1174:(RTLM). The RTLM was designed to appeal to the young adults in Rwanda and had extensive reach. Unlike newspapers that could only be found in cities, the radio broadcasts were accessible to Rwanda's largely rural population of farmers. The format of the broadcasts mirrored Western-style radio talk shows that played popular music, hosted interviews, and encouraged audience participation. The broadcasters told crude jokes and used offensive language that contrasted strongly with Radio Rwanda's more formal news reports. Just 1.52% of RTLM's airtime was dedicated to news, while 66.29% of airtime featured the journalists discussing their thoughts on different subjects. As the start of the genocide approached, the RTLM broadcasts focused on anti-Tutsi propaganda. They characterized the Tutsi as a dangerous enemy who wanted to seize the political power at the expense of Hutus. By linking the Rwandan Patriotic Army with the Tutsi political party and ordinary Tutsi citizens, they classified the entire ethnic group as one homogeneous threat to Rwandans. The RTLM went further than amplifying ethnic and political division; it also labeled the Tutsi as
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2651:, asserted that any acknowledgment of the separate people was detrimental to the unification of post-Genocide Rwanda and has created numerous laws to prevent Rwandans from promoting a "genocide ideology" and "divisionism". The law does not explicitly define such terms, nor does it state that one's beliefs must be spoken. For example, the law defines divisionism as "the use of any speech, written statement, or action that divides people, that is likely to spark conflicts among people, or that causes an uprising which might degenerate into strife among people based on discrimination". Fear of the possible ramifications from breaking these laws have caused a culture of self-censorship within the population. Both civilians and the press typically avoid anything that could be construed as critical of the government/military or promoting "divisionism".
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prosecution of genocide crimes committed during the genocide and of crimes against humanity from
October 1990. This law established the regular domestic courts as the core mechanism for responding to genocide until it was amended in 2001 to include the Gacaca courts. The Organic Law established four categories for those who were involved in the genocide, specifying the limits of punishment for members of each category. The first category was reserved those who were "planners, organizers, instigators, supervisors and leaders" of the genocide and any who used positions of state authority to promote the genocide. This category also applied to murderers who distinguished themselves on the basis of their zeal or cruelty, or who engaged in sexual torture. Members of this first category were eligible for the death sentence.
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1567:), who in turn issued directions to the leaders of the sectors, cells and villages within their communes. The majority of the actual killings in the countryside were carried out by ordinary civilians, under orders from the leaders. Tutsi and Hutu lived side by side in their villages, and families all knew each other, making it easy for Hutu to identify and target their Tutsi neighbours. Gerard Prunier ascribes this mass complicity of the population to a combination of the "democratic majority" ideology, in which Hutu had been taught to regard Tutsi as dangerous enemies, the culture of unbending obedience to authority, and the duress factor—villagers who refused to carry out orders to kill were often branded as Tutsi sympathisers and they themselves killed.
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eliminated, and UNAMIR were expressly forbidden to use force except in self-defence. In rural areas, where Tutsi and Hutu lived side by side and families knew each other, it was easy for Hutu to identify and target their Tutsi neighbours. In urban areas, where residents were more anonymous, identification was facilitated using roadblocks manned by military and interahamwe; each person passing the roadblock was required to show the national identity card, which included ethnicity, and any with Tutsi cards were killed immediately. Many Hutu were also killed for a variety of reasons, including alleged sympathy for the moderate opposition parties, being a journalist or simply having a "Tutsi appearance". Thousands of bodies were dumped into the
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1221:, with 50,000 to 100,000 people killed in the first year of war. The assassination caused shockwaves, reinforcing the notion among Hutus that the Tutsi were their enemy and could not be trusted. The CDR and the Power wings of the other parties realised they could use this situation to their advantage. The idea of a deliberate and systematic genocide, which had first been suggested in 1992 but had remained a fringe viewpoint, was now top of their agenda, and they began actively planning it. They were confident of persuading the Hutu population to carry out killings, given the public anger at Ndadaye's murder, as well as RTLM propaganda and the traditional obedience of Rwandans to authority. The Power leaders began arming the
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Rights Watch, one of the first organizations on the ground to investigate the genocide, of 507,000 Tutsi killed... I have estimated between 491,000 and 522,000 Tutsi, nearly two thirds of Rwanda's pre-genocide Tutsi population, were killed between 6 April and 19 July 1994. I calculated this death toll by subtracting my estimate of between 278,000 and 309,000 Tutsi survivors from my estimate of a baseline Tutsi population of almost exactly 800,000, or 10.8% of the overall population, on the eve of the genocide... In comparison with estimates at the higher and lower ends, my estimate is significantly lower than the
Government of Rwanda's genocide census figure of 1,006,031 Tutsi killed. I believe this number is not credible.
2590:) who preside over the genocide trials were elected by the public. After election, the judges received training, but there was concern that the training was not adequate for serious legal questions or complex proceedings. Furthermore, many judges resigned after facing accusations of participating in the genocide; 27% of them were so accused. There was also a lack of defense counsel and protections for the accused, who were denied the right to appeal to ordinary courts. Most trials were open to the public, but there were issues with witness intimidation. The Gacaca courts did not try those responsible for massacres of Hutu civilians committed by members of the RPF, which controlled the Gacaca Court system.
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25th anniversary of the genocide by lighting a flame at the Kigali
Genocide Memorial. Dignitaries from Chad, the Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Niger, Belgium, Canada, Ethiopia, the African Union and the European Union attended. At the national level, the annual commemoration programs are known as Kwibuka and commence with an official week of mourning observed from 7 to 13 April, known as Icyunamo. During this period, work is suspended, and various events take place locally, nationally, and among the Rwandan diaspora across the globe. These events provide opportunities for survivors to share their testimonies, fostering remembrance and reflection on the tragic events that occurred.
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1658:. This was intended as a humanitarian mission, but the soldiers were not able to save significant numbers of lives. The genocidal authorities were overtly welcoming of the French, displaying the French flag on their own vehicles, but killing Tutsi who came out of hiding seeking protection. In July, the RPF completed their conquest of the country, with the exception of the zone occupied by Operation Turquoise. The RPF took Kigali on 4 July, and Gisenyi and the rest of the northwest on 18 July. The genocide was over, but as had occurred in Kibungo, the Hutu population fled en masse across the border, this time into Zaire, with Bagosora and the other leaders accompanying them.
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Dallaire, this success was due to Kagame's being a "master of psychological warfare"; he exploited the fact that the government forces were concentrating on the genocide rather than the fight for Kigali, and capitalised on the government's loss of morale as it lost territory. The RPF finally defeated the
Rwandan government forces in Kigali on 4 July, and on 18 July took Gisenyi and the rest of the northwest, forcing the interim government to flee into Zaire and finally ending the genocide. At the end of July 1994, Kagame's forces held the whole of Rwanda except for the zone in the south-west which had been occupied by a French-led United Nations force as part of
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1848:(or "Twa") made up about 1% of Rwanda's population. A report shows that the group has been described as people who lived in forests and off lands, but currently the Twa are dispersed in the country in smaller groups while integrating into society. Although the Twa were not directly targeted by the genocidaires, an estimated 10,000 of a population of 30,000 were nonetheless killed. They are sometimes referred to as the "forgotten victims" of the Rwandan genocide. In the months leading up to the genocide, Hutu radio stations accused the Batwa of aiding the RPF and Twa survivors describe Hutu fighters as threatening to kill them all.
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7248:. In March 1996, the ICTR chief prosecutor requested funding to hire forensic investigators and a statistical/demographic advisor. 'Forensic analysis is critical to the investigation of the Tribunal. It is proposed to establish a Forensic Unit to undertake scientific analysis relating to the mass murders' (United Nations 1996, para. 40, emphasis added). A month later, the Tribunal's registrar announced: "Acting on the advice of the Government of Rwanda and with due respect to the wishes of the families of the deceased, no further mass graves will be exhumed by the Office of the Prosecutor" (Adede 1996, emphasis added).
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2202:. According to the former US deputy special envoy to Somalia, Walter Clarke: "The ghosts of Somalia continue to haunt US policy. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again." President Clinton has referred to the failure of the U.S. government to intervene in the genocide as one of his main foreign policy failings, saying "I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it." Eighty percent of the discussion in Washington concerned the evacuation of American citizens.
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879:. The Tutsi responded with attacks of their own, but by this stage the Hutu had full backing from the Belgian administration who wanted to overturn the Tutsi domination. In early 1960, the Belgians replaced most Tutsi chiefs with Hutu and organised mid-year commune elections which returned an overwhelming Hutu majority. The king was deposed, a Hutu-dominated republic created, and the country became independent in 1962. As the revolution progressed, Tutsis began leaving the country to escape the Hutu purges, settling in the four neighbouring countries: Burundi,
1679:, the official figure is not credible as it overestimates the number of Tutsi in Rwanda prior to the genocide. Using different methodologies, the scholars in the symposium estimated 500,000 to 600,000 deaths in the genocide—around two-thirds of the Tutsis in Rwanda at the time. Thousands of widows, many of whom were subjected to rape, became HIV-positive. There were about 400,000 orphans and nearly 85,000 of them were forced to become heads of families. An estimated 2,000,000 Rwandans, mostly Hutu, were displaced and became refugees. Additionally, 30% of the
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1312:, the report did not exonerate the RPF. In November 2014, Emmanuel Mughisa (also known as Emile Gafarita), a former Rwandan soldier who said he had evidence that Kagame had ordered Habyarimana's plane shot down, was abducted in Nairobi hours after he was called to testify at the French inquiry. He was reportedly "join a long list of Mr Kagame's opponents who have disappeared or died". Despite disagreements about the perpetrators, many observers believe the attack and deaths of the two Hutu presidents served as the catalyst for the genocide.
2096:, a military operation assisted by the Belgian army and UNAMIR, to evacuate expatriates from Rwanda. The French and Belgians refused to allow any Tutsi to accompany them, and those who boarded the evacuation trucks were forced off at Rwandan government checkpoints, where they were killed. The French also separated several expatriates and children from their Tutsi spouses, rescuing the foreigners but leaving the Rwandans to likely death. They rescued several high-profile members of Habyarimana's government, as well as his wife, Agathe.
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787:, and Germany established a presence in the country in 1897 with the formation of an alliance with the king. German policy was to rule the country through the Rwandan monarchy; this system had the added benefit of enabling colonization with small European troop numbers. The colonists favoured the Tutsi over the Hutu when assigning administrative roles, believing them to be migrants from Ethiopia and racially superior. The Rwandan king welcomed the Germans, using their military strength to widen his rule.
2555:, were executed by firing squad in public executions in April 1998. After this, Rwanda conducted no further executions, albeit it continued to issue death sentences until 2003. On 25 July 2007 the Organic Law Relating to the Abolition of the Death Penalty came into law, abolishing capital punishment and converting all existing death sentences to life in prison under solitary confinement. In parallel, the 2007 UN resolution presented and campaigns continued for a global moratorium on capital punishment.
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of obedience to authority, carried out the orders without question. On the other hand, there are views that the genocide was not sudden, irresistible or uniformly orchestrated, but "a cascade of tipping points, and each tipping point was the outcome of local, intra-ethnic contests for dominance (among Hutu)". The protracted struggles for supremacy in local communes meant that a more determined stance from the international community would likely have prevented the worst from happening.
891:. These exiles, unlike the Banyarwanda who migrated during the pre-colonial and colonial era, were regarded as refugees in their host countries, and began almost immediately to agitate for a return to Rwanda. They formed armed groups who launched attacks into Rwanda; these were largely unsuccessful, and led to further reprisal killings of 10,000 Tutsis and further Tutsi exiles. By 1964, more than 300,000 Tutsis had fled, and were forced to remain in exile for the next three decades.
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848:. Catholic missionaries increasingly viewed themselves as responsible for empowering the underprivileged Hutu rather than the Tutsi elite, leading rapidly to the formation of a sizeable Hutu clergy and educated elite that provided a new counterbalance to the established political order. The monarchy and prominent Tutsis sensed the growing influence of the Hutu and began to agitate for immediate independence on their own terms. In 1957, a group of Hutu scholars wrote the "
2582:, in order to address the enormous backlog of cases. The Gacaca court system traditionally dealt with conflicts within communities, but it was adapted to deal with genocide crimes. Among the principal objectives of the courts were identification of the truth about what happened during the genocide, speeding up the process of trying genocide suspects, national unity and reconciliation, and demonstrating the capacity of the Rwandan people to resolve their own problems.
1143:("those who have the same goal"). These groups served to provide auxiliary slaughterhouse support to the police, the gendarmerie and the regular army. These militias were primarily recruited from the vast pool of Hutu internally displaced persons driven from their homes in the North, and claimed a total membership of 50,000 on the eve of genocide Rwanda also purchased large numbers of grenades and munitions from late 1990; in one deal, future UN Secretary-General
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lawyers in its judicial system. These barriers caused the trials to proceed very slowly: with 130,000 suspects held in
Rwandan prisons after the genocide, 3,343 cases were handled between 1996 and the end of 2000. Of those defendants, 20% received death sentences, 32% received life in prison, and 20% were acquitted. It was calculated that it would take over 200 years to conduct the trials of the suspects in prison—not including the ones who remained at large.
