344:
economic criteria. Formal and discrete social divisions were consequently imposed upon ambiguous biological distinctions. To some extent, the permeability of these categories in the intervening decades helped to reify the biological distinctions, generating a taller elite and a shorter underclass, but with little relation to the gene pools that had existed a few centuries ago. The social categories are thus real, but there is little if any detectable genetic differentiation between Hutu and Tutsi.
80:
366:
62:
427:
334:
In general, the Hutu appear to share a close genetic kinship with neighboring Bantu populations, particularly the Tutsi. However, it is unclear whether this similarity is primarily due to extensive genetic exchanges between these communities through intermarriage or whether it ultimately stems from
261:
Others suggest that the two groups are related but not identical, and they also suggest that the differences between them were exacerbated by
Europeans, or they were exacerbated by a gradual, natural split, as those who owned cattle became known as the Tutsi and those who did not own cattle became
343:
obliterated whatever clear-cut physical distinctions may have once existed between these two Bantu peoples â renowned to be height, body build, and facial features. With a spectrum of physical variation in the peoples, Belgian authorities legally mandated ethnic affiliation in the 1920s, based on
645:
between Hutu political structures and the Tutsi military, in which an estimated 500,000 Burundians died. There were many mass killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutus; these events were deemed to be a genocide by the United
Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi.
664:
About 30% of the Twa pygmy population of Rwanda were also killed by the Hutu extremists. At the same time, the
Rwandan Patriotic Front took control of the country and is still the ruling party as of 2020. Burundi is also currently governed by a former rebel group, the Hutu
258:-speaking neighbors, the Tutsi. The Tutsi were pastoralists and are believed to have established aristocratic control over the sedentary Hutu and Twa. Through intermarriage with the Hutu, the Tutsi were gradually assimilated, culturally, linguistically, and racially.
666:
1478:
672:
As of 2006, violence between the Hutu and Tutsi had subsided, but the situation in both Rwanda and
Burundi was still tense, and tens of thousands of Rwandans were still living outside the country (see
222:
being the second largest ethnic group at 15% and 14% of residents of Rwanda and
Burundi, respectively. However, these figures were omitted in 2017 and no new figures have been published since then.
607:). In Burundi, Tutsis, who are the minority, maintained control of the government and military. In Rwanda, the political power was transferred from the minority Tutsi to the majority Hutu.
1471:
1464:
657:, invaded Rwanda from Uganda, which started a civil war against Rwanda's Hutu government in 1990. A peace agreement was signed, but violence erupted again, culminating in the
232:, the smallest of the two countries' principal populations, share language and culture with the Hutu and Tutsi. They are distinguished by a considerably shorter stature.
1938:
1921:
1487:
1285:
1926:
2044:
1415:
1971:
637:
was conducted against the Hutu population in 1972, and an estimated 100,000 Hutus died. In 1993, Burundi's first democratically elected president,
1931:
555:
641:, who was Hutu, was believed to be assassinated by Tutsi officers, as was the person constitutionally entitled to succeed him. This sparked
1083:
348:
Tishkoff et al. (2009) found their mixed Hutu and Tutsi samples from Rwanda to be predominately of Bantu origin, with minor gene flow from
528:
614:
and Hutu and Tutsis conflicts. Tens of thousands of Tutsis were killed, and many others fled to neighboring countries, such as
Burundi,
1251:
582:
2037:
1373:
804:
1408:
512:
1964:
1231:
1139:
1281:
International
Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report. Part III: Investigation of the Assassination. Conclusions at
923:"Gender Hate Propaganda and Sexual Violence in the Rwandan Genocide: An Argument for Intersectionality in International Law"
1079:"African Genetic Diversity: Implications for Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping"
3074:
1523:
1215:
718:
Since the
Rwandan massacre, no ethnic census has been conducted an estimated 84 to 90 percent of the population is Hutu.
2030:
893:
International
Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Africa, Volume 76, (Oxford University Press., 2006), pg 135.
849:
1401:
1282:
821:
549:
413:
395:
1957:
1239:
927:
642:
322:), and are ascribed to much earlier inhabitants who were assimilated. However, the Hutu have considerably fewer
965:
391:
270:
designated people as Tutsi or Hutu on the basis of cattle ownership, physical measurements and church records.
