597:
9585:
9581:Donovan (2000)
9573:
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9545:
9524:
9508:
9496:
9468:
9452:
9402:10.1086/494181
9396:(4): 741â761.
9372:Amazon Odyssey
9329:
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9273:
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9206:
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9159:
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8779:
8777:, p. 15).
8775:Lesbian Nation
8755:
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8686:
8674:
8662:
8658:Zerilli (2005)
8650:
8628:
8616:
8604:
8592:
8590:, p. xxvi
8580:
8568:
8566:, p. 261.
8560:Zerilli (2005)
8552:
8540:
8538:, p. 205.
8516:
8504:
8496:Zerilli (2005)
8488:
8476:
8457:
8436:
8415:
8402:
8390:
8374:
8370:Spender (1985)
8362:
8358:Spender (1985)
8350:
8346:Spender (1985)
8337:
8333:Chesler (2005)
8320:
8316:Chesler (2005)
8308:
8304:Chesler (2005)
8296:
8284:
8237:
8216:
8212:, May 13, 2000
8191:
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8145:
8143:, p. 287.
8129:
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8000:
7988:
7980:Donovan (2000)
7972:
7961:Donovan (2000)
7953:
7944:
7919:
7911:Gabriel (1998)
7903:
7899:Gabriel (1998)
7883:
7875:Donovan (2000)
7867:
7855:Donovan (2000)
7847:
7819:
7795:
7786:
7771:
7755:
7739:
7727:
7702:
7698:Chesler (2005)
7690:
7686:Chesler (2005)
7678:
7674:Chesler (2005)
7666:
7662:Chesler (2005)
7654:
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7238:Sheaffer, R.,
7217:
7213:Epstein (1991)
7205:
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6404:The Guardian,
6397:
6390:
6372:
6344:
6342:, p. 400.
6329:
6323:(2007), entry
6309:
6296:
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6079:(3): 173â183.
6059:978-0809322282
6058:
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5549:Donovan (2000)
5541:
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5483:
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5445:
5434:
5419:
5415:Epstein (1991)
5407:
5396:
5384:
5372:
5360:
5348:
5346:, pp. 1â2
5336:
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5283:
5243:
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5197:
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5086:(2007), entry
5069:
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5047:
5045:
5044:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5012:, p. 157.
5001:
4999:, p. 185.
4988:
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4543:Alice Lenshina
4535:
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4509:
4507:Alain Daniélou
4503:
4501:
4498:
4493:European bison
4473:spotted hyenas
4465:European bison
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4441:Fumi Yoshinaga
4438:
4427:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4402:The 2023 film
4400:
4393:animated film
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:SCP Foundation
4371:
4359:
4350:Naomi Alderman
4346:
4337:Elizabeth Bear
4334:
4324:
4315:Master of None
4308:
4292:
4279:
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4228:
4214:
4211:
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4209:
4198:wrote a play,
4190:
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4150:
4086:
4085:
4072:in India, the
4066:
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3449:Feminist poets
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3416:Feminist songs
3413:
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3396:
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3392:by nationality
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2810:Areas of study
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2719:SCUM Manifesto
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2344:Technofeminism
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2015:
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2006:Other variants
2005:
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1727:United Kingdom
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1478:Mari (goddess)
1453:
1450:
1434:Main article:
1431:
1428:
1395:
1392:
1380:Adam of Bremen
1376:Church Fathers
1372:late Antiquity
1335:
1332:
1323:CherrĂe Moraga
1303:
1300:
1296:United Nations
1246:
1243:
1186:
1183:
1148:giving birth.
1089:
1088:
1047:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1029:
988:feminist Wicca
894:
891:
889:and folklore.
869:James Mellaart
865:Walter Burkert
844:
841:
839:
836:
808:Alice Schlegel
773:
770:
766:"seem ...
