Burundi - Knowledge

4033:. In the 1980s, Burundi's health authorities asked the United Nations Development Program for support to develop quality control for and begin new research on pharmaceuticals from medicinal plants. At the same time, the Burundi Association of Traditional Practitioners (ATRADIBU) was founded, which teamed up with the governments agency to set up the Centre for Research and Promotion of Traditional Medicine in Burundi (CRPMT). The recent influx of international aid has supported the work of biomedical health systems in Burundi. However, international aid workers have traditionally stayed away from indigenous medicine in Burundi. As of 2015, roughly 1 out of 10 children in Burundi die before the age of 5 from preventable and treatable illnesses such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria. The current violence in Burundi has limited the country's access to medication and hospital equipment. The life expectancy in Burundi, as of 2015, was 60.1 years. In 2013, Burundi spent 8% of their GDP on healthcare. While Burundi's fertility rate is 6.1 children per women, the country's infant mortality rate is 61.9 deaths for every 1,000 live births. Common diseases in Burundi include malaria and typhoid fever. 2059:, has been to monitor cease-fire, carry out disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of former military personnel, support humanitarian assistance and refugee and IDP return, assist with elections, protect international staff and Burundian civilians, monitor Burundi's troublesome borders, including halting illicit arms flows, and assist in carrying out institutional reforms including those of the Constitution, judiciary, armed forces and police. The mission has been allotted 5,650 military personnel, 120 civilian police and about 1,000 international and local civilian personnel. The mission has been functioning well. It has greatly benefited from the transitional government, which has functioned and is in the process of transitioning to one that will be popularly elected. 2326: 1438: 2118:(Forces for National Liberation, also called NLF or FROLINA), were not totally implemented, and senior FLN members subsequently left the truce monitoring team, claiming that their security was threatened. In September 2007, rival FLN factions clashed in the capital, killing 20 fighters and causing residents to begin fleeing. Rebel raids were reported in other parts of the country. The rebel factions disagreed with the government over disarmament and the release of political prisoners. In late 2007 and early 2008, FLN combatants attacked government-protected camps where former combatants were living. The homes of rural residents were also pillaged. 3565: 1774: 3289: 5303:

German claims were recognized by the other European powers in the period 1885–94. In 1891 the German imperial government took over administration of the area from the German East Africa Company. Although its subjugation was not completed until 1907, the colony experienced considerable economic development before World War I. During the war it was occupied by the British, who received a mandate to administer the greater part of it (Tanganyika Territory) by the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 1919; enacted January 1920). A smaller portion (Ruanda-Urundi) was entrusted to Belgium.

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Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017).

4301:(2013) has been on developing an institutional framework and infrastructure, fostering greater regional and international co-operation and placing science in society. In October 2014, the EAC Secretariat designated the National Institute of Public Health a centre of excellence. Data are unavailable on output on nutritional sciences, the institute's area of specialization, but between 2011 and 2019, Burundi scientists produced seven articles on each of HIV and tropical communicable diseases and a further five on tuberculosis, all focus areas for the 2088: 1450: 2413: 3715: 101: 3899: 11980: 4193: 2493: 1996: 217: 2378:. As of 2004, the Transitional National Assembly consisted of 170 members, with the Front for Democracy in Burundi holding 38% of seats, and 10% of the assembly controlled by UPRONA. Fifty-two seats were controlled by other parties. Burundi's constitution mandates representation in the Transitional National Assembly to be consistent with 60% Hutu, 40% Tutsi, and 30% female members, as well as three Batwa members. Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote and serve five-year terms. 3668: 4139: 11821: 11177: 10512: 3705: 87: 10524: 1290:. On the other hand, there are also reports of Tutsi that lost all their cattle and subsequently lost their higher status and were called Hutu. Thus, the distinction between Hutu and Tutsi was also a socio-cultural concept, instead of a purely ethnic one. There were also many reports of marriages between Hutu and Tutsi people. In general, regional ties and power struggles played a far more determining role in Burundi's politics than ethnicity. 4333: 4042: 3090: 3891: 3554: 1901: 3678: 1860: 9276: 9403: 854: 811: 792: 759: 740: 1846:

who refused to sign the accord; as a result, violence intensified. Three years later at a summit of African leaders in Tanzania, the Burundian president and the main opposition Hutu group signed an accord to end the conflict; the signatory members were granted ministerial posts within the government. However, smaller militant Hutu groups – such as the Forces for National Liberation – remained active.

2465:(ICC) on 27 October 2017, the first country in the world to do so. The move came after the UN accused the country of various crimes and human rights violations, such as extrajudicial killings, torture and sexual violence, in a September 2017 report. The ICC announced on 9 November 2017 that human rights violations from the time Burundi was a member would still be prosecuted. 1282:

up of the Tutsi-Banyaruguru. They had higher social status than other pastoralists such as the Tutsi-Hima. In the lower levels of this society were generally Hutu people, and at the very bottom of the pyramid were the Twa. The system had some fluidity, however. Some Hutu people belonged to the nobility and in this way also had a say in the functioning of the state.

2458:. Persons found guilty of consensual same-sex relations risk three months to two years in prison and/or a fine of 50,000 to 100,000 Burundian francs. Amnesty International has condemned the action, calling it a violation of Burundi's obligations under international and regional human rights law, and against the constitution, which guarantees the right to privacy. 1716:(FRODEBU), won the first democratic election. He became the first Hutu head of state, leading a pro-Hutu government. Though he attempted to smooth the country's bitter ethnic divide, his reforms antagonised soldiers in the Tutsi-dominated army, and he was assassinated amidst a failed military coup in October 1993, after only three months in office. The ensuing 3062: 3327:, however, plays a larger role, with 4% of Burundians being members of microfinance institutions – a larger share of the population than that reached by banking and postal services combined. 26 licensed microfinance institutions (MFIs) offer savings, deposits, and short- to medium-term credit. The dependence of the sector on donor assistance is limited. 1739:(Hutu), was appointed as president in October 1994. A coalition government involving 12 of the 13 parties was formed. A feared general massacre was averted, but violence broke out. A number of Hutu refugees in Bujumbura, the then-capital, were killed. The mainly Tutsi Union for National Progress withdrew from the government and parliament. 4123:, amashako, ibishikiso and ikiranya drums. Dance often accompanies drumming performance, which is frequently seen in celebrations and family gatherings. The abatimbo, which is performed at official ceremonies and rituals and the fast-paced abanyagasimbo are some famous Burundian dances. Some musical instruments of note are the flute, 3274:

rate in Sub-Saharan Africa. Burundi joined the East African Community in 2009, which should boost its regional trade ties, and also in 2009 received $ 700 million in debt relief. Government corruption is hindering the development of a healthy private sector as companies seek to navigate an environment with ever-changing rules.

1654:, suspended the constitution and dissolved political parties. He reinstated military rule by a Military Committee for National Salvation (CSMN). Anti-Tutsi ethnic propaganda disseminated by the remnants of the 1972 UBU, which had re-organized as PALIPEHUTU in 1981, led to killings of Tutsi peasants in the northern communes of 2274:, a candidate who was hand-picked as Nkurunziza's successor by the CNDD-FDD, won the election with 71.45% of the vote. Shortly after, on 9 June 2020, Nkurunziza died of a cardiac arrest, at the age of 55. There was some speculation that his death was COVID-19 related, though this is unconfirmed. As per the constitution, 1834:. This method of negotiation can be defined as a form of diplomacy involving governmental or intergovernmental representatives, who may use their positive reputations, mediation, or the "carrot and stick" method as a means of obtaining or forcing an outcome, frequently along the lines of "bargaining" or "win-lose". 4818: 3082: 1842:

Burundians believed the treaty would be irrelevant without an accompanying cease fire. This would require separate and direct talks with the rebel groups. The main Hutu party was skeptical of the offer of a power-sharing government; they alleged that they had been deceived by the Tutsi in past agreements.

4287:(2013) covers the following areas: food technology; medical sciences; energy, mining and transportation; water; desertification; environmental biotechnology and indigenous knowledge; materials science; engineering and industry; ICTs; space sciences; mathematical sciences; and social and human sciences. 2548:

In July 2022, the government of Burundi announced a complete overhaul of the country's territorial subdivisions. The proposed change would reduce the amounts of provinces from 18 to 5, and reduce the amount of communes from 119 to 42. The change needs the approval of the parliament of Burundi to take

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Together, Burundi's legislative branch elect the president to a five-year term. Burundi's president appoints officials to his Council of Ministers, which is also part of the executive branch. The president can also pick fourteen members of the Transitional Senate to serve on the Council of Ministers.

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In 2000, the Burundian President signed the treaty, as well as 13 of the 19 warring Hutu and Tutsi factions. Disagreements persisted over which group would preside over the nascent government, and when the ceasefire would begin. The spoilers of the peace talks were the hardliner Tutsi and Hutu groups

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On 28 August 2000, a transitional government for Burundi was planned as a part of the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement. The transitional government was placed on a trial basis for five years. After several aborted cease-fires, a 2001 peace plan and power-sharing agreement has been relatively

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for those who had called for, carried out, and taken credit for the killings. Analysts have called this period the beginning of the "culture of impunity." Other analysts put the origins of the "culture of impunity" earlier, in 1965 and 1972, when a small number of identifiable Hutus unleashed massive

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The first evidence of the Burundian state dates back to the late 16th century where it emerged on the eastern foothills. Over the following centuries it expanded, annexing smaller neighbours. The Kingdom of Burundi, or Urundi, in the Great Lakes region was a polity ruled by a traditional monarch with

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in May 2018, Burundians voted by 79.08% to approve an amended constitution that ensured that Nkurunziza could remain in power until 2034. However, much to the surprise of most observers, Nkurunziza later announced that he did not intend to serve another term, paving the way for a new president to be

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As the protracted nature of the peace talks demonstrated, the mediators and negotiating parties confronted several obstacles. First, the Burundian officials perceived the goals as "unrealistic" and viewed the treaty as ambiguous, contradictory and confusing. Second, and perhaps most importantly, the

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In the mid-18th century, the Tutsi royalty consolidated authority over land, production, and distribution with the development of the ubugabire—a patron-client relationship in which the populace received royal protection in exchange for tribute and land tenure. By this time, the royal court was made

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has also focused on training researchers. Researcher density (in head counts) grew from 40 to 55 researchers per million inhabitants between 2011 and 2018. The amount of funding available to each researcher more than doubled from PPP$ 14,310 (constant 2005 values) to PPP$ 22,480, since the domestic

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rate in Burundi was estimated to be 74.71% for men and women between the ages of 15 and 24, while the youth literacy rate was much higher at 92.58%. Burundi has a comparatively high literacy rate to other countries in the region, which is only about 10% lower than the global average. Ten percent of

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The purchasing power of most Burundians has decreased as wage increases have not kept up with inflation. As a result of deepening poverty, Burundi will remain heavily dependent on aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Foreign aid represents 42% of Burundi's national income, the second highest

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In late March 2008, the FLN sought for the parliament to adopt a law guaranteeing them 'provisional immunity' from arrest. This would cover ordinary crimes, but not grave violations of international humanitarian law like war crimes or crimes against humanity . Even though the government has granted

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In archived text: German East Africa, German Deutsch-Ostafrika, former dependency of imperial Germany, corresponding to present-day Rwanda and Burundi, the continental portion of Tanzania, and a small section of Mozambique. Penetration of the area was begun in 1884 by German commercial agents, and

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The Transitional Senate has fifty-one members, and three seats are reserved for former presidents. Due to stipulations in Burundi's constitution, 30% of Senate members must be female. Members of the Senate are elected by electoral colleges, which consist of members from each of Burundi's provinces

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established the Commission of Inquiry on Burundi through resolution 33/24. Its mandate is to "conduct a thorough investigation into human rights violations and abuses committed in Burundi since April 2015, to identify alleged perpetrators and to formulate recommendations." On 29 September 2017 the

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mentions many areas where improvement is required. Civilians are victims of repeated acts of violence done by the FLN. The latter also recruits child soldiers. The rate of violence against women is high. Perpetrators regularly escape prosecution and punishment by the state. There is an urgent need

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Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist,

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The 2005 Constitution formalised a complex power-sharing architecture that has been described as "associational" in its logic, as it aims to provide guarantees of representation for the Tutsi minority without entrenching the ethnic cleavage at the centre of Burundian politics. This institutional

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While there are still some difficulties with refugee returns and securing adequate food supplies for the war-weary population, the mission managed to win the trust and confidence of a majority of the formerly warring leaders, as well as the population at large. It was involved with several "quick

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The main objective was to transform the Burundian government and military structurally in order to bridge the ethnic gap between the Tutsi and Hutu. It was to take place in two major steps. First, a transitional power-sharing government would be established, with the presidents holding office for

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requested Burundi's independence from Belgium and dissolution of the Ruanda-Urundi union. In the following months, Burundian political parties began to advocate for the end of Belgian colonial rule and the separation of Rwanda and Burundi. The first and largest of these political parties was the

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The focus of the UN's mission had been to enshrine the power-sharing arrangements in a popularly voted constitution, so that elections may be held and a new government installed. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration were done in tandem with elections preparations. In February 2005, the

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used the army to combat Hutu rebels and commit genocide, murdering targeted members of the Hutu majority. The total number of casualties was never established, but contemporary estimates put the number of people killed between 80,000 and 210,000. In addition, several hundred thousand Hutu were

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is the city with the most daily flight connections to Bujumbura. The country has a road network but as of 2005 less than 10% of the country's roads were paved and as of 2012 private bus companies were the main operators of buses on the international route to Kigali; however, there were no bus

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The UN has attempted to evaluate the impact of its peace-building initiatives. In the early 2010s, the UN peacekeeping mission in Burundi sought to assess the success of its Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration program by counting the number of arms that had been collected, given the

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failed to depose Nkurunziza. He returned to Burundi, began purging his government, and arrested several of the coup leaders. Following the attempted coup, protests however continued and over 100,000 people had fled the country by 20 May causing a humanitarian emergency. There are reports of

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under Belgian administrative authority. During the 1940s, a series of policies caused divisions throughout the country. On 4 October 1943, powers were split in the legislative division of Burundi's government between chiefdoms and lower chiefdoms. Chiefdoms were in charge of land, and lower

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The main difficulty in the early stages was continued resistance to the peace process by the last Hutu nationalist rebel group. This organisation continued its violent conflict on the outskirts of the capital despite the UN's presence. By June 2005, the group had stopped fighting and its

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have taken place in the country: the 1972 mass killings of Hutus by the Tutsi-dominated army, and the mass killings of Tutsis in 1993 by the Hutu majority. Both were described as genocides in the final report of the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented in 2002 to the

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in 2015. With six scientific publications per million inhabitants, Burundi still has one of the lowest publication rate in Central and East Africa. Some 97.5% of publications involved foreign co-authorship between 2017 and 2019, with Ugandans figuring among the top five partners.