241:
904:
254:. Various theories have emerged to explain the purported physical differences between them and their fellow
575:
1331:
1456:
3079:
1189:
673:
521:
781:
277:, and it continues to the present day, with the government of Rwanda no longer using the distinction.
2053:
1310:
626:. Later, exiled Tutsis from Burundi invaded Rwanda, prompting Rwanda to close its border to Burundi.
447:
800:
2836:
1424:
376:
315:
299:
1980:
654:
568:
380:
267:
201:
1012:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"
845:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"
462:
of Rwanda and
Burundi, respectively. It is also spoken as a mother tongue by the Tutsi and Twa.
3115:
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323:
319:
197:
940:
922:
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The debate over the ethnic origins of the Hutu and Tutsi within Rwandan politics predates the
387:
303:
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955:
755:
2104:
908:
731:
473:, although the population is dwindling given the poor relations between Rwanda and France.
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8:
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165:
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871:
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communities (17.7% Afro-Asiatic genes found in the mixed Hutu–Tutsi population).
215:
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Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war
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This article is about the African ethnic group. For the New Zealand native tree, see
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1100:
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1031:
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858:
700:
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of 1994, when Hutu extremists killed an estimated 800,000 Rwandans, mostly Tutsis.
658:
638:
596:
540:
492:
274:
133:
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20:
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431:
307:
247:
1376:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2006. Archived from
981:
Newbury, Catharine (1998). "Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda".
957:
When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda
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The Hutu are believed to have first emigrated to the Great Lake region from
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117:
35:
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451:
100:
1252:"Rwanda 1994: Genocide + Politicide, Christian Davenport and Allan Stam"
28:
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2439:
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996:
776:
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While Tutsis remained in control of Burundi, the conflict resulted in
2933:
2310:
1760:
340:
365:
3034:
1229:
Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy
1027:
862:
206:
The Hutu is the largest of the three main population divisions in
2325:
2011:
1815:
630:
455:
218:
stated that 84% of Rwandans and 85% of Burundians are Hutu, with
207:
180:
where they form one of the principal ethnic groups alongside the
173:
104:
85:
24:
3046:
615:
211:
177:
169:
67:
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2006:
1860:
1440:
634:
229:
181:
148:
142:
1158:
Passing by; The United States and genocide in Burundi, 1972
1077:
Campbell, Michael C.; Tishkoff, Sarah A. (September 2008).
1244:
469:, the other official language of Rwanda and Burundi, as a
1066:. Vol. 2, DakarâHydrology. Charles Scribner's Sons.
842:
426:
16:
Ethnic group native to the Great Lakes region of Africa
1300:
International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002)
1175:(Report - Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp.
294:
suggest that the Hutu, like the Tutsi, are largely of
1488:
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
843:
Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; et al. (2004).
450:
language family. Rwanda-Rundi is subdivided into the
326:
paternal lineages (4.3% B) than the Tutsi (14.9% B).
145:
1155:Bowen, Michael; Freeman, Gary; Miller, Kay (1973).
622:Tutsi ethnic group in the South Kivu region of the
329:
306:). Paternal genetic influences associated with the
139:
136:
1154:
905:"Sexual Violence and Genocide Against Tutsi Women"
1374:"Minorities Under Siege: Pygmies today in Africa"
442:as their native tongue, which is a member of the
72:11.1â12 million (84%â90% of the total population)
3102:
1076:
806:Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda
164:ethnic or social group which is native to the
2052:
2038:
1965:
1472:
1409:
1161:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
576:
1423:
1084:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
902:
769:
465:Additionally, a small portion of Hutu speak
285:
1979:
801:"The Meaning of "Hutu," "Tutsi," and "Twa""
394:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2045:
2031:
1972:
1958:
1479:
1465:
1416:
1402:
1294:
798:
583:
569:
458:dialects, which have been standardized as
90:10.4 million (85% of the total population)
1104:
1035:
903:Vernellia R., Randall, ed. (2006-02-16).
870:
414:Learn how and when to remove this message
1127:
603:was exiled from the colony (then called
476:
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896:
2026:
1953:
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1397:
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1188:(New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and
1186:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide
1097:10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164258
920:
1366:
1009:
789:
748:
721:
392:adding citations to reliable sources
359:
54:Regions with significant populations
1345:
1324:
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13:
1058:
1016:American Journal of Human Genetics
850:American Journal of Human Genetics
653:as well. A Tutsi rebel group, the
290:Modern-day genetic studies of the
14:
3127:
1218:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002.