735:
732:
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720:
707:
704:
678:
675:
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659:
629:
626:
590:
587:
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572:
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540:J. M. Adovasio
535:
532:
513:Matrilineality
488:Mother Goddess
469:Venus figurine
433:
427:
421:
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320:
314:
281:
278:
154:". Journalist
98:
95:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12938:
12936:
12926:
12925:
12920:
12919:
12910:
12909:0-415-22310-5
12906:
12902:
12898:
12894:
12891:
12890:0-19-857066-X
12887:
12883:
12879:
12876:
12872:
12868:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12853:
12849:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12833:
12829:
12824:
12821:
12820:0-19-505185-8
12817:
12813:
12809:
12806:
12805:0-19-509060-8
12802:
12798:
12794:
12791:
12790:0-306-81328-9
12787:
12783:
12779:
12776:
12775:0-631-18946-7
12772:
12768:
12764:
12760:
12757:
12756:0-8126-9237-3
12753:
12749:
12745:
12742:
12739:
12735:
12731:
12728:
12727:Pelican Books
12724:
12720:
12717:
12713:
12709:
12706:
12705:
12694:
12688:
12684:
12679:
12675:
12669:
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12579:
12574:
12570:
12564:
12560:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12543:
12537:
12532:
12531:
12524:
12520:
12514:
12510:
12509:
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12499:
12493:
12489:
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12480:
12476:
12471:
12467:
12463:
12462:
12457:
12455:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12432:
12431:
12430:The Historian
12425:
12421:
12415:
12411:
12407:
12403:
12399:
12393:
12388:
12387:
12380:
12376:
12372:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12351:
12347:
12341:
12337:
12332:
12328:
12322:
12318:
12313:
12309:
12307:9780395244777
12303:
12299:
12295:
12291:
12286:
12282:
12280:9780415487030
12276:
12271:
12270:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12251:
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12239:
12238:
12232:
12228:
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12218:
12213:
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12199:
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12146:
12140:
12136:
12131:
12127:
12126:
12121:
12117:
12113:
12107:
12103:
12102:
12097:
12093:
12087:
12083:
12082:
12077:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12064:Love, Barbara
12061:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12044:
12043:The Historian
12038:
12034:
12028:
12024:
12019:
12015:
12014:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11992:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11975:
11971:
11965:
11961:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11940:
11936:
11932:
11927:
11923:
11917:
11912:
11911:
11905:
11904:Hartman, Tova
11901:
11897:
11891:
11887:
11882:
11878:
11872:
11868:
11863:
11859:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11837:
11831:
11827:
11826:
11820:
11816:
11810:
11806:
11801:
11795:
11791:
11787:
11783:
11779:
11775:
11771:
11770:
11764:
11760:
11754:
11750:
11745:
11741:
11735:
11731:
11730:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11697:
11693:
11687:
11683:
11682:
11677:
11673:
11669:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11609:
11604:
11603:
11596:
11592:
11586:
11582:
11577:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11561:
11557:
11553:
11552:
11551:The First Sex
11546:
11542:
11536:
11532:
11531:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11512:
11508:
11507:
11502:
11498:
11495:
11489:
11483:
11478:
11477:
11470:
11466:
11462:
11458:
11454:
11450:
11446:
11445:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11416:
11412:
11406:
11402:
11401:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11371:
11366:
11365:
11352:
11346:
11338:
11334:
11327:
11319:
11315:
11308:
11297:September 10,
11293:
11292:
11287:
11280:
11272:
11270:0-520-08085-8
11266:
11262:
11257:
11256:
11250:
11244:
11236:
11232:
11228:
11221:
11205:
11198:
11196:
11187:
11180:
11165:
11161:
11155:
11147:
11146:
11141:
11134:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11105:
11098:
11096:
11092:
11085:
11078:
11076:
11070:
11061:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11041:
11034:
11027:
11025:
11019:
11012:
11008:
11002:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10974:
10967:
10965:
10960:
10956:
10950:
10943:
10939:
10935:
10929:
10922:
10917:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10886:, p. 282
10885:
10880:
10874:, p. 281
10873:
10868:
10866:
10864:
10856:
10851:
10845:, p. 170
10844:
10839:
10832:
10827:
10823:
10818:
10811:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10793:
10787:, p. 115
10786:
10781:
10775:, p. 373
10774:
10773:Healey (1994)
10769:
10762:
10761:Healey (1994)
10757:
10750:
10749:Healey (1994)
10745:
10739:, p. 117
10738:
10733:
10726:
10722:
10717:
10711:
10707:
10701:
10695:, p. 116
10694:
10689:
10687:
10680:, p. 242
10679:
10674:
10668:, p. 805
10667:
10663:
10657:
10651:, p. 805
10650:
10646:
10640:
10634:, p. 376
10633:
10632:Healey (1994)
10628:
10621:
10616:
10614:
10606:
10601:
10595:, p. 169
10594:
10589:
10587:
10580:, p. 806
10579:
10574:
10568:
10563:
10561:
10553:
10548:
10542:, p. 167
10541:
10536:
10529:
10525:
10520:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10496:
10490:, p. 168
10489:
10484:
10482:
10480:
10478:
10476:
10469:, p. 157
10468:
10463:
10456:
10451:
10449:
10441:
10436:
10429:
10424:
10418:, p. 133
10417:
10416:Umanit (2003)
10412:
10405:
10400:
10393:
10388:
10382:, p. 106
10381:
10376:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10348:
10341:
10337:
10333:
10327:
10320:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10304:
10297:
10293:
10287:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10268:
10263:
10256:
10252:
10250:
10244:
10238:
10231:
10227:
10222:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10202:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10185:
10178:
10172:
10168:
10163:
10156:
10151:
10144:
10139:
10133:, p. 196
10132:
10127:
10120:
10115:
10109:, p. 188
10108:
10103:
10097:, p. 190
10096:
10091:
10084:
10079:
10072:
10067:
10065:
10058:, p. 185
10057:
10052:
10045:
10041:
10035:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10014:
10008:, p. 207
10007:
10002:
10000:
9992:
9988:
9983:
9981:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9960:
9954:, p. 440
9953:
9952:Herzog (1998)
9948:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9932:1-56338-217-2
9929:
9925:
9921:
9915:
9908:
9903:
9896:
9891:
9884:
9878:
9872:, p. 269
9871:
9866:
9859:
9854:
9847:
9842:
9835:
9834:0-394-54427-7
9831:
9827:
9822:
9815:
9810:
9803:
9798:
9792:, p. 210
9791:
9786:
9779:
9773:
9766:
9761:
9754:
9749:
9742:
9737:
9730:
9729:Herzog (1998)
9725:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9698:
9692:, p. 195
9691:
9686:
9680:, p. 161
9679:
9674:
9667:
9662:
9655:
9650:
9643:
9638:
9631:
9626:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9601:
9594:
9589:
9582:
9577:
9570:
9569:0-8032-1205-4
9566:
9562:
9556:
9548:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9528:
9521:
9517:
9516:Farley (1984)
9512:
9506:, p. 208
9505:
9500:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9484:Tuck, Richard
9481:
9477:
9472:
9465:
9461:
9456:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9440:1-56639-277-2
9437:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9368:off our backs
9365:
9361:
9360:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9346:0-7456-3381-1
9343:
9339:
9333:
9326:
9325:0-7434-5293-3
9322:
9318:
9317:0-393-30677-1
9314:
9310:
9304:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9265:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9250:, p. 291
9249:
9244:
9242:
9240:
9233:, p. 290
9232:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9215:
9210:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9190:
9183:
9178:
9172:
9168:
9163:
9156:
9155:The Statesman
9152:
9150:
9142:
9135:
9131:
9128:
9123:
9116:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9100:
9093:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9078:
9071:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9052:
9047:
9045:
9037:
9032:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9012:
9005:
9000:
8993:
8992:0-394-48227-1
8989:
8985:
8979:
8973:, p. 388
8972:
8971:Echols (1989)
8968:
8967:Echols (1989)
8963:
8956:
8955:Echols (1989)
8952:
8951:Echols (1989)
8948:
8947:Echols (1989)
8943:
8936:
8935:0-8133-3295-8
8932:
8928:
8922:
8915:
8914:Echols (1989)
8910:
8903:
8902:Castro (1990)
8898:
8891:
8890:Castro (1990)
8886:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8867:, p. 339
8866:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8843:
8838:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8804:
8799:
8792:
8788:
8783:
8776:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8759:
8752:
8751:
8744:
8742:
8735:, p. 184
8734:
8729:
8722:
8717:
8710:
8705:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8683:
8678:
8671:
8666:
8660:, p. 101
8659:
8654:
8638:
8632:
8625:
8620:
8613:
8608:
8601:
8596:
8589:
8584:
8577:
8572:
8565:
8564:Porter (1992)
8561:
8556:
8550:, p. 238
8549:
8548:Farley (1984)
8544:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8524:Farley (1984)
8520:
8513:
8512:Farley (1984)
8508:
8502:, p. 261
8501:
8500:Porter (1992)
8497:
8492:
8486:, p. 112
8485:
8484:Wittig (1985)
8480:
8474:, p. 267
8473:
8472:Porter (1992)
8468:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8454:
8453:0-674-15168-2
8450:
8446:
8440:
8433:
8432:0-415-28012-5
8429:
8425:
8419:
8412:
8406:
8399:
8398:Wittig (1985)
8394:
8387:
8383:
8382:Wittig (1985)
8378:
8372:, p. 151
8371:
8366:
8359:
8354:
8347:
8341:
8335:, p. 338
8334:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8317:
8312:
8305:
8300:
8293:
8288:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8241:
8234:
8233:0-684-83612-2
8230:
8226:
8220:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8178:
8173:
8166:
8161:
8154:
8153:Castro (1990)
8149:
8142:
8138:
8133:
8126:
8122:
8121:0-8070-1037-5
8118:
8114:
8113:
8106:
8099:
8095:
8083:
8078:
8071:
8066:
8060:, p. 287
8059:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8028:
8021:
8020:Gilman (2001)
8016:
8010:, p. 153
8009:
8008:Gilman (2001)
8004:
7997:
7996:Gilman (2001)
7992:
7986:, p. 190
7985:
7984:Gilman (2001)
7981:
7976:
7970:
7966:
7965:Gilman (2001)
7962:
7957:
7948:
7941:
7937:
7936:1-882593-10-3
7933:
7929:
7923:
7916:
7912:
7907:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7876:
7871:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7851:
7840:
7839:0-7102-0278-4
7836:
7832:
7826:
7824:
7816:
7815:1-56639-423-6
7812:
7808:
7802:
7800:
7790:
7782:
7775:
7768:
7764:
7759:
7752:
7748:
7743:
7736:
7731:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7699:
7694:
7688:, p. 336
7687:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7663:
7658:
7643:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7624:
7617:
7612:
7605:
7599:
7584:
7580:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7510:
7508:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7424:
7414:
7412:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7349:
7344:
7337:
7332:
7325:
7321:
7316:
7309:
7303:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7243:
7241:
7235:
7234:0-9653208-9-8
7231:
7227:
7221:
7214:
7209:
7203:, p. 173
7202:
7197:
7190:
7188:
7182:
7175:
7169:
7163:, p. 115
7162:
7157:
7151:, p. 204
7150:
7149:Engels (1984)
7145:
7138:
7137:Engels (1984)
7133:
7126:
7120:
7114:
7113:Engels (1984)
7109:
7101:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7034:
7027:
7021:
7014:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6998:
6991:
6985:, p. 15.
