1829:
Hofriyat of Sudan (1989) Boddy maintains that understanding local cultural norms is of crucial importance when considering intervention to prevent the practice. Human rights activists attempting to eradicate FGC using the legal framework of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) as their justification, run the risk of imposing a set of ideological principles, alien to the culture attempting to be helped, potentially facing hostile reactions. Moreover, the UNDHR as a legal document, is contested by some as being restrictive in its prescription of what is and is not deemed a violation of a human right (Ross 2003) and overlooks local customary justifications which operate outside of an international legalistic framework (Ross 2003). Increasingly (FGC) is becoming a global issue due to increased mobility. What was once deemed a largely African practice has seen a steady increase in European countries such as Britain. Although made illegal in 1985 there have as yet been no convictions and girls as old as nine continue to have the procedure. Legislation has now also been passed in Sweden, the United States and France where there have been convictions. Black, J. A. and Debelle, G. D. (1995) "Female Genital Mutilation in Britain"
1821:
endorse one set of values above all others amounted to a new western imperialism, and would be counter to ideas of cultural relativism. Most anthropologists now agree that universal human rights have a useful place in today's world. Zechenter (1997) argues there are practices, such as Indian 'sati' (the burning of a widow on her husband's funeral pyre) that can be said to be wrong, despite justifications of tradition. This is because such practices are about much more than a culturally established world view, and frequently develop or revive as a result of socio-economic conditions and the balance of power within a community. As culture is not bounded and unchanging, there are multiple discourses and moral viewpoints within any community and among the various actors in such events (Merry 2003). Cultural relativists risk supporting the most powerfully asserted position at the expense of those who are subjugated under it.
1505:(1861). An ethno-centric evolutionary perspective was pre-eminent in early Anthropological discourse on law, evident through terms applied such as âpre-lawâ or âproto-lawâ in describing indigenous cultures. However, though Maineâs evolutionary framework has been largely rejected within the discipline, the questions he raised have shaped the subsequent discourse of the study. Moreover, the 1926 publication of
22:
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This has led to multiple researchers and ethnographies examining such aspects as order, dispute, conflict management, crime, sanctions, or formal regulation, in addition (and often antagonistically) to law-centred studies, with small-societal studies leading to insightful self-reflections and better understanding of the founding concept of law.
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by communities around the globe to construct meaning. As much as the document is a product of western
Enlightenment thinking, communities have the capacity to shape its meaning to suit their own agendas, incorporating its principles in ways that empower them to tackle their own local and national discontents.
2381:
Ross F. (2003). âUsing Rights to
Measure Wrongs: A Case Study of Method and Moral in the Work of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commissionâ. In: Wilson A., Mitchell J P. eds. Human Rights in Global Perspective. Anthropological Studies of Rights, Claims and Entitlements. London: Routledge,
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As disputes and order began to be recognised as categories worthy of study, interest in the inherent aspects of conflicts emerged within legal anthropology. The processes and actors involved within the events became an object of study for ethnographers as they embraced conflict as a data-rich source.
1642:
Classic studies deriving theories of order from disputes include Evans-Pritchard work
Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande which focused upon functional disputes surrounding sorcery and witchcraft practices, or Comaroff and Roberts (1981) work among the Tswana which examine the hierarchy of
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However, this view of law is not applicable everywhere. There are many acephalous societies around the world where the above control mechanisms are absent. There are no conceptualized and isolated set of normative rules â these are instead embodied in everyday life. Even when there may be a discrete
1828:
Female genital cutting (FGC), also known as female circumcision or female genital mutilation remains a hotly debated, controversial issue contested particularly among legal anthropologists and human rights activists. Through her ethnography (1989) on the practice of pharaonic circumcision among the
1824:
More recent contributions to the question of universal human rights include analysis of their use in practice, and how global discourses are translated into local contexts (Merry 2003). Anthropologists such as Merry (2006) note how the legal framework of the UNDHR is not static but is actively used
1745:
Gluckman has argued that
Bohannan's excessive use of native terminology creates barriers when attempting to achieve comparative analysis. He in turn has suggested that in order to further the cross-cultural comparative study of law, we should use English terms and concepts of law which will aid in
1513:
based upon his time with the
Trobriand Islanders, further helped establish the discipline of legal anthropology. Through emphasizing the order present in acephelous societies, Malinowski proposed the cross-cultural examining of law through its established functions as opposed to a discrete entity.