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the crimes committed during the
Rwandan genocide. As the years passed, it became apparent that the ICTR would exist long past its original mandate. With the announcement of its closing, there was a concern over how residual issues would be handled, because "The nature of criminal judicial work ... is such that it never really ends." The ICTR officially closed on 31 December 2015, and its remaining functions were handed over to the
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month from April through July and 5,000 for the month of August." The new authorities categorically denied the allegations of
Gersony, details of which leaked to the press. According to an RPA officer, "There was not time to do proper screening. ... We needed a force, and some of those recruited were thieves and criminals. Those people have been responsible for much of our trouble today." In an interview with journalist
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1190:... to exterminate the Tutsi from the surface of the earth." By the time the violence began, the young Hutu population had absorbed months of racist propaganda that characterized all Tutsis as dangerous enemies that must be killed before they seized control of the country. The RTLM's role in the genocide earned it the nickname "Radio Machete" as it related to their incitement to genocide. A 2014 study by
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1248:'s chauffeur, Kassim Turatsinze, a.k.a. "Jean-Pierre"—claimed to have been ordered to register all Tutsi in Kigali. According to the memo, Turatsinze suspected that a genocide against the Tutsis was being planned, and he said that "in 20 minutes his personnel could kill up to 1000 Tutsis". Dallaire's request to protect the informant and his family and to raid the weapons caches he revealed was denied.
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arrived, he ordered that bulldozers should be used to crush the refugees who were hiding inside the church and if any of them were still alive, Hutu militias should kill them all. Some in the
Catholic Church's religious hierarchy were later tried and convicted for their participation in the genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Bishop Misago was accused of
2253:, which ruled that the records which document Israel's arms sales, notably to Rwanda, will remain sealed, citing section nine of Israel's Freedom of Information Act which allows for non-disclosure if in releasing "the information there is a concern over harming national security, its foreign relations, the security of its public or the security or well-being of an individual".
2056:, as well as other secure UN sites, and to assist with the evacuation of foreign nationals. On 12 April, the Belgian government, which was one of the largest troop contributors to UNAMIR, and had lost ten soldiers protecting Prime Minister Uwilingiliyimana, announced that it was withdrawing, reducing the force's effectiveness even further. On 17 May 1994, the UN passed
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there successfully fought back. The RPF then began an attack from the north on three fronts, seeking to link up quickly with the isolated troops in Kigali. Kagame refused to talk to the interim government, believing that it was just a cover for
Bagosora's rule and not committed to ending the genocide. Over the next few days, the RPF advanced steadily south, capturing
1012:, Tanzania. In early 1993, several extremist Hutu groups formed and began campaigns of large scale violence against the Tutsi. The RPF responded by suspending peace talks and launching a major attack, gaining a large swathe of land across the north of the country. Peace negotiations eventually resumed in Arusha; the resulting set of agreements, known as the
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into "moderate" and "Power" wings, with members of both camps claiming to represent the legitimate leadership of that party. Even the ruling party contained a Power wing, consisting of those who opposed
Habyarimana's intention to sign a peace deal. Several radical youth militia groups emerged, attached to the Power wings of the parties; these included the
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created to lessen the burden on normal courts and provide assistance in the justice system to run trials for those already in prison. The least severe cases, according to the terms of Organic Law No. 08/96 of 30, would be handled by these Gacaca Courts. With this law, the government began implementing a participatory justice system, known as
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individuals convicted of "genocide revisionism and other related crimes" in 2009, five were sentenced to life imprisonment, five were sentenced to more than 20 years in jail, 99 were sentenced to 10–20 years in jail, 211 received a custodial sentence of 5–10 years, and the remaining 169 received jail terms of less than five years.
1630:. This disposal of bodies caused significant damage to the Ugandan fishing industry, as consumers refused to buy fish caught in Lake Victoria for fear that they were tainted by decomposing corpses. The Ugandan government responded by dispatching teams to retrieve the bodies from the Kagera River before they entered the lake.
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repeatedly with both the Crisis Committee and the RPF, attempting to re-establish peace and prevent the resumption of the civil war. Neither side was interested in a ceasefire, the government because it was controlled by the genocidaires, and the RPF because it considered it necessary to fight to stop the killings. UNAMIR's
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776:, under which Tutsi patrons ceded cattle to Hutu or Tutsi clients in exchange for economic and personal service. Although Hutu and Tutsi were often treated differently, they shared the same language and culture, the same clan names, and the same customs; the symbols of kinship served as a unifying bond between them.
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heading for "ethnicity and race") each individual as either Tutsi, Hutu, Twa, or Naturalised. While it had previously been possible for particularly wealthy Hutus to become honorary Tutsis, the identity cards prevented any further movement between the groups and made socio-economic groups into rigid ethnic groups.
1795:' in league with the Hutus' enemies". The exceptional brutality of the sexual violence, as well as the complicity of Hutu women in the attacks, suggests that the use of propaganda had been effective in the exploitation of gendered needs which had mobilized both females and males to participate. Soldiers of the
1741:. On 12 April, more than 1,500 Tutsis sought refuge in a Catholic church in Nyange, then in Kivumu commune. Local Interahamwe, acting in concert with the authorities, used bulldozers to knock down the church building. The militia used machetes and rifles to kill every person who tried to escape. Local priest
1178:, meaning non-human pests or cockroaches, which must be exterminated. Leading up to the genocide, there were 294 instances of the RTLM accusing the Rwandan Patriotic Army of atrocities against the Hutu, along with 252 broadcasts that call for Hutus to kill the Tutsis. One such broadcast stated, "Someone must
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What happened? An ICTR excavation in January–February 1996 of a mass grave in Kibuye, the first of its kind, had met with a street protest in the capital and disapproval from the government. According to a former tribunal official, excavations were "not something that the Rwandan government was happy
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of the Democratic Republic of the Congo visited Rwanda to sign the Kigali Genocide Memorial Book, saying, "The collateral effects of these horrors have not spared my country, which has also lost millions of lives." On 7 April the Rwandan Government initiated 100 days of mourning in observation of the
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rebellion and 232,000 Hutu refugees were killed, according to one estimate. The defeated forces of the former regime continued a cross-border insurgency campaign, supported initially by the predominantly Hutu population of Rwanda's northwestern prefectures. By 1999, a programme of propaganda and Hutu
2060:, which imposed an arms embargo and reinforced UNAMIR, which would be known as UNAMIR II. The new soldiers did not start arriving until June, and following the end of the genocide in July, the role of UNAMIR II was largely confined to maintaining security and stability, until its termination in 1996.
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Throughout April, there were numerous attempts by UNAMIR to establish a ceasefire, but Kagame insisted each time that the RPF would not stop fighting unless the killings stopped. In late April, the RPF secured the whole of the Tanzanian border area and began to move west from Kibungo, to the south of
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forced others to stand by during rapes. A testimonial by a woman of the name Marie Louise Niyobuhungiro recalled seeing local peoples, other generals and Hutu men watching her get raped about five times a day. Even when she was kept under watch of a woman, the woman would give no sympathy or help and
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offices to address the nation. This plan was canceled because the Presidential Guard took over the radio station shortly afterward and would not permit Uwilingiyimana to speak on air. Later in the morning, a number of soldiers and a crowd of civilians overwhelmed the Belgians guarding Uwilingiyimana,
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What the Office of the Prosecutor has consistently failed to demonstrate is the alleged existence of a "conspiracy" among the accused—presuming an association or a preexisting plan to commit genocide. This is the central argument at the core of its prosecution strategy, borrowing from the contentions
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During 1993, the hardliners imported machetes on a scale far larger than what was required for agriculture, as well as other tools which could be used as weapons, such as razor blades, saws and scissors. These tools were distributed around the country, ostensibly as part of the civil defence network.
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Following the 1992 ceasefire agreement, a number of the extremists in the Rwandan government and army began actively plotting against the president, worried about the possibility of Tutsis being included in government. Habyarimana attempted to remove the hardliners from senior army positions, but was
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The RPF government began the long-awaited genocide trials, which had an uncertain start at the end of 1996 and inched forward in 1997. It was not until 1996 that courts finally began trials for genocide cases with the enactment of Organic Law No. 08/96 of 30 on 30 August 1996. This law initiated the
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was routed to the refugee camps which had formed in Zaire following the exodus of Hutu from Rwanda. Kagame strove to portray the new government as inclusive and not Tutsi-dominated. He directed the removal of ethnicity from Rwandan citizens' national identity cards, and the government began a policy
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from the HIV-infected men recruited by the genocidaires. During the conflict, Hutu extremists released hundreds of patients suffering from AIDS from hospitals, and formed them into "rape squads". The intent was to infect and cause a "slow, inexorable death" for their future Tutsi rape victims. Tutsi
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and the youth militia, aided by local populations, continued killing at a very high rate. The goal was to kill every Tutsi living in Rwanda and, with the exception of the advancing rebel RPF army, there was no opposition force to prevent or slow the killings. The domestic opposition had already been
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prefectures on 7 April; in each case, local officials, responding to orders from Kigali, spread rumours that the RPF had killed the president, followed by a command to kill Tutsi. The Hutu population, which had been prepared and armed during the preceding months, and maintained the Rwandan tradition
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met with the committee that night and insisted that Uwilingiyimana be placed in charge, but Bagosora refused, saying Uwilingiyimana did not "enjoy the confidence of the Rwandan people" and was "incapable of governing the nation". The committee also justified its existence as being essential to avoid
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Despite the various methodological disagreements among them, none of the scholars who participated in this forum gives credence to the official figure of 1,074,107 victims... Given the rigour of the various quantitative methodologies involved, this forum's overarching finding that the death toll of
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Under the Rwandan constitution, "revisionism, negationism and trivialisation of genocide" are criminal offences. Hundreds of people have been tried and convicted for "genocide ideology", "revisionism", and other laws ostensibly related to the genocide. According to Amnesty International, of the 489
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international jurisdiction, the ICTR was scheduled to close by the end of 2014, after it would complete trials by 2009 and appeals by 2010 or 2011. Initially, the U.N. Security Council established the ICTR in 1994 with an original mandate of four years without a fixed deadline and set on addressing
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The systematic destruction of the judicial system during the genocide and civil war was a major problem. After the genocide, over one million people (nearly one-fifth of the population remaining after the summer of 1994) were potentially culpable for a role in the genocide. The RPF pursued a policy
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did not technically exist because Gersony did not complete it, but a summary of an oral presentation of his findings was leaked in 2010. Gersony's personal conclusion was that between April and August 1994, the RPF had killed "between 25,000 and 45,000 persons, between 5,000 and 10,000 persons each
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on 12 April, ostensibly fleeing RPF's advance on the capital. The crisis committee was officially dissolved, but Bagosora and the senior officers remained the de facto rulers of the country. The government played its part in mobilising the population, giving the regime an air of legitimacy, but was
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They also recruited and pressured Hutu civilians to arm themselves with machetes, clubs, blunt objects, and other weapons and encouraged them to rape, maim, and kill their Tutsi neighbors and to destroy or steal their property. The RPF restarted its offensive soon after Habyarimana's assassination.
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In 1990, the army began arming civilians with weapons such as machetes, and it began training the Hutu youth in combat, officially as a programme of "civil defence" against the RPF threat, but these weapons were later used to carry out the genocide. In particular, the Hutu Power leaders organized a
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In the early 1930s, Belgium introduced a permanent division of the population by classifying Rwandans into three ethnic (ethno-racial) groups, with the Hutu representing about 84% of the population, the Tutsi about 15%, and the Twa about 1%. Compulsory identity cards were issued labeling (under the
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caused shock worldwide, but no country intervened to forcefully stop the killings. Most of the victims were killed in their own villages or towns, many by their neighbors and fellow villagers. Hutu gangs searched out victims hiding in churches and school buildings. The militia murdered victims with
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Concerning this second aspect of the remembrance policy, the political barriers to counting victims have been ongoing and systematic since the war had begun in 1990 RPF offensive. Each major period and event mentioned above corresponds to significant numbers of Hutu, military and civilian victims,
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If one examines the claims for the overall number killed, at the higher end lies the figure of 1,074,017 Rwandan dead. This number originates with the Rwandan government which conducted a nationwide census in July 2000, six years after the genocide. Toward the lower end lies an estimate from Human
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province, helping them to defeat Zairian security forces. Rwandan forces, the Banyamulenge, and other Zairian Tutsi, then attacked the refugee camps, targeting the Hutu militia. These attacks caused hundreds of thousands of refugees to flee; many returned to Rwanda despite the presence of the RPF,
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to investigate the prospects for a speedy return of the nearly two million refugees that had fled Rwanda since April. After interviewing 300 people, Gersony concluded that "clearly systematic murders and persecution of the Hutu population in certain parts of the country" had taken place. Gersony's
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In Kigali, the genocide was led by the Presidential Guard, the elite unit of the army. They were assisted by the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi, who set up roadblocks throughout the capital; each person passing the roadblock was required to show the national identity card, which included ethnicity,
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From mid-1993, the Hutu Power movement represented a third major force in Rwandan politics, in addition to Habyarimana's government and the traditional moderate opposition. Apart from the CDR, there was no party that was exclusively part of the Power movement. Instead, almost every party was split
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origin. An alternative theory is that the migration was slow and steady from neighbouring regions, with incoming groups bearing high genetic similarity to the established ones, and integrating into rather than conquering the existing society. Under this theory, the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose
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Article 38 of the Constitution of Rwanda 2003 guarantees "the freedom of expression and freedom of access to information where it does not prejudice public order, good morals, the protection of the youth and children, the right of every citizen to honour and dignity and protection of personal and
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On 7 April, as the genocide started, RPF commander Paul Kagame warned the crisis committee and UNAMIR that he would resume the civil war if the killing did not stop. The next day, Rwandan government forces attacked the national parliament building from several directions, but RPF troops stationed
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We categorically deny the following unfounded allegations made by the officials of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): (a) That there are systematic and organized killings by the Government causing insecurity in the country; (b) That there is a mass exodus of
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Fujii, Lee Ann (April 2007). "Jean Hatzfeld. Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005/Picador, 2006. Translated by Linda Coverdale. Preface by Susan Sontag. xiv + 253 pp. Maps. Chronology of Events. Photograph. Index. $ 24.00. Cloth. $ 14.00. Paper".