6984:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6968:Jacobs (1991)
6964:
6957:
6951:
6949:
6941:
6937:
6936:Jacobs (1991)
6932:
6925:
6924:Jacobs (1991)
6920:
6913:
6912:Jacobs (1991)
6908:
6901:
6896:
6894:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6869:
6864:
6862:
6854:
6849:
6847:
6839:
6834:
6827:
6822:
6815:
6810:
6803:
6802:0-631-21013-X
6799:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6778:
6777:1-57607-344-0
6774:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6745:, p. 338
6744:
6743:Taylor (1983)
6738:
6731:
6730:Taylor (1983)
6726:
6719:
6714:
6707:
6702:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6678:
6673:
6666:
6661:
6659:
6651:
6646:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6599:
6593:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6573:Kumar, Anuj,
6569:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6523:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6440:1-58243-120-5
6437:
6433:
6427:
6420:
6414:
6407:
6401:
6393:
6391:9781911306566
6387:
6383:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6339:
6333:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6306:
6300:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6274:
6269:
6261:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6232:
6230:
6222:
6221:0-8014-8906-7
6218:
6214:
6208:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6139:, p. 18.
6138:
6137:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6115:Matrifocality
6113:Smith, R.T.,
6110:
6108:
6100:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6061:
6055:
6051:
6043:
6037:, p. 195
6036:
6031:
6024:
6019:
6013:, p. 136
6012:
6007:
6001:, p. 173
6000:
5995:
5993:
5985:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5951:
5946:
5939:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5854:0-375-42566-7
5851:
5847:
5842:
5840:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5819:0-395-44895-6
5816:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5665:9781782684039
5661:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5623:
5622:ÎłÏ
ΜαÎčÎșÎżÎșÏαÏία
5619:
5612:
5605:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5487:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5471:DeMott, Tom,
5467:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5438:
5432:, p. 194
5431:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5400:
5393:
5388:
5382:, p. 275
5381:
5376:
5369:
5364:
5357:
5352:
5345:
5340:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5194:
5193:0-7619-9114-X
5190:
5186:
5180:
5173:
5172:0-15-503578-9
5169:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5150:, p. 259
5149:
5144:
5142:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5041:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5011:
5005:
4998:
4992:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4954:
4947:
4942:
4935:
4930:
4921:
4912:
4905:
4899:
4892:
4891:Schaub (2006)
4886:
4879:
4874:
4867:
4862:
4855:
4854:0-7043-4114-X
4851:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4830:
4825:
4816:
4809:
4804:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4768:
4761:
4760:North Vietnam
4756:
4749:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4723:
4716:
4711:
4704:
4699:
4692:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:TrÆ°ng sisters
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4456:Other animals
4450:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4201:Ecclesiazusae
4197:
4193:
4192:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4122:Jasper Ridley
4118:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:Steven Pinker
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3969:
3967:
3966:Carol Hanisch
3963:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:gender or sex
3913:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3823:The Feminists
3820:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3784:Jill Johnston
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3760:
3759:Linda Zerilli
3756:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:United States
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:Latin America
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Technoscience
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Art criticism
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Men's studies
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Views on BDSM
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Transmisogyny
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Purplewashing
2571:
2569:
2568:Protofeminism
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Honor killing
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:Individualist
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:Cyberfeminism
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Anti-abortion
2011:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:Multicultural
1916:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:Transnational
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1818:Postgenderism
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:Transfeminism
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:United States
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:Liechtenstein
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1485:South America
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Robert Graves
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:Julius Caesar
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:pre-Christian
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1131:Raphael Patai
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1082:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1048:This section
1046:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:
934:
932:
931:Robert Graves
928:
927:
922:
918:
917:Bertha Diener
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
890:
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
838:By chronology
834:
829:
826:
824:
820:
819:Haudenosaunee
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
788:
783:
779:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
742:
741:Peter C. Phan
731:
729:
719:
717:
713:
703:
700:
696:
692:
683:
674:
672:
668:
658:
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652:
648:
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623:
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611:
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586:
584:
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566:
563:
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541:
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524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
465:
461:
458:
455:
454:matrifocality
451:
447:
446:
445:matrifocality
439:
432:
426:
417:
415:
414:androcentrism
411:
407:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
388:fait accompli
383:
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377:
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363:
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326:
319:
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299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:matriological
259:
258:matriological
254:
252:
248:
242:ÎłÏ
ΜαÎčÎșÎżÎșÏαÏία
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
200:
198:
193:
190:
184:
179:
176:
172:
170:
166:
165:Cynthia Eller
161:
157:
143:
139:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
94:
92:
88:
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79:
77:
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48:social system
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12529:
12507:
12487:
12478:
12474:
12465:
12459:
12453:
12437:(1): 59â75.
12434:
12428:
12409:
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12335:
12316:
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11568:Diner, Helen
11550:
11529:
11505:
11493:
11475:
11448:
11442:
11423:
11399:
11373:
11369:
11361:Bibliography
11345:
11339:(in Polish).
11336:
11326:
11317:
11313:
11307:
11295:. Retrieved
11289:
11279:
11254:
11243:
11234:
11230:
11220:
11208:. Retrieved
11179:
11167:. Retrieved
11163:
11154:
11143:
11133:
11121:. Retrieved
11104:
11094:
11090:
11084:
11074:
11069:
11060:
11046:(1): 32â48.