1820:
Political anthropologists have had much to say about the UDHR (Universal
Declaration of Human Rights). Original critiques, most notably by the AAA (American Anthropological Association), argued that cultural ideas of rights and entitlement differ between societies. They warned that any attempt to
1625:
Legal scholars noted that many social structures had their own rules and processes that were similar to law, which were referred to as legal orders. The viewpoint that law should be studied together with these legal orders or cannot be seen as fundamentally distinct or separate from them has been
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Within modern
English Theory, law is a discrete and specialized topic. Predominantly positivist in character, it is closely linked to notions of a rule-making body, the judiciary and enforcement agencies. The centralized state organisation and isolates are essentials to the attributes of rules,
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Order and regulatory behaviour are required if social life is to be maintained. The scale and shade of this behaviour depends on the values and beliefs held by a society deriving from implicit understandings of the norm developed through socialization. There are socially constructed norms with
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This processual understanding of conflict and dispute became apparent and subsequently heavily theorized upon by the anthropological discipline within the latter half of the nineteenth century as a gateway to the law and order of a society. Disputes have come to be recognised as necessary and
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in which the intimate relations between disputes are postulated as being important. He examines the patterns of alliance between actors of a dispute and the strategies that develop as a result, the roles of mediators and the typologies for intervention. Another is Sara Ross, whose work
1951:(SOAS University of London), Jane Cowan (University of Sussex), Ann Griffiths and Toby Kelly (University of Edinburgh), Sari Wastell (Goldsmiths, University of London), Harri Englund and Yael Navaro (University of Cambridge), and Richard Rottenburg (Martin-Luther Universität).
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set of legal norms, these are not treated similarly to the
English Legal System's unequivocal power and unchallenged pre-eminence. Shamans, fighting and supernatural means are all mechanisms of superimposing rules within other societies. For example, within
1549:
Maine argued that human societies passing through three basic stages of legal development, from a group presided over by a senior agnate, through stages of territorial development and culminating in an elite forming normative laws of society, stating that
1607:"In such primitive communities I personally believe that law ought to be defined by function and not by form, that is we ought to see what are the arrangements, the sociological realities, the cultural mechanisms which act for the enforcement of law."
1707:
Scholars have argued that law provides a set of categories and relations through which to see the social world. Individuals themselves (rather than legal professionals) will try to frame their problems in legalistic terms to resolve them.
1602:
Thus, instead of focusing upon the explicit manifestations of law, legal anthropologists have taken to examining the functions of law and how it is expressed. A view expressed by
Leopold Pospisil and encapsulated by Bronislaw Malinowski:
1567:
1) to identify socially acceptable lines of behaviour for inclusion in the culture. 2) To allocate authority and who may legitimately apply force. 3) To settle trouble cases. 4) To redefine relationships as the concepts of life change.
1728:. The discourse highlights one of the primary differences between British and American Anthropology regarding fieldwork approaches and concerns the imposition of Western terminology as ethnological categories of differing societies.
1667:
Within the history of Legal Anthropology there have been various methods of data gathering adopted; ranging from literature review of traveller/missionary accounts, consulting informants and lengthy participant observation.
1545:"A social norm is legal if its neglect or infraction is regularly met, in threat or in fact, by the application of physical force by an individual or group possessing the socially recognized privilege of so acting."
1734:
Paul Bohannan promotes the use of native terminology presented with ethnographic meaning as opposed to any Universal categories, which act as barriers to understanding the true nature of a culture's legal system.
1639:
constructive over pathological whilst the stated rules of law only explain some aspects of control and compliance. The context and interactions of a dispute are more informative about a culture than the rules.
1976:'Allegra: a Virtual Laboratory of Legal Anthropology' is an online experiment by a new generation of legal anthropologists designated to facilitate scholarly collaboration and awareness of the sub-discipline.
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the refinement of dispute facts and interrelations. Thus, all native terms should be described and translated into an Anglo-American conceptual equivalent for the purpose of comparison.