1010:Luis, J. R.; et al. (2004).
921:Green, Llezlie L. (Summer 2002).
1240:United States Institute of Peace
1199:(Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp.
928:Columbia Human Rights Law Review
364:
330:Autosomal DNA (overall ancestry)
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960:. Princeton University Press.
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242:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1:
1173:Selective genocide in Burundi
1131:Culture and Customs of Rwanda
706:
643:a counter-genocide in Burundi
1197:Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi
168:region. They mainly live in
7:
1353:"How the genocide happened"
799:Des Forges, Alison (1999).
679:
355:
280:
10:
3132:
1332:"Timeline of the genocide"
1313:. Human Rights Watch. 1999
1190:Cambridge University Press
1064:New Encyclopedia of Africa
674:Great Lakes refugee crisis
612:to the "Social revolution"
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2054:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
1987:
1914:
1494:
1431:
1134:. Greenwood. p. 17.
1128:Adekunle, Julius (2007).
954:Mamdani, Mahmood (2001).
599:survived until 1959 when
286:Y-DNA (paternal lineages)
115:
110:
99:
94:
76:
58:
53:
1425:Ethnic groups in Burundi
34:Not to be confused with
1981:Ethnic groups in Rwanda
1210:Christian P. Scherrer,
782:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
655:Rwandan Patriotic Front
202:Demographics of Burundi
1227:Weissman, Stephen R. "
635:a campaign of genocide
595:The Belgian-sponsored
435:
346:
268:Belgian colonial power
198:Demographics of Rwanda
1311:"The Hutu Revolution"
1195:Edward L. Nyankanzi,
477:Post-colonial history
429:
337:
214:. Prior to 2017, the
156:), also known as the
111:Related ethnic groups
27:village of HuÈu, see
909:University of Dayton
758:. CIA World Factbook
610:In Rwanda, this led
513:Rwandan Armed Forces
388:improve this section
430:A traditional Hutu
262:known as the Hutu.
166:African Great Lakes
50:
3080:Chinese Tanzanians
1288:2008-12-01 at the
1234:2009-03-11 at the
814:Human Rights Watch
785:. 11 October 2019.
736:CIA World Factbook
691:History of Burundi
651:genocide in Rwanda
618:, and forming the
460:official languages
436:
216:CIA World Factbook
44:
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3085:Indian Tanzanians
2020:
2019:
1947:
1946:
1454:
1453:
1355:. BBC. 2004-04-01
1192:, 1996), 232 pp.
1184:Rene Lemarchand,
1171:René Lemarchand,
1141:978-0-3133-3177-0
1060:Miller, Joseph C.
756:"Burundi: People"
696:History of Rwanda
686:Burundi Civil War
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639:Melchior Ndadaye
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446:subgroup of the
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298:extraction (83%
275:Rwandan genocide
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2018:
2017:
2015:
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2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1915:Non-indigenous
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
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1274:
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1220:
1214:; foreword by
1203:
1201:
1200:
1177:
1164:
1147:
1140:
1120:
1069:
1051:
1028:10.1086/382286
1022:(3): 532â544.
1002:
973:
966:
946:
895:
886:
863:10.1086/382286
835:
822:
788:
768:
747:
720:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
681:
678:
597:Tutsi monarchy
591:
590:
588:
587:
580:
573:
565:
562:
561:
560:
559:
558:(2000âpresent)
553:
544:
543:
533:
532:
525:
524:
522:Refugee crisis
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
497:
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489:
488:
478:
475:
432:throwing knife
422:
421:
372:
370:
363:
357:
354:
331:
328:
308:Horn of Africa
287:
284:
282:
279:
248:Central Africa
240:Main article:
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74:
73:
70:
56:
55:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3128:
3117:
3116:Bantu peoples
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
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2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2105:Dar es Salaam
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
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2071:
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2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1975:
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1468:
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1459:
1447:
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1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1380:on 2006-12-01
1379:
1375:
1369:
1354:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1264:on 2009-03-25
1260:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1216:Robert Melson
1213:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1151:
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1124:
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1098:
1094:
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1086:
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1080:
1073:
1065:
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1055:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:
977:
969:
963:
959:
958:
950:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
924:
919:excerpt from
910:
906:
899:
890:
882:
878:
873:
868:
864:
860:
857:(3): 532â44.