11043:
11039:
11033:
11023:
11018:
11010:
11006:
11001:
10989:
10985:
10978:
10973:
10963:
10958:
10954:
10949:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10928:
10923:, p. 79
10921:Ruden (2010)
10916:
10908:
10904:
10884:Eller (1991)
10879:
10872:Eller (1991)
10855:Eller (1991)
10850:
10838:
10829:
10825:
10817:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10800:(citing, at
10792:
10780:
10768:
10756:
10744:
10732:
10724:
10716:
10705:
10700:
10673:
10666:Felch (1995)
10661:
10656:
10649:Felch (1995)
10644:
10639:
10627:
10622:, p. 20
10607:, p. 19
10600:
10578:Felch (1995)
10573:
10547:
10535:
10527:
10519:
10495:
10462:
10455:Tsomo (1999)
10440:Tsomo (1999)
10435:
10430:, p. 60
10423:
10411:
10399:
10387:
10375:
10367:
10347:
10331:
10326:
10309:
10303:
10295:
10291:
10286:
10279:Roald (2001)
10274:
10270:
10267:Roald (2001)
10262:
10254:
10248:
10247:Ikhwan web,
10237:
10229:
10226:Roald (2001)
10221:
10213:
10210:Roald (2001)
10206:Roald (2001)
10201:
10193:
10189:
10183:
10182:Ikhwan web,
10177:
10170:
10167:Roald (2001)
10162:
10155:Roald (2001)
10150:
10143:Roald (2001)
10138:
10131:Roald (2001)
10126:
10119:Roald (2001)
10114:
10107:Roald (2001)
10102:
10095:Roald (2001)
10090:
10083:Roald (2001)
10078:
10071:Roald (2001)
10056:Roald (2001)
10051:
10043:
10034:
10018:
10013:
10006:Eller (1995)
9959:
9947:
9939:
9935:
9923:
9919:
9914:
9902:
9890:
9877:
9870:Roald (2001)
9865:
9860:, p. 62
9853:
9841:
9825:
9821:
9816:, p. 76
9809:
9804:, p. 75
9797:
9785:
9778:Ruden (2010)
9772:
9765:Ruden (2010)
9760:
9748:
9736:
9709:
9697:
9690:Roald (2001)
9685:
9673:
9661:
9656:, p. 17
9649:
9637:
9625:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9600:
9588:
9583:, p. 48
9576:
9560:
9555:
9536:
9527:
9519:
9511:
9499:
9491:
9487:
9479:
9471:
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9431:
9427:
9423:
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9389:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:Google Books
9358:
9337:
9332:
9308:
9303:
9295:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9276:
9269:Eller (2000)
9248:Eller (1991)
9231:Eller (1991)
9209:
9202:Introduction
9201:
9189:
9184:, p. 23
9177:
9170:
9162:
9154:
9148:
9141:
9122:
9099:
9082:
9077:
9067:
9065:as fiction:
9062:
9058:
9053:, p. 20
9038:, p. 19
9031:
9023:
9011:
9004:Adler (2006)
8999:
8983:
8978:
8962:
8942:
8926:
8921:
8909:
8904:, p. 36
8897:
8865:Davis (1971)
8844:, p. 18
8842:Davis (1971)
8837:
8815:(3): 65â69.
8812:
8808:
8798:
8790:
8782:
8774:
8768:
8764:
8758:
8748:
8733:Eller (1995)
8728:
8721:Eller (1995)
8716:
8711:, p. 72
8704:
8697:
8689:
8677:
8670:Eller (2000)
8665:
8653:
8641:. Retrieved
8631:
8626:, p. 29
8619:
8607:
8595:
8583:
8578:, p. 15
8571:
8555:
8543:
8531:
8528:Introduction
8527:
8519:
8507:
8491:
8479:
8444:
8439:
8423:
8422:Moi, Toril,
8418:
8405:
8393:
8385:
8377:
8365:
8353:
8340:
8311:
8299:
8294:, p. 22
8287:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8257:), Fall 2005
8254:
8250:
8246:
8240:
8224:
8219:
8210:The Guardian
8209:
8205:
8184:
8172:
8160:
8155:, p. 42
8148:
8141:Eller (1991)
8137:Adler (2006)
8132:
8125:Eller (1991)
8110:
8105:
8097:
8094:Eller (2000)
8082:Eller (2000)
8077:
8072:, p. 12
8070:Eller (2000)
8065:
8058:Eller (1991)
8032:
8027:
8015:
8003:
7991:
7975:
7968:
7956:
7947:
7939:
7927:
7922:
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7890:
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7878:
7870:
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7850:
7830:
7806:
7789:
7780:
7774:
7766:
7763:Adler (2006)
7758:
7751:Die Amazonen
7750:
7747:Ukert, F. A.
7742:
7730:
7718:. Retrieved
7714:
7705:
7693:
7681:
7669:
7657:
7645:. Retrieved
7630:
7623:
7618:, p. 2.