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In response to the overwhelming number of potentially culpable individuals and the slow pace of the traditional judicial system, the government of Rwanda passed Organic Law No. 40/2000 in 2001. This law established Gacaca Courts at all administrative levels of Rwanda and in Kigali. It was mainly
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UNAMIR's effectiveness in peacekeeping was also hampered by President Habyarimana and Hutu hardliners, and by April 1994, the Security Council threatened to terminate UNAMIR's mandate if it did not make progress. Following the death of Habyarimana, and the start of the genocide, Dallaire liaised
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In the remaining prefectures, killings continued throughout May and June, although they became increasingly low-key and sporadic; most Tutsi were already dead, and the interim government wished to rein in the growing anarchy and engage the population in fighting the RPF. On 23 June, around 2,500
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was rejected by the crisis committee, forcing Bagosora to agree to Gatsinzi's appointment. Gatsinzi attempted to keep the army out of the genocide, and to negotiate a ceasefire with the RPF, but he had only limited control over his troops and was replaced by the hardline Bizimungu after just ten
2913:
In 2005, Alison Des Forges wrote that eleven years after the genocide, films for popular audiences on the subject greatly increased the "widespread realization of the horror that had taken the lives of more than half a million Tutsi". In 2007, Charlie Beckett, Director of POLIS, said: "How many
1926:
was one of the first researchers to conclude that RPF committed atrocities in a systematic fashion that were directed by officers with a high level of authority. She estimated that RPF killed around 30,000 people considered enemies of the Tutsi. Some witnesses blamed Kagame himself for ordering
1079:
To make the economic, social and political conflict look more like an ethnic conflict, the President's entourage, including the army, launched propaganda campaigns to fabricate events of ethnic crisis caused by the Tutsi and the RPF. The process was described as "mirror politics", also known as
2543:
Government institutions, including judicial courts, were destroyed, and many judges, prosecutors, and employees were murdered during the genocide. Of Rwanda's 750 judges, 506 did not remain after the genocide—many were murdered and most of the survivors fled Rwanda. By 1997, Rwanda only had 50
1721:
was an exception to the local violence. Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana was the only Tutsi prefect, and the prefecture was the only one dominated by an opposition party. Opposing the genocide, Habyalimana was able to keep relative calm in the prefecture, until he was deposed by the extremist Sylvain
2503:
The infrastructure and economy of the country had suffered greatly during the genocide. Many buildings were uninhabitable, and the former regime had carried with them all currency and moveable assets when they fled the country. Human resources were also severely depleted, with over 40% of the
2311:
was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment (increased on appeal to life imprisonment) by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for his role in the massacre of 2,000 Tutsis. The court heard that Seromba lured the Tutsis to the church, where they believed they would find refuge. When they
1892:
Having completed the encirclement of Kigali, the RPF spent the latter half of June fighting for the city itself. The government forces had superior manpower and weapons, but the RPF steadily gained territory as well as conducting raids to rescue civilians from behind enemy lines. According to
1100:
remained in powerful posts, providing the hardline family with a link to power. Throughout 1992, the hardliners carried out campaigns of localised killings of Tutsi, culminating in January 1993, in which extremists and local Hutu murdered around 300 people. When the RPF resumed hostilities in
2536:
of mass arrests for those responsible and for those persons who took part in the genocide, jailing over 100,000 people in the two years after the genocide. The pace of arrests overwhelmed the physical capacity of the Rwandan prison system, leading to what Amnesty International deemed "
1583:. Habyalimana refused to authorise any killings in his territory, and for a while Butare became a sanctuary for Tutsi refugees from elsewhere in the country. This lasted until 18 April, when the interim government dismissed him from his post and replaced him with government loyalist
1360:
In addition to assassinating Uwilingiyimana, the extremists spent the night of 6–7 April moving around the houses of Kigali with lists of prominent moderate politicians and journalists, on a mission to kill them. Fatalities that evening included President of the Constitutional Court
7601:, p. 466n111: " was technically true because there were only field notes. Robert Gersony later told me that knowing full well that it would never be published, he had never done the work of writing out a fully developed version, keeping it only in synthetic documentary form."
8544:
1522:, were initially the most organized, convening a gathering of the Interahamwe and civilian Hutus; the commanders announced the president's death, blaming the RPF, and then ordered the crowd to "begin your work" and to "spare no one", including infants. The killing spread to
2210:
In her 2004 book, Linda Melvern documented that "in the three years from October 1990, Rwanda, one of the poorest countries in the world, became the third largest importer of weapons in Africa, spending an estimated $ US 112 million." She cited a significant contract with
2153:
accused the French government of knowing of preparations for the genocide and helping to train Hutu militia members. In 2019, President Macron decided to reopen the issue of French involvement in the genocide by commissioning a new team to sort through the state archives.
1633:
The RPF was making slow but steady gains in the north and east of the country, ending the killings in each area occupied. The genocide was effectively ended during April in areas of Ruhengeri, Byumba, Kibungo and Kigali prefectures. The killings ceased during April in the
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as the key reason behind the US's failure to intervene in later conflicts such as the Rwandan genocide. After the battle, the bodies of several US casualties of the conflict were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by crowds of local civilians and members of Aidid's
2149:, which accused France of errors of judgement, including "military cooperation against a background of ethnic tensions, massacres and violence", but did not accuse France of direct responsibility for the genocide itself. A 2008 report by the Rwandan government-sponsored
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policy, and assisted Rwanda militarily against the RPF during the Civil War; France considered the RPF, along with Uganda, as part of a "plot" to increase Anglophone influence at the expense of French influence. During the first few days of the genocide, France launched
1555:, the prefect of Kigali-ville, played a leading role, touring the roadblocks to ensure their effectiveness and using his position at the top of the Kigali provincial government to disseminate orders and dismiss officials who were not sufficiently active in the killings.
1130:
To what extent the Rwandan genocide was planned in advance of the assassination of Habyarimana continues to be debated by historians. Prosecutors at the ICTR argued, but were unable to prove, that the defendants planned the genocide prior to Habyarimana's assassination.
1307:
concluded that Paul Kagame had ordered the assassination. An investigation by the Rwandan government made public in 2010 blamed Hutu extremists in the Rwandan army. In January 2012, a French investigation was widely published as exonerating the RPF, but according to
1373:, but the plot was largely successful. According to Dallaire, "by noon on 7 April, the moderate political leadership of Rwanda was dead or in hiding, the potential for a future moderate government utterly lost." An exception to this was the new army chief of staff,
3853:
1608:
activities. When Roméo Dallaire visited the government's headquarters a week after its formation, he found most officials at leisure, describing their activities as "sorting out the seating plan for a meeting that was not about to convene any time soon".
1578:
during the early phase, as the prefects of those areas were moderates opposed to the violence. The genocide began in Gitarama after the interim government relocated to the prefecture on 12 April. Butare was ruled by the only Tutsi prefect in the country,
810:" origins of the kingdom, and referred to the distinctively Ethiopian features and hence, foreign origins, of the Tutsi "caste". These mythologies provide the basis for anti-Tutsi propaganda in 1994. Starkly contrasted, the Tutsi origin myth holds that
2036:(DPKO), which felt that Dallaire was exceeding his mandate and had to be kept "on a leash". Seizing the weapons was argued to be squarely within UNAMIR's mandate; both sides had requested UNAMIR and it had been authorized by the UN Security Council in
981:, but simultaneously began planning an invasion of Rwanda through a covert network within the army's ranks. In October 1990, Rwigyema led a force of over 4,000 rebels from Uganda, advancing 60 km (37 mi) into Rwanda under the banner of the
1332:
uncertainty following the president's death. Bagosora sought to convince UNAMIR and the RPF that the committee was acting to contain the Presidential Guard, which he described as "out of control", and that it would abide by the Arusha agreement.
2031:
learned of the Hutu Power movement during the mission's deployment, as well as plans for the mass extermination of Tutsi. He also became aware of secret weapons caches through an informant, but his request to raid them was turned down by the UN
2675:
The number of Tutsi survivors of the genocide has been debated. Different figures between 150,000 and 309,368 have been offered. There are a number of organizations representing and supporting these survivors of the genocide. These include the
1435:
It rapidly seized control of the northern part of the country and captured Kigali about 100 days later in mid-July, bringing an end to the genocide. During these events and in the aftermath, the United Nations (UN) and countries including the
1598:
was the new prime minister. All political parties were represented in the government, but most members were from the "Hutu Power" wings of their respective parties. The interim government was sworn in on 9 April, but relocated from Kigali to
1954:(UNHCR) observed that "There's a lot of propaganda by the Government radio aimed at the Hutu" which "makes them feel very anti-Tutsi." After the RPF took control of the border crossing at Rusumo on 30 April, refugees continued to cross the
1487:, took power in the country following Habyarimana's death, and was the principal authority coordinating the genocide. Following the assassination of Habyarimana, Bagosora immediately began issuing orders to kill Tutsi, addressing groups of
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them. Local officials and government-sponsored radio incited ordinary citizens to kill their neighbors, and those who refused to kill were often murdered on the spot: "Either you took part in the massacres or you were massacred yourself."
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expressed his deep concern about what was happening in April 1994. On 9 April, in a message to Rwandan Catholics he urged them "not to give way to feelings of hatred and revenge but to courageously practice dialogue and forgiveness".
646:
was rife, with an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 women raped during the genocide. The RPF quickly resumed the civil war once the genocide started and captured all government territory, ending the genocide and forcing the government and
601:
states that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, the demographic evidence suggests that the real number killed was likely lower. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 662,000 Tutsi deaths.
1787:, the chief perpetrators, to separate the consciously heterogeneous population and to drastically exhaust the opposing group. The use of propaganda played an important role in both the genocide and the gender specific violence. The
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initially put forth by academics and human rights defenders. With the exception of two judgements, confirmed on appeal, the Trial Chambers have uniformly found the prosecution's proof of a conspiracy wanting, regardless of the case.
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triangle, an area occupying approximately a fifth of Rwanda. Radio France International estimates that Turquoise saved around 15,000 lives, but with the genocide coming to an end and the RPF's ascendancy, many Rwandans interpreted
5828:
Guichaoua, André (August 1998). Local government in Rwanda: Expert report prepared at the request of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Report). Arusha: ICTR. p. 14. Record Number: 13685, Exhibit Number: P31B in
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sometimes occurred after the rape and included mutilation of the vagina with machetes, knives, sharpened sticks, boiling water, and acid. Men were also the victims of sexual violation, including public mutilation of the genitals.
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with" (quoted in O'Brien 2011, 168; see also Korman 2015, 203–220). Investigators reportedly had discovered "two layers" of bodies, one of Tutsi genocide victims and one of Hutu civilians killed by the RPF (Guichaoua 2020, 132).
625:
on 6 April 1994, creating a power vacuum and ending peace accords. Genocidal killings began the following day when majority Hutu soldiers, police, and militia murdered key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders.
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none of whom were ever counted. The only obstacle weighing on RPF leaders were, if necessary, eliminating or fighting off the threat of an ICTR prosecution. While only theoretical, the threat could have become real at any time.