856:
852:
851:
846:
839:
825:
823:1-56432-171-1
819:
815:
808:
807:
802:
795:
793:
784:
783:
778:
772:
757:
751:
737:
733:
727:
725:
715:
711:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
677:
675:
670:
668:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
624:Belgian Congo
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
605:Ruanda-Urundi
602:
598:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
566:
564:
563:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
546:
545:
542:
541:2nd Congo War
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
526:
523:
520:
519:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Impuzamugambi
501:
500:
499:
498:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
482:
474:
472:
471:lingua franca
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:
428:
418:
415:
407:
404:November 2021
397:
393:
389:
383:
382:
378:
373:This section
371:
367:
362:
361:
353:
351:
345:
342:
336:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
278:
276:
271:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
250:in the great
249:
243:
233:
231:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
203:
199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
153:
129:
119:
114:
109:
106:
102:
98:
93:
89:
87:
75:
71:
69:
57:
52:
37:
30:
26:
22:
1996:
1623:
1539:Banyamulenge
1435:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1305:
1296:
1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1246:
1223:
1211:
1206:
1196:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1157:
1150:
1130:
1123:
1088:
1082:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1019:
1015:
1005:
988:
984:Africa Today
982:
976:
956:
949:
932:
926:
912:. Retrieved
898:
889:
854:
848:
838:
827:. Retrieved
805:
780:
771:
760:. Retrieved
750:
739:. Retrieved
714:
671:
663:
648:
628:
620:Banyamulenge
609:
594:
484:
464:
440:Rwanda-Rundi
438:Hutus speak
437:
410:
401:
386:Please help
374:
350:Afro-Asiatic
347:
338:
333:
324:Nilo-Saharan
314:are few (3%
312:North Africa
292:Y-chromosome
289:
272:
260:
245:
224:
205:
192:Demographics
157:
127:
125:
118:Rwanda-Rundi
41:Ethnic group
36:Houthi tribe
2351:Kilimanjaro
1529:Bakwa Dishi
1091:: 403â433.
991:(1): 7â24.
552:(1996â2001)
531:(1995â1996)
508:Interahamwe
452:Kinyarwanda
448:NigerâCongo
101:Kinyarwanda
3105:Categories
3067:Immigrants
2736:Ndengereko
1599:Garanganze
1496:Indigenous
1384:2006-12-11
1359:2006-10-31
1338:2006-12-30
1317:2006-10-31
1268:2007-10-22
967:0691102805
914:2007-01-03
829:2006-10-31
762:2006-10-31
741:2006-10-31
707:References
23:. For the
2967:Nyanyembe
2934:Nyamwanga
2847:Shinyanga
2822:Ndendeule
1927:Europeans
1761:Mongo Twa
487:militants
375:does not
341:gene flow
95:Languages
3035:Zanzibar
2962:Nyamwezi
2865:Nyamwezi
2571:Morogoro
2546:Nyakyusa
2445:Barabaig
2387:Machinga
2316:Holoholo
1731:Mangbetu
1629:Iyaelima
1619:Holoholo
1286:Archived
1283:USIP.org
1232:Archived
1115:18593304
1046:14973781
881:14973781
680:See also
667:CNDDâFDD
601:Kigeli V
356:Language
281:Genetics
184:and the
160:, are a
120:peoples
29:GÄiceana
25:Romanian
3057:Swahili
3052:Shirazi
3025:Swahili
2972:Swahili
2911:Nyaturu
2893:Singida
2812:Matengo
2789:Tumbuka
2746:Swahili
2637:Swahili
2622:Makonde
2604:Vidunda
2508:Ngurimi
2455:Kw'adza
2427:Manyara
2417:Swahili
2402:Makonde
2392:Matumbi
2336:Swahili
2326:Manyema
2278:Konongo
2235:Hangaza
2161:Sandawe
2141:Burunge
2113:Swahili
2075:Datooga
2012:Wahinda
1922:Chinese
1856:Turumbu
1816:Songora
1796:Ngbandi
1701:Lugbara
1594:Furiiru
1584:Dengese
1544:Barambu
1519:Avukaya
1106:2953791
1062:(ed.).