7615:
7611:
7603:
7598:
7586:. Retrieved
7582:
7550:
7546:
7519:
7515:
7514:Wax, Emily,
7494:. Retrieved
7489:
7460:
7435:
7431:
7430:Wax, Emily,
7398:. Retrieved
7394:
7370:February 21,
7368:. Retrieved
7364:
7355:
7348:Patai (1990)
7343:
7336:Patai (1990)
7331:
7323:
7315:
7310:, p. 37
7302:
7286:
7283:Introduction
7282:
7278:
7270:
7254:
7249:
7239:
7225:
7220:
7208:
7196:
7186:
7181:
7173:
7168:
7161:Eller (2011)
7156:
7144:
7139:, p. 70
7132:
7124:
7119:
7108:
7089:
7076:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7025:
7024:Wesel, Uwe,
7020:
7011:
7010:Morgan, L.,
7005:
6996:
6990:
6981:
6975:
6963:
6955:
6939:
6931:
6919:
6907:
6902:, p. 49
6887:, p. 50
6870:, p. 45
6840:, p. 18
6838:LeBow (1984)
6833:
6826:LeBow (1984)
6821:
6809:
6793:
6789:
6784:
6768:
6764:
6737:
6725:
6713:
6701:
6689:
6684:
6679:, p. 33
6672:
6667:, p. 32
6645:
6620:
6617:Asian Survey
6616:
6597:
6592:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6499:
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6489:
6472:
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6426:
6418:
6413:
6408:(2020-02-26)
6400:
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6337:
6332:
6324:
6320:
6304:
6299:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6273:Eller (2000)
6268:
6249:
6243:
6236:Eller (1995)
6212:
6207:
6191:
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6144:
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6122:
6118:
6114:
6098:
6093:
6076:
6070:
6049:
6042:
6035:Adler (2006)
6030:
6023:Diner (1965)
6018:
6011:Diner (1965)
6006:
5999:Diner (1965)
5986:, p. 60
5965:
5957:
5952:, p. 59
5945:
5940:, p. 72
5933:
5926:
5918:
5911:
5903:
5897:gynaecocracy
5896:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5861:
5857:
5856:)), entries
5845:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5821:)), entries
5810:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5758:gynaecocracy
5757:
5749:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5655:
5649:
5640:
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5630:
5621:
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5601:
5592:
5581:
5578:"matriarchy"
5572:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5544:
5535:
5529:
5515:
5509:
5504:, p. 37
5497:
5491:LeBow (1984)
5486:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5457:
5454:Introduction
5453:
5448:
5437:
5430:Adler (2006)
5410:
5404:Eller (2011)
5399:
5392:Eller (2000)
5387:
5375:
5368:Adler (2006)
5363:
5351:
5339:
5332:Introduction
5331:
5327:
5324:Eller (1995)
5319:
5308:
5304:
5303:Compare, in
5299:
5291:
5286:
5261:
5255:
5246:
5226:
5217:the original
5184:
5179:
5164:Anthropology
5163:
5128:
5124:
5099:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5064:
5040:Original sin
5035:
5026:
5017:
5004:
4997:Roald (2001)
4991:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4968:Roald (2001)
4962:
4953:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4903:
4898:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4845:
4841:
4836:
4824:
4815:
4808:Clan Mothers
4803:
4791:
4784:Confucianism
4779:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4722:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4674:
4549:
4538:Lumpa Church
4528:Gynocentrism
4470:
4403:
4397:
4388:
4387:In the 2011
4370:(1980â2011).
4365:
4362:Jean M. Auel
4353:
4340:
4330:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4298:
4286:
4273:
4260:
4247:
4234:
4222:
4199:
4196:Aristophanes
4178:
4167:
4154:Inclusionary
4133:
4129:
4117:apostle Paul
4110:
4107:Maria Stuart
4044:Tova Hartman
4031:government."
4010:
3980:
3977:Exclusionary
3958:Wonder Woman
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3892:in 2003 and
3883:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3847:
3844:Robin Morgan
3838:Robin Morgan
3816:essentialism
3811:
3807:
3752:
3747:William Bond
3736:
3716:
3706:
3703:Dale Spender
3697:
3693:
3681:
3671:
3663:
3662:In her book
3653:
3646:
3643:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3593:
3576:
3574:
3296:Saudi Arabia
3092:South Africa
2935:Epistemology
2910:Legal theory
2829:Architecture
2819:Anthropology
2798:
2778:
2764:Gynocentrism
2628:War on women
2563:Pro-feminism
2518:Gender-blind
2473:Gender quota
2446:Art movement
2220:Anti-fascist
2154:Dianic Wicca
2033:Postfeminism
1908:Xenofeminism
1891:Postcolonial
1808:Sex-positive
1488:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1446:Jean Markale
1441:
1439:
1397:
1337:
1315:CoyolxÄuhqui
1289:
1270:
1260:In 1995, in
1259:
1248:
1188:
1169:Women ruled
1168:
1157:
1150:
1134:
1128:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1077:
1071:October 2013
1068:
1057:Please help
1052:verification
1049:
1026:
1015:
1011:
1007:Why Men Rule
1005:
999:
972:Merlin Stone
964:Riane Eisler
961:
957:antifeminism
937:
935:
924:
920:
914:
906:August Bebel
901:
896:
883:Kurt Derungs
881:
861:Arthur Evans
856:
848:
846:
831:
827:
812:
793:
737:
725:
709:
688:
664:
636:
632:
631:
608:
597:
592:
578:
577:
564:
556:anthropology
551:
544:Donald Brown
537:
525:
516:
511:
504:matriarchal.