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Regarding law, in Anthropology's characteristically self-conscious manner, the comparative analysis inherent to Legal Anthropology has been speculated upon and most famously debated by
1680:
This methodology is applied to situations of cross-cultural conflict and the correlating resolution, which can have sets of legal notions and jural regularities extracted from them.
633:
1560:, as has been stated, was subsequently replaced within the anthropological discourse by the need to examine the manifestations of law's societal function. As according to
1552:"what the juristical oligarchy now claims is to monopolize the knowledge of the laws, to have the exclusive possession of the principles by which quarrels are decided."
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referred to as legal pluralism. Some scholars have argued that law is distinct from other law like processes, for example because of its relationship with the state.
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The broad method of study by legal anthropologists prevails upon the Case Study Approach first developed by Llewellyn and Hoebel in The Cheyenne Way (1941) not as
1543:
Legal Anthropology provides a definition of law which differs from that found within modern legal systems. Hoebel (1954) offered the following definition of law:
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that uses an interdisciplinary approach to "the cross-cultural study of social ordering". The questions that Legal Anthropologists seek to answer concern how is
32:
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Each author's uses the Case Study Approach, however, the data's presentation in terms of achieving comparativeness is a point of contention between them.
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varying degrees of explicitness and levels of order. Conflict may not be interpreted as an extreme pathological event but as a regulatory acting force.
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2340:
Boddy J. (1982). âWomb As Oasis: The Symbolic Context of Pharonic Circumcision in Rutal Northern Sudanâ American Ethnologist. 9(4), pp. 682â698.
1876:
If looking for anthropology departments with faculty specializing in legal anthropology in North America, try the following schools and professors:
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Furthermore, when evaluating any research it is appropriate to have a robust methodology capable of scientifically analysing the topic at hand.
43:
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336:
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This method may be safe-guarded against accusations of imposing western ideological structures as it is often an emic sentiment: for example,
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focuses the rubric of legal anthropology specifically onto the urban context through an "urban legal anthropology", that includes the use of
1845:, a leading legal anthropologist, held both a law degree and a PhD in anthropology. An increasing number of legal anthropologists hold both
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Thus, law has been studied in ways that may be categorized by as: 1) prescriptive rules 2) observable regularities 3) Instances of dispute.
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Contemporary research in legal anthropology has sought to apply its framework to issues at the intersections of law and culture, including
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argues that these legal categories can distort reality, Yngvesson argues that the definitions themselves can create power imbalances.
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courts and sanctions. To learn more on this view, see Hobbes. 1651 Leviathan, part 2, chapter 26 or Salmond, J. 1902 Jurisprudence.
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1962:, is the primary professional association in the U.S. for legal anthropologists and also has many overseas members. It publishes
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Advocating that it is better to appreciate native terms in their own medium, Bohannan critiques Gluckman's work for its inherent
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while maintaining scholarly connections within the field of legal anthropology; examples include Rebecca French, John Conley,
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Earlier legal anthropological research focused more narrowly on conflict management, crime, sanctions, or formal regulation.
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disputes, the patterns of contact and the effect norms affect the course of dispute as norms important to dispute are rarely
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Comaroff and Roberts. 1977. The Invocation of Norms in Dispute Settlement: The Tswana Case. Social Anthropology and Law.
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1687:âThe Tiv drove me to the case methodâŚwhat they were interested in. They put a lot of time and effort into cases.â
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Wesel, U. 1985. FrĂźhformen des Rechts in vorstaatlichen Gesellschaften, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main,
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Malinowski, Bronislaw 1985 Crime and Custom in Savage Society. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Allanheld.
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present in cultures? How does it manifest? How may anthropologists contribute to understandings of law?
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Zippelius, R. 2011. Rechtsphilosophie, §§ 5 IV 2, 8, 9 I, 12 IV, 17 II, 19 IV, 25, C.H. Beck, Munich,
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rules about recognizing, changing, applying, and adjudicating on rules on conduct ("secondary rules")
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Engel, D. 1980. Legal pluralism in an American community: perspectives on a civil trial court.
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nith-songs being used as a public reprimand by expressing the wrongdoing of someone guilty.
39:
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1966:, the leading U.S. journal in the field of legal anthropology, which is accessible via
1929:
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206:
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H. L. A. Hart, "Law as the Union of Primary and Secondary Rules," The Concept of Law.