4029:. The civil war in 1962 put a stop on the medical advancements in the country. Burundi, again, went into a violent cycle in 2015, jeopardising the citizens of Burundi's medical care. Like other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Burundi uses indigenous medicine in addition to 4806: 5197:

Uvin, Peter. 1999. "Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence" in Comparative Politics, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Apr. 1999), pp. 253–272 Published by: Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York. Page

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with 71.45% of the vote. Shortly after, on 9 June 2020, Nkurunziza died of a cardiac arrest, at the age of 55. As per the constitution, Pascal Nyabenda, the president of the national assembly, led the government until Ndayishimiye's inauguration on 18 June 2020.

6541: 2052:, deployed to help oversee the installation of a transitional government. In June 2004, the UN stepped in and took over peacekeeping responsibilities as a signal of growing international support for the already markedly advanced peace process in Burundi. 1255:), to be a direct territorial continuation of a pre-colonial era African state. The early history of Burundi, and especially the role and nature of the country's three dominant ethnic groups, the Twa, Hutu and Tutsi, is highly debated amongst academics. 2048:, gradually established power-sharing agreements to satisfy the majority of the contending groups. Initially the South African Protection Support Detachment was deployed to protect Burundian leaders returning from exile. These forces became part of the 1750:. He suspended the constitution and was sworn in as president in 1998. This was the start of his second term as president, after his first term from 1987 to 1993. In response to rebel attacks, the government forced much of the population to move to 1285:

The classification of Hutu or Tutsi was not merely based on ethnic criteria alone. Hutu farmers that managed to acquire wealth and livestock were regularly granted the higher social status of Tutsi, some even made it to become close advisors of the

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would seek a third term in office. Protestors claimed Nkurunziza could not run for a third term in office but the country's constitutional court agreed with Nkurunziza (although some of its members had fled the country at the time of its vote).

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Burundi remains primarily a rural society, with just 13.4% of the population living in urban areas in 2019. Burundi is densely populated, and many young people emigrate in search of opportunities elsewhere. Roughly 85% of the population are of

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International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraph 85. "The Micombero regime responded with a genocidal repression that is estimated to have caused over a hundred thousand victims and forced several hundred thousand Hutus into

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Lack of access to financial services is a serious problem for the majority of the population, particularly in densely populated rural areas: only 2% of the total population holds bank accounts and fewer than 0.5% use bank lending services.

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accounts for 90% of agriculture. Burundi's primary exports are coffee and tea, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings, though exports are a relatively small share of GDP. Other agricultural products include cotton, tea, maize,

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are major ecological concerns. As of 2005, the country was almost completely deforested. Less than 6% of its land was covered by trees, and over half of that being for commercial plantations. Burundi is the poorest country in the world by

1278:) which owned most of the land and required a tribute, or tax, from local farmers (mainly Hutu) and herders (mainly Tutsi). The Kingdom of Burundi was characterised by a hierarchical political authority and tributary economic exchange. 2154:, South Africa's Minister for Safety and Security. This was the first direct meeting since June 2007. Both agreed to meet twice a week to establish a commission to resolve any disputes that might arise during the peace negotiations. 2063:

representatives were brought back into the political process. All political parties have accepted a formula for inter-ethnic power-sharing: no political party can gain access to government offices unless it is ethnically integrated.

8411:. "In one of Africa's most densely populated countries, brothers are killing brothers over the right to farm mere acres of earth. There's just not enough land to go around in Burundi — and it could push the country into civil war." 2409:(Supreme Court) is Burundi's highest court. There are three Courts of Appeals directly below the Supreme Court. Tribunals of First Instance are used as judicial courts in each of Burundi's provinces as well as 123 local tribunals. 4938: 2226:. It further stressed that, "The Burundian government has so far refused to cooperate with the Commission of Inquiry, despite the Commission's repeated requests and initiatives." The violations the Commission documented include 3319:'s Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Burundi ranked number 147 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 144 in 2013. 4290:

With regard to material sciences, Burundi's publication intensity doubled from 0.6 to 1.2 articles per million inhabitants between 2012 and 2019, placing it in the top 15 for sub-Saharan Africa for this strategic technology.

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is highly relied upon, many people do not have the resources to sustain themselves. This is due to large population growth and no coherent policies governing land ownership. In 2014, the average farm size was about one acre.

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Burundi remains an overwhelmingly rural society, with just 13% of the population living in urban areas in 2013. The population density of around 315 people per square kilometre (753 per sq mi) is the second highest in

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successful. A cease-fire was signed in 2003 between the Tutsi-controlled Burundian government and the largest Hutu rebel group, CNDD-FDD (National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy).

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On 17 April 2008, the FLN bombarded Bujumbura. The Burundian army fought back and the FLN suffered heavy losses. A new ceasefire was signed on 26 May 2008. In August 2008, President Nkurunziza met with the FLN leader

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Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly agricultural, accounting for 50% of GDP in 2017 and employing more than 90% of the population.

1677:, asking for more representation of the Hutu in the administration. They were arrested and jailed. A few weeks later, Buyoya appointed a new government, with an equal number of Hutu and Tutsi ministers. He appointed 1799:(Hutu), once a leader of a rebel group, was elected president in 2005. As of 2008, the Burundian government was talking with the Hutu-led Palipehutu-National Liberation Forces (NLF) to bring peace to the country. 5051:

Les approches bi-plurilingues d'enseignement-apprentissage: autour du programme Écoles et langues nationales en Afrique (ELAN-Afrique): Actes du colloque du 26–27 mars 2015, Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier,

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brought a majority of Hutu into the parliament, but when King Mwambutsa appointed a Tutsi prime minister, some Hutu felt this was unjust and ethnic tensions were further increased. In October 1965, an attempted

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Crafts are an important art form in Burundi and are attractive gifts to many tourists. Basket weaving is a popular craft for local artisans, as well as other crafts such as masks, shields, statues and pottery.

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Basketball and track and field are noted sports. Martial arts are popular, as well. There are five major judo clubs: Club Judo de l'Entente Sportive, in Downtown, and four others throughout the city.

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Members of the Council of Ministers must be approved by two-thirds of Burundi's legislature. The president also chooses two vice-presidents. Following the 2015 election, the president of Burundi was

1720:(1993–2005) saw persistent violence between Hutu rebels and the Tutsi majority army. It is estimated that some 300,000 people, mostly civilians, were killed in the years following the assassination. 8453: 6598: 12129: 195: 7023: 1681:(Hutu) as Prime Minister. Buyoya also created a commission to address issues of national unity. In 1992, the government created a new constitution that provided for a multi-party system, but a 7634: 2359:

established a constitution, which provided for a multi-party political process and reflected multi-party competition. Six years later, on 6 June 1998, the constitution was changed, broadening

1793:(Hutu) was elected president. In early 2005, ethnic quotas were formed for determining positions in Burundi's government. Throughout the year, elections for parliament and president occurred. 3312:. Besides agriculture, other industries include: the assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing, and light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, and soap. 1371:

on the German colony. The German army stationed in Burundi was forced to retreat by the numerical superiority of the Belgian army and by 17 June 1916, Burundi and Rwanda were occupied. The

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Reconstruction efforts in Burundi started to practically take effect after 2006. The UN shut down its peacekeeping mission and re-focused on helping with reconstruction. Toward achieving

1607:. The rebels attacked both Tutsi and any Hutu who refused to join their rebellion. During this initial Hutu outbreak, anywhere from 800 to 1200 people were killed. At the same time, King 6652: 4934: 11230: 7427: 8349: 8013: 6125: 4007:

practitioners constitute the remaining 15–25%. An estimated 5% of the population adheres to traditional indigenous religious beliefs. Muslims constitute 2–5%, the majority of whom are

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Medical sciences remain the main focus of research: medical researchers accounted for 4% of the country's scientists in 2018 but 41% of scientific publications between 2011 and 2019.

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prevalence of arms in the country. However, these evaluations failed to include data from local populations, which are significant in impact evaluations of peacebuilding initiatives.

1085:. In 2000, the Arusha Agreement was adopted, which was largely integrated in a new constitution in 2005. Since the 2005 post-war elections, the country's dominant party has been the 6420: 4577: 1328:

and protect the empire's interests in the region. The German East Africa Company transferred its rights to the German Empire in 1891, in this way establishing the German colony of

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returned from exile, heightening political tension in the country. On 29 April 1972, the 24-year-old Ntare V was murdered. In subsequent months, the Tutsi-dominated government of

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and the accompanying instability and ethnic conflict that occurred there. As a result of the Rwandan Revolution, many Rwandan Tutsi refugees arrived in Burundi from 1959 to 1961.

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Most Christian holidays are celebrated, with Christmas being the largest. Burundian Independence Day is celebrated annually on 1 July. In 2005, the Burundian government declared

3262:. Approximately 80% of Burundi's population lives in poverty. Famines and food shortages have occurred throughout Burundi, most notably in the 20th century, and according to the 1158: 7104: 2071:

was approved with over 90% of the popular vote. In May, June and August 2005, three separate elections were also held at the local level for the Parliament and the presidency.

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The Belgians, however, preserved many of the kingdom's institutions; the Burundian monarchy succeeded in surviving into the post-colonial period. Following the

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is strong, relaying history and life lessons through storytelling, poetry and song. Imigani, indirimbo, amazina and ivyivugo are literary genres in Burundi.

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Many Burundians have migrated to other countries as a result of the civil war. In 2006, the United States accepted approximately 10,000 Burundian refugees.

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connections to the other neighbouring countries (Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo). Bujumbura is connected by a passenger and cargo ferry (the

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is 2.5 percent per year, more than double the average global pace, and a Burundian woman has on average 5.10 children, more than double the international

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Burundi's provinces and communes were created on Christmas Day in 1959 by a Belgian colonial decree. They replaced the pre-existing system of chieftains.

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and communes. For each of Burundi's eighteen provinces, one Hutu and one Tutsi senator are chosen. One term for the Transitional Senate is five years.

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WEISSMAN, S., Preventing genocide in Burundi: lessons from international diplomacy, Washington D.C., United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998, p5.

4607: 10959: 10908: 7626: 2902: 2587: 1509:, but he was assassinated on 15 January 1965 by a Rwandan Tutsi employed by the US Embassy. The assassination occurred in the broader context of the 8381: 4710: 11857: 10634: 7163: 6803: 5965: 693: 11729: 6444: 3270:. Burundi's export earnings – and its ability to pay for imports – rests primarily on weather conditions and international coffee and tea prices. 2195:

continued and widespread abuses of human rights, including unlawful killings, torture, disappearances, and restrictions on freedom of expression.

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to topple Micombero and set about promoting reform. His administration drafted a new constitution in 1981, which maintained Burundi's status as a

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was active in the African Great Lakes region. As a result of heightened tensions and border disputes between the German East Africa Company, the

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design provides an original contribution from Burundian negotiators and constitution makers to institutional options to manage ethnic conflict.

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In 2010 a new elementary school was opened in the small village of Rwoga that is funded by the pupils of Westwood High School, Quebec, Canada.

2075:

effect" projects, including rehabilitating and building schools, orphanages, health clinics and rebuilding infrastructure such as water lines.

8249: 7424: 6053: 1565:

and received support from the People's Republic of China. He imposed a staunch regime of law and order and sharply repressed Hutu militarism.

10803: 9991: 8176: 7585: 6114: 5839: 4848: 2166: 1534:

purged Hutu from their ranks and carried out reprisal attacks which ultimately claimed the lives of up to 5,000 people in a precursor to the

1186: 1150: 815: 11724: 6296: 5946: 5516: 4546: 12159: 10846: 10370: 5540: 4066:

Burundi's culture is based on local tradition and the influence of neighbouring countries, though cultural prominence has been hindered by

865: 8301: 6396: 4569: 2541:

In 2000, the province encompassing Bujumbura was separated into two provinces, Bujumbura Rural and Bujumbura Mairie. The newest province,

12154: 11770: 11100: 10826: 10747: 10742: 7679: 6899: 5737:

Lemarchand, (2008). Section "B – Decision-Makers, Organizers and Actors" cites (Chrétien Jean-Pierre and Dupaquier, Jean-Francois, 2007,

1732: 1659: 7864: 3258:

Burundi is the world's poorest country, owing in part to its landlocked geography, lack of access to education and the proliferation of

1838:

three-year terms. The second objective involved a restructuring of the armed forces, where the two groups would be represented equally.

10856: 5012: 1807:

African leaders began a series of peace talks between the warring factions following a request by the United Nations Secretary General

662: 9357: 7996: 6313: 3150:

The average elevation of the central plateau is 1,707 m (5,600 ft), with lower elevations at the borders. The highest peak,

11213: 10780: 7735:"LOI N 1/10 DU 26 MARS 2015 PORTANT CREATION DE LA PROVINCE DU RUMONGE ET DELIMITATION DES PROVINCES DE BUJUMBURA, BURURI ET RUMONGE" 7673:"LOI N 1/10 DU 26 MARS 2015 PORTANT CREATION DE LA PROVINCE DU RUMONGE ET DELIMITATION DES PROVINCES DE BUJUMBURA, BURURI ET RUMONGE" 7096: 2056: 1643:. In August 1984, Bagaza was elected head of state. During his tenure, Bagaza suppressed political opponents and religious freedoms. 1166: 763: 8217: 6359: 5752:

Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century: C. Burundi (1972–73, primarily Hutu killed by Tutsi) 120,000

5607: 1550: 9442: 8050: 3367:, though coins have never been issued in centimes in independent Burundi; centime coins were circulated only when Burundi used the 2259: 5986: 3985:. English was made an official language in 2014. Virtually the entire population speaks Kirundi, and just under 10% speak French. 2191: 12179: 11734: 11043: 10851: 10562: 10306: 8427: 5754: 5289: 5207:

VANDEGINSTE, S., Stones left unturned: law and transitional justice in Burundi, Antwerp-Oxford-Portland, Intersentia, 2010, p 17.