1881:, the temporary home of the interim government, and by 13 June, had taken Gitarama itself, following an unsuccessful attempt by the Rwandan government forces to reopen the road; the interim government was forced to relocate to
875:, by supporters of the pro-Tutsi party. Mbonyumutwa survived, but rumours began spreading that he had been killed. Hutu activists responded by killing Tutsis, both the elite and ordinary civilians, marking the beginning of the
8499:
8735:
613:, initiating the Rwandan Civil War. Over the course of the next three years, neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage. In an effort to bring the war to a peaceful end, the Rwandan government led by Hutu president,
7360:
The double genocide thesis cannot be dismissed out of hand. After the publication of Judi Rever's expose of the crimes of the RPF, there appears to be considerable evidence to justify the use of the g-word to describe such
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provinces and later advanced west, gaining territory from the poorly organised and demotivated Zairian army with little fighting, and controlling the whole country by 1997. Mobutu fled into exile, and Zaire was renamed the
1638:
heartlands of western Ruhengeri and Gisenyi, as almost every Tutsi had been eliminated. Large numbers of Hutu in the RPF-conquered areas fled, fearing retribution for the genocide; 500,000 Kibungo residents walked over the
2051:
UNAMIR was therefore largely reduced to a bystander role, and Dallaire later labelled it a "failure". Its most significant contribution was to provide refuge for thousands of Tutsi and moderate Hutu at its headquarters in
1647:
into Tanzania in a few days at the end of April, and were accommodated in United Nations camps effectively controlled by ousted leaders of the Hutu regime, with the former prefect of Kibungo prefecture in overall control.
1558:
In rural areas, the local government hierarchy was also in most cases the chain of command for the execution of the genocide. The prefect of each prefecture, acting on orders from Kigali, disseminated instructions to the
8545:"VATICAN - The Pope's anguished and repeated calls during the genocide in Rwanda: "Do not give in to the temptation of hatred and revenge. At this tragic stage of the life of your country, be builders of peace and love""
2512:, unwanted pregnancies and babies, with some women resorting to self-induced abortions. The army, led by Paul Kagame, maintained law and order while the government began the work of rebuilding the country's structures.
1046:, and the president relied on them to maintain his regime. When the RPF invaded in October 1990, Habyarimana and the hardliners exploited the fear of the population to advance an anti-Tutsi agenda which became known as
1709:. The same day, 1,000 heavily armed and well trained European troops arrived to escort European civilian personnel out of the country. The troops did not stay to assist UNAMIR. Media coverage picked up on the 9th, as
9572:
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3815:
2593:
On 18 June 2012, the Gacaca court system was officially closed after facing criticism. It is estimated that the Gacaca court system tried 1,958,634 cases during its lifetime and that 1,003,227 persons stood trial.
2585:
The Gacaca court system faced many controversies and challenges; they were accused of being puppets of the RPF-dominated government. The judges (known as Inyangamugayo, which means "those who detest dishonesty" in
662:
The genocide had lasting and profound effects. In 1996, the RPF-led Rwandan government launched an offensive into Zaire, home to exiled leaders of the former Rwandan government and many Hutu refugees, starting the
762:, ruled by the Tutsi Nyiginya clan, became the dominant kingdom from the mid-eighteenth century, expanding through a process of conquest and assimilation, and achieving its greatest extent under the reign of King
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family privacy". This has not guaranteed freedom of speech or expression given that the government has declared many forms of speech fall into the exceptions. Under these exceptions, longtime Rwandan president,
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In March 1993, Hutu Power began compiling lists of "traitors" whom they planned to kill, and it is possible that Habyarimana's name was on these lists; the CDR were publicly accusing the president of treason.
2424:
By late 1996, Hutu militants from the camps were launching regular cross-border incursions, and the RPF-led Rwandan government launched a counteroffensive. Rwanda provided troops and military training to the
1155:(FAR) expanded rapidly at this time, growing from less than 10,000 troops to almost 30,000 in one year. The new recruits were often poorly disciplined; a divide grew between the elite Presidential Guard and
5804:
1810:
Rene Degni-Segui stated, "Rape was the rule and its absence was the exception." He also noted, "Rape was systematic and was used as a weapon." With this thought and using methods of force and threat, the
4952:
Danning, Gordon (2 October 2018). "Did Radio RTLM Really Contribute Meaningfully to the Rwandan Genocide?: Using Qualitative Information to Improve Causal Inference from Measures of Media Availability".
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In April 2021, the Rwandan government announced the study they had commissioned alleged France "did nothing" to prevent what they deemed the "foreseeable" April and May 1994 massacres in the genocide.
1032:
In the early years of Habyarimana's regime, there was greater economic prosperity and reduced violence against Tutsis. Many hardline anti-Tutsi figures remained, including the family of the first lady
1194:
researcher David Yanagizawa-Drott found that approximately 10% of the overall violence during the Rwandan genocide can be attributed to this new radio station. Gordon Danning, a researcher with the
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389:
1943:. In contrast, the post-genocide regime maintains that killings by RPF soldiers were perpetrated by undisciplined recruits seeking revenge and that all such transgressions were promptly punished.
1423:
Genocidal killings began the following day. Soldiers, police, and militia quickly executed key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders who could have assumed control in the ensuing
1873:, but conducted manoeuvres designed to encircle the cities and cut off supply routes. The RPF also allowed Tutsi refugees from Uganda to settle behind the front line in the RPF controlled areas.
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9554:
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as a mission to protect Hutu from the RPF, including some who had participated in the genocide. The French remained hostile to the RPF, and their presence temporarily stalled the RPF's advance.
16330:
7236:, pp. 98–101: "In a number of cases, witnesses from within the RPA interviewed by the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the ICTR declared that Kagame himself ordered some of the killings."
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2421:(UNHCR), but were effectively controlled by the army and government of the former Hutu regime, including many leaders of the genocide, who began rearming in a bid to return to power in Rwanda.
1931:
in early 1996—one of Tutsi victims of the genocide and another left by RPF killings of Hutu civilians—further forensic investigations were prohibited by the Rwandan government. French scholar
1345:
forcing them to surrender their weapons. Uwilingiyimana and her husband were killed, although their children survived by hiding behind furniture and were rescued by Senegalese UNAMIR officer
1117:. The youth militia began actively carrying out massacres across the country. The army trained the militias, sometimes in conjunction with the French, who were unaware of their true purpose.
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based in the camps, and was also accused of allowing attacks on Tutsi people within Zaire. Together with Uganda, the Rwandan government supported an alliance of four rebel groups headed by
2487:(UN) report accused the Rwandan army of committing wide-scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Congo during those wars, charges denied by the Rwandan government.
7546:
5447:
2540:". The country's 19 prisons were designed to hold about 18,000 inmates total, but at their peak in 1998 there were over 100,000 people in crowded detention facilities across the country.
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acknowledged that while some Catholic nuns and priests in the country were killed during the genocide, others were complicit in it and took part in preparing and executing the genocide.
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2355:
began to regroup in refugee camps along the border with Rwanda. Declaring a need to avert further genocide, the RPF-led government made military incursions into Zaire, resulting in the
11827:
Sarkin, Jeremy (2001). "The Tension between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, Human Rights, Due Process, and the Role of the Gacaca Courts in Dealing with the Genocide".
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affirms that genocide took place but states that those who took part in it did so without the permission of the Church. Though religious factors were not prominent, in its 1999 report
985:(RPF). Rwigyema was killed on the third day of the attack, and France and Zaire deployed forces in support of the Rwandan army, allowing them to repel the invasion. Rwigyema's deputy,
8491:
2688:. The 2007 report on the living conditions of survivors conducted by the Ministry in charge of Social Affairs in Rwanda reported the following situation of survivors in the country:
1303:, killing everyone on board. Responsibility for the attack was disputed, with both the RPF and Hutu extremists being blamed. In 2006, an eight-year investigation by the French judge
16781:
9375:"Organic Law No. 08/96 of 303 August on the Organization of Prosecutions for Offences Constituting the Crimes of Genocide or Crimes against Humanity Committed since 1 October 1990".
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population having been killed or fled. Many of the remainder were traumatised: most had lost relatives, witnessed killings or participated in the genocide. The long-term effects of
1000:. The RPF captured the town, benefiting from the element of surprise, and held it for one day before retreating to the forests. For the next year, the RPF waged a hit-and-run style
766:
in 1853–1895. Rwabugiri expanded the kingdom west and north, and initiated administrative reforms which caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations. These included
8530:
1803:, including the Presidential Guard, and civilians also committed rape against mostly Tutsi women. Although Tutsi women were the main targets, moderate Hutu women were also raped.
905:
to power. Pro-Hutu and Anti-Tutsi discrimination continued in Rwanda itself, although the indiscriminate violence against the Tutsi did decrease somewhat. Habyarimana founded the
1885:
in the far north west. As well as fighting the war, Kagame was recruiting heavily to expand the army. The new recruits included Tutsi survivors of the genocide and refugees from
3324:
852:". This was the first document to label the Tutsi and Hutu as separate races, and called for the transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu based on what it termed "statistical law".
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Nsabimana. Finding the population of Butare resistant to murdering their citizens, the government flew in militia from Kigali by helicopter, and they readily killed the Tutsi.
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622:
329:
7616:"Summary of UNHCR presentation before commission of experts, 10 October 1994 – Prospects for early repatriation of Rwandan refugees currently in Burundi, Tanzania and Zaïre"
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7451:
8355:
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795:, and from 1926 began a policy of more direct colonial rule. The Belgians modernised the Rwandan economy, but Tutsi supremacy remained, leaving the Hutu disenfranchised.
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1999:
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distinction in which the Tutsi herded cattle while the Hutu farmed the land. The Hutu, Tutsi and Twa of Rwanda share a common language and are collectively known as the
450:
11893:
Silva-Leander, Sebastian (2008). "On the Danger and Necessity of Democratisation: trade-offs between short-term stability and long-term peace in post-genocide Rwanda".
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2307:. Witnesses testified that they had directed a death squad to the victims' hiding place and had given them petrol with which to burn down the building. In 2006, Father
14554:
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7509:
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1004:, capturing some border areas but not making significant gains against the Rwandan army. In June 1992, following the formation of a multiparty coalition government in
906:
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or Israeli private arm dealers had sold arms to the Rwandan government. Israeli officials repeatedly denied this allegation. In 2016, a petition was submitted to the
2048:
rendered it powerless to intervene militarily, and most of its Rwandan staff were killed in the early days of the genocide, severely limiting its ability to operate.
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16195:
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regarding killings of Hutu in order to avoid prosecution by the ICTR. Some critics have suggested that these crimes should have been prosecuted by the ICTR, or even
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The crisis committee appointed an interim government on 8 April; using the terms of the 1991 constitution instead of the Arusha Accords, the committee designated
14872:
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5003:
2238:. Zaire played a key role in supplying arms and facilitating arms flows to the Rwandan army. Some officials also encouraged arms trafficking by private dealers.
1753:) in Kigali where Belgian UNAMIR soldiers were stationed. On 11 April, the Belgian soldiers withdrew, and Rwandan armed forces and militia killed all the Tutsi.
1323:, and a number of other senior army staff officers. The committee was headed by Bagosora, despite the presence of the more senior Ndindiliyimana. Prime Minister
1240:, sent his "Genocide Fax" to UN Headquarters. The fax stated that Dallaire was in contact with "a top level trainer in the cadre of Interhamwe-armed militia of
11874:
11761:
5424:
17048:
16446:
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2296:, for failing to condemn the genocide, though that accusation was belied over time. Many other clergymen gave their lives to prevent Tutsis from being killed.
1990:. Australian soldiers serving as part of UNAMIR estimated at least 4,000 people were killed, while the Rwandan government claimed that the death toll was 338.
1745:
was later found guilty and sentenced to life in prison by the ICTR for his role in the demolition of his church; he was convicted of the crime of genocide and
11554:
11537:
7622:
6560:
2663:, an American law professor and attorney, was arrested in Kigali and charged with genocide denial while serving as defense counsel for presidential candidate
2363:(1998–2003) Congo Wars. Armed struggles between the Rwandan government and their opponents in the DRC have continued through battles of proxy militias in the
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were aware before the height of the massacre that a deliberate and systematic genocide to eliminate all Tutsis was planned. Fear of a repeat of the events in
1725:
Most of the victims were killed in their own villages or in towns, often by their neighbors and fellow villagers. The militia typically murdered victims with
1357:, the commanding officer of the Presidential Guard unit which carried out the murders, was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment by a court in Belgium in 2007.
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people fleeing the country to the neighbouring United Republic of Tanzania; (c) That refugees do not return because of the alleged insecurity in the country.
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7211:
1213:, who had been elected in June as the country's first ever Hutu president, was assassinated by extremist Tutsi army officers. The assassination sparked the
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movement began to grow in Rwanda, fuelled by increasing resentment of the inter-war social reforms, and also an increasing sympathy for the Hutu within the
16920:
16274:
11474:
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7224:: "certain kinds of RPF abuses occurred so often and in such similar ways that they must have been directed by officers at a high level of responsibility."
1958:, ending up in remote areas of Tanzania. In early May, the UNHCR began hearing concrete accounts of atrocities and made this information public on 17 May.
1259:, was acquitted of that charge in 2008, although he was convicted of genocide. André Guichaoua, an expert witness for the ICTR prosecution, noted in 2010:
11694:
8853:
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2551:
While Rwanda had the death penalty prior to the 1996 Organic law, in practice no executions had taken place since 1982. Twenty-two individuals, including
993:, a rugged area of northern Rwanda. From there, he rearmed and reorganised the army, and carried out fundraising and recruitment from the Tutsi diaspora.