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H. L. A. Hart, "Law as the Union of Primary and Secondary Rules," The Concept of Law.
2094:
2048:
2015:
2005:
1575:, however, stated that law is a body of rules, and is a union of two sets of rules:
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Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness Among Working-Class Americans
2010:
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1901:
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is often credited with founding the study of Legal Anthropology through his book
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by practitioners. There is a growing interest in the intersection of legal and
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1841:
There are a number of useful introductions to the field of legal anthropology,
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1321:
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Roberts, S. 1979. Order and Dispute: An Introduction to Legal Anthropology
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Lyon, S. Durham University Lecture Series. Department of Anthropology:
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1955:
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In Europe, the following scholars and schools will be good resources:
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Praying for Justice: Faith, Order, and Community in an American Town
216:
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Pospisil, L. 1974. The Anthropology of Laws: A Comparative Theory
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1217:
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1700:
note that social and power relations can both be created by the
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1561:
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Political theologies: public religions in a post-secular world
1972:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1555-2934
211:
129:
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1804:
Local arbitration and conflict deferment in Punjab, Pakistan
2143:(1934: Introduction to Hogbin, Law and Order in Polynesia).
1967:
1739:
1254:
33:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1629:
1477:
2371:
Malinowski, B. 1926. Crime and Custom in Savage Society.
2349:
Gulliver, P. 1963. Social Control in an African Society.
1849:
and advanced degrees in anthropology, and some teach in
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2385:
Schapera, I. 1938. A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom.
2343:
Bohannan, P. 1957. Justice and Judgement among the Tiv.
1861:. Such combined expertise has also been turned to more
1491:, explored law, order, crime, and punishment among the
1786:
1715:
2326:
Disciplines & Subdisciplines- Legal Anthropology
2092:
Hent de Vries and Lawrence E. Sullivan, ed. (2006).
2034:
1595:âs work of Across Arctic America (1927) he recounts
2290:
2093:
2036:
2128:
1659:, 1959. Political Leadership among Swat Pathans.
2471:
2455:Association for Political and Legal Anthropology
2293:Law and Intangible Cultural Heritage in the City
1956:Association for Political and Legal Anthropology
1769:Law and Intangible Cultural Heritage in the City
1758:One example of such an interest is expressed by
1691:
2460:PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review
2361:Hamnett, I. 1977. Social Anthropology and Law.
2131:The Anthropology of Laws: A Comparative Theory
1964:PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review
1749:
1655:, 1954. Political Systems of Highland Burma.
1446:
672:
2355:Llwellyn and Hoebel. 1941. The Cheyenne Way.
2429:The Oxford Handbook of Law and Anthropology
2081:. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
1704:, and influence how knowledge is created.
2192:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1453:
1439:
679:
665:
607:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
2224:(Bohannan, 1965: pp. 41; Pospisil, 1973).
1645:âespecially organised for jural purpose.â
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
2309:, (edited), Blackwell, 2004, pp. 20-25,
1814:The legitimacy of Universal Human Rights
2425:
2366:History of Legal Anthropology: Part One
1922:State University of New York at Buffalo
1630:Processual paradigm: order and conflict
627:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
2472:
1836:
1662:
283:Societies without hierarchical leaders
2245:
2241:
2239:
2157:
2100:. New York: Fordham University Press.
2076:
1865:pursuits such as tribal advocacy and
2305:See, for example Moore, Sally Falk,
2153:
2151:
2149:
1960:American Anthropological Association
1783:in urban public and private spaces.
1764:Social Control in an African Society
15:
2426:Foblets, Marie-Claire, ed. (2020).
1787:Key questions in legal anthropology
1716:Issues of terminology and ethnology
1579:rules on conduct ("primary rules")
13:
2418:
2236:
1878:University of California, Berkeley
1614:
1507:Crime and Custom in Savage Society
1489:Crime and Custom in Savage Society
14:
2511:
2448:
2246:Merry, Sally Engle (1990-05-15).
2146:
601:Political economy in anthropology
2500:Academic discipline interactions
1886:University of California, Irvine
1676:âa philosophy but a technology.â
710:
20:
2319:
2299:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2252:. University of Chicago Press.
