722:, as a model for all Australian indigenous societies, the horde being defined as a group of parental families whose married males all belonged to the one patrilineal clan. 'Horde' from the outset bore stereotypical connotations of Australian Aboriginal societies as primitive, closed, rigid and simple, and came to be discarded not only for its implication of 'swarming savages' but also because it suggested a fixed tribal-territorial entity which compromised the actual field data, the field data allowing for a far more fluid concept of the group.
646:
654:
768:. The best hunters would have their abilities recognized, but such recognition did not lead to the assumption of authority, as pretensions to control others would be met by disobedience. Judgments determined by collective discussion among the elders were formulated in terms of custom, as opposed to the law-governed and coercive agency of a specialized body, as occurred with the rise of the more
729:
reformulated
Radcliffe Brown's highly restrictive definition, by proposing the idea of a band society at the hunter-gatherer level which could be patrilineal, matrilineal or a composite of both. Over time, 'band' has tended to replace the earlier word 'horde' as more extensive comparative work on
730:
hunter-gatherer societies shows they are not classifiable as simply closed patrilineal groups, and better approached in terms of a notion of a flexible, non-exclusive social band, having bilateral relations for marriage and other purposes with similar groups in a circumscribed territory.
842:. Tribes are also more permanent than bands; a band can cease to exist if only a small group splits off or dies. Many tribes are subdivided into bands. On occasion hordes or bands with common backgrounds and interests could unite as a tribal aggregate in order to wage war, as with the
717:
in the mid-1880s to describe a geographically or locally defined division within a larger tribal aggregation, the latter being defined in terms of social divisions categorized in terms of descent. Their idea was then developed by
1441:
846:, or they might convene for collective religious ceremonies, such as initiation rites or to feast together seasonally on an abundant resource as was common in Australian aboriginal societies. Among the
689:. The general consensus of modern anthropology sees the average number of members of a social band at the simplest level of foraging societies with generally a maximum size of 30 to 50 people.
587:
874:
Band societies historically were found throughout the world, in a variety of climates, but generally, as civilisations arose, were restricted to sparsely populated areas,
737:
invalidated
Radcliffe-Brown's theory of the horde, demonstrating that the empirical evidence from Aboriginal societies contradicted Radcliffe-Brown's generalisations.
273:
1405:
Peterson, Nicolas (March 2006). "'I Can't Follow You on This Horde-Clan
Business at All': Donald Thomson, Radcliffe-Brown and a Final Note on the Horde".
632:
1561:
290:
701:
foraging societies. The three were respectively 'horde,' 'band', and 'tribe'. The term 'horde', formed on the basis of a
Turkish/Tatar word
560:
278:
793:
Each horde was independent and autonomous, regulating its social life by a camp-council, generally under the direction of a headman.
580:
1536:
1509:
1395:
1367:
1339:
1265:
1238:
1120:
847:
741:
321:
625:
783:
defined the horde as a fundamental unit of
Australian social organizations according to the following five criteria:
554:
830:
in that tribes are generally larger, consisting of many families. Tribes have more social institutions, such as a
1571:
956:, a term with various meanings, including a band, a collection of related bands, or a more hierarchical chiefdom.
618:
416:
255:
839:
126:
756:
Bands have a loose organization. They can split up (in spring/summer) or group (in winter camps), as the
1476:
The
Cambridge History of the British Empire: South Africa, Rhodesia, and the High Commission territories
1479:
1387:
1257:
1556:
243:
1359:
1230:
1220:
697:'Band' was one of a set of three terms employed by early modern ethnography to analyse aspects of
1528:
1501:
862:, some tribes are made up of official bands that live in specific locations, such as the various
855:
544:
307:
1436:
1293:
959:
919:
835:
706:
534:
111:
42:
33:
1520:
1495:
1249:
890:
around the globe there are few true band societies left. Some historical examples include the
1471:
931:
780:
719:
710:
608:
396:
1381:
1353:
1216:
1377:
1301:
401:
376:
131:
8:
875:
604:
1566:
1458:
1424:
1420:
1318:
963:
539:
441:
371:
160:
97:
47:
1294:"On Human Egalitarianism: An Evolutionary Product of Machiavellian Status Escalation?"