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presided over a Hutu republic for the next decade, imposing an autocratic rule similar to the pre-revolution feudal monarchy. He was overthrown following
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on 28 April 1994. The refugees had fled before the Tutsi rebels arrived because they believed the RPF were committing atrocities. A spokesperson for the
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and any with Tutsi cards were killed immediately. The militias also initiated searches of houses in the city, killing Tutsi and looting their property.
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6748:
2616:, Tanzania. The UN Tribunal tried high-level members of the government and armed forces, while Rwanda prosecuted lower-level leaders and local people.
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Before the international embargo against Rwanda on 17 May 1994, South Africa and France were two of the main suppliers of arms to Rwanda. According to
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7682:"Letter Dated 28 September 1994 From the Permanent Representative of Rwanda to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council"
2409:, fearing RPF reprisals for the Rwandan genocide. The camps were crowded and squalid, and thousands of refugees died in disease epidemics, including
1496:
1101:
February 1993, it cited these killings as the primary motive, but its effect was to increase support for the extremists amongst the Hutu population.
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7522:: " began hearing accounts of RPF killings from refugees in early May and became sufficiently concerned to make public the allegations on May 17."
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in person in Kigali, and making telephone calls to leaders in the prefectures. Other leading organisers on a national level were defence minister
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15238:
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14413:
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13765:
9366:"Summary of the Report Presented at the Closing of Gacaca Courts Activities". Republic of Rwanda: National Service of Gacaca Courts. Kigali, 2012
1922:
During the genocide and in the months following the RPF victory, RPF soldiers killed many people, although the number of casualties is disputed.
1806:
Along with the Hutu moderates, Hutu women who were married to or who hid Tutsis were also targeted. In his 1996 report on Rwanda, the UN Special
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11297:
10512:
5781:
3429:
2830:
2625:
2057:
2037:
1171:
461:
427:
1483:
The large-scale killing of Tutsi on the grounds of ethnicity began within a few hours of Habyarimana's death. The crisis committee, headed by
1428:
17024:
16940:
16908:
16715:
15396:
14724:
14610:
13777:
13239:
12581:
10231:
8811:
7486:
6329:
2435:
2418:
1975:, Kagame acknowledged that killings had occurred but stated that they were carried out by rogue soldiers and had been impossible to control.
1951:
1199:
668:
503:
15230:
10291:
10002:
814:
had several sons, including Gatutsi and Gahutu, ancestors of the Tutsi and Hutu who are therefore brothers. The Hutu origin myth holds that
17462:
16988:
16935:
16930:
16925:
13395:
12545:
10765:
10024:
5230:
2024:
2019:
The building in which ten Belgian UNAMIR soldiers were massacred and mutilated. Today the site is preserved as a memorial for the soldiers.
1448:
1017:
455:
10459:
10138:
9968:
722:
groups migrated into Rwanda, and began to clear forest land for agriculture. Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the
17412:
17242:
16757:
13937:
13612:
13337:
12059:
5311:
2659:
has criticized the Rwandan government for using these laws to "criminalize legitimate dissent and criticism of the government". In 2010,
2303:
and Gertrude Mukangango were convicted in 2001 of involvement in the murders of 500-700 Tutsis who had sought refuge at their convent in
718:
hunter-gatherers who settled in the area between 8000 BC and 3000 BC and remain in Rwanda today. Between 700 BC and 1500 AD, a number of
8522:
1068:, an explicit set of racist guidelines, including labelling Hutus who married Tutsis as "traitors". In 1992, the hardliners created the
17054:
16431:
16282:
16229:
15198:
13617:
13371:
12603:
9221:
7313:, p. 228: "The legal definition of genocide has nothing to do with numbers killed. It defines genocide as the 'intent to destroy,
2609:
2603:
1252:
394:
10950:
8263:
3308:
1016:, were signed in August 1993 and gave the RPF positions in a Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG) and in the national army. The
17060:
16877:
15476:
14852:
14641:
14379:
14047:
13299:
11136:
9900:
8664:
5872:
3354:
2146:
1369:
and his Canadian wife, and chief Arusha negotiator Boniface Ngulinzira. A few moderates survived, including prime minister-designate
1069:
868:
7331:
6490:
4597:
1877:
Kigali. They encountered little resistance, except around Kigali and Ruhengeri. By 16 May, they had cut the road between Kigali and
928:
had increased from 1.6 million people in 1934 to 7.1 million in 1989, leading to competition for land. Historians such as
14562:
13232:
12693:
9862:
8938:
Emizet, Kisangani N. F. (July 2000). "The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law".
8477:
2768:
2045:
532:
6996:
14626:
14216:
12739:
11991:
10854:
9930:
9473:
9217:
8347:
7443:
6678:
5194:
910:
815:
15539:
14426:
12092:
12039:
11449:
10190:
9615:
8704:
6718:
4890:
Straus, Scott (December 2007). "What Is the Relationship between Hate Radio and Violence? Rethinking Rwanda's "Radio Machete"".
16787:
15151:
13931:
13436:
12839:
12415:
9732:
6325:
2825:
2069:
1767:
553:
350:
16835:
10314:
6770:
2027:) had been in Rwanda since October 1993, with a mandate to oversee the implementation of the Arusha Accords. UNAMIR commander
1946:
The first rumours of RPF killings emerged after 250,000 mostly Hutu refugees streamed into Tanzania at the border crossing of
1340:
UNAMIR sent an escort of ten Belgian soldiers to Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana, with the intention of transporting her to the
17036:
16436:
15885:
15079:
14941:
14144:
13125:
12327:
12291:
12272:
12215:
12155:
12129:
12016:
11966:
11817:
11786:
11680:
11642:
11618:
11559:
11501:
11443:
11364:
11324:
11266:
11187:
11165:
11082:
11018:
10978:
10917:
10818:
10790:
10733:
10702:
10662:
10417:
10390:
10353:
10257:
9566:
9530:
9042:
7910:
7648:
7289:
4866:
4790:
4754:
4636:
3901:
3673:
3400:
3185:
2537:
2033:
1669:
The succeeding RPF government claims that 1,074,017 people were killed in the genocide, 94% of whom were Tutsi. In contrast,
1255:
prosecution was unable to prove that a conspiracy to commit genocide existed prior to 7 April 1994. The supposed mastermind,
17084:
11648:
11507:
11330:
11272:
11024:
10923:
10708:
10668:
10635:
10602:
10396:
10044:
9048:
7374:
6651:
5364:
5260:
17472:
16314:
15834:
15443:
15363:
14161:
13865:
12800:
12688:
12172:
10575:
10554:
10053:
9763:
8611:
8416:
8232:
2772:
527:
8790:
8446:
6944:
5140:
17507:
17497:
17442:
17417:
17180:
17042:
16370:
16070:
15414:
15177:
14483:
14167:
13996:
13683:
12978:
11925:
10533:
9831:
2479:(DRC). Rwanda fell out with the new Congolese government in 1998, and Kagame supported a fresh rebellion, leading to the
11412:
11040:
Hayden, Robert M. (2000). "Rape and Rape Avoidance in Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence in Liminalized States".
8757:
5083:
3123:
2405:
Following the RPF victory, approximately two million Hutu fled to refugee camps in neighbouring countries, particularly
1729:, although some army units used rifles. The Hutu gangs searched out victims hiding in churches and school buildings and
17487:
17457:
15119:
14683:
13808:
13467:
12234:
12121:
11596:
10997:
9793:
7813:
2261:
1560:
1315:
Following Habyarimana's death, on the evening of 6 April, a crisis committee was formed; it consisted of Major General
11753:
10068:
9652:
5014:
1869:
and large areas of the countryside to the north and east of Kigali. They avoided attacking the capital city Kigali or
17482:
16964:
16945:
15159:
14578:
14266:
14138:
13831:
13802:
12627:
12188:
10759:
10629:
9164:
8940:
6796:
5416:
1796:
1673:, following on-the-ground research, estimated the casualties at 507,000 people. According to a 2020 symposium of the
546:
11867:
11527:
7724:
5759:
1431:, which contained ethnic classifications. This enabled government forces to systematically identify and kill Tutsi.
17452:
17018:
16245:
16203:
14229:
14001:
13492:
13487:
13342:
13327:
13204:
12752:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12445:
12420:
12320:
10371:
7615:
6529:
5633:
2476:
1762:
1468:
656:
355:
266:
55:
10232:"Part 1: Hate media in Rwanda• Call to genocide: radio in Rwanda, 1994: International Development Research Centre"
10168:
10100:
9426:
3236:
The government eventually settled on 'more than a million', a claim which few outside Rwanda have taken seriously.
17407:
17296:
17266:
16406:
15291:
15266:
14008:
13980:
13282:
12675:
12523:
11466:
10475:
8641:
7188:
1940:
1917:
1772:
20:
9134:
8843:
17284:
16982:
16363:
16211:
15841:
15599:
15015:
14805:
14515:
14092:
14081:
13991:
12773:
12362:
8202:
2820:
693:
303:
16411:
16118:
9582:
7586:
5737:
898:
17302:
17278:
17066:
16865:
15871:
14975:
14570:
14372:
14309:
13730:
13443:
13430:
7519:
6882:
2515:
2509:
2331:
16171:
16038:
8595:
7769:
7689:
6744:
4925:
Yanagizawa-Drott, David (1 November 2014). "Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide *".
1327:
was legally next in the line of political succession, but the committee refused to recognise her authority.
17432:
17427:
17422:
17192:
17090:
16914:
15892:
15864:
15055:
14951:
13842:
13044:
12983:
12966:
12873:
9394:
3418:"Denying Genocide or Denying Free Speech? A Case Study of the Application of Rwanda's Genocide Denial Laws"
1983:
1675:
17116:
11109:"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity"
10211:
9191:
6970:
5845:"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity"
2371:(2012–2013). Large Rwandan Hutu and Tutsi populations continue to live as refugees throughout the region.
2085:
During President Habyarimana's years in power, France maintained close relations with him, as part of its
16541:
16179:
16054:
16046:
15347:
14933:
14041:
13836:
13454:
13259:
13110:
12929:
12888:
12768:
12732:
9756:"Refworld | Rwanda: Law No. 18/2008 of 2008 Relating to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Ideology"
8289:
7278:""A Mere Pretense of Justice": Complementarity, Sham Trials, and Victor's Justice at the Rwanda Tribunal"
3049:
2982:
Map showing the geographical strongholds of the Rwandan political parties at the beginning of April 1994.
172:
17130:
11072:
10832:(2012). "'She makes me ashamed to be a woman': The Genocide Conviction of Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, 2011".
10726:
Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence: The ICC and the Practice of the ICTY and the ICTR
9551:
8439:"RWANDA/ZAIRE Rearming with Impunity International Support for the Perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide"
8285:
5341:
3891:
3073:
Meierhenrich, Jens (2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate".
2881:(2010), which addresses the personal and political costs of the genocide, focusing on Rwandan President
2872:
1715:
reported the execution of Rwandan employees of relief agencies in front of their expatriate colleagues.
17467:
17447:
17437:
17337:
16094:
15299:
14288:
14271:
14120:
14076:
14029:
13947:
13925:
13624:
13068:
12973:
12566:
12068:
11958:
11690:
9817:
2877:
2459:
2450:
In addition to dismantling the refugee camps, Kagame began planning a war to remove long-time dictator
2380:
2194:
2170:
487:
17096:
10501:"Closing the U.N. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Completion Strategy and Residual Issues"
9897:"Safer to Stay Silent: The chilling effect of Rwanda's laws on "genocide ideology" and "sectarianism""
5448:"Rwanda's Untold Story. A reply to '38 scholars, scientists, researchers, journalists and historians'"
4773:
Kimani, Mary (2007). "RTLM: the Medium That Became a Tool for Mass Murder". In Thompson, Allan (ed.).
17502:
17492:
17397:
17224:
17200:
17168:
17012:
16817:
16799:
16793:
16751:
16453:
16421:
16062:
16030:
15912:
15795:
14108:
14024:
13952:
13550:
13460:
13173:
13095:
12946:
11933:
10946:
10415:(1996). "The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The Politics and Pragmatics of Punishment".
5478:
5135:
2289:
2285:
1905:
1580:
770:, a system of forced labour which Hutu had to perform to regain access to land seized from them, and
276:
11289:
10500:
9710:
3417:
698:
609:(RPF), a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from their base in
17477:
17030:
16614:
16589:
16531:
16416:
16390:
15760:
15751:
15452:
14829:
14365:
14211:
14086:
13576:
13545:
13288:
12993:
12988:
12883:
12868:
12632:
7332:"Rwanda: the state of Research | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche"
6491:"Rwanda: the state of Research | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche"
5778:
5220:
3054:
2199:
1832:
Some experts have estimated that between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the genocide.
1699:
1511:
were responsible for coordinating the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi militia activities nationally.
1202:
questioned the assumption of that paper that media availability correlated with media consumption.