1911: 1340:). The German Empire stationed armed forces in Rwanda and Burundi during the late 1880s. The location of the present-day city of 9024: 8492: 7297: 6935: 6734: 12075: 10990: 10696: 9640: 8921: 8806: 8271: 7327: 6976: 1549:, claimed the throne. In November that same year, the Tutsi Prime Minister, then-Captain Michel Micombero, carried out another 5368: 3154:

at 2,685 m (8,810 ft), lies to the southeast of the largest city and economic capital, Bujumbura. The source of the

1494:

The country claimed independence on 1 July 1962, and legally changed its name from Ruanda-Urundi to Burundi. Burundi became a

10813: 10795: 10659: 10622: 10356: 9508: 9212: 9081: 9018: 8769: 8666: 8617: 7257: 6414: 6085: 5892: 5800: 5697: 5230: 5225:

Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

2114:

However, the terms of the September 2006 Ceasefire between the government and the last remaining armed opposition group, the

7448: 7073: 6675: 6565: 5150: 4912: 1542: 1058: 11850: 11025: 11014: 10775: 9706: 8865: 8681: 7704: 7126: 4878: 4870: 3144: 2352: 2211: 1522: 1498:

with Mwami Mwambutsa IV, Prince Rwagasore's father, serving as the country's king. On 18 September 1962 Burundi joined the

1480: 1074: 7357: 4742: 1665:

The new regime did not unleash the harsh reprisals of 1972. Its effort to gain public trust was eroded when it decreed an

1662:

in August 1988. The government put the death toll at 5,000, some international NGOs believed this understated the deaths.

11110: 11105: 10836: 10831: 10664: 8899: 7388:"State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" 5884: 5559: 5168: 2218: 2115: 1530:

led by the Hutu-dominated police was carried out but failed. The Tutsi dominated army, then led by Tutsi officer Captain

1461: 1352: 7272: 12144: 12119: 10669: 8960: 7387: 4973: 3223: 3140: 1174: 796: 6828: 6378: 1969: 9984: 9936: 9455: 9255: 9156: 9115: 9060: 8851: 8757: 8170: 7939: 7907: 7849: 7829: 6495: 6037: 5824: 5589: 5479: 5448: 5420: 5393: 5376: 5323: 5129: 5091: 5060: 4472: 4428: 4356: 4316:

Burundi has almost tripled its scientific output since 2011 but the pace has not picked up since the adoption of the

2031: 1887: 1811:

for them to intervene in the humanitarian crisis. Talks were initiated under the aegis of former Tanzanian President

1692: 1488: 7190:

From "The Financial Times World Desk Reference". Dorling Kindersley. 2004. Prentice Hall. Retrieved on 30 June 2008.

6181: 4631:"'Throwing in my two cents': Burundian diaspora youth between conventional and transformative forms of mobilization" 3999:

Sources estimate the Christian population at 80–90%, with Roman Catholics representing the largest group at 60–65%.

1941: 11320: 11005: 10938: 10928: 10864: 10724: 10317: 10075: 9679: 9552: 8720: 5922: 4366: 3610: 3132: 2178: 2162: 2100: 2049: 1031: 1018:

peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years. For more than 200 of those years, Burundi was an independent

988: 11979: 8401: 8350:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 7952: 1747: 1651: 1636: 1527: 238: 12124: 12005: 11843: 11080: 9759: 9528: 6772: 6150: 4935:"Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi" 3577: 3557: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3379: 2398: 2264: 1697: 1243:

Burundi is one of the few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, along with its neighbour Rwanda among others (such as

6691: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 2278:, the president of the national assembly, led the government until Ndayishimiye's inauguration on 18 June 2020. 1425:

sub-chiefdoms were established. Native authorities also had powers. In 1948, Belgium allowed the region to form

11866: 11785: 11760: 10933: 10651: 9684: 9481: 6860: 3136: 2235: 1948: 1926: 1713: 1421: 744: 7487: 5259: 2044:

Between 1993 and 2003, many rounds of peace talks, overseen by regional leaders in Tanzania, South Africa and

12139: 11881: 11206: 11157: 10985: 10973: 10716: 10628: 9835: 9784: 9716: 9471: 8540: 5216:

R. O. Collins & J. M. Burns. 2007. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge University Press. Page 125.

4317: 4302: 1518: 1065:

republic. Over the next 27 years, Burundi was ruled by a series of Tutsi dictators and notably experienced a

928: 475: 11465: 10221: 8976: 6462: 12184: 12017: 11072: 11035: 11010: 10821: 10674: 10579: 9977: 9880: 9875: 9652: 9435: 7205: 5635: 4599: 3597: 3278: 3186: 2462: 2360: 1631:

Following the civil war and genocide, Micombero became mentally distraught and withdrawn. In 1976, Colonel

1387:, Germany was forced to cede "control" of the Western section of the former German East Africa to Belgium. 1162: 906: 413: 2390:. The first vice-president was Therence Sinunguruza, and the Second Vice-president was Gervais Rufyikiri. 2325: 1487:

won just over 80% of the electorate's votes. In the wake of the elections, on 13 October, the 29-year-old

100: 11516: 11048: 10785: 10684: 10555: 9699: 9545: 9351: 8378: 5962: 4814: 4778: 4717: 3108: 2301: 2297: 1955: 1466: 1078: 555: 9322: 9291: 6795: 12189: 11095: 10900: 10607: 9905: 9779: 9674: 9192:(Between two worlds) Lavigerie Éditeurs, Bujumbura: 1971. Kayoya was murdered during the 1972 genocide. 6441: 1688:

An estimated total of 250,000 people died in Burundi from the various conflicts between 1962 and 1993.

1309: 892: 390: 8082: 6753: 6230:"The Politics of Association: Power-Sharing and the Depoliticization of Ethnicity in Post-War Burundi" 5836: 11053: 9830: 9728: 9723: 9599: 9574: 6229: 4116: 3649: 2934: 1703: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1398: 1154: 1038:

mandated the territories of Burundi and neighboring Rwanda to Belgium in a combined territory called

505: 490: 8575:"Panalpina flies UNICEF relief to Burundi; 70 tons of primary medical care goods arrived in Burundi" 8204: 7525: 4666: 1937: 11990: 11906: 11305: 11199: 11090: 10734: 10592: 10060: 9855: 9589: 9579: 9491: 9406: 8438: 8241: 6829:"OHCHR – Commission calls on Burundian government to put an end to serious human rights violations" 6050: 3197:, also known as Ruvubu or Ruvuvu). Both were established in 1982 to conserve wildlife populations. 2958: 2364: 2340: 1873: 1736: 1458: 8152: 4840: 2271: 481: 11765: 11191: 11162: 11152: 10890: 9900: 9845: 9799: 9657: 9635: 9630: 9428: 8732: 6900:"Amendments to constitution of Burundi approved: electoral commission – Xinhua | English.news.cn" 6292: 5942: 5508: 4542: 4258: 3907: 3342: 3335: 3251: 3238: 2426: 2243: 2239: 2223: 2135: 2096: 2068: 1495: 1406: 1213:, who ruled the region starting in the 16th century. It derives its name from a word "Urundi" in 1133: 1094: 843: 721: 680: 634: 444: 106: 9010:

Central and East Africa. In UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development

5537: 11755: 11588: 11180: 11147: 11058: 10767: 10612: 10548: 9885: 9774: 9662: 9411: 8297: 6217:

Howard, Lise Morje (2008). UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press.

5792: 4262: 3921: 3331: 3282: 2448: 2430: 2300:, Burundi's economic growth increased slightly to 3 percent, according to an assessment of the 2108: 1484: 1429:. These factions contributed to Burundi gaining its independence from Belgium, on 1 July 1962. 1337: 1194: 1178: 771: 715: 384: 10477: 9331: 8388:". (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division. p. 27. 7734: 7672: 7051: 6907: 6356: 5687: 5471: 5465: 3714: 1728: 11325: 10913: 10885: 10080: 9689: 9415: 9071: 7861: 6075: 5658: 4246: 4177: 3580:

is the only airport with a paved runway and as of May 2017 it was serviced by four airlines (

3338:. Burundi economy has declined since 1990s and Burundi is behind all neighbouring countries. 2444: 2440: 2394: 2308: 2122: 1808: 1558: 1521:

as it attempted to make Burundi a logistics base for communist insurgents battling in Congo.

1364: 1317: 1181:

ranked the country as the world's least happy with a rank of 156. Burundi is a member of the

525: 9341: 7612:

International Conference on AIDS 2004. 15 July 2004. NLM Gateway. Retrieved on 22 June 2008.

5881:

Genocide and crisis in Central Africa : conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war

5004: 2435:

Burundi's government has been repeatedly criticised by human rights organisations including

2161:

As of 2012, Burundi was participating in African Union peacekeeping missions, including the

1383:, an administrative centre of central German East Africa. After the war, as outlined in the 11835: 11562: 10880: 9850: 9794: 9711: 9669: 9647: 9594: 9562: 8514:"Indigenous medicine and biomedical health care in fragile settings: insights from Burundi" 7993: 4768: 4232: 4154: 3964: 3929: 3911: 3667: 3654: 3564: 3548: 3316: 3263: 3190: 3182: 3098: 2524: 2474: 1632: 1541:

King Mwambutsa, who had fled the country during the October coup of 1965, was deposed by a

1384: 1198: 649: 429: 5604: 86: 8: 11801: 11618: 10338: 10321: 9910: 9865: 9825: 9618: 9604: 9584: 9540: 9007:

Njoki Kingiri; Awono Onana (11 June 2021). Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J. (eds.).

8480: 6406: 5388:

Strachan, H. (2001). The First World War: To Arms. I. New York: Oxford University Press.

4361: 4101: 4026: 4025:

Burundi has the worst hunger and malnourishment rates of all 120 countries ranked in the

3994: 3315:

In regards to telecommunications infrastructure, Burundi is ranked second to last in the

3206: 2532: 2528: 2482: 2478: 2337: 2320: 2222:

Commission of Inquiry on Burundi called on Burundian government to put an end to serious

1717: 1506: 1082: 976: 898: 511: 457: 451: 425: 11930: 9281: 9140:

Gender and Genocide in Burundi: The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region

8796:, Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 20 July 2008. 8495:. U.S. Department of State. State.gov (17 November 2010). Retrieved on 24 November 2012. 4206:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3228: 2506:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2142:

this in the past to people, the FLN has been unable to obtain the provisional immunity.

2009:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1673:

In the aftermath of the killings, a group of Hutu intellectuals wrote an open letter to

12164: 11911: 11889: 11806: 11603: 11131: 11084: 9929: 9813: 9789: 9747: 9498: 9486: 9463: 9346: 9304:

the United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (UNICIB) (1995–1996)

8749: 8553: 8192: 7927: 7794: 7761: 7361: 7039: 6258: 5785: 4773: 4351: 4346: 4057: 4053: 3940: 3585: 3217: 3102: 2436: 2348: 2282: 1790: 1724: 1608: 1546: 1473: 1442: 1329: 1299: 1264: 1234: 1210: 1054: 1023: 1019: 968: 588: 575: 562: 496: 9969: 8833:

Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 30 June 2008.

8708:

Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 30 June 2008.

8644:

Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved 30 June 2008.

8379:

Table 2. Total population by country, 1950, 2000, 2015, 2025 and 2050 (medium-variant)

7627:"Burundi : Proposition – 5 provinces au lieu de 18 et 42 communes au lieu de 119" 5751: 5281: 4700:"Kingdom of Burundi". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Retrieved 15 October 2016. 4097: 3288: 2169:

was established, initially for four years and then extended for another four in 2018.

1437: 1270:

several princes beneath him; succession struggles were common. The king, known as the

11958: 11608: 11345: 10918: 10617: 10523: 10096: 9870: 9840: 9513: 9251: 9208: 9152: 9146: 9111: 9077: 9056: 9014: 9008: 8937: 8847: 8822: 8785: 8753: 8697: 8662: 8633: 8545: 8166: 8130: 8029: 7935: 7903: 7871:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved on 20 July 2008. 7845: 7825: 7799: 7781: 7730: 7668: 7601: 7495: 7456: 7253: 7213:

United Nations' Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM)

7179: 7142: 7015: 6943: 6869: 6590: 6533: 6410: 6329: 6262: 6250: 6081: 6033: 6005: 5908: 5820: 5796: 5693: 5585: 5475: 5444: 5416: 5389: 5226: 5125: 5056: 4969: 4648: 4119:, who have performed for over 40 years, are noted for traditional drumming using the 4020: 3970: 3788: 3581: 3116: 3006: 2982: 2387: 2375: 2329: 2293: 2184: 1962: 1796: 1604: 1562: 1426: 1395: 1126: 1114: 1035: 972: 8275: 5443:. Syracuse University: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. p. 7. 5415:. Syracuse University: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. p. 5. 3704: 3061: 206: 12114: 10597: 9945: 9895: 9890: 9694: 9535: 9392: 8557: 8535: 8525: 8158: 7789: 7773: 6402: 6242: 5365: 4746: 4638: 4502: 4489: 4440: 4387: 4061: 3982: 3878: 3860: 3824: 3806: 3695: 3159: 2910: 2877: 2858: 2853: 2772: 2748: 2724: 2595: 2542: 1778: 1770:, South Africa, to share power in Burundi. The agreements took four years to plan. 1709: 1612: 1531: 1417: 1368: 1118: 1090: 1087:

National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy

1070: 1043: 823: 540: 419: 301: 296: 69: 39: 9101:

Burundi on the Brink, 1993–95: A UN Special Envoy Reflects on Preventive Diplomacy

6246: 5685: 4643: 4630: 3158:

is in Bururi province, and is linked from Lake Victoria to its headwaters via the

1704:

First attempt at democracy and war between Tutsi National Army and Hutu population

11894: 11750: 11400: 10516: 10425: 10012: 9860: 9764: 9373: 9326: 9310: 8983: 8964: 8869: 8724: 8476: 8457: 8434: 8408: 8385: 8224: 8057: 8051:

A Global Projection of Subjective Well-being: A Challenge to Positive Psychology?