760:, depending on the season, or member families can disperse to join other bands. Their
1532:
1505:
1407:
1391:
1363:
1355:
The People of
Denendeh: Ethnohistory of the Indians of Canada's Northwest Territories
1335:
1261:
1250:"Living Dangerously:The contradictory foundations of value in Canadian Inuit society"
1234:
1226:
1116:
927:
761:
366:
351:
346:
1322:
1450:
1416:
1310:
911:
511:
501:
481:
471:
973:
903:
769:
698:
682:
549:
506:
461:
446:
391:
141:
73:
68:
20:
1442:
The
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1439:(July–December 1918). "Notes on the Social Organization of Australian Tribes".
915:
726:
496:
486:
476:
421:
214:
1292:
Erdal, David; Whiten, Andrew; Boehm, Christopher; Knauft, Bruce (April 1994).
1550:
1491:
851:
714:
491:
426:
386:
381:
361:
249:
209:
204:
190:
180:
175:
78:
1276:
1146:
1144:
799:
A unified horde identity was affirmed in all relations with external tribes.
976:, in Canada, the basic unit of government for those peoples subject to the
887:
831:
808:
745:
466:
456:
451:
411:
406:
356:
136:
1141:
895:
765:
436:
431:
1428:
1487:
1462:
978:
899:
843:
812:
328:
121:
116:
811:
defined bands as small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak
1521:"The co-evolation of human intersubjectivity, morality, and language"
1349:
863:
740:
The word "band" is also used in North
America, for example among the
734:
678:
516:
185:
88:
1454:
787:
It denotes people who customarily share the same camp and lifestyle.
1314:
967:
950:, hierarchical political organizations in non-industrial societies.
947:
935:
891:
653:
645:
170:
1156:
674:
92:
923:
883:
879:
859:
1032:
1020:
953:
907:
827:
757:
165:
83:
705:(meaning 'camp'), was inducted from its use in the works of
820:
686:
1192:
816:
1056:
744:. With African hunter-gatherers, for instance among the
1523:. In Dor, Daniel; Knight, Chris; Lewis, Jerome (eds.).
1497:
Hobson-Jobson: The
Definitive Glossary of British India
1383:
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum
1291:
1180:
1150:
1129:
1092:
1277:"Residential Group Compositions among the Alyawarra"
1168:
1080:
996:
1068:
692:
657:
Sphere of the band societies changing with the time
649:
Territories with band society 4000 year BP (yellow)
1044:
772:that arose upon the establishment of agriculture.
1217:"Anthropology and the Peasant Mode of Production"
790:It is the primary landowner of a given territory.
1548:
1008:
1435:
1252:. In Leacock, Eleanor; Lee, Richard B. (eds.).
1162:
1026:
775:
1281:Mathematical Anthropology and Cultural Theory
1222:Anthropology and Social Change in Rural Areas
626:
1214:
1198:
1486:
1038:
633:
619:
561:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
1469:
1404:
1186:
1098:
796:Children pertained to the father's horde
652:
644:
1113:The Hadza: Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania
1110:
677:. A band generally consists of a small
581:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
1549:
1518:
1274:
1254:Politics and History in Band Societies
1247:
1135:
1062:
1002:
237:Societies without hierarchical leaders
1562:Anthropological categories of peoples
1376:
1329:
1174:
1086:
1074:
742:indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
1348:
1115:. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
1050:
1014:
815:that do not generate surpluses, pay
748:, the term "camp" tends to be used.
1219:. In Berdichewsky, Bernardo (ed.).
13:
1474:. In Walker, Eric Anderson (ed.).
1421:10.1002/j.1834-4461.2006.tb03030.x
751:
14:
1583:
966:predicated on claims of a common
555:Political economy in anthropology
886:. With the spread of the modern
693:Origins of usage in anthropology
673:, is the simplest form of human
1494:(2013). Teltscher, Kate (ed.).
1275:Denham, Woodrow W. (May 2014).
1215:Berdichewsky, Bernardo (1979).
1104:
1525:The Social Origins of Language
1330:Fried, Morton Herbert (1975).
417:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
16:Simplest form of human society
1:
826:Bands are distinguished from
588:Journal of Legal Anthropology
256:The Art of Not Being Governed
990:
776:Definitions and distinctions
7:
941:
869:
10:
1588:
1480:Cambridge University Press
1388:Cambridge University Press
1258:Cambridge University Press
1207:
898:in the United States, the
594:Journal of Law and Society
314:Colonialism and resistance
18:
864:bands of the Ojibwa tribe
268:Non-western state systems
244:African Political Systems
1472:"The Native Inhabitants"
1360:University of Iowa Press
1248:Briggs, Jean L. (1982).