1064:, which became popular throughout the country. This published anti-Tutsi propaganda, including the
1058:, killing 383 Tutsi. A group of military officers and government members founded a magazine called
962:
784:
16219:
10235:
1856:
1591:
17402:
17307:
16811:
16733:
15781:
15774:
14765:
14206:
13942:
13743:
13594:
13571:
13497:
13360:
13332:
13090:
13019:
12878:
12783:
12593:
12513:
12392:
12372:
11672:
11042:
10966:
10284:"Génocide rwandais : vingt-cinq ans de chaos collatéral en République démocratique du Congo"
10283:
9994:
7801:
7221:
2641:
2519:
2193:
shaped US policy at the time, with many commentators identifying the graphic consequences of the
1936:
1927:
killings. After ICTR investigators reportedly discovered two layers of bodies in a mass grave in
1316:
1218:
1093:
1013:
982:
788:
672:
618:
606:
445:
11211:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"
10747:
10455:
10130:
10028:
4739:
Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda & State-sponsored Violence in Rwanda 1990–1994
3391:
Sullo, Pietro (2018). "Writing History Through Criminal Law: State-Sponsored Memory in Rwanda".
1304:
17260:
17236:
16952:
16536:
16509:
16485:
16480:
16290:
15878:
15827:
15717:
15460:
14999:
14885:
13919:
13737:
13526:
13115:
13080:
12934:
12919:
12725:
12654:
12538:
11829:
11716:
11407:
10862:
9953:
7541:
6673:
3347:"Ignoring Genocide (HRW Report – Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)"
2444:
1800:
1746:
1191:
1081:
925:
811:
598:
182:
16126:
12528:
12072:
11714:
Rettig, Max (2008). "Gacaca: Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Post-conflict in Rwanda?".
11555:"Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: Implications for International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice"
10845:
5303:
2483:, which would last up until 2003 and caused millions of deaths and massive damage. In 2010, a
2101:
1894:
1654:
1288:
1229:
and other weapons; previously, they had possessed only machetes and traditional hand weapons.
902:
802:
The ethnic identities of the Hutu and Tutsi were reshaped and mythologized by the colonizers.
614:
469:
17230:
16889:
16674:
16639:
16609:
16463:
16386:
16187:
15942:
15222:
14900:
14651:
14594:
14475:
13871:
13448:
13039:
12939:
12433:
11895:
11104:
10318:
10073:
9922:
9892:
9697:
9254:
6866:
6773:(Press release). International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. 22 December 2006. Archived from
5840:
4598:"Rwanda: the state of Research | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network"
2899:
2886:
2875:
who sheltered over a thousand refugees during the genocide. The independent documentary film
2656:
2250:
1475:
1324:
1170:, had become too liberal and supportive of the opposition; they founded a new radio station,
1159:
units, who were well trained and battle ready, and the ordinary rank and file, respectively.
1144:
1065:
864:
855:
365:
12265:
The Path to Genocide in Rwanda: Security, Opportunity, and Authority in an Ethnocratic State
12227:
We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda
11669:
Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
9229:
2434:
while others ventured further west into Zaire. The refugees fleeing further into Zaire were
1484:
1320:
1256:
1097:
1020:(UNAMIR), a peacekeeping force, arrived in the country and the RPF were given a base in the
894:
162:
17212:
17148:
16958:
16769:
16654:
16559:
16495:
16458:
16355:
16338:
16237:
15820:
15613:
15592:
14959:
14813:
14659:
14618:
14396:
14260:
14200:
13913:
13105:
12956:
12951:
11532:
10621:
Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era
8259:
7192:
2681:
2637:
2186:
2145:
A number of inquiries have been held into French involvement in Rwanda, including the 1998
1451:(UNAMIR) peacekeepers. In December 2017, media reported revelations that the government of
1370:
1152:
1084:" whereby a person accuses others of what the person himself/herself actually wants to do.
1021:
676:
11108:
10940:
9896:
6624:
1994 is nowhere near the one-million-mark is – scientifically speaking – incontrovertible.
6530:"Contested Counting: Toward a Rigorous Estimate of the Death Toll in the Rwandan Genocide"
5844:
3346:
1447:
were criticized for their inaction and failure to strengthen the force and mandate of the
8:
17124:
17104:
16859:
16745:
16689:
16659:
16624:
16514:
16155:
15857:
15724:
15673:
15379:
15275:
15246:
15206:
15190:
14837:
14789:
14755:
14747:
14716:
14491:
14224:
13600:
13400:
13322:
13153:
13085:
13054:
12924:
12856:
9866:
8848:
3128:
2896:
2854:
2838:
2777:
1711:
1245:
996:
Kagame restarted the war in January 1991, with a surprise attack on the northern town of
978:
763:
14991:
11493:
Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century
8492:"Israel was aware of violence against Hutus before Rwandan genocide, new documents show"
3206:"'More than a million': the politics of accounting for the dead of the Rwandan genocide"
2936:
1824:
women were also targeted with the intent of destroying their reproductive capabilities.
1661:
17218:
17142:
17136:
16694:
16664:
16649:
16526:
15680:
15666:
15427:
15283:
15135:
14821:
14708:
14698:
14450:
13606:
13389:
13366:
13158:
13120:
12907:
12893:
12812:
12790:
12438:
12377:
12194:
11912:
11854:
11846:
11741:
11733:
11435:
11235:
11210:
11128:
11059:
10887:
10879:
10751:
10442:
10434:
9926:
9811:
9657:
8965:
8957:
8469:
7774:
7729:
6614:
6552:
5864:
5289:
5225:
5186:
4970:
4907:
4872:
4832:
4796:
3845:
3277:
3227:
3098:
2903:
2447:
succeeded in bringing the Hutu to the government side and the insurgency was defeated.
2281:
2227:
1738:
1670:
1539:
1523:
1378:
1366:
1362:
1292:
1033:
921:
876:
831:
803:
687:
370:
313:
24:
10895:
10550:
10348:. Francophone postcolonial studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 6.
9465:
9031:
Byman, Daniel; Chalk, Peter; Hoffman, Bruce; Rosenau, William; Brannan, David (2001).
7327:
6668:
6486:
5163:
1932:
1504:
1076:, and promoted an agenda critical of the president's alleged "softness" with the RPF.
1008:, the RPF announced a ceasefire and began negotiations with the Rwandan government in
989:, took command of the RPF forces, organising a tactical retreat through Uganda to the
193:
17272:
17000:
16902:
16775:
16619:
16569:
16564:
15982:
15645:
15571:
15492:
15087:
14967:
14925:
14797:
14781:
14586:
14459:
14401:
14346:
14190:
13860:
13719:
13654:
13197:
13135:
13049:
13007:
12829:
12824:
12805:
12778:
12760:
12387:
12367:
12357:
12287:
12268:
12230:
12211:
12184:
12151:
12125:
12035:
12022:
12012:
11977:
11962:
11916:
11858:
11813:
11782:
11745:
11676:
11638:
11614:
11592:
11497:
11439:
11429:
11360:
11350:
11320:
11262:
11240:
11183:
11161:
11132:
11078:
11014:
10993:
10974:
10913:
10841:
10814:
10786:
10755:
10743:
10729:
10698:
10658:
10625:
10446:
10386:
10349:
9799:
9789:
9689:
9607:
9562:
9384:
Organic Law N° 31/2007 of 25 July 2007 Relating to the Abolition of the Death Penalty
9038:
8969:
8696:
7906:
7339:
6965:
6722:
6618:
6597:(2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate".
6594:
6556:
6498:
5868:
5190:
4974:
4911:
4876:
4862:
4836:
4786:
4750:
4632:
3897:
3849:
3669:
3396:
3316:
3281:
3269:
3231:
3181:
3102:
3090:
2864:
2847:
2664:
2552:
2393:
2269:
1923:
1825:
1571:
1552:
1543:
1492:
1354:
1214:
990:
941:
872:
759:
582:
318:
308:
298:
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11584:
10891:
10684:
10529:
9724:
9552:
Ingelaere, B. 2016. Inside Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: Searching Justice after Genocide.
7417:"Refugees Magazine Issue 97 (NGOs and UNHCR) – Cooperation crucial in Rwanda crisis"
4746:
2028:
1328:
1233:
929:
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11120:
11051:
10871:
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9685:
9522:
8949:
8728:"Pope Francis Asks For Catholic Church To Be Forgiven For Role in Rwandan Genocide"
6774:
6606:
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4854:
4824:
4778:
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Canadian Lieutenant-General Roméo Dallaire became the best-known eyewitness to the
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977:. These soldiers remained in the Ugandan army following Museveni's inauguration as
966:
849:
509:
360:
116:
12198:
11695:"Twenty years after genocide France and Rwanda give different versions of history"
10592:
10261:
9583:"Justice and Responsibility » The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
7277:
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16805:
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16014:
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14053:
13677:
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13143:
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12576:
12571:
11809:
11632:
11491:
11380:
11314:
11256:
11252:
11197:
11124:
11008:
10907:
10688:
10652:
10619:
10380:
10218:
10048:
10041:
9558:
9032:
6655:
6648:
5860:
5808:
5785:
5766:
5743:
5402:
5252:
2463:
2384:
2356:
2277:
2053:
1987:
1979:
1845:
1718:
1575:
1531:
1527:
1374:
1309:
970:
914:
845:
751:
723:
664:
594:
497:
12245:"Ethnicity and Estate: The Galician Jacquerie and the Rwandan Genocide Compared"
10571:
9755:
8607:
8408:
4853:. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) Special Bibliography. 2018.
3816:"Ethnicity and Estate: The Galician Jacquerie and the Rwandan Genocide Compared"
3249:
2087:
2074:
1626:, which ran along the northern border between Rwanda and Uganda and flowed into
1427:. Checkpoints and barricades were erected to screen all holders of the national
648:
16994:
16883:
16871:
16684:
16468:
16441:
16078:
15687:
15652:
15339:
15331:
15307:
14892:
14739:
14731:
14173:
13906:
13901:
13713:
13707:
13695:
13639:
13148:
12659:
12055:
11523:
11175:
10875:
10829:
8783:
8438:
7720:
7685:
7611:
6940:
6747:(Press release). International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. 13 December 2006.
5130:
4800:
4629:
Doing Justice to History: Confronting the Past in International Criminal Courts
2833:
2802:
2677:
2660:
2484:
2130:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1947:
1928:
1901:
1780:
1440:
932:
believe that the 1994 genocide can be partly attributed to population density.
643:
112:
11942:
11908:
11842:
11431:
Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath
11258:
When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda
11152:
Jones, Adam (2010). "Genocide and Mass Violence". In Laura J. Shepherd (ed.).
10909:
Securing Human Rights?: Achievements and Challenges of the UN Security Council
8953:
6319:
1652:
soldiers entered southwestern Rwanda as part of the French-led United Nations
1415:
243:
17391:
17351:
17174:
17160:
16970:
16699:
16679:
16574:
16110:
15974:
15966:
15934:
15500:
15095:
14331:
14132:
14114:
14070:
13962:
13725:
13701:
13024:
12795:
12480:
12139:
12026:
11346:
11055:
10800:
10412:
9608:"UN genocide tribunal in Rwanda swears-in judges selected to finish its work"
7343:
6502:
5285:
4903:
4468:
THE PROSECUTOR VERSUS JEAN-PAUL AKAYESU Case No. ICTR-96-4-T at paras. 99–100
3661:
3320:
3273:
3133:
3094:
2843:
2368:
2293:
2178:
2078:
1749:. In another case, thousands sought refuge in the Official Technical School (
1640:
1627:
1595:
1436:
1113:
1001:
958:
719:
715:
410:
178:
9803:
7805:
6806:. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. pp. 77–78. Archived from
4858:
4782:
17375:
16500:
16475:
16086:
15620:
15530:
13267:
12598:
12470:
11244:
10810:
10597:
8669:
8409:"Arming Rwanda - the Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War"
2916:
2859:
2798:
2564:
2426:
2336:
2320:
2316:
and complicity in the genocide, but he was cleared of all charges in 2000.
2304:
2300:
2220:
2182:
2015:
1955:
1841:
1812:
1792:
1683:
1644:
1623:
1424:
1346:
1341:
1167:
974:
841:
837:
492:
400:
258:
186:
49:
19:"Tutsi Genocide" redirects here. For the killings of Tutsi in Burundi, see
14633:
11796:
Rittner, Carol (2009). "Rape, Religion, and Genocide: An Unholy Silence".
11376:"French accused of complicity in genocide that killed a million in Rwanda"
8633:
6807:
5182:
5164:"NGO Justice: African Rights as Pseudo-Prosecutor of the Rwandan Genocide"
4828:
3250:"Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections"
1851:
1455:
had allegedly supported the Hutu government after the genocide had begun.
16763:
16579:
15998:
15710:
15703:
15315:
14442:
14341:
14336:
13886:
13660:
13415:
12485:
11356:
10694:
8551:. Information service of the Pontifical Mission Societies. 6 April 2004.
8203:"FRANCE RESETS AFRICAN RELATIONS: A POTENTIAL LESSON FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP"
4938:
3201:
3180:(Afterword ed.). Cornell University Press. pp. 1, 15, 131–132.