8000: 7868: 7821: 7431: 7279: 7065: 6779: 6760: 6741: 6718: 6698: 6679: 6672: 6656: 6569: 6562: 6448: 6382: 6363: 6300: 6057: 5969: 5950: 5843: 5758: 5665: 5642: 5611: 5563: 5544: 5372: 5142: 4908: 4518: 4510: 3978: 3952: 3842: 3770: 3734: 3368: 3360: 3354: 3171: 2963: 2829: 2700: 2667: 2643: 2619: 2412: 2397:, a candidate who was hand-picked as Nkurunziza's successor by the CNDD-FDD, won 2275: 2151: 1922: 1773: 1678: 1640: 1325: 1170: 1122: 1062: 1050: 1027: 1007: 992: 876: 92: 54: 8957: 8862: 7708: 4223: 11598: 10602: 10587: 10462: 10446: 9136: 8413: 7250:

Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties

4338: 4147: 3925: 3752: 3747: 3709: 3677: 3572:

Burundi's transport network is limited and underdeveloped. According to a 2012

3432: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3112: 3030: 2801: 2796: 2199: 1816: 1812: 1735:

in April 1994. More refugees started fleeing to Rwanda. Speaker of Parliament,

1553:, this time deposing Ntare, abolishing the monarchy and declaring the nation a 1499: 1372: 1360: 1313: 1190: 1047: 291: 9167:

Burundi's Negative Peace: The Shadow of a Broken Continent in the Era of Nepad

8891: 6376:

Peace Building Commission Update, A project of the Institute for Global Policy

5556: 4089:

When several Burundians of close acquaintance meet for a gathering they drink

12108: 12090: 12077: 11521: 11370: 10571: 10528: 10136: 9503: 9383: 9368: 7785: 7499: 7460: 7019: 6947: 6873: 6594: 6537: 6254: 4652: 4000: 3613:

to link the country via rail to Kigali and then onward to Kampala and Kenya.

3589: 3178: 3163: 2455: 2356: 2344: 2307:

Currently, Burundi remains as one of the poorest nations on Earth based on a

2203: 2147: 1743: 1674: 1647: 1514: 1483:

took place on 8 September 1961 and UPRONA, a multi-ethnic unity party led by

1391: 1356: 1332:, which included Burundi (Urundi), Rwanda (Ruanda), and the mainland part of 1321: 1303: 1238: 1218: 1182: 1137: 1039: 921: 601: 461: 396: 253: 240: 216: 178: 9956: 8530: 8513: 7777: 3920:

to have a population of 12,346,893, compared to only 2,456,000 in 1950. The

2545:, was created on 26 March 2015 from portions of Bujumbura Rural and Bururi. 2183:

In April 2015 protests broke out after the ruling party announced President

1449: 1217:

the local language, which means "Another one". Later the Belgian mandate to

12049: 11963: 11275: 10246: 10236: 10040: 8549: 7885: 7803: 6375: 6073: 4275:

As of 2022, Burundi invested the equivalent of 5% of its GDP in education.

4071: 4070:. Since farming is the main industry, a typical Burundian meal consists of 4067: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3375: 3324: 3267: 3194: 3167: 2207: 1879: 1824: 1755: 1751: 1510: 1214: 1145: 1141: 1132:

One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi's land is used mostly for

311: 5933:

International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraphs 85,496.

5315: 3277:

Studies since 2007 have shown Burundians to have extremely poor levels of

3107:

One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi is landlocked and has an

11678: 11480: 11460: 11380: 10420: 10251: 10141: 9148:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

7900:

An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996

7153:

International Center for Transitional Justice. Retrieved on 27 July 2008.

7097:"Burundi: Fintech Landscape and Potential In The World's Poorest Country" 4882:. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277. 4165: 4115:

Drumming is an important part of the cultural heritage. The world-famous

4030: 4008: 4004: 3602: 2343:

republic based upon a multi-party state. The president of Burundi is the

2087: 1820: 1592: 1348: 549: 534: 8717: 8162: 7586:"Empowerment of people living with HIV/AIDS in Gitega Province, Burundi" 5676:

Lemarchand, (2008). Section "B – Decision-Makers, Organizers and Actors"

3898: 2454:

In April 2009, the government of Burundi changed the law to criminalise

12044: 11922: 11653: 11648: 11542: 11475: 11415: 11405: 11395: 11300: 11126: 10327: 10231: 10196: 10181: 10166: 10121: 10055: 8948:

Cultural Profiles Project. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. cp-pc.ca

6712:"Burundi president hunts for coup leaders as he returns to the capital" 4313:

research effort has also risen since 2012, from 0.11% to 0.21% of GDP.

3155: 3151: 2363:'s seats and making provisions for two vice-presidents. Because of the 2131: 1600: 1376: 10404: 7762:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 6451:. Al Jazeera English (7 November 2012). Retrieved on 24 November 2012. 6357:

Burundi: Release Civilians Detained Without Charge |Human Rights Watch

5582:

What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-Century

2535:(hills). Provincial governments are structured upon these boundaries. 2210:, Belgium, and various other governments to refrain, the ruling party 11935: 11638: 11633: 11578: 11420: 10186: 8658: 5893:"Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy" 5120:

Bermingham, Eldredge, Dick, Christopher W. and Moritz, Craig (2005).

4909:"Constitution de la République du Burundi promulguée le 07 juin 2018" 4716:(Report) (in French). ISTEEBU. July 2015. p. 105. Archived from 4254: 3690: 3672: 2939: 2371: 1682: 1402: 1394:, which consisted of modern-day Rwanda and Burundi, became a Belgian 1222: 1000: 402: 273: 9205:

From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years during Genocide

8512:

Falisse, Jean-Benoit; Masino, Serena; Ngenzebuhoro, Raymond (2018).

7396:

International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association

5092:"Burundi: l'anglais officialisé aux côtés du français et du kirundi" 3890: 3089: 1900: 12150:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

11940: 11899: 11780: 11704: 11673: 11668: 11335: 11330: 11290: 11285: 11270: 10286: 10261: 10111: 10106: 10085: 10050: 10035: 9420: 9396: 7559: 7298:"President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, 55, Dies of Heart Attack" 6936:"President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, 55, Dies of Heart Attack" 4570:"'Not In The Regime's DNA': Authoritarian Burundi's Slow Reopening" 4497: 4238: 4120: 3783: 3593: 3553: 3309: 3259: 3128: 3011: 2987: 2374:

assembly, consisting of the Transitional National Assembly and the

2127: 1767: 1763: 1625: 1554: 1333: 1252: 1244: 984: 916: 880: 11221: 8856: 6650:"Burundi's president returns to divided capital after failed coup" 6030:

The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship

5857:, 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp. 4962:

Geschenkte Kolonien: Ruanda und Burundi unter deutscher Herrschaft

4807:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Burundi)" 1617: 1491:, robbing Burundi of its most popular and well-known nationalist. 12010: 11916: 11688: 11683: 11658: 11613: 11593: 11583: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11470: 11450: 11435: 11425: 11390: 11315: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 10493: 10472: 10441: 10399: 10271: 10241: 10226: 10211: 10201: 10191: 10156: 10151: 10101: 10070: 10020: 8470:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Burundi

8323: 7902:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. 6467: 6463:"Burundi creates reconciliation body that divides public opinion" 6398:

The Frontlines of Peace: An Insider's Guide to Changing the World

5568:

African Studies Quarterly: The online journal for African Studies

5441:

Political Conflict and Ethnic Strategies: A Case Study of Burundi

5413:

Political Conflict and Ethnic Strategies: A Case Study of Burundi

4158: 4132: 4105: 3974: 3873: 3855: 3819: 3801: 3765: 3719: 3364: 3297: 3243: 3166:

is also an important water source, which serves as a fork to the

3120: 2915: 2882: 2777: 2753: 2729: 2600: 2231: 2227: 1666: 1596: 1410: 1405:

as its capital. In practical terms it was considered part of the

1344:

served as an administrative centre for the Ruanda-Urundi region.

1248: 1053:. Burundi gained independence in 1962 and initially retained the 439: 330: 286: 10540: 4086:. Due to the expense, meat is eaten only a few times per month. 1819:

took the helm. As the talks progressed, South African President

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Countries and territories where English is an official language

11663: 11643: 11628: 11623: 11557: 11552: 11526: 11455: 11430: 11365: 11360: 11350: 11295: 10296: 10281: 10276: 10216: 10171: 10131: 10025: 10004: 9387: 9173:

Across the Red River: Rwanda, Burundi and the Heart of Darkness

7008:"Burundi president dies of illness suspected to be coronavirus" 6016: 5686:

Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (2004).

4299:

Strategic Plan for Science, Technology, Research and Innovation

4285:

Strategic Plan for Science, Technology, Research and Innovation

4266: 4128: 4124: 4046: 4041: 3837: 3729: 3682: 3606: 3470: 3305: 3301: 3247: 3124: 2834: 2705: 2672: 2648: 2624: 2286: 2045: 1759: 1621: 1380: 1341: 996: 980: 232: 6744:. Al Jazeera English (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015. 5169:"Finland is the happiest country in the world, says UN report" 4093:, a beer, together from a large container to symbolise unity. 1125:, and English—Kirundi being officially recognised as the sole 1073:

became Burundi's first Hutu president following the country's

11547: 11445: 11440: 11375: 11355: 11340: 11265: 10943: 10467: 10256: 10206: 10161: 10146: 10126: 10116: 10090: 10030: 9523: 9476: 9319: 9202: 7957:

EEAS – European External Action Service – European Commission

6180:

Ndayiragije, Alexandre W. Raffoul and Réginas (11 May 2020).

4075: 3948: 3576:, Burundi is the least globalised of 140 surveyed countries. 3035: 1754:. Under Buyoya's rule, long peace talks started, mediated by 1655: 1535: 1106: 1066: 1015: 342: 133: 61: 11865: 9126:

An African Peace Process: Mandela, South Africa, and Burundi

9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8003:. Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved on 30 June 2008. 7206:"Republic of Burundi: Public Administration Country Profile" 6673:"Burundi general declares coup against President Nkurunziza" 5689:

Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts

3185:

to the northwest (a small region of rainforest, adjacent to

1409:. Burundi, as part of Ruanda-Urundi, continued its kingship 11485: 11410: 11385: 11310: 10266: 10176: 10065: 8846:, Chicago, Illinois: American Library Association. p. 110. 7252:. Syracuse University: Lanham, Maryland. pp. 145–146. 6115:"Tackling the power-sharing dilemma? The role of mediation" 5963:

Global Ceasefire Agreement between Burundi and the CNDD-FDD

4600:"Inside the most brutal dictatorship you've never heard of" 4464: 4446: 4411: 4393: 4138: 4079: 3944: 2247: 1588: 1102: 1011: 336: 9229:

Unlocking Horns: Forgiveness and Reconciliation in Burundi

8718:

Center for the Arts Presents the Royal Drummers of Burundi

7425:

Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality

6796:"OHCHR – Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Burundi" 6621:"Gun clashes rage on in Burundi as radio station attacked" 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 5976:. United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 24 July 2008. 5726:

Burundi : de la révolution au régionalisme, 1966–1976

5124:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, p. 146. 4402: 2451:

and called for his "immediate and unconditional release."

1583:

In late April 1972, two events led to the outbreak of the

1225:

of both kingdoms by adding the letter "B" in front of it.

8989: 8873: 8511: 8428:

U.S. Accepting Approximately 10,000 Refugees from Burundi

7758: 7488:"We're Not Done Yet, Hague Court Tells Burundi's Leaders" 7283: 6735:"President 'back in Burundi' after army says coup failed" 4455: 4083: 3081: 1505:

In 1963, King Mwambutsa appointed a Hutu prime minister,

1110: 933: 348: 9132:

The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History

9006: 8357:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

8328:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

7328:"Who is Burundi's new president, Evariste Ndayishimiye?" 6977:"Who is Burundi's new president, Evariste Ndayishimiye?" 6563:"Burundi court backs President Nkurunziza on third-term" 6074:

Ramsbotham, Oliver; Woodhouse, Tom; Miall, Hugh (2011).

1918: 1517:

anti-communist countries were confronting the communist

995:

lies along its southwestern border. The capital city is

9999: 6366:. Hrw.org (29 May 2008). Retrieved on 24 November 2012. 6288: 6286: 6284: 6204: 5438: 5410: 5282:"German East Africa | former German dependency, Africa" 3266:, 56.8% of children under age five suffer from chronic 9332:

Official Website of the Ministry of Justice of Burundi

7358:"Burundi: Free Journalist Detained on Treason Charges" 5864:(Report – Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp. 5855:

Passing By;: The United States and Genocide in Burundi

4966:

Donated colonies: Rwanda and Burundi under German rule

2107:. In addition, Burundi, along with Rwanda, joined the 1815:

in 1995; following his death, South African President

1472:

Burundi's push for independence was influenced by the

5782: 5048:

Maurer, Sous la direction de Bruno (1 October 2016).

4473: 4458: 4429: 4405: 2367:, Burundi enacted a transitional government in 2000. 1731:, the president of Rwanda, both Hutus, died together 1355:

greatly affected the African Great Lakes region. The

1274:(translated as ruler) headed a princely aristocracy ( 9108:

Africa South of the Sahara 2004: South of the Sahara

8842:

Trawicky, Bernard and Gregory, Ruth Wilhelme (2000)

7752: 7486:

Gladstone, Rick; Simons, Marlise (9 November 2017).