503:
502:rather than
499:
484:Riane Eisler
480:Gerda Lerner
473:
459:
453:
449:
443:
441:
430:
423:
410:Gynocentrism
408:
396:
387:
384:
379:
375:
372:gynaecocracy
371:
367:
364:
359:
356:gynecocratic
355:
345:
341:
337:
331:
329:
317:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:mother-right
293:
290:Lewis Morgan
283:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
230:
227:ginécocratie
226:
218:
210:
206:
201:
194:
188:
186:
181:
177:
173:
160:Barbara Love
156:Margot Adler
148:
125:
116:
108:
102:
100:
80:
72:anthropology
58:are held by
43:
42:
25:
12869:, editor) (
12361:(1): 5â27.
11451:(1): 3â21.
11210:December 2,
11206:. TVN Meteo
11123:January 19,
10798:Knox (1878)
10710:Knox (1878)
10567:Knox (1878)
10552:Knox (1878)
10504:Uma Bharati
10457:, p. 5
9972:Henry James
9968:Oscar Wilde
9504:Ross (1995)
9289:, Pt. III,
8803:Ross (1995)
8787:Ross (1995)
8684:, p. 6
8672:, p. 3
8624:Daly (1990)
8612:Daly (1990)
8600:Daly (1990)
8588:Daly (1990)
8576:Daly (1990)
8203:Quotation:
8167:, p. 5
7583:www.bbc.com
7553:: 918â930.
6828:, p. 8
6677:Phan (2005)
6665:Phan (2005)
6650:Phan (2005)
5881:gynecocracy
5858:gynecocracy
5823:gynecocracy
5788:gynecocracy
5691:: 918â930.
5557:hooks, bell
4796:Gender role
4772:Patrilineal
4533:Gender role
4327:Wen Spencer
4311:N. Lee Wood
4142:John Calvin
4056:Likud party
4028:Gallup poll
3995: [
3797:Los Angeles
3787:biology....
3762: [
3301:South Korea
3281:Philippines
3261:New Zealand
3256:Netherlands
2979:Pornography
2957:Metaphysics
2871:Criminology
2849:Film theory
2824:Archaeology
2503:Women's Day
2305:Libertarian
2247:Ecofeminism
2164:Ecofeminist
2045:Reactionary
2038:Neofeminism
1979:Multiracial
1884:Ecofeminist
1879:Materialist
1722:Switzerland
1702:New Zealand
1474:Paleolithic
1470:philosopher
1285:matrilineal
1255:matrilineal
1195:Middle Ages
902:Mutterrecht
728:Minangkabau
699:matrilineal
685:Mosuo woman
546:'s list of
521:Minangkabau
492:Paleolithic
399:Helen Diner
368:gynecocracy
360:androcratic
347:gynocentric
342:gynecocracy
298:female rule
237:gynĂŠcocracy
136:egalitarian
83:matrilineal
12951:Motherhood
12941:Matriarchy
12935:Categories
12834:(1): 1â8.
12736:(London:
11525:Daly, Mary
10721:Lee (1990)
10678:Lee (1990)
8109:Starhawk,
7720:August 30,
7647:October 8,
6325:Matriarchy
5927:gyneocracy
5923:OED (1993)
5908:OED (1993)
5893:OED (1993)
5770:gyneocracy
5756:, entries
5754:OED (1993)
5309:matriarchy
5264:(1): 2â6.
5129:matriarchy
5088:Matriarchy
5049:References
4878:Chauvinism
4703:Androcracy
4572:Patriarchy
4551:Marianismo
4512:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
4413:Television
4213:Literature
4082:Parliament
3956:character
3954:comic book
3890:Luxembourg
3808:matriarchy
3633:matriarchy
3577:matriarchy
3497:Categories
3399:Literature
3109:Bangladesh
2984:Psychology
2930:Empiricism
2925:Aesthetics
2920:Philosophy
2794:Patriarchy
2779:Matriarchy
2499:Girl's Day
2478:Girl power
2451:In hip hop
2374:Literature
2337:Separatist
2315:Postmodern
2281:Difference
2215:Analytical
2159:Reclaiming
1967:Indigenous
1872:Standpoint
1801:Separatist
1653:by country
1423:Hephaestus
1384:Baltic Sea
1374:. Several
1352:Sarmatians
1197:, several
1133:writes in
1031:Bronze Age
980:witchcraft
948:Bronze Age
877:Susan Mann
763:Lady Triá»u
755:TrÆ°ng TráșŻc
655:Bangladesh
651:Mymensingh
633:Bangladesh
528:matrilocal
517:matriarchy
450:matriarchy
380:Gyneocracy
310:gyneocracy
302:gyneocracy
266:matriology
209:(genitive
132:patriarchy
91:matrifocal
87:matrilocal
44:Matriarchy
12901:Routledge
12725:(London:
12714:(Oxford:
12550:935260783
12454:Manliness
12375:144309885
12081:Manliness
11846:(2001) .
11646:162395492
11560:79-150582
11527:(1990) .