985:
960:Lineage-bonded societies
19:Not to be confused with
1529:Oxford University Press
1519:Zatrev, Jordan (2014).
1502:Oxford University Press
1111:Marlowe, F. W. (2010).
1039:Yule & Burnell 2013
805:The Notion of the Tribe
764:structure is generally
669:, or in older usage, a
293:and the State in Africa
1572:Political anthropology
1437:Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.
920:indigenous Australians
819:or support a standing
658:
650:
535:Circumscription theory
322:Europe and the People
291:Technology, Tradition,
918:, and many groups of
781:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
720:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
711:Alfred William Howitt
665:, sometimes called a
656:
648:
609:cultural anthropology
397:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
250:Papuan Big man system
1531:. pp. 249–266.
1470:Schapera, I (1963).
1334:. Cummings Pub. Co.
1302:Current Anthropology
1260:. pp. 109–132.
1163:Radcliffe-Brown 1918
1027:Radcliffe-Brown 1918
964:acephalous societies
876:tropical rainforests
681:, no larger than an
402:Wolfgang Fikentscher
377:Henri J. M. Claessen
132:Pantribal sodalities
1332:The Notion of Tribe
1165:, pp. 222–223.
1153:, pp. 176–177.
1065:, pp. 115–116.
1041:, pp. 382–383.
803:In his 1975 study,
545:Left–right paradigm
659:
651:
540:Legal anthropology
442:Thomas Blom Hansen
372:Robert L. Carneiro
161:Segmentary lineage
98:Leveling mechanism
48:legal anthropology
1538:978-0-191-64312-5
1511:978-0-199-60113-4
1482:. pp. 21–49.
1397:978-1-107-02487-8
1369:978-0-877-45735-0
1341:978-0-846-51548-7
1267:978-0-521-28412-7
1240:978-3-110-80773-8
1227:Walter de Gruyter
1199:Berdichewsky 1979
1151:Erdal et al. 1994
1122:978-0-520-25342-1
928:Central Australia
770:complex societies
643:
642:
367:Jeremy Boissevain
352:Georges Balandier
347:E. Adamson Hoebel
1579:
1557:Hunter-gatherers
1542:
1515:
1483:
1466:
1432:
1401:
1378:Kelly, Robert L.
1373:
1345:
1326:
1298:
1288:
1271:
1244:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1089:, pp. 2ff..
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
974:Band governments
912:Ituri Rainforest
848:Native Americans
635:
628:
621:
529:Related articles
512:Douglas R. White
502:Jonathan Spencer
482:Marshall Sahlins
472:Sally Falk Moore
28:
27:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1512:
1478:. Vol. 8.
1455:10.2307/2843422
1398:
1370:
1342:
1296:
1268:
1241:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:, pp. 8–9.
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:, pp. 7–8.
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:, pp. 3–4.
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
944:
904:Southern Africa
872:
778:
754:
752:Characteristics
699:hunter-gatherer
695:
683:extended family
639:
599:
598:
575:
567:
566:
550:State formation
530:
522:
521:
507:Bjorn Thomassen
462:Elizabeth Mertz
447:Ted C. Lewellen
392:Pierre Clastres
342:
341:Major theorists
334:
333:
324:Without History
323:
292:
228:
220:
219:
142:Paramount chief
74:Achieved status
69:Ascribed status
61:Status and rank
57:
46:
24:
21:Band government
17:
12:
11:
5:
1585:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1516:
1510:
1492:Burnell, A. C.
1484:
1467:
1433:
1402:
1396:
1374:
1368:
1346:
1340:
1327:
1315:10.1086/204255
1309:(2): 175–183.
1289:
1272:
1266:
1245:
1239:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1140:
1138:, p. 111.
1128:
1121:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1029:, p. 222.
1019:
1007:
1005:, p. 260.
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
971:
957:
951:
943:
940:
924:Pitjantjatjara
922:, such as the
916:Central Africa
871:
868:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
777:
774:
753:
750:
727:Julian Steward
707:J. F. McLennan
694:
691:
641:
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514:
509:
504:
499:
497:Aidan Southall
494:
489:
487:James C. Scott
484:
479:
477:Rodney Needham
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
422:Ernest Gellner
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215:Ritual warfare
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197:Law and custom
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114:
108:
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100:
95:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
64:
62:
58:
56:Basic concepts
55:
54:
51:
50:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1584:
1573:
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1228:
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1213:
1212:
1200:
1195:
1189:, p. 23.