6281: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4328: 4157:

is a popular pastime throughout the country, as are

3568:

Bicycles are a popular means of transport in Burundi

3174:, located in much of Burundi's southwestern corner. 1557:, though his one-party government was effectively a 946: 9144: 9055:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 6701:. CNN.com (15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015. 6395:Autesserre, Séverine; Gbowee, Leymah (3 May 2021). 5470:. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 4667:"Burundi's ruling party wins presidential election" 4449: 4396: 3093:

Hippos at Kibira National Park in northwest Burundi

7888:, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 352. 7862:Lake Victoria: A Case in International Cooperation 6859: 6228: 5784: 4242:Burundian boys are allowed a secondary education. 2439:for the multiple arrests and trials of journalist 1221:region came to rename it and their former capital 1022:. In 1885, it became part of the German colony of 10960:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 9241:Burundi: The Biography of a Small African Country 8541:20.500.11820/461331f7-1c9d-45f2-b778-933e8c1c4735 7066:"Burundi prison fire kills at least 38 in Gitega" 7006:correspondent, Jason Burke Africa (9 June 2020). 6763:, Amnesty International. Retrieved 10 April 2016. 5819:. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2002. 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5031: 5029: 3916:As of October 2021, Burundi was estimated by the 1129:. English was made an official language in 2014. 12106: 9235:Life After Violence: A People's Story of Burundi 9203:Krueger, Robert; Kathleen Tobin Krueger (2007). 9199:(A biography of a Burundian immigrant to the US) 9110:. New York, New York: Taylor and Francis Group. 8942:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8827:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8790:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8702:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8638:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8355:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 8135:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8040:World Food Programme. Retrieved on 30 June 2008. 8034:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8016:. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 7606:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7588:. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008 7184:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7147:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6394: 6334:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6064:. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved on 29 June 2008. 6010:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5913:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5579: 5547:. Amnesty International. Retrieved 12 July 2008. 5011:, Central Intelligence Agency, 31 January 2024, 3123:in the centre of Africa. Burundi is bordered by 1561:. As president, Micombero became an advocate of 1077:. His assassination three months later during a 11001:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 7975: 7916: 7891: 7834: 7810: 7485: 6861:"In Tiny Burundi, a Huge Vote (Published 2018)" 5122:Tropical Rainforests: Past, Present, and Future 4249:. There are museums in the cities, such as the 2105:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries 979:region and Southeast Africa. It is bordered by 11223:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 8924:. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006 8809:. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006 8684:. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006 8290: 8231:(22 December 2012). Retrieved on 4 April 2014. 7932:International Union for Conservation of Nature 7844:. New York City: Sterling Publishing Company. 7166:. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009 7119: 6051:"EU welcomes positive developments in Burundi" 5787:Proxy Targets: Civilians in the War in Burundi 5488: 5114: 5026: 4927: 4168:, an Islamic holiday, to be a public holiday. 2214:, but these were boycotted by the opposition. 1453:Independence Square and monument in Bujumbura. 1413:despite the presence of European authorities. 1293: 11851: 11730:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 11207: 10556: 9985: 9961: 9436: 8876:. 3 November 2005. Retrieved on 30 June 2008. 7882:The Egyptian Sudan: Its History and Monuments 7678:. Presidential Cabinet, Republic of Burundi. 7631:Nouvelles du Burundi – Africa Generation News 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7005: 5927: 5895:. Archived from the original on 11 March 2009 4104:, popularly known as Kidumu (who is based in 3250:(tapioca); beef, milk and hides. Even though 1187:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 661:27,834 km (10,747 sq mi) ( 175: 155: 122: 31: 10996:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 10371:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 9207:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 9105: 8772:. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006 8620:. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006 8396: 8394: 8342: 8157:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 7553: 7551: 7449:"Burundi Quits International Criminal Court" 7200: 7198: 7196: 7129:. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 6823: 6821: 5992:. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008 5768: 5766: 5728:, Le Mât de Misaine, Bruxelles, pp. 211–212. 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 3932:in the world, just behind Somalia, in 2021. 3296:Some of Burundi's natural resources include 1927:introducing citations to additional sources 144: 46: 11771:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 9151:. New York, New York: Basic Civitas Books. 9145:Gates, Henry Lewis; Anthony Appiah (1999). 8117:. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 8060:Psychtalk 56, 17–20. Retrieved 8 June 2008. 7740:. Presidential Cabinet, Republic of Burundi 6496:"Burundi: the commission of divided truths" 6487: 6454: 6316:. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009 6179: 5584:. London, England: Routledge. p. 281. 5379:. February 2008. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. 5241: 5239: 2165:against Al-Shabaab militants. In 2014, the 1888:Learn how and when to remove these messages 12175:Swahili-speaking countries and territories 12170:States and territories established in 1962 11858: 11844: 11725:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 11214: 11200: 10804:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 10563: 10549: 9992: 9978: 9443: 9429: 8486: 8154:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 7729: 7667: 7247: 7234: 7094: 6442:Explosion rocks Somali parliament – Africa 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 5439:Weinstein, Warren; Robert Schrere (1976). 5411:Weinstein, Warren; Robert Schrere (1976). 5274: 4096:Notable Burundians include the footballer 2091:View of the capital city Bujumbura in 2006 1727:(Hutu) to the office of president. He and 1691:Since Burundi's independence in 1962, two 1568: 1093:governance and perpetuating the country's 215: 205: 12135:French-speaking countries and territories 12037: 9250:. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. 9245: 8752:: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 114. 8539: 8529: 8391: 7793: 7705:"Burundi: administrative units, extended" 7624: 7548: 7193: 6818: 6692:Burundi arrests leaders of attempted coup 6663:(15 May 2015). Retrieved on 29 June 2015. 6493: 6460: 6151:"Jan van Eck – peace mediator in Burundi" 5763: 5463: 5361: 5166: 5086: 5084: 4792: 4642: 4278: 2057:Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter 2032:Learn how and when to remove this message 1616:estimated to have fled the killings into 11867:Former German colonies and protectorates 9377:) is being considered for deletion. See 7723: 7434:". Amnesty International. 27 April 2009. 6227:Raffoul, Alexandre W. (1 January 2020). 6182:"Burundi: Power-sharing (Dis)agreements" 5457: 5434: 5432: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5236: 5162: 5160: 5041: 4222: 4137: 4040: 3897: 3889: 3563: 3552: 3287: 3232:Historical development of GDP per capita 3227: 3088: 3080: 2411: 2336:Burundi's political system is that of a 2332:, President of Burundi from 2005 to 2020 2324: 2086: 1917:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1772: 1603:and the rebels declared the short-lived 1448: 1436: 210: 11735:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 8316: 7661: 6401:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. 6343: 6226: 6112: 5887:. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2002. 5679: 4959: 3943:. Roughly 85% of the population are of 2292:In November 2022, in challenges to the 2212:held parliamentary elections on 29 June 1587:. On 27 April 1972, a rebellion led by 1075:first multi-party presidential election 12107: 9124:Bentley, Kristina and Southall, Roger 9027:from the original on 16 September 2021 8986:. Facebook. Retrieved on 4 April 2014. 8886: 8884: 8882: 8676: 8674: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8569: 8567: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 7963:from the original on 17 September 2017 7897: 7620: 7618: 7442: 7440: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6494:Rugiririz, Ephrem (25 November 2019). 5614:. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2008. 5464:MacDonald, Fiona; et al. (2001). 5140: 5081: 5047: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4735: 4696: 4694: 4692: 3363:. It is nominally subdivided into 100 3334:and a potential member of the planned 2355:. On 13 March 1992, Tutsi coup leader 1723:In early 1994, the parliament elected 11839: 11195: 10953:Specialised agencies and institutions 10544: 9973: 9960: 9424: 9412:Key Development Forecasts for Burundi 9185:) East African Publishing House, 1973 9073:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide 8902:from the original on 14 November 2023 8604:Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations 8252:from the original on 26 December 2016 7649: 7637:from the original on 16 February 2023 7536:from the original on 21 November 2017 7506:from the original on 10 November 2017 7446: 7295: 7095:Santosdiaz, Richie (19 August 2022). 6971: 6969: 6933: 6857: 6685: 6019:. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2008. 5987:"Burundi: Basic Education Indicators" 5744: 5645:. University of Massachusetts Amherst 5429: 5399: 5338: 5326:from the original on 2 September 2017 5292:from the original on 2 September 2017 5157: 4941:from the original on 25 February 2019 4628: 4610:from the original on 15 February 2024 4517: 4496: 3374:Monetary policy is controlled by the 2443:for issues related to his reporting. 2250:and other forms of sexual violence." 1258: 11998: 10702:Permanent Representatives' Committee 9450: 8463: 8179:from the original on 22 October 2023 8150: 8095:from the original on 25 October 2016 7685:from the original on 25 October 2016 7467:from the original on 9 November 2017 7368:from the original on 14 January 2012 7338:from the original on 6 December 2022 7076:from the original on 15 January 2022 6987:from the original on 6 December 2022 6839:from the original on 11 October 2017 6806:from the original on 11 October 2017 6475:from the original on 29 October 2021 6461:Nduwimana, Patrick (18 April 2014). 6423:from the original on 4 November 2021 6161:from the original on 19 October 2020 5167:Collinson, Patrick (14 March 2018). 5015:from the original on 22 January 2021 4879:United Nations Development Programme 4821:from the original on 26 October 2023 4745:(in French). ISTEEBU. Archived from 4549:from the original on 10 October 2022 4186: 3894:Men in colourful clothing with drums 3285:rated them the world's least happy. 3145:Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic 2552: 2486: 2103:and Burundi relaunched the regional 1989: 1894: 1853: 1758:. Both parties signed agreements in 1420:, Ruanda-Urundi was classified as a 12160:Member states of the United Nations 11111:Single African Air Transport Market 11106:African Continental Free Trade Area 9320:Official Burundi government website 9069: 9013:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 496–533. 8879: 8671: 8585: 8564: 8498: 8115:"Burundi: Financial Sector Profile" 7615: 7437: 7222:from the original on 1 October 2008 7107:from the original on 5 October 2022 6922: 6506:from the original on 9 October 2021 6269:from the original on 3 January 2024 6192:from the original on 3 January 2024 6131:from the original on 3 January 2024 6032:. New York, NY: Algora Publishing, 5867: 5739:Burundi 1972: Au bord des génocides 5654: 5623: 5519:from the original on 30 August 2011 4982: 4689: 4677:from the original on 28 August 2023 4580:from the original on 5 January 2024 4245:Burundi has one public university, 3131:to the east and southeast, and the 2219:United Nations Human Rights Council 2167:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 2126:for reform of the judicial system. 1827:also lent their respective weight. 1802: 1746:(Tutsi) again took power through a 1595:broke out in the lakeside towns of 1523:Parliamentary elections in May 1965 987:to the east and southeast, and the 13: 12155:Member states of the African Union 9337:Chief of State and Cabinet Members 9227:Nivonzima, David and Fendell, Len 9165:Ewusi, Kale and Akwanga, Ebenezer 9106:Allen, J. A.; et al. (2003). 9092: 7860:Klohn, Wulf and Mihailo Andjelic. 7406:from the original on 8 August 2016 7156: 6966: 6407:10.1093/oso/9780197530351.001.0001 6220: 5580:Cook, Chris; Diccon Bewes (1999). 5557:"Ethnicity and Burundi’s Refugees" 5179:from the original on 14 March 2018 5069:from the original on 10 April 2018 4871:"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24" 4743:"Quelques données pour le Burundi" 3633:Largest cities or towns in Burundi 3224:List of companies based in Burundi 3141:Central Zambezian miombo woodlands 2370:Burundi's legislative branch is a 2253: 2192:An attempted coup d'état on 13 May 1209:Modern Burundi is named after the 14: 12201: 10570: 9381:to help reach a consensus. › 9267: 8863:Burundi celebrates Muslim holiday 8451:La langue française dans le monde 8324:"World Population Prospects 2022" 8304:from the original on 21 June 2023 7296:Dahir, Abdi Latif (9 June 2020). 7026:from the original on 12 June 2020 6934:Dahir, Abdi Latif (9 June 2020). 5837:Past genocides, Burundi resources 5692:. Psychology Press. p. 325. 5377:United States Department of State 5102:from the original on 14 July 2021 4968:]. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. 4915:from the original on 16 June 2022 4851:from the original on 26 June 2015 4841:"Gini Index, World Bank Estimate" 4629:Féron, Élise (14 November 2023). 4567: 4357:Index of Burundi-related articles 3951:and fewer than 1% are indigenous 1869:This section has multiple issues. 1849: 1830:The peace talks took the form of 1733:when their airplane was shot down 1489:Prince Rwagasore was assassinated 1379:then started a thrust to capture 706:473/km (1,225.1/sq mi) ( 613:• Independence from Belgium 11978: 11820: 11819: 11321:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11176: 11175: 11026:African Union–Ethiopia relations 10707:Specialized Technical Committees 10522: 10511: 10510: 10318:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 10295: 10076:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9401: 9274: 9248:Historical Dictionary of Burundi 9053:Historical Dictionary of Burundi 8970: 8951: 8914: 8836: 8799: 8762: 8738: 8711: 8647: 8610: 8444: 8420: 8371: 8264: 8234: 8211: 8144: 8107: 8075: 8063: 8043: 8006: 7987: 7945: 7874: 7854: 7697: 7577: 7526:"ICC: New Burundi Investigation" 7518: 7479: 7418: 7380: 7350: 7320: 7308:from the original on 9 June 2020 7289: 6954:from the original on 9 June 2020 6880:from the original on 17 May 2018 6631:from the original on 18 May 2015 6601:from the original on 14 May 2015 6544:from the original on 18 May 2015 6094:from the original on 18 May 2024 6077:Contemporary Conflict Resolution 5923:United States Institute of Peace 5876:(Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp. 5706:from the original on 18 May 2024 5153:from the original on 5 May 2006. 