11390:218621630
11169:April 29,
11145:The Times
10831:obedience
10645:John Knox
9480:Leviathan
9424:Viewpoint
9418:144580658
8643:April 25,
7068:161399752
6583:The Hindu
6560:155056803
6516:155056803
6356:(A.D. 98)
5912:gynocracy
5827:gynocracy
5792:gynocracy
5762:gynocracy
5742:0011-3204
5697:2249-1937
5559:, either
5278:218768965
4562:Masculism
4477:elephants
4443:'s manga
4355:The Power
4352:'s book,
4297:'s book,
4285:'s book,
4259:'s book,
4246:'s book,
4103:John Knox
4092:John Knox
3812:gynocracy
3733:Mary Daly
3723:polyandry
3692:wrote in
3387:Feminists
3199:Argentina
3159:Indonesia
3149:Hong Kong
3104:Australia
3011:Sociology
2893:Geography
2883:Economics
2774:Male gaze
2769:Kyriarchy
2240:Networked
2122:Christian
1857:Jineology
1845:Anarchist
1835:Socialist
1715:Francoist
1667:Australia
1613:Timelines
1368:Semiramis
1356:Scythians
1348:Herodotus
1329:society.
1302:Mythology
1281:Meghalaya
1215:Brittonic
1164:Germanics
1145:Canaanite
996:Neolithic
986:, and in
982:, by the
910:communism
759:TrÆ°ng Nhá»
722:Indonesia
500:matristic
376:gynocracy
338:gynocracy
247:Aristotle
245:found in
56:privilege
52:dominance
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35:, of the
12903:, 2000 (
12769:, 1993 (
12408:(1972).
12122:(1990).
12078:(2006).
12003:20068706
11906:(2007).
11726:(1991).
11714:(1984).
11702:(2011).
11678:(2000).
11656:(1995).
11570:(1965).
11503:(2005).
11251:(1991).
11097:(review)
10356:Rav Kook
10315:Archived
9940:Politics
9614:Magazine
9535:(2010).
9464:Republic
9130:Archived
9111:Archived
9088:Archived
9068:WorldCat
8260:Archived
7737:, 5.504.
7559:44156662
7490:NBC News
7084:(2005).
6546:: 1â28.
6502:: 1â28.
6478:Archived
6359:Archived
6354:Germania
6157:Archived
5862:gynarchy
5831:gynarchy
5829:, &
5796:gynarchy
5794:, &
5766:gynarchy
5705:44156662
5604:, Vol. 3
5599:(1921),
5521:Archived
5227:See also
4660:Religion
4648:Feminism
4636:Politics
4500:See also
4433:episode
4431:Futurama
4342:Carnival
4329:'s book
4313:'s book
4170:thealogy
4160:thealogy
4063:Buddhism
4040:orthodox
4038:, among
4007:Muhammad
3749:as well.
3707:dominate
3698:dominate
3678:Starhawk
3638:Starhawk
3581:feminism
3382:Articles
3321:Thailand
3276:Pakistan
3246:Malaysia
3229:Paraguay
3219:Honduras
3067:Ethiopia
3021:Theology
3006:Sexology
3001:Sex wars
2915:Pedagogy
2668:Outlooks
2548:Misogyny
2421:Femicide
2406:Equality
2362:Concepts
2327:Cultural
2286:Equality
2267:Stiletto
2262:Lipstick
2186:Orthodox
2149:Neopagan
2137:Womanist
2117:Buddhist
2065:Embedded
2060:Imperial
2055:Carceral
2028:Maternal
1989:Womanism
1677:Colombia
1564:Canadian
1554:American
1511:Feminism
1503:a series
1501:Part of
1239:Boudicca
1235:Catholic
1219:Rhiannon
1211:ScĂĄthach
1191:Iron Age
1152:Shekinah
1120:Amorites
887:toponymy
815:Iroquois
667:Padaungs
641:and the
616:islands
614:Estonian
599:Germania
333:gynarchy
251:Plutarch
76:feminism
12927:(2008).
12899:(N.Y.:
12854:, 2002)
12784:(2002 (
12740:, 1991)
12729:, 1962)
12718:, 1914)
12258:2543225
11951:2542887
11790:2543787
11465:2544266
11422:(ed.).
11052:4240119
10833:(1559).
10802:Preface
10706:Preface
9410:3174312
8829:3346152
7859:Address
7588:May 17,
7496:May 11,
7400:May 11,
7060:2659214
6637:2642829
5527:, esp.
5106:, 2002.
4934:GI Jane
4748:Sitones
4624:Society
4610:Portals
4489:bonobos
4449:Netflix
4429:In the
4373:In the
4134:Preface
4130:Preface
4011:khalīfa
3937:Herland
3899:utopias
3656:radical
3336:Ukraine
3331:Vietnam
3241:Lebanon
3139:Germany
3129:Finland
3124:Denmark
3099:Albania
3087:Senegal
3082:Nigeria
2989:Therapy
2962:science
2861:Biology
2322:Radical
2276:Liberal
2252:Eugenic
2176:Islamic
2112:Atheist
1960:Lesbian
1955:Chicana
1948:Ratchet
1943:Lesbian
1938:Hip hop
1862:Marxist
1786:Lesbian
1662:Austria
1559:British
1528:History
1334:Amazons
1294:at the
1227:Nerthus
1213:), the
1193:to the
1141:Asherah
1106:Semites
946:in the
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2085:Victim
2018:Equity
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