3107:
The lower bound for Tutsi deaths is 491,000 (McDoom), see page 75 mention
2882:
2790:
2786:
2648:
2587:
1784:
1350:
1195:
1156:
1107:
986:
950:
825:
792:
744:
415:
168:
108:
12256:
11737:
9832:"Legacy of Rwanda genocide includes media restrictions, self-censorship"
8523:"Records of Israeli arms sales during Rwandan genocide to remain sealed"
3896:. Internet Archive. Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press.
3831:
1889:, but were less well trained and disciplined than the earlier recruits.
16634:
16629:
16006:
15585:
15546:
15127:
15023:
14602:
13957:
12382:
11850:
11729:
11010:
We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families
10883:
10438:
10160:
7653:
3840:
2522:
did not provide significant assistance to the new government, and most
2471:
2467:
2430:
2313:
1073:
1047:
323:
210:
15323:
11063:
10825:(Chapter 10: "Malthus in Africa: Rwanda's Genocide", pp. 311–28).
8961:
7196:
2165:
1860:
Map showing the advance of the RPF during the Rwandan genocide of 1994
1463:
1365:, Minister of Agriculture Frederic Nzamurambaho, Parti Liberal leader
822:
and the first Tutsi) fell from the sky on an earth inhabited by Hutu.
17110:
16823:
15564:
15553:
15031:
14690:
12147:
11157:
2892:
2414:
2134:
1617:
During the remainder of April and early May, the Presidential Guard,
997:
920:
At 408 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,060/sq mi), Rwanda's
909:(MRND) party in 1975, and promulgated a new constitution following a
11873:. National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda.
10430:
9863:"RWANDA: Genocide Ideology and Sectarianism Laws Silencing Critics?"
5362:
2495:
2169:
Convoy of American military vehicles bring fresh water from Goma to
1904:
for Rwanda would come to be marked as 4 July and is commemorated as
1604:
effectively a puppet regime with no ability to halt the army or the
953:, commander of the Rwandan Patriotic Front for most of the Civil War
688:
Pre-independent Rwanda and the origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa groups
671:. Today, Rwanda has two public holidays to mourn the genocide, and "
228:
17358:
17321:
16847:
16584:
16331:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
15627:
15606:
15578:
15523:
14388:
13783:
13504:
13256:
12704:
12312:
11226:
9216:
6974:
6635:
Maximo, Dady De (2012). "A Genocide that could have been avoided".
2810:
2505:
2126:
1878:
1730:
1600:
1151:
foreign minister, facilitated a large sale of arms from Egypt. The
946:
884:
735:
630:
104:
12717:
6894:
2885:
and genocide survivor Jean-Pierre Sagahutu, premiered at the 2010
1399:
12491:
12061:
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines
11319:(8, illustrated, reprint ed.). London; New York: Zed Books.
7681:
6997:"Rwanda's forgotten tribe which was nearly wiped off by genocide"
2924:
2569:
2410:
2374:
2242:
2190:
2110:
1886:
1882:
1726:
1444:
1296:
1060:
819:
807:
780:
772:
635:
421:
11978:"Human Rights Compliance and the Gacaca Jurisdictions in Rwanda"
11953:
Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul Robert; Jacobs, Steven L. (2008).
9427:"Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 2020"
4696:
4694:
2846:
about genocide throughout history and its eventual inclusion in
957:
In the 1980s, a group of 500 Rwandan refugees in Uganda, led by
17370:
16644:
15694:
12748:
5479:"Soldier who accused Kagame of triggering genocide is abducted"
3660:
2868:
2620:
2613:
2579:
2246:
2216:
2118:
2113:, and civilians in danger; from bases in the Zairian cities of
2010:
1870:
1866:
1479:
Rwanda was divided into 11 prefectures and 145 communes in 1994
1452:
1300:
1237:
1051:
1024:
building in Kigali, for use during the setting up of the BBTG.
1009:
1005:
880:
734:
migrated later and formed a distinct racial group, possibly of
703:
610:
127:
66:
7487:"Thousands of Fleeing Rwandans Huddle at Remote Tanzania Site"
5802:"Genocide au Rwanda: des revelations sur le rôle de la France"
5106:
2920:? ironically the way that most people now relate to Rwanda."
2753:
Graduates from high school with no access to higher education
2527:
of downplaying the distinctions between Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa.
2105:, a UN-mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas for
1978:
The RPF killings gained international attention with the 1995
16896:
15259:
14917:
12475:
11180:
A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It
11074:
Inside Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: Seeking Justice After Genocide
10690:
Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda
10101:""Watchers of the Sky" and the Full Cruelty of Consciousness"
9954:"The Arrest of ICTR Defense Counsel Peter Erlinder in Rwanda"
9104:
9102:
8885:
8883:
7317:, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such.'"
6745:"Catholic Priest Athanase Seromba Sentenced to Fifteen Years"
6457:
6455:
6376:
6374:
6253:
6251:
6045:
6018:
5365:"Rapport d'expertise. Destruction en vol du Falcon 50 Kigali"
5333:
4691:
2816:
Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda
2685:
2597:
2406:
2348:
2340:
2235:
2212:
2121:, the French entered southwestern Rwanda and established the
1961:
After the RPF took power in Rwanda, UNHCR sent a team led by
1680:
1507:
funded the RTLM and the Interahamwe, while Pascal Musabe and
1226:
1148:
1038:
888:
740:
731:
652:
639:
586:
405:
144:
84:
16385:
12307:
11868:"The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies"
11316:
A people betrayed: the role of the West in Rwanda's genocide
11113:
Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
10990:
From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994
10942:
The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction
8919:
7227:
6721:. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Archived from
5849:
Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
4524:
4522:
4290:
4288:
3666:
Century of Genocide, Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts
14357:
12465:
12399:
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
8816:
8587:
8585:
8170:
7931:
7869:
7867:
7649:"Why we must listen to those who have fled Kagame's Rwanda"
7592:
7169:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7114:
7092:
7090:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7022:
6966:
6442:
6440:
6188:
6096:
6094:
6092:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5501:
4095:
4093:
4056:
4054:
3964:
3930:
3928:
3795:
3393:
The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945
2907:
2398:
2364:
2231:
2230:, after the embargo, they diverted their arm trade through
2114:
2000:
Role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide
1788:
1275:
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
1166:
The Power groups believed that the national radio station,
1072:(CDR) party, which was linked to the ruling party but more
739:
later and was not a racial one, but principally a class or
727:
590:
158:
88:
9271:
9114:
9099:
9075:
9063:
8907:
8880:
8379:"A Closer Look at Where Rwanda's Lethal Weapons Came From"
8097:
8095:
8093:
8054:
8032:
8030:
7943:
7466:
7065:
7063:
6698:
6696:
6452:
6427:
6425:
6371:
6349:
6347:
6248:
6176:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6123:
6121:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6057:
6014:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 93.
5991:
5981:
5979:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5709:
5707:
5614:
5592:
5590:
5396:
Reuters: French probe exonerates Rwanda leader in genocide
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
4706:
4399:
4336:
4117:
4105:
3735:
3682:
3586:
3584:
2923:
Pierre Rutare, the Tutsi father of Belgian-Rwandan singer
2347:
Hutu refugees particularly entered the eastern portion of
1911:
1791:
propaganda depicted Tutsi women as "a sexually seductive '
1353:
military base, where they were tortured and killed. Major
907:
National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development
16196:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
12308:
United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
10385:(Illustrated ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9174:
9172:
9012:
8143:
8119:
7564:
7398:
7396:
6224:
5304:"French judge accuses Rwandan president of assassination"
5284:, p. 303: "The two judgments are the convictions of
5275:
4986:
4984:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4568:
4566:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4519:
4452:
4450:
4389:
4387:
4312:
4300:
4285:
4237:
4225:
4027:
3557:
2523:
2351:(now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or DRC). Hutu
2299:
Some clergy participated in the massacres. Catholic nuns
1820:
1287:
On 6 April 1994, the airplane carrying Rwandan President
711:
133:
92:
10971:
Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition
10654:
The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History
10505:
New England Journal of International and Comparative Law
10221:
Tribeca Film Festival guide. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
10161:"Watchers of the Sky | Human Rights Watch Film Festival"
10027:. Jacqueline's Human Rights Corner. 2007. Archived from
9030:
8582:
8470:"The Israeli Guns That Took Part in the Rwanda Genocide"
7967:
7879:
7864:
7150:
7126:
7102:
7087:
7075:
7048:
7019:
6837:
6437:
6386:
6359:
6299:
6275:
6263:
5719:
5680:
5656:
5602:
5570:
5558:
5546:
5525:
5292:, ex-minister of information of the Interim Government."
5084:"The UN, Rwanda and the "Genocide Fax" – 20 Years Later"
5063:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4213:
4189:
4177:
4090:
4051:
4039:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3976:
3940:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3747:
3635:
3613:
3611:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3374:
3372:
2499:
Graph showing the population of Rwanda from 1961 to 2003
1111:, which was attached to the ruling party, and the CDR's
710:
The earliest inhabitants of what is now Rwanda were the
585:. During this period of around 100 days, members of the
12181:
Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda
11983:
Boston College International and Comparative Law Review
11613:(2nd ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
11591:(1st ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
10198:
9087:
8895:
8868:
8317:"In Africa, Bill Clinton Toils for a Charitable Legacy"
8160:
8158:
8090:
8078:
8027:
8015:
8003:
7991:
7979:
7919:
7852:
7840:
7138:
7060:
6693:
6467:
6422:
6410:
6398:
6344:
6287:
6236:
6212:
6200:
6164:
6152:
6133:
6118:
6106:
6069:
5976:
5964:
5952:
5940:
5911:
5899:
5887:
5704:
5692:
5668:
5587:
5513:
5363:
Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris (5 January 2012).
5044:
5032:
4718:
4551:
4153:
3771:
3581:
3569:
3178:
Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda
1852:
Rwandan Patriotic Front's military campaign and victory
581:, occurred between 7 April and 19 July 1994 during the
17049:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
11926:"After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda"
11637:(2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited.
10855:"HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa"
9259:
9169:
8988:
8976:
8042:
7955:
7828:
7749:
7393:
7254:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6661:
4981:
4679:
4662:
4563:
4534:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4471:
4447:
4435:
4384:
4372:
4324:
4273:
4261:
4249:
3521:
3473:
3444:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
2819:(2003) describing his experiences with depression and
1816:
furthermore forced her to farm land in between rapes.
1471:
were killed by grenade, machete, rifle, or burnt alive
867:, a Hutu sub-chief, was attacked close to his home in
826:
Revolution and Hutu–Tutsi relations after independence
758:), and then, by 1700, into around eight kingdoms. The
17335:
16977:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
16830:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
16307:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
14846:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
13254:
12284:
The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda
11802:, Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
10315:"Rwanda's Genocide Victims Remembered 25 Years Later"
9921:
9891:
9635:
9633:
9000:
8665:"For Rwandans, the pope's apology must be unbearable"
7304:
6967:
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
6943:. Minority Rights Group International. 19 June 2015.
4645:
4578:
4423:
4411:
4360:
4348:
4201:
4165:
4078:
4066:
4015:
3988:
3952:
3910:
3783:
3759:
3706:
3623:
3608:
3545:
3509:
3485:
3456:
3369:
2797:, documentary subject Jean Pierre Sagahutu, producer
2284:
faulted a number of religious authorities in Rwanda,
1935:
charged the post-genocide government with deliberate
16275:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
12056:
United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations
10131:"Watchers of the Sky | Film Review | Slant Magazine"
9788:. Thompson, Allan ( ed.). London: Pluto. 2007.
8233:"France "enabled" 1994 Rwanda genocide, report says"
8182:
8155:
8131:
8066:
7239:
4141:
4129:
3694:
3596:
3309:"Juvenal Habyarimana, 57, Ruled Rwanda for 21 Years"
3117:
3115:
3113:
2508:
in Rwanda for the victims include social isolation,
2081:
parachutists stand guard at the airport, August 1994
1966:
findings were suppressed by the United Nations. The
1050:. Tutsi were increasingly viewed with suspicion. A
11952:
11611:
The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide
11589:
The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide
10456:"Rwanda accuses France directly over 1994 genocide"
9244:
8576:
7800:
7534:"Rwandan Refugees in Tanzania, New Arrivals Report"
6849:
5634:"Rwandan convicted of killing Belgian peacekeepers"
3533:
3148:
621:with the RPF on 4 August 1993. The catalyst became
597:, were killed by armed Hutu militias. Although the
10069:"'Shake Hands,' Struggle On: A Genocide Revisited"
9653:"Rwanda: International Tribunal Closing Its Doors"
9630:
9135:"Delayed UN report links Rwanda to Congo genocide"
8784:"Ch. 10: "The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath""
7444:"Out of Rwanda's Horrors into a Sickening Squalor"
7263:. Hutu victims: deliberate destruction of evidence
4768:
4766:
2023:The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (
1707:massacre of children at a Polish church in Gikondo
917:in which every citizen had to belong to the MRND.