4439: 4386: 4367:National Defence Force (Burundi) 4331: 4227:Carolus Magnus School in Burundi 4191: 3928:. Burundi had the tenth highest 3713: 3703: 3676: 3666: 3341:Burundi was ranked 130th in the 3135:to the west. It lies within the 3133:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3119:. The country lies on a rolling 3060: 2491: 2050:African Union Mission to Burundi 1994: 1910:relies largely or entirely on a 1899: 1858: 1324:was called upon to put down the 989:Democratic Republic of the Congo 853: 852: 810: 809: 791: 790: 758: 757: 739: 738: 191: 99: 85: 9043: 8661:, South Africa: Struik, p. 36. 7818:Facts about the World's Nations 7557: 7447:Moore, Jina (27 October 2017). 7266: 7088: 7058: 6999: 6892: 6851: 6788: 6766: 6747: 6728: 6704: 6666: 6643: 6613: 6575: 6556: 6518: 6435: 6388: 6369: 6306: 6303:. (accessed on 29 October 2008) 6173: 6143: 6106: 6067: 6043: 6022: 5979: 5956: 5953:. (accessed on 29 October 2008) 5936: 5850:lists the following resources: 5830: 5817:Encyclopedia of World Geography 5809: 5776: 5731: 5718: 5670: 5648: 5629: 5617: 5598: 5573: 5550: 5531: 5382: 5308: 5248: 5219: 5210: 5201: 5191: 5134: 4953: 4901: 4889:from the original on 1 May 2024 4863: 4833: 4711:Annuaire statistique du Burundi 4483: 4379: 3616: 3578:Bujumbura International Airport 3558:Bujumbura International Airport 3380:Bank of the Republic of Burundi 3115:, the western extension of the 2560: 2468: 2420: 2283:large prison fire killed dozens 2082: 1877:or discuss these issues on the 1712:, leader of the Hutu-dominated 1698:United Nations Security Council 1432: 12180:1962 establishments in Burundi 11761:International Francophonie Day 9482:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 9313:at the United Nations Archives 9076:. Cambridge University Press. 8298:"Burundi Cities by Population" 8274:. 5 April 2017. Archived from 8218:Globalisation: Going backwards 7924:African Antelope Database 1998 6710:Laing, Aislinn. (15 May 2015) 5848:Prevent Genocide International 5791:. Human Rights Watch. p. 5783:Longman, Timothy Paul (1998). 4761: 4703: 4659: 4622: 4592: 4561: 4535: 3902:Children in Bujumbura, Burundi 3574:DHL Global Connectedness Index 3137:Albertine Rift montane forests 2416:Embassy of Burundi in Brussels 2236:inhuman or degrading treatment 2172: 1714:Front for Democracy in Burundi 1422:United Nations Trust Territory 1089:(CNDD–FDD), widely accused of 124:"Ubumwe, Ibikorwa, Amajambere" 1: 11158:United States of Latin Africa 10852:Rural Economy and Agriculture 10629:Organisation of African Unity 9366: 8682:"Burundi Arts and Literature" 7880:Budge, E. A. Wallace (1907), 6247:10.1080/17449057.2018.1519933 5862:Selective genocide in Burundi 5741:, Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 106) 5258:. 1 July 2015. Archived from 5098:(in French). 29 August 2014. 4644:10.1080/14747731.2023.2282256 4528: 4318:Sustainable Development Goals 4303:Sustainable Development Goals 3292:Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika. 2353:registered parties in Burundi 2314: 2206:, the United States, France, 2055:The mission's mandate, under 1061:replaced the monarchy with a 11015:United States military bases 11011:United States Africa Command 9734:Current provincial governors 9553:Burundian unrest (2015–2018) 8967:. Retrieved on 4 April 2014. 8735:. Retrieved on 20 July 2008. 8441:. Retrieved on 30 June 2008. 7286:. Retrieved on 28 June 2008. 6725:. Retrieved on 29 June 2015. 5874:Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi 5605:United Nations Member States 4845:World Development Indicators 4182: 3958: 3542: 3193:to the northeast (along the 3187:Nyungwe Forest National Park 3076: 2463:International Criminal Court 2461:Burundi officially left the 2179:Burundian unrest (2015–2018) 2138:continued to go unpunished. 1823:and United States President 1781:. Burundi backed the rebels. 1204: 975:at the junction between the 7: 11517:French Community of Belgium 10842:HR, Sciences and Technology 9641:Constitution of the Kingdom 9352:Central Intelligence Agency 9050: 8655:The Art of African Shopping 8069: 7981: 7655: 6858:Moore, Jina (17 May 2018). 6113:Raffoul, Alexandre (2019). 5055:. Archives contemporaines. 5035: 4815:International Monetary Fund 4779:Central Intelligence Agency 4324: 4135:, inanga and the inyagara. 3988: 3348: 3283:World Happiness Report 2018 3246:, sweet potatoes, bananas, 3200: 3111:. Burundi is a part of the 2523:Burundi is divided into 18 2311:(GNI) of $ 270 per capita. 2302:International Monetary Fund 2298:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1467:Union for National Progress 1294:Rule by Germany and Belgium 135:"Muungano, Kazi, Maendeleo" 10: 12206: 11096:African Economic Community 10901:Peace and Security Council 10608:African and Malagasy Union 9407:Wikimedia Atlas of Burundi 9246:Weinstein, Warren (2006). 9183:Sur les traces de mon père 8977:Westwood Bridge to Burundi 8844:Anniversaries and Holidays 8618:"Eating the Burundian Way" 8579:African Press Organization 8518:Health Policy and Planning 8083:"NRI Overall Ranking 2014" 7625:bdiagnews (14 July 2022). 6155:Radio Netherlands Archives 6049:Liang, Yin (4 June 2008). 4230: 4175: 4051: 4036: 4018: 3992: 3962: 3905: 3702: 3665: 3624: 3546: 3388:Current BIF exchange rates 3359:Burundi's currency is the 3352: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3096: 2472: 2424: 2318: 2217:On 30 September 2016, the 2176: 1572: 1519:People's Republic of China 1310:German East Africa Company 1297: 1262: 1232: 1228: 1046:, this transformed into a 12145:Least developed countries 12120:Central African countries 12030: 11989: 11974: 11951: 11880: 11873: 11815: 11794: 11743: 11717: 11697: 11571: 11535: 11510:National/regional members 11509: 11238: 11229: 11171: 11140: 11119: 11071: 11034: 11021:United States ambassadors 10981: 10972: 10952: 10899: 10873: 10837:Social Affairs and Health 10832:Infrastructure and Energy 10812: 10794: 10766: 10733: 10715: 10692: 10683: 10650: 10578: 10506: 10486: 10455: 10434: 10413: 10392: 10381: 10365: 10349: 10336: 10304: 10293: 10011: 10001:Countries and territories 9967: 9962:Links to related articles 9923: 9821: 9812: 9755: 9746: 9626: 9617: 9570: 9561: 9462: 9223:Burundi: The Tragic Years 9070:Lemarchand, Rene (1996). 9051:Eggers, Ellen K. (2006). 8746:Oral Tradition as History 8151:WIPO (11 November 2023). 8014:"Where We Work – Burundi" 7707:. GeoHive. Archived from 7248:Puddington, Arch (2007). 6785:. Retrieved 10 April 2016 6028:Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005) 5570:. Retrieved 12 July 2008. 5141:Butler, Rhett A. (2006). 5077:– via Google Books. 4519:[buʁundi,byʁyndi] 4251:Burundi Geological Museum 4200:This section needs to be 4117:Royal Drummers of Burundi 4014: 4011:and live in urban areas. 3387: 2900: 2819: 2690: 2585: 2500:This section needs to be 2351:. There are currently 21 2341:representative democratic 2260:constitutional referendum 2003:This section needs to be 1579:Burundian genocide (1993) 1575:Burundian genocide (1972) 1155:least developed countries 1067:genocide of Hutus in 1972 939: 927: 915: 905: 887: 872: 842: 822: 803: 784: 770: 751: 732: 714: 700: 686: 679: 669: 655: 648: 644: 631: 621: 611: 598: 585: 572: 568: 561: 546: 531: 521: 517: 502: 487: 472: 468: 450: 438: 370: 310: 279: 269: 228: 202: 170: 156: 146:"Unité, Travail, Progrès" 145: 134: 123: 115: 81: 23: 11306:Central African Republic 10796:African Court of Justice 10593:Decolonisation of Africa 10061:Central African Republic 9631:Administrative divisions 9379:templates for discussion 9197:Strength in What Remains 8982:26 December 2016 at the 8963:26 December 2016 at the 8439:U.S. Department of State 8433:13 February 2008 at the 8088:. World Economic Forum. 7999:23 December 2004 at the 7898:Jessup, John E. (1998). 7842:The Top 10 of Everything 7816:O'Mara, Michael (1999). 6778:17 November 2017 at the 6080:. Polity. pp. 24–. 5724:Manirakiza, Marc (1992) 5641:15 November 2017 at the 5366:Background Note: Burundi 4960:Strizek, Helmut (2006). 4372: 4171: 3609:in Tanzania. There is a 3170:. Another major lake is 2240:extrajudicial executions 2230:and detentions, acts of 2150:, with the mediation of 1789:In 2003, FRODEBU leader 1737:Sylvestre Ntibantunganya 1652:overthrew Bagaza in 1987 1585:First Burundian Genocide 1109:, and fewer than 1% are 1095:poor human rights record 999:and the largest city is 11766:Jeux de la Francophonie 11163:East African Federation 11153:United States of Africa 10891:African Investment Bank 9221:Melady, Thomas Patrick 9099:Abdallah, Ahmedou Ould 8770:"Sports and Recreation" 8733:George Mason University 8475:4 December 2017 at the 8407:12 January 2018 at the 8056:25 October 2016 at the 7867:8 December 2008 at the 7824:: H.W. Wilson, p. 150, 7430:10 October 2017 at the 7273:Burundi – World Leaders 6759:15 January 2018 at the 6717:30 January 2018 at the 6655:20 October 2017 at the 6340:. Amnesty International 6186:50 Shades of Federalism 6056:25 January 2017 at the 5943:Country profile Burundi 5879:Christian P. Scherrer, 5371:22 January 2022 at the 5320:Encyclopedia Britannica 5286:Encyclopædia Britannica 4259:Burundi National Museum 3947:ethnic origin, 15% are 3908:Demographics of Burundi 3343:Global Innovation Index 3336:East African Federation 3330:Burundi is part of the 3239:Subsistence agriculture 2427:Human rights in Burundi 2285:in the capital city of 2244:enforced disappearances 2224:human rights violations 2136:crimes against humanity 2097:economic reconstruction 1569:Civil war and genocides 1536:1972 Burundian Genocide 1496:constitutional monarchy 1407:Belgian colonial empire 1363:colonial forces of the 1134:subsistence agriculture 1105:ethnic origin, 15% are 456:Unitary dominant-party 157:"Union, Work, Progress" 12125:East African countries 11756:UN French Language Day 11589:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10874:Financial institutions 10865:Cross-Cutting Programs 10768:Pan-African Parliament 9130:Chrétien, Jean-Pierre 8456:5 January 2023 at the 7560:"Provinces of Burundi" 7278:13 August 2011 at the 6381:19 August 2017 at the 6299:30 August 2011 at the 5949:7 October 2011 at the 5610:1 October 2014 at the 5562:5 January 2009 at the 4514: 4506: 4498:[u.βu.ɾǔː.ndi] 4493: 4279:Science and technology 4263:Burundi Museum of Life 4228: 4143: 4049: 3922:population growth rate 3903: 3895: 3569: 3561: 3332:East African Community 3293: 3279:satisfaction with life 3233: 3094: 3086: 2449:prisoner of conscience 2431:LGBT rights in Burundi 2417: 2333: 2109:East African Community 2092: 1782: 1485:Prince Louis Rwagasore 1454: 1446: 1195:East African Community 1179:World Happiness Report 1157:. It faces widespread 1151:nominal GDP per capita 743:$ 11.551 billion ( 176: 62: 47: 32: 16:Country in East Africa 11466:São Tomé and Príncipe 11326:Republic of the Congo 10914:African Standby Force 10886:African Monetary Fund 10222:São Tomé and Príncipe 10081:Republic of the Congo 9416:International Futures 9362:UCB Libraries GovPubs 9325:20 April 2018 at the 9309:8 August 2023 at the 9179:My Father's Footsteps 8922:"Learning in Burundi" 8744:Vansina, Jan (1985). 8731:. 14 September 2006. 8531:10.1093/heapol/czy002 8359:, Population Division 8330:, Population Division 7840:Ash, Russell (2006). 7778:10.1093/biosci/bix014 5872:Edward L. Nyankanzi, 5842:25 March 2017 at the 4606:. 10 September 2019. 4515:République du Burundi 4494:Repuburika y’Uburundi 4247:University of Burundi 4226: 4178:Mass media in Burundi 4141: 4044: 3901: 3893: 3567: 3560:terminal in Bujumbura 3556: 3291: 3231: 3092: 3084: 2445:Amnesty International 2441:Jean-Claude Kavumbagu 2415: 2395:Evariste Ndayishimiye 2328: 2309:Gross National Income 2272:Evariste Ndayishimiye 2265:2020 general election 2198:Despite calls by the 2123:Amnesty International 2090: 1809:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 1776: 1573:Further information: 1559:military dictatorship 1545:and his teenage son, 1452: 1440: 1353:East African Campaign 1318:Sultanate of Zanzibar 1081:provoked the 12-year 795:$ 3.190 billion ( 671:• Water (%) 563:Establishment history 482:Évariste Ndayishimiye 458:presidential republic 48:République du Burundi 33:Repuburika y’Uburundi 12140:Landlocked countries 11563:United Arab Emirates 10881:African Central Bank 9760:Bank of the Republic 9685:Council of Ministers 9520:Burundian genocides 9171:Jennings, Christian 8868:17 June 2017 at the 8653:Levin, Adam (2005). 8384:8 April 2017 at the 8223:29 June 2017 at the 7953:"Burundi and the EU" 7164:"Burundi – Politics" 6678:11 July 2018 at the 6568:20 June 2018 at the 5972:. 20 November 2003. 5968:14 June 2008 at the 5890:Weissman, Stephen R. 5543:26 June 2008 at the 5515:. 25 February 2010. 4937:. 13 February 2019. 4233:Education in Burundi 4155:Association football 3965:Languages of Burundi 3930:total fertility rate 3912:Languages of Burundi 3549:Transport in Burundi 3317:World Economic Forum 3264:World Food Programme 3191:Ruvubu National Park 3183:Kibira National Park 3099:Geography of Burundi 2475:Provinces of Burundi 2281:In December 2021, a 1923:improve this article 1777:Belligerents of the 1670:killings of Tutsis. 1633:Jean-Baptiste Bagaza 1457:On 20 January 1959, 1390:On 20 October 1924, 1385:Treaty of Versailles 1199:Non-Aligned Movement 1153:, and is one of the 688:• 2023 estimate 635:Current constitution 12185:Countries in Africa 12087: / 11802:Francophone economy 10478:Plazas de soberanía 10382:African territories 10322:unclear sovereignty 10307:States with limited 9541:Burundian Civil War 8581:. 30 November 2015. 8481:Pew Research Center 8437:. 17 October 2006. 8402:The Blood Cries Out 8272:"Travel to Burundi" 8163:10.34667/tind.46596 7532:. 9 November 2017. 7072:. 7 December 2021. 6773:"We feel forgotten" 6740:5 June 2017 at the 6697:16 May 2017 at the 6447:6 June 2017 at the 6362:2 June 2008 at the 5757:9 June 2007 at the 5664:18 May 2024 at the 5636:Burundi (1993–2006) 5509:"Timeline: Burundi" 4817:. 10 October 2023. 4543:"National Profiles" 4507:Jamuhuri ya Burundi 4362:Wildlife of Burundi 4237:In 2012, the adult 4142:Football in Burundi 4102:Jean-Pierre Nimbona 4027:Global Hunger Index 3995:Religion in Burundi 3369:Belgian Congo franc 3252:subsistence farming 3207:Wildlife of Burundi 2558: 2483:Collines of Burundi 2479:Communes of Burundi 2376:Transitional Senate 2321:Politics of Burundi 2121:The 2007 report of 1729:Juvénal Habyarimana 1718:Burundian Civil War 1507:Pierre Ngendandumwe 1336:(formerly known as 1083:Burundian Civil War 977:African Great Lakes 965:Republic of Burundi 512:Gervais Ndirakobuca 362:~2,000 South Asians 250: / 25:Republic of Burundi 11807:Senghor University 11604:Dominican Republic 11132:African Border Day 10847:Trade and Industry 10822:Peace and Security 10814:ECOSOCC Committees 10748:Deputy Chairperson 10386:non-African states 9785:Telecommunications 9509:Colonial residents 9499:German East Africa 9487:Kingdom of Burundi 9347:The World Factbook 8807:"Burundi Holidays" 8750:Madison, Wisconsin 8723:3 May 2017 at the 8426:Kaufman, Stephen. 8246:www.bus-planet.com 8242:"Buses in Burundi" 8049:White, A. (2007). 7994:Burundi Population 7928:Gland, Switzerland 7922:East, Rob (1999). 7731:Nkurunziza, Pierre 7669:Nkurunziza, Pierre 7530:Human Rights Watch 7492:The New York Times 7453:The New York Times 7362:Human Rights Watch 7302:The New York Times 7215:: 5–7. July 2004. 