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2043:. Ithaca: Cornell UP. pp.
1532:
2307:Law and Anthropology: A Reader
2137:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2085:
2070:
2061:
2028:
1400:Anthropologists by nationality
463:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
2465:Journal of Legal Anthropology
2035:Greenhouse, Carol J. (1986).
2021:
634:Journal of Legal Anthropology
302:The Art of Not Being Governed
2291:Sara Gwendolyn Ross (2019).
1692:Law as a system of knowledge
7:
2432:. Oxford University Press.
2079:A New Anthropology of Islam
2001:Law and Society Association
1979:
1750:Processes and methodologies
10:
2516:
2334:
2164:. Oxford, United Kingdom.
2129:Pospisil, Leopold (1974).
1710:Boaventura de Sousa Santos
1618:
1564:, law has four functions:
1536:
1495:. The English lawyer Sir
1420:List of indigenous peoples
640:Journal of Law and Society
360:Colonialism and resistance
1958:(APLA), a section of the
1793:Issues of Legal Pluralism
1777:institutional ethnography
1529:and political uprisings.
1472:, is a sub-discipline of
1165:Cross-cultural comparison
314:Non-western state systems
290:African Political Systems
2295:. Routledge. p. 65.
2158:Pirie, Fernanda (2013).
1968:http://polarjournal.org/
1649:Other examples include:
1337:Historical particularism
2161:The anthropology of law
2077:Bowen, John R. (2012).
1938:George Mason University
1871:linguistic anthropology
1863:applied anthropological
1831:British Medical Journal
1781:participant observation
1702:definition of knowledge
1170:Participant observation
339:and the State in Africa
2233:(Bohannan, 1989: vii).
2215:(Pospisil, 1973: 541).
1996:Political anthropology
1698:sociology of knowledge
1312:Cross-cultural studies
581:Circumscription theory
368:Europe and the People
337:Technology, Tradition,
42:by rewriting it in an
2281:(Gluckman, 1965: 26).
1991:Forensic anthropology
1928:(Sally Engle Merry),
1558:evolutionary approach
655:cultural anthropology
443:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
296:Papuan Big man system
2376:Power and Governance
2206:(Bohannan, 1957:58).
1910:Princeton University
1867:forensic ethnography
1485:BronisĹaw Malinowski
1470:anthropology of laws
1468:, also known as the
1405:Anthropology by year
1342:Boasian anthropology
1317:Cultural materialism
1302:Actorânetwork theory
900:Paleoanthropological
448:Wolfgang Fikentscher
423:Henri J. M. Claessen
178:Pantribal sodalities
1926:New York University
1918:Carol J. Greenhouse
1890:Susan Bibler Coutin
1837:Further information
1773:virtual ethnography
1663:Case study approach
1493:Trobriand Islanders
1357:Performance studies
1250:Kinship and descent
1190:Cultural relativism
840:Paleoethnobotanical
815:Ethnoarchaeological
591:Leftâright paradigm
1930:Harvard University
1924:(Rebecca French),
1898:Justin B. Richland
1466:Legal anthropology
1377:Post-structuralism
1136:Research framework
586:Legal anthropology
488:Thomas Blom Hansen
418:Robert L. Carneiro
207:Segmentary lineage
144:Leveling mechanism
94:legal anthropology
44:encyclopedic style
31:is written like a
2439:978-0-19-187622-6
2413:978-3-406-61191-9
2272:(Bohannan, 1956).
2259:978-0-226-52069-8
2171:978-0-19-969684-0
2016:Philosophy of law
2006:New legal realism
1906:William M. O'Barr
1539:Philosophy of law
1463:
1462:
1362:Political economy
1185:Thick description
982:Political economy
845:Zooarchaeological
805:Bioarchaeological
689:
688:
413:Jeremy Boissevain
398:Georges Balandier
393:E. Adamson Hoebel
72:
71:
64:
2507:
2485:Sociology of law
2443:
2396:(paperback) and
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2011:Sociology of law
1843:Sally Falk Moore
1696:Scholars of the
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983:
865:Anthrozoological
714:
691:
690:
681:
674:
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575:Related articles
558:Douglas R. White
548:Jonathan Spencer
528:Marshall Sahlins
518:Sally Falk Moore
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2419:Further reading
2364:MacFarlane, A.