1037:1182266
997:4187200
941:2272193
935:(733).
872:1182266
631:Burundi
456:Kirundi
396:removed
381:sources
318:and 1%
236:Origins
230:pygmies
208:Burundi
174:Burundi
158:Abahutu
105:Kirundi
86:Burundi
48:Abahutu
3047:Hadimu
3037:&
3020:Zigula
3015:Sambaa
3010:Segeju
2995:Dhaiso
2990:Bondei
2954:Tabora
2944:Lambya
2929:Malila
2921:Songwe
2906:Isanzu
2901:Iramba
2883:Sukuma
2875:Simiyu
2860:Sukuma
2855:Iramba
2804:Ruvuma
2784:Mambwe
2756:Zigula
2751:Zaramo
2741:Rufiji
2703:Pangwa
2675:Njombe
2665:Sukuma
2660:Kerewe
2647:Mwanza
2632:Maviha
2614:Mtwara
2599:Sagara
2594:Pogolo
2589:Luguru
2579:Kaguru
2523:Zanaki
2465:Mbugwe
2460:Maasai
2412:Ngindo
2407:Ndonde
2359:Chagga
2331:Tongwe
2298:Kigoma
2288:Rungwa
2283:Pimbwe
2260:Katavi
2245:Nyambo
2227:Kagera
2217:Ndamba
2212:Mbunga
2199:Iringa
2184:Sumbwa
2179:Sukuma
2151:Gorowa
2136:Alagwa
2128:Dodoma
2118:Zaramo
2095:Maasai
2070:Arusha
2062:Arusha
1939:Jewish
1886:Yakoma
1871:Wochua
1851:Tumbwe
1846:Topoke
1841:Tetela
1821:Songye
1801:Nyanga
1786:Ngando
1746:Mbunda
1721:Mayogo
1716:Makere
1649:Keliko
1579:Chokwe
1509:Nyindu
1138:
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616:Uganda
495:(1994)
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220:Tutsis
212:Rwanda
178:Uganda
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170:Rwanda
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3090:Arabs
3039:Pemba
3005:Ngulu
3000:Mbugu
2982:Tanga
2939:Ndali
2832:Nindi
2827:Ngoni
2817:Mpoto
2794:Wanda
2779:Lungu
2766:Rukwa
2718:Pwani
2708:Wanji
2698:Manda
2688:Kinga
2627:Makua
2561:Sangu
2556:Safwa
2551:Nyiha
2541:Kimbu
2533:Mbeya
2503:Kuria
2498:Kabwa
2488:Ikoma
2483:Ikizu
2450:Iraqw
2397:Mwera
2379:Lindi
2364:Ngasa
2341:Vinza
2273:Bende
2268:Bembe
2250:Shubi
2189:Zinza
2171:Geita
2156:Rangi
2090:Sonjo
2080:Hadza
2007:Tutsi
1932:Greek
1906:Zyoba
1901:Zande
1891:Yombe
1881:Yanzi
1861:Tutsi
1831:Tagbu
1811:Sanga
1806:Pende
1791:Ngata
1781:Ndaka
1776:Mpama
1756:Mongo
1751:Mbuti
1741:Mbole
1726:Mbaka
1711:Lungu
1706:Lunda
1694:Lulua
1689:Hemba
1674:Lendu
1659:Konjo
1654:Kongo
1639:Kango
1634:Kakwa
1604:Gbaya
1574:Bwile
1569:Bunda
1554:Bembe
1549:Bemba
1534:Banda
1441:Tutsi
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1262:(PDF)
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2655:Kara
2584:Kutu
2518:Ware
2513:Suba
2493:Jita
2475:Mara
2435:Akie
2369:Pare
2321:Jiji
2306:Goma
2240:Haya
2207:Hehe
2146:Gogo
2085:Meru
2002:Kiga
1997:Hutu
1896:Yulu
1876:Yaka
1866:Vira
1836:Teke
1826:Suku
1771:Moru
1766:Mono
1684:Luba
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1669:Lele
1664:Lega
1644:Kele
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1136:ISBN
1111:PMID
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962:ISBN
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