7050:has generic name ( 6940:The New York Times 6866:The New York Times 5846:on the website of 5316:"Gitega | Burundi" 5009:The World Factbook 4847:. The World Bank. 4774:The World Factbook 4352:Culture of Burundi 4347:Outline of Burundi 4229: 4144: 4058:Tourism in Burundi 4054:Culture of Burundi 4050: 3971:official languages 3941:Sub-Saharan Africa 3904: 3896: 3586:Ethiopian Airlines 3570: 3562: 3294: 3234: 3218:Economy of Burundi 3109:equatorial climate 3103:Climate of Burundi 3095: 3087: 2557: 2437:Human Rights Watch 2418: 2349:head of government 2334: 2163:mission to Somalia 2093: 1832:Track I mediations 1791:Domitien Ndayizeye 1783: 1725:Cyprien Ntaryamira 1609:Ntare V of Burundi 1474:Rwandan Revolution 1462:Mwami Mwambutsa IV 1455: 1447: 1443:Kingdom of Burundi 1369:coordinated attack 1330:German East Africa 1300:German East Africa 1265:Kingdom of Burundi 1259:Kingdom of Burundi 1235:History of Burundi 1115:official languages 1024:German East Africa 969:landlocked country 780:2023 estimate 728:2023 estimate 589:German East Africa 497:Prosper Bazombanza 414:traditional faiths 312:Ethnic groups 280:Official languages 221:Show map of Africa 63:Jamhuri ya Burundi 12190:Former monarchies 12070: 12069: 12064: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12026: 12025: 11972: 11971: 11907:South West Africa 11833: 11832: 11713: 11712: 11698:Suspended members 11536:Associate members 11346:Equatorial Guinea 11189: 11188: 11067: 11066: 10991:Foreign relations 10968: 10967: 10919:Panel of the Wise 10827:Political Affairs 10697:Executive Council 10640:Secretary General 10618:Sirte Declaration 10538: 10537: 10502: 10501: 10377: 10376: 10097:Equatorial Guinea 9954: 9953: 9919: 9918: 9876:Human trafficking 9808: 9807: 9742: 9741: 9707:Political parties 9700:National Assembly 9653:Foreign relations 9613: 9612: 9546:1993 coup attempt 9514:Ruzagayura famine 9214:978-0-292-71486-1 9190:Entre deux mondes 9083:978-0-521-56623-0 9020:978-92-3-100450-6 8958:Bridge To Burundi 8729:The Mason Gazette 8667:978-1-77007-070-7 7733:(26 March 2015). 7671:(26 March 2015). 7332:www.aljazeera.com 7259:978-0-7425-5897-7 7101:The Fintech Times 6981:www.aljazeera.com 6904:www.xinhuanet.com 6416:978-0-19-753035-1 6157:. 7 August 2000. 6087:978-0-7456-4974-0 5868:Lemarchand (1996) 5860:René Lemarchand, 5802:978-1-56432-179-4 5699:978-0-415-94430-4 5655:Lemarchand (1996) 5624:Lemarchand (1996) 5467:Peoples of Africa 5231:978-1-890951-34-4 4777:(2024 ed.). 4297:The focus of the 4221: 4220: 4021:Health in Burundi 3887: 3886: 3582:Brussels Airlines 3540: 3539: 3117:East African Rift 3070: 3069: 3053: 3052: 2578:Density (per km) 2521: 2520: 2447:(AI) named him a 2388:Pierre Nkurunziza 2361:National Assembly 2330:Pierre Nkurunziza 2294:COVID-19 pandemic 2228:arbitrary arrests 2185:Pierre Nkurunziza 2042: 2041: 2034: 2024: 2023: 1988: 1987: 1973: 1892: 1797:Pierre Nkurunziza 1635:, a Tutsi, led a 1605:Martyazo Republic 1563:African socialism 1543:coup in July 1966 1427:political parties 1399:mandate territory 1396:League of Nations 1127:national language 1036:League of Nations 973:Great Rift Valley 963:, officially the 958: 957: 836:medium inequality 805:• Per capita 753:• Per capita 576:Kingdom of Urundi 556:National Assembly 196: 12197: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12098: 12097: 12092: 12091:3.500°S 30.000°E 12088: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12053: 12035: 12034: 11996: 11995: 11982: 11931:Kapitaï and Koba 11925: 11878: 11877: 11860: 11853: 11846: 11837: 11836: 11823: 11822: 11236: 11235: 11216: 11209: 11202: 11193: 11192: 11179: 11178: 11091:Development Bank 10979: 10978: 10861:Women and Gender 10857:Economic Affairs 10786:Gallagher Estate 10690: 10689: 10598:Casablanca Group 10565: 10558: 10551: 10542: 10541: 10526: 10514: 10513: 10390: 10389: 10347: 10346: 10299: 10093:(partly in Asia) 10013:Sovereign states 9994: 9987: 9980: 9971: 9970: 9958: 9957: 9939: 9932: 9819: 9818: 9768: 9753: 9752: 9624: 9623: 9568: 9567: 9536:Second Congo War 9445: 9438: 9431: 9422: 9421: 9405: 9404: 9318: 9278: 9277: 9261: 9218: 9162: 9121: 9087: 9066: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9004: 8987: 8974: 8968: 8955: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8888: 8877: 8860: 8854: 8840: 8834: 8832: 8826: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8803: 8797: 8795: 8789: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8766: 8760: 8742: 8736: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8701: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8678: 8669: 8651: 8645: 8643: 8637: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8614: 8608: 8607: 8596: 8583: 8582: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8543: 8533: 8509: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8467: 8461: 8448: 8442: 8424: 8418: 8400:Jillian Keenan, 8398: 8389: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8354: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8238: 8232: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8148: 8142: 8140: 8134: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8094: 8087: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8033: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8010: 8004: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7949: 7943: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7895: 7889: 7878: 7872: 7858: 7852: 7838: 7832: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7797: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7739: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7684: 7677: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7622: 7613: 7611: 7605: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7555: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7444: 7435: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7405: 7392: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7364:. 20 July 2010. 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7293: 7287: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7245: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7210: 7202: 7191: 7189: 7183: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7146: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6973: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6931: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6906:. Archived from 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6863: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6792: 6786: 6770: 6764: 6754:"Burundi 2015/6" 6751: 6745: 6732: 6726: 6708: 6702: 6689: 6683: 6670: 6664: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6579: 6573: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6526:"Après moi, moi" 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6458: 6452: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6392: 6386: 6373: 6367: 6354: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6310: 6304: 6293:Timeline Burundi 6290: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6119: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6071: 6065: 6047: 6041: 6026: 6020: 6015: 6009: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5983: 5977: 5960: 5954: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5925: 5918: 5912: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5834: 5828: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5790: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5761: 5750:White, Matthew. 5748: 5742: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5668: 5652: 5646: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5577: 5571: 5554: 5548: 5538:Timeline: Rwanda 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5505: 5486: 5485: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5408: 5397: 5386: 5380: 5363: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5234: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5138: 5132: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5001: 4980: 4979: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4888: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4803: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4646: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4539: 4522: 4521: 4500: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4383: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4062:Music of Burundi 3717: 3707: 3696:Bujumbura Mairie 3680: 3670: 3634: 3622: 3621: 3385: 3384: 3189:in Rwanda), and 3160:Ruvyironza River 3064: 2935:Bujumbura Mairie 2822:Southern Burundi 2693:Northern Burundi 2559: 2556: 2553: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2495: 2494: 2487: 2393:On 20 May 2020, 2270:On 20 May 2020, 2037: 2030: 2019: 2016: 2010: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1931: 1903: 1895: 1884: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1803:Peace agreements 1779:Second Congo War 1710:Melchior Ndadaye 1613:Michel Micombero 1532:Michel Micombero 1479:Burundi's first 1418:Second World War 1375:and the British 1326:Abushiri revolts 1171:authoritarianism 1071:Melchior Ndadaye 1069:. In July 1993, 1044:Second World War 1032:Germany's defeat 953: 950: 948: 896: 863: 862: 856: 855: 849: 838: 837: 829: 813: 812: 794: 793: 777: 761: 760: 742: 741: 725: 692:13,162,952 ( 627:28 November 1966 623:• Republic 363: 358:~3,000 Europeans 318: 265: 264: 262: 261: 260: 255: 254:3.500°S 30.000°E 251: 248: 247: 246: 243: 222: 219: 212: 209: 198: 197: 187: 183: 163: 159: 158: 152: 148: 147: 141: 137: 136: 130: 126: 125: 103: 89: 73: 65: 58: 50: 43: 35: 21: 20: 12205: 12204: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12105: 12104: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12086: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12066: 12065: 12056: 12047: 12022: 11985: 11968: 11947: 11921: 11895:Kionga Triangle 11869: 11864: 11834: 11829: 11811: 11790: 11751:French language 11739: 11709: 11693: 11567: 11531: 11505: 11401:North Macedonia 11225: 11220: 11190: 11185: 11167: 11136: 11115: 11063: 11030: 10964: 10948: 10895: 10869: 10808: 10790: 10762: 10729: 10711: 10679: 10646: 10574: 10569: 10539: 10534: 10498: 10482: 10451: 10430: 10426:Pelagie Islands 10409: 10385: 10383: 10373: 10361: 10343: 10340: 10332: 10311: 10308: 10300: 10291: 10007: 9998: 9963: 9955: 9950: 9942: 9935: 9928: 9915: 9906:Public holidays 9804: 9766: 9738: 9675:Law enforcement 9609: 9557: 9458: 9449: 9402: 9382: 9327:Wayback Machine 9316: 9311:Wayback Machine 9299: 9298: 9297: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9215: 9195:Kidder, Tracy, 9188:Kayoya, Michel 9177:Kayoya, Michel 9159: 9137:Daley, Patricia 9118: 9095: 9093:Further reading 9090: 9084: 9063: 9046: 9041: 9040: 9030: 9028: 9021: 9005: 8990: 8984:Wayback Machine 8975: 8971: 8965:Wayback Machine 8956: 8952: 8935: 8934: 8927: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8890: 8889: 8880: 8870:Wayback Machine 8861: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8820: 8819: 8812: 8810: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8783: 8782: 8775: 8773: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8743: 8739: 8725:Wayback Machine 8716: 8712: 8695: 8694: 8687: 8685: 8680: 8679: 8672: 8652: 8648: 8631: 8630: 8623: 8621: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8598: 8597: 8586: 8573: 8572: 8565: 8510: 8499: 8491: 8487: 8477:Wayback Machine 8468: 8464: 8458:Wayback Machine 8449: 8445: 8435:Wayback Machine 8425: 8421: 8409:Wayback Machine 8399: 8392: 8386:Wayback Machine 8376: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8333: 8331: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8307: 8305: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8281: 8279: 8278:on 5 April 2017 8270: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8225:Wayback Machine 8216: 8212: 8200: 8199: 8190: 8189: 8182: 8180: 8173: 8149: 8145: 8128: 8127: 8120: 8118: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8058:Wayback Machine 8048: 8044: 8027: 8026: 8019: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8007: 8001:Wayback Machine 7992: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7921: 7917: 7910: 7896: 7892: 7879: 7875: 7869:Wayback Machine 7859: 7855: 7839: 7835: 7822:Bronx, New York 7815: 7811: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7728: 7724: 7714: 7712: 7711:on 14 July 2015 7703: 7702: 7698: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7675: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7640: 7638: 7623: 7616: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7589: 7584: 7583:Kavamahanga, D. 7582: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7556: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7445: 7438: 7432:Wayback Machine 7423: 7419: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7399:. 17 May 2016. 7390: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7294: 7290: 7280:Wayback Machine 7271: 7267: 7260: 7246: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7194: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7108: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7077: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7047: 7046: 7037: 7036: 7029: 7027: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6975: 6974: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6932: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6827: 6826: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6780:Wayback Machine 6771: 6767: 6761:Wayback Machine 6752: 6748: 6742:Wayback Machine 6733: 6729: 6723:Daily Telegraph 6719:Wayback Machine 6709: 6705: 6699:Wayback Machine 6690: 6686: 6680:Wayback Machine 6671: 6667: 6657:Wayback Machine 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6627:. 14 May 2015. 6619: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6589:. 13 May 2015. 6583:"Mind the coup" 6581: 6580: 6576: 6570:Wayback Machine 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6500:JusticeInfo.net 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6459: 6455: 6449:Wayback Machine 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6417: 6393: 6389: 6383:Wayback Machine 6374: 6370: 6364:Wayback Machine 6355: 6344: 6327: 6326: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6301:Wayback Machine 6291: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6058:Wayback Machine 6048: 6044: 6027: 6023: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5970:Wayback Machine 5961: 5957: 5951:Wayback Machine 5941: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5853:Michael Bowen, 5844:Wayback Machine 5835: 5831: 5815:Hagget, Peter. 5814: 5810: 5803: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5764: 5759:Wayback Machine 5749: 5745: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5700: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5666:Wayback Machine 5653: 5649: 5643:Wayback Machine 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5612:Wayback Machine 5603: 5599: 5592: 5578: 5574: 5564:Wayback Machine 5555: 5551: 5545:Wayback Machine 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5507: 5506: 5489: 5482: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5409: 5400: 5387: 5383: 5373:Wayback Machine 5364: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5295: 5293: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5165: 5158: 5139: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5063: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5027: 5018: 5016: 5003: 5002: 4983: 4976: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4911:. 3 July 2018. 4907: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4805: 4804: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4749:on 28 July 2017 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4673:. 26 May 2020. 4665: 4664: 4660: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4568:Douet, Marion. 