1188:
1187:Schapera 1963
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1101:, p. 16.
1100:
1099:Peterson 2006
1095:
1088:
1083:
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1064:
1059:
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865:
861:
857:
856:First Nations
853:
852:United States
849:
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841:
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824:
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759:
749:
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723:
721:
716:
715:Lorimer Fison
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492:Elman Service
490:
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460:
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455:
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430:
428:
427:David Graeber
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
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405:
403:
400:
398:
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393:
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387:John Comaroff
385:
383:
382:Jean Comaroff
380:
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368:
365:
363:
362:Fredrik Barth
360:
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300:Legal systems
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210:Legal culture
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205:Customary law
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191:Theatre state
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181:House society
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176:Petty kingdom
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79:Social status
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41:
40:
37:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
1524:
1496:
1475:
1446:
1440:
1415:(1): 16–26.
1412:
1406:
1382:
1354:
1331:
1306:
1300:
1284:
1280:
1253:
1221:
1201:, p. 5.
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1131:
1112:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1017:, p. 2.
1010:
998:
977:
888:nation-state
873:
825:
809:Morton Fried
804:
802:
779:
755:
739:
732:
724:
702:
696:
670:
666:
663:band society
662:
660:
593:
586:
579:
559:
467:Sidney Mintz
457:Ralph Linton
452:Edmund Leach
412:Morton Fried
407:Meyer Fortes
357:F. G. Bailey
289:
254:
242:
227:Case studies
186:Ethnic group
156:Band society
155:
31:
25:
1488:Yule, Henry
1449:: 222–253.
1287:(1): 1–132.
1229:. pp.
1136:Briggs 1982
1063:Denham 2014
1003:Zatrev 2014
896:Great Basin
766:egalitarian
437:Ulf Hannerz
432:Lesley Gill
1551:Categories
1350:Helm, June
1175:Fried 1975
1087:Kelly 2013
1075:Kelly 2013
979:Indian Act
900:San people
813:leadership
329:Cargo cult
232:Acephelous
122:Matriarchy
117:Patriarchy
104:Leadership
1567:Ethnology
1051:Helm 2000
1015:Helm 2000
991:Citations
735:Les Hiatt
733:In 1962,
725:In 1936,
679:kin group
517:Eric Wolf
89:Age grade
43:Political
1429:40332006
1380:(2013).
1352:(2000).
1323:53652577
968:ancestor
948:Chiefdom
942:See also
936:Tasmania
930:and the
892:Shoshone
870:Examples
854:and the
574:Journals
171:Chiefdom
148:Polities
34:a series
32:Part of
1463:2843422
1408:Oceania
1208:Sources
910:of the
894:of the
884:deserts
880:tundras
850:of the
836:big man
675:society
279:Mandala
112:Big man
93:Age set
1535:
1508:
1461:
1427:
1394:
1366:
1338:
1321:
1264:
1237:
1119:
932:Palawa
906:, the
860:Canada
840:elders
828:tribes
605:Social
274:Negara
1459:JSTOR
1425:JSTOR
1319:S2CID
1297:(PDF)
986:Notes
954:Tribe
934:from
926:from
908:Mbuti
838:, or
832:chief
817:taxes
762:power
758:Inuit
746:Hadza
671:horde
263:State
166:Tribe
137:Chief
127:Elder
84:Caste
1533:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1231:5–39
1117:ISBN
882:and
821:army
713:and
703:úrdú
687:clan
667:camp
607:and
308:Kapu
1451:doi
1417:doi
1311:doi
914:in
902:of
858:of
844:San
709:by
685:or
45:and
1553::
1527:.
1504:.
1500:.
1490:;
1457:.
1447:48
1445:.
1423:.
1413:76
1411:.
1390:.
1386:.
1362:.
1358:.
1317:.
1307:35
1305:.
1299:.
1283:.
1279:.
1256:.
1233:.
1225:.
1143:^
962:,
938:.
878:,
866:.
834:,
823:.
807:,
661:A
36:on
1541:.
1514:.
1465:.
1453::
1431:.
1419::
1400:.
1372:.
1344:.
1325:.
1313::
1285:6
1270:.
1243:.
1125:.
970:.
634:e
627:t
620:v
91:/
23:.
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