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1982:
1902:Duke University
1855:Elizabeth Mertz
1839:
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1760:Philip Gulliver
1752:
1718:
1694:
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1632:
1623:
1621:Legal pluralism
1617:
1615:Legal Pluralism
1571:Legal theorist
1541:
1535:
1523:legal pluralism
1459:
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1429:
1395:
1387:
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1367:Practice theory
1307:Alliance theory
1297:
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1284:Postcolonialism
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1138:
1128:
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553:Bjorn Thomassen
508:Elizabeth Mertz
493:Ted C. Lewellen
438:Pierre Clastres
388:
387:Major theorists
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370:Without History
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188:Paramount chief
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40:help improve it
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543:Aidan Southall
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530:
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523:Rodney Needham
520:
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2054:9780801419713
2050:
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2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1965:
1961:
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1200:Emic and etic
1198:
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810:Environmental
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538:Elman Service
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473:David Graeber
471:
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433:John Comaroff
431:
429:
428:Jean Comaroff
426:
424:
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419:
416:
414:
411:
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408:Fredrik Barth
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346:Legal systems
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256:Legal culture
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237:Theatre state
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227:House society
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222:Petty kingdom
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125:Social status
123:
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55:
52:December 2013
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
2480:Anthropology
2428:
2404:(hard cover)
2321:
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2220:
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2160:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2095:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2038:
2030:
1986:Anthropology
1975:
1963:
1953:
1949:Vanja HamziÄ
1946:
1942:Susan Hirsch
1875:
1840:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1768:
1763:
1757:
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1744:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:Max Gluckman
1719:
1706:
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1606:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1585:
1570:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1533:What is law?
1527:Islamophobia
1519:human rights
1516:
1506:
1500:
1488:
1482:
1474:anthropology
1469:
1465:
1464:
1410:Bibliography
1352:Interpretive
1327:Diffusionism
1296:Key theories
1282: /
1212:Key concepts
1123:Sociological
1103:Ethnological
1012:
890:Neurological
875:Evolutionary
820:Experiential
704:Anthropology
639:
632:
625:
605:
585:
513:Sidney Mintz
503:Ralph Linton
498:Edmund Leach
458:Morton Fried
453:Meyer Fortes
403:F. G. Bailey
335:
300:
288:
273:Case studies
232:Ethnic group
202:Band society
93:
77:
58:
49:
30:
2382:pp 163â182.
1894:Bill Maurer
1882:Laura Nader
1851:law schools
1502:Ancient Law
1497:Henry Maine
1280:Colonialism
1223:Development
1180:Reflexivity
1148:Ethnography
1098:Descriptive
956:Development
895:Nutritional
870:Biocultural
795:Battlefield
483:Ulf Hannerz
478:Lesley Gill
2474:Categories
2022:References
1802:Lyon, 2002
1537:See also:
1511:Malinowski
1260:Prehistory
1113:Historical
1086:Linguistic
998:Historical
966:Ecological
858:Biological
760:Linguistic
750:Biological
375:Cargo cult
278:Acephelous
168:Matriarchy
163:Patriarchy
150:Leadership
2188:cite book
2180:812686211
1593:Rasmussen
1233:Evolution
1228:Ethnicity
1160:Ethnology
1038:Political
946:Cognitive
885:Molecular
563:Eric Wolf
135:Age grade
89:Political
1980:See also
1762:, 1963,
1415:Journals
1332:Feminism
1118:Semiotic
1058:Symbolic
1053:Religion
988:Feminist
976:Economic
926:Cultural
880:Forensic
835:Maritime
830:Forensic
825:Feminist
800:Biblical
790:Aviation
755:Cultural
696:a series
694:Part of
620:Journals
217:Chiefdom
194:Polities
80:a series
78:Part of
2335:Sources
1936:), and
1270:Society
1218:Culture
1033:Musical
1028:Museums
1023:Medical
1008:Kinship
961:Digital
936:Applied
728:History
723:Outline
325:Mandala
158:Big man
139:Age set
38:Please
2436:
2411:
2400:
2392:
2313:
2256:
2178:
2168:
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