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4420: 4419: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4281: 4235: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4174: 4098:Mohammed Tchité 4064: 4052:Main articles: 4039: 4023: 4017: 3997: 3991: 3973:of Burundi are 3967: 3961: 3914: 3906:Main articles: 3888: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3619: 3551: 3545: 3361:Burundian franc 3357: 3355:Burundian franc 3351: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3172:Lake Tanganyika 3105: 3097:Main articles: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3055: 2959:Bujumbura Rural 2903:Western Burundi 2588:Eastern Burundi 2574: 2569: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2473:Main articles: 2471: 2433: 2423: 2323: 2317: 2276:Pascal Nyabenda 2263:elected in the 2256: 2254:2018 to present 2181: 2175: 2152:Charles Nqakula 2085: 2038: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1932: 1930: 1916: 1904: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1805: 1706: 1679:Adrien Sibomana 1641:one-party state 1591:members of the 1581: 1571: 1435: 1349:First World War 1308:From 1884, the 1306: 1298:Main articles: 1296: 1267: 1261: 1241: 1233:Main articles: 1231: 1207: 1197:(EAC), and the 1117:of Burundi are 1051:Trust Territory 1028:First World War 993:Lake Tanganyika 954: 945: 944: 891: 877:Burundian franc 860: 859: 858: 847: 835: 834: 833: 827: 806: 787: 775: 754: 735: 719: 703: 689: 672: 658: 637: 624: 614: 604: 600:• Part of 591: 587:• Part of 578: 552: 537: 508: 493: 478: 434: 409: 374: 366: 361: 355: 320: 316: 306: 258: 256: 252: 249: 244: 241: 239: 237: 236: 235: 224: 223: 220: 213: 192: 190: 188: 185: 166: 161: 150: 139: 128: 111: 110: 109: 104: 96: 95: 90: 77: 76: 67: 52: 37: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12203: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12096:-3.500; 30.000 12068: 12067: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12054: 12041: 12039: 12032: 12028: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12014: 12013: 12006:Kiautschou Bay 12002: 12000: 11993: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11983: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11953: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11909: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11886: 11884: 11875: 11871: 11870: 11863: 11862: 11855: 11848: 11840: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11599:Czech Republic 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11539: 11537: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11513: 11511: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11242: 11240: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11219: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11196: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11183: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11077: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11040: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10982: 10976: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10905: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10800: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10772: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10739: 10737: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10727: 10721: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10665:Extreme points 10662: 10656: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10642: 10637: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10603:Monrovia Group 10600: 10595: 10590: 10588:Pan-Africanism 10584: 10582: 10576: 10575: 10568: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10545: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10532: 10520: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10463:Canary Islands 10459: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10449: 10447:Savage Islands 10444: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10402: 10396: 10394: 10387: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10369: 10367: 10366:United Kingdom 10363: 10362: 10360: 10359: 10353: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10314: 10312: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10017: 10015: 10009: 10008: 9997: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9941: 9940: 9933: 9925: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9836:Communications 9833: 9831:Child marriage 9828: 9822: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9729:Prime Minister 9726: 9724:Vice-President 9721: 9720: 9719: 9709: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9538: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9526: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9501: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9468: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9448: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9409: 9399: 9390: 9364: 9355: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9314: 9280: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268:External links 9266: 9264: 9263: 9256: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9142: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9103: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9082: 9067: 9061: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9019: 8988: 8969: 8950: 8913: 8896:idea.usaid.gov 8878: 8855: 8835: 8798: 8761: 8737: 8710: 8670: 8646: 8609: 8584: 8563: 8524:(4): 483–493. 8497: 8485: 8462: 8443: 8419: 8414:Foreign Policy 8390: 8370: 8341: 8315: 8289: 8263: 8233: 8210: 8201:|website= 8171: 8143: 8106: 8074: 8062: 8042: 8005: 7986: 7974: 7944: 7915: 7908: 7890: 7873: 7853: 7833: 7809: 7772:(6): 534–545. 7751: 7722: 7696: 7660: 7648: 7614: 7576: 7558:Law, Gwillim. 7547: 7517: 7478: 7436: 7417: 7379: 7349: 7319: 7288: 7265: 7258: 7233: 7192: 7155: 7118: 7087: 7057: 6998: 6965: 6921: 6910:on 22 May 2018 6891: 6850: 6817: 6787: 6765: 6746: 6727: 6703: 6684: 6665: 6642: 6612: 6574: 6555: 6532:. 2 May 2015. 6517: 6486: 6453: 6434: 6415: 6387: 6368: 6342: 6305: 6280: 6219: 6203: 6172: 6142: 6105: 6086: 6066: 6042: 6021: 5978: 5955: 5935: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5888: 5883:; foreword by 5877: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5829: 5808: 5801: 5775: 5762: 5743: 5730: 5717: 5698: 5678: 5669: 5647: 5628: 5616: 5597: 5590: 5572: 5549: 5530: 5487: 5480: 5456: 5449: 5428: 5421: 5398: 5381: 5337: 5307: 5273: 5262:on 1 July 2015 5247: 5235: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5190: 5156: 5133: 5113: 5080: 5061: 5040: 5025: 4981: 4975:978-3861533900 4974: 4952: 4926: 4900: 4862: 4832: 4791: 4760: 4734: 4723:on 7 June 2016 4702: 4688: 4658: 4635:Globalizations 4621: 4591: 4560: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4482: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4339:Burundi portal 4326: 4323: 4310:Strategic Plan 4280: 4277: 4231:Main article: 4219: 4218: 4199: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4173: 4170: 4148:oral tradition 4146:The country's 4072:sweet potatoes 4038: 4035: 4019:Main article: 4016: 4013: 3993:Main article: 3990: 3987: 3963:Main article: 3960: 3957: 3926:fertility rate 3918:United Nations 3885: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3611:long-term plan 3547:Main article: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3474: 3466: 3465: 3436: 3433:Yahoo! Finance 3428: 3427: 3398: 3395:Google Finance 3390: 3389: 3353:Main article: 3350: 3347: 3216:Main article: 3213: 3210: 3205:Main article: 3202: 3199: 3179:national parks 3177:There are two 3127:to the north, 3113:Albertine Rift 3085:Map of Burundi 3078: 3075: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575:(2008 census) 2571: 2566: 2563: 2551: 2519: 2518: 2499: 2497: 2490: 2470: 2467: 2422: 2419: 2319:Main article: 2316: 2313: 2255: 2252: 2200:United Nations 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2084: 2081: 2040: 2039: 2022: 2021: 2002: 2000: 1993: 1986: 1985: 1921:. Please help 1907: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1857: 1851: 1850:UN involvement 1848: 1817:Nelson Mandela 1813:Julius Nyerere 1804: 1801: 1708:In June 1993, 1705: 1702: 1637:bloodless coup 1570: 1567: 1547:Prince Ntare V 1500:United Nations 1434: 1431: 1373:Force Publique 1314:British Empire 1295: 1292: 1263:Main article: 1260: 1257: 1230: 1227: 1211:King of Urundi 1206: 1203: 1191:United Nations 1048:United Nations 983:to the north, 956: 955: 940: 937: 936: 931: 925: 924: 919: 913: 912: 909: 903: 902: 889: 885: 884: 874: 870: 869: 850: 840: 839: 830: 820: 819: 807: 804: 801: 800: 788: 785: 782: 781: 778: 768: 767: 755: 752: 749: 748: 736: 733: 730: 729: 726: 712: 711: 704: 702:• Density 701: 698: 697: 690: 687: 684: 683: 677: 676: 673: 670: 667: 666: 659: 656: 653: 652: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 632: 629: 628: 625: 622: 619: 618: 615: 612: 609: 608: 605: 599: 596: 595: 592: 586: 583: 582: 579: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 559: 558: 553: 547: 544: 543: 538: 532: 529: 528: 523: 519: 518: 515: 514: 509: 506:Prime Minister 503: 500: 499: 494: 491:Vice President 488: 485: 484: 479: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 454: 448: 447: 442: 436: 435: 433: 432: 422: 416: 410: 408: 407: 406: 405: 399: 393: 380: 377: 375: 372: 368: 367: 365: 364: 359: 356: 354: 353: 352: 351: 345: 339: 326: 323: 321: 314: 308: 307: 305: 304: 299: 294: 289: 283: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 259:-3.500; 30.000 230: 226: 225: 214: 204: 203: 200: 199: 168: 167: 165: 164: 153: 142: 131: 119: 113: 112: 105: 98: 97: 91: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 74: 59: 44: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12202: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12103: 12100: 12051: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12029: 12019: 12016: 12012: 12009: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11988: 11981: 11977: 11976: 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11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11522:New Brunswick 11520: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11371:Guinea-Bissau 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11217: 11212: 11210: 11205: 11203: 11198: 11197: 11194: 11182: 11174: 11173: 11170: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11139: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11086: 11085:Gold standard 11082: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11070: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10961: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10866: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10811: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10759: 10758:2025 election 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10714: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10682: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10670:Member states 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10572:African Union 10566: 10561: 10559: 10554: 10552: 10547: 10546: 10543: 10531: 10530: 10529:Africa portal 10525: 10521: 10519: 10518: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10485: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10384:fully part of 10380: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10342: 10335: 10329: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10303: 10298: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10137:Guinea-Bissau 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9995: 9990: 9988: 9983: 9981: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9966: 9959: 9947: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9856:Ethnic groups 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9616: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9504:Ruanda-Urundi 9502: 9500: 9497: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9477:Urewe culture 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9441: 9439: 9434: 9432: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9380: 9376: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9287: 9283: 9262:1st. edition. 9259: 9257:0-8108-0962-1 9253: 9249: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9206: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9158:0-465-00071-1 9154: 9150: 9149: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9117:1-85743-183-9 9113: 9109: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9097: 9085: 9079: 9075: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9062:0-8108-5302-7 9058: 9054: 9049: 9048: 9026: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8973: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8954: 8945: 8939: 8923: 8917: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8864: 8859: 8853: 8852:0-8389-0695-8 8849: 8845: 8839: 8830: 8824: 8808: 8802: 8793: 8787: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8758:0-299-10214-9 8755: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8714: 8705: 8699: 8683: 8677: 8675: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8641: 8635: 8619: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8494: 8489: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8466: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8397: 8395: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8374: 8358: 8351: 8345: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8237: 8230: 8229:The Economist 8226: 8222: 8219: 8214: 8206: 8194: 8178: 8174: 8172:9789280534320 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8147: 8138: 8132: 8116: 8110: 8091: 8084: 8078: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8055: 8052: 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1971: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1940: – 1939: 1935: 1934:Find sources: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1912:single source 1908:This section 1906: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:refugee camps 1749: 1745: 1744:Pierre Buyoya 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675:Pierre Buyoya 1671: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648:Pierre Buyoya 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1513:during which 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1451: 1444: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 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Retrieved 4537: 4485: 4381: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4271: 4244: 4236: 4209: 4201: 4163: 4152: 4145: 4114: 4110: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4068:civil unrest 4065: 4024: 3998: 3968: 3937: 3934: 3915: 3617:Demographics 3573: 3571: 3507:From OANDA: 3376:central bank 3373: 3358: 3340: 3329: 3325:Microfinance 3321: 3314: 3295: 3276: 3272: 3268:malnutrition 3257: 3235: 3195:Rurubu River 3176: 3168:Kagera River 3149: 3147:ecoregions. 3106: 3072: 3059: 3054: 2901: 2820: 2691: 2586: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2531:, and 2,638 2522: 2509: 2501: 2469:Subdivisions 2460: 2453: 2434: 2421:Human rights 2407:Cour Suprême 2406: 2404: 2399:the election 2392: 2384: 2380: 2369: 2338:presidential 2335: 2306: 2291: 2280: 2269: 2257: 2216: 2208:South Africa 2197: 2190: 2182: 2160: 2156: 2144: 2140: 2120: 2113: 2094: 2083:2006 to 2018 2077: 2073: 2069:constitution 2065: 2061: 2054: 2043: 2028: 2012: 2004: 1976: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1933: 1909: 1885: 1878: 1872: 1871:Please help 1868: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1825:Bill Clinton 1806: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1756:South Africa 1741: 1722: 1707: 1690: 1687: 1672: 1664: 1645: 1630: 1582: 1540: 1511:Congo Crisis 1504: 1493: 1478: 1471: 1456: 1445:(1962–1966). 1441:Flag of the 1433:Independence 1415: 1389: 1346: 1307: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1242: 1208: 1146:habitat loss 1142:soil erosion 1131: 1099: 1079:coup attempt 1042:. After the 1026:. 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