791:took control of Rwanda and Burundi in 1917 during
244:Coming To Terms With The Rwandan Genocide (2003),
12093:"Panel Finds French Errors in Judgment on Rwanda"
10806:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
10530:"French parliament inquiry into Rwandan genocide"
9034:Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements
8339:
7419:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
6771:"Prosecutor to Appeal Against Seromba's Sentence"
3110:
2063:
1771:Photographs of genocide victims displayed at the
1665:Impact of the genocide on average life expectancy
1054:was organised on 11 October 1990 in a commune in
17389:
16164:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
15910:
10748:Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda
10343:
9754:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
9293:"The Abolition of the Death Penalty in Rwanda".
8107:
6881:Chu, S. Ka Hon; de Brouwer, A.M. (Spring 2009).
6589:
6587:
6585:
5470:
4924:
3497:
2721:Orphans living in households headed by children
2530:
2466:in 1996. The rebels quickly took control of the
589:minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate
15104:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
11013:(Reprint ed.). London; New York: Picador.
9860:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8831:
5221:"Rwandan Officer Found Guilty of 1994 Genocide"
5125:
5123:
5121:
5011:International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi
4763:
1268:
16728:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
16722:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
11754:"France and Rwanda agree to restore relations"
10569:
8758:"The long wait: The Rwandan refugees in Zaire"
8176:
7715:
7713:
7711:
6041:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
4462:
2831:United States Ambassador to the United Nations
2626:Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals
2375:Refugee crisis, insurgency, and two Congo Wars
2173:located at camp Kimbumba, Zaire in August 1994
1982:, in which soldiers opened fire on a camp for
1570:There were few killings in the prefectures of
1335:
859:Tutsi murdered by Hutu militia in January 1964
16909:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
16716:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
16371:
15397:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
14373:
13240:
12733:
12328:
12208:Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda
12138:
11892:
11261:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
10548:
9992:
9523:"Rwanda "gacaca" genocide courts finish work"
9108:
8812:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
6880:
6713:
6711:
6582:
6051:
6024:
5131:"The Rwanda "Genocide Fax": What We Know Now"
4700:
2836:is interviewed about the Rwandan genocide in
2518:began to move back into the country, but the
2419:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1952:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1200:Foundation for Individual Rights in Education
726:: one theory is that the first settlers were
554:
17031:Violence against Hindus in independent India
12609:National Unity and Reconciliation Commission
11779:Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda
10527:
10379:Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010).
8828:
8149:
6921:
6593:
5118:
5075:
3072:
2762:
2745:Children and youth with no access to school
1993:
1941:amounted to genocide under international law
1458:
1018:United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
17243:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
16758:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
16283:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
16023:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
12120:. Montreal & Kingston, London, Ithaca:
12006:
10938:
10378:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9352:
7708:
7679:
6989:
6479:
6321:1994 special report on the Rwandan genocide
4123:
4111:
3688:
3415:
2927:, was killed in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide.
1819:Many of the survivors became infected with
1209:In October 1993, the President of Burundi,
1135:paramilitary or militia force known as the
1125:
16378:
16364:
16230:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
14380:
14366:
13247:
13233:
12740:
12726:
12604:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
12335:
12321:
12224:
12033:
11352:Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide
11077:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
11006:
10905:
10742:
10723:
10344:Grayson, Hannah; Hitchcott, Nicki (2019).
9578:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9250:
8591:
8125:
8036:
7582:
7515:
7326:
7217:
6876:
6874:
6862:
6708:
6485:
5620:
4456:
4009:
3970:
3879:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3801:
3668:. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. p. 421.
2823:. Dallaire's book was made into the movie
2610:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2604:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2598:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1612:
1499:; and the head of the Presidential Guard,
1299:, was shot down as it prepared to land in
561:
547:
16878:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
14853:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
12498:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
11923:
11781:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11776:
11496:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11234:
11070:
10987:
9314:
9310:
9308:
8925:
8376:
7896:
7894:
7570:
7531:
7472:
7372:
7260:
7233:
6230:
5827:
5445:
5281:
5112:
4851:Bibliography on ICTR, ICTY and IRMCT 2018
4405:
3839:
3813:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3395:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 69–85.
3247:
3221:
3124:"Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict"
2147:French Parliamentary Commission on Rwanda
1217:between Burundi's Hutu and Tutsi and the
1172:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
1070:Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
13396:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
11634:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
11427:
10683:
10650:
10590:
10224:
9854:
9684:"Rwanda – Constitution & Politics".
9588:
9561:Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (
9395:"Rwanda: Abolition of the death penalty"
9349:
9006:
8725:
7973:
7961:
7937:
7885:
7873:
7846:
7680:Bakuramutsa, Manzi (29 September 1994).
7175:
7163:
7132:
7120:
7108:
7096:
7081:
7054:
7042:
7030:
6446:
6392:
6365:
6305:
6281:
6269:
5760:"French Officials Aided Rwanda Genocide"
5725:
5686:
5662:
5608:
5581:
5564:
5552:
5540:
5507:
5218:
5069:
5004:"Part V: Recommendations – II. Genocide"
4736:
4724:
4631:. Oxford University Press. p. 281.
4557:
4342:
3777:
3741:
3590:
3575:
3563:
3527:
3479:
3450:
3306:
3163:
2776:
2769:List of films about the Rwandan genocide
2568:
2494:
2392:
2330:
2260:
2164:
2073:
2014:
1855:
1766:
1693:
1660:
1474:
1462:
1278:
945:
854:
697:
16842:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
14725:Indigenous peoples in the United States
13938:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
13613:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
12178:
12090:
11795:
11663:
11627:
11605:
11583:
11489:
11400:
11373:
11345:
11312:
11287:
11251:
11204:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
11196:
10799:
10453:
10411:
10066:
9594:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9400:. Amnesty International. 27 July 2007.
9337:
9320:
9277:
9218:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
9132:
9120:
9093:
9081:
9069:
8913:
8901:
8889:
8874:
8841:
8822:
8314:
8188:
8164:
8137:
8101:
8084:
8072:
8060:
8048:
8021:
8009:
7997:
7985:
7949:
7925:
7858:
7834:
7725:"U.N. Stops Returning Rwandan Refugees"
7610:
7598:
7275:
7245:
7144:
7069:
6871:
6825:
6702:
6521:
6473:
6461:
6431:
6416:
6404:
6380:
6353:
6293:
6257:
6242:
6218:
6206:
6194:
6182:
6170:
6158:
6146:
6127:
6112:
6100:
6063:
5997:
5985:
5970:
5958:
5946:
5934:
5922:
5905:
5893:
5713:
5698:
5674:
5596:
5519:
5476:
5414:
5301:
5161:
5057:
5038:
4990:
4951:
4712:
4673:
4656:
4584:
4572:
4545:
4528:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4393:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4330:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4135:
4099:
4084:
4072:
4060:
4045:
4033:
4021:
3997:
3982:
3946:
3934:
3919:
3889:
3864:– via Cambridge University Press.
3789:
3765:
3753:
3712:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3551:
3515:
3491:
3467:
3378:
3200:
3175:
2957:Ethnic distribution of Tutsis in 1983.
2205:
1912:Killings by the Rwandan Patriotic Front
1705:On 9 April, UN observers witnessed the
17390:
16788:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
12281:
12262:
12115:
12091:Whitney, Craig R. (20 December 1998).
11994:from the original on 23 September 2016
11826:
11713:
11552:
11403:"France and genocide: the murky truth"
11174:
11039:
10965:
10828:
10780:
10617:
10593:"Rwanda makes its way to regeneration"
9951:
9509:
9463:
9445:
9407:from the original on 29 September 2022
9343:
9331:
9305:
9288:
9286:
9265:
9178:
9018:
8994:
8982:
8937:
8796:from the original on 25 September 2007
8662:
8634:"Ex-priest jailed for Rwanda genocide"
8572:
8570:
8467:
8257:
7891:
7755:
7719:
7552:from the original on 30 September 2017
7414:
7402:
6927:
6831:
6527:
6326:South African Broadcasting Corporation
6036:
6009:
5094:from the original on 25 September 2015
4889:
4772:
4685:
4626:
4159:
4147:
3958:
3874:
3700:
3647:
3602:
3194:
2863:(2004) is based on the experiences of
2853:The critically acclaimed and multiple
2070:Role of France in the Rwandan genocide
1594:as interim president of Rwanda, while
1027:
17037:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
16359:
16260:
16141:
15909:
15886:Mass killings under communist regimes
15411:
15174:
14869:
14530:
14410:
14361:
14127:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
14048:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
13228:
12721:
12708:
12316:
12205:
11975:
11955:Dictionary of Genocide, Volume 2: M–Z
11522:
11477:from the original on 16 November 2017
11452:from the original on 18 December 2016
11151:
11103:
10834:Michigan Journal of International Law
10768:from the original on 18 February 2019
10724:de Brouwer, Anne-Marie L. M. (2005).
10557:from the original on 18 February 2021
10536:from the original on 18 February 2021
10498:
10462:from the original on 20 December 2008
10418:American Journal of International Law
10312:
10171:from the original on 22 November 2015
9974:from the original on 12 November 2013
9933:from the original on 30 December 2013
9873:from the original on 12 November 2013
9842:from the original on 10 December 2018
9766:from the original on 10 December 2018
9735:from the original on 18 February 2019
9639:
9451:
8707:from the original on 22 December 2005
8677:from the original on 9 September 2013
8614:from the original on 10 November 2022
8533:from the original on 12 January 2018.
8520:
8345:
8266:from the original on 28 December 2017
8260:"US chose to ignore Rwandan genocide"
8200:
7900:
7767:
7646:
7484:
7441:
7415:Lamair, Philippe (1 September 1994).
7350:from the original on 19 November 2018
7310:
6947:from the original on 16 November 2022
6909:
6843:
6509:from the original on 19 November 2018
5839:
5489:from the original on 25 November 2014
5427:from the original on 30 December 2017
5377:from the original on 10 November 2018
5344:from the original on 18 February 2019
5314:from the original on 22 December 2018
5200:from the original on 18 February 2019
5143:from the original on 19 December 2018
5081:
4813:
4608:from the original on 19 November 2018
3416:Yakaré-Oulé, Jansen (11 April 2014).
3390:
3288:from the original on 17 February 2022
3121:
2619:Since the ICTR was established as an
2538:cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
2490:
2454:from power. Mobutu had supported the
2034:Department of Peacekeeping Operations
1835:
1349:. The ten Belgians were taken to the
1139:("those who stand together") and the
750:The population coalesced, first into
192:Other militias and gangs financed by
15835:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
12709:
12342:
12173:Bibliography of the Rwandan genocide
12042:from the original on 23 October 2018
11651:from the original on 11 January 2023
11510:from the original on 16 January 2024
11333:from the original on 11 January 2023
11275:from the original on 11 January 2023
11208:
11139:from the original on 17 October 2015
11091:from the original on 16 January 2024
11027:from the original on 11 January 2023
10926:from the original on 17 January 2023
10852:
10671:from the original on 11 January 2023
10515:from the original on 19 January 2019
10476:"Rwanda: French accused in genocide"
10399:from the original on 11 January 2023
10346:Rwanda since 1994: stories of change
10111:from the original on 12 October 2015
10054:Canadian Medical Association Journal
9824:
9778:
9753:
9488:
9466:"Rwanda still searching for justice"
9429:. United Nations. 28 December 2020.
9051:from the original on 16 January 2024
8856:from the original on 30 October 2015
8738:from the original on 10 October 2017
8697:"Rwandan bishop cleared of genocide"
8644:from the original on 19 October 2013
8596:"The Organization » The Clergy"
8480:from the original on 2 October 2017.
8389:from the original on 16 January 2024
8327:from the original on 22 October 2012
7737:from the original on 19 January 2019
7692:from the original on 17 January 2019
7628:from the original on 19 January 2019
7381:from the original on 19 January 2019
7292:from the original on 19 January 2019
6915:
5875:from the original on 17 October 2015
5779:"Rwanda Genocide: French Connection"
5644:from the original on 5 November 2013
5477:Starkey, Jerome (25 November 2014).
5446:Reyntjens, Filip (21 October 2014).
5233:from the original on 30 January 2019
5219:Polgreen, Lydia (18 December 2008).
3503:
3422:Northwestern Journal of Human Rights
3357:from the original on 28 October 2023
2773:Bibliography of the Rwandan genocide
1467:Over 5,000 people seeking refuge in
935:
17463:United Nations operations in Rwanda
17181:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
17131:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
17043:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
16836:Christianization of the Sámi people
16071:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
14217:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
14168:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
13684:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
12747:
11764:from the original on 7 January 2016
11689:
11300:from the original on 4 October 2018
11202:Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda
10912:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10785:. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press.
10728:. Antwerp and Oxford: Intersentia.
10591:Brittain, Victoria (5 April 1999).
10572:"France accused in Rwanda genocide"
10482:. Associated Press. 6 August 2008.
10258:"The Media and the Rwanda Genocide"
10141:from the original on 1 January 2015
9618:from the original on 7 January 2016
9476:from the original on 26 August 2007
9283:
9145:from the original on 21 August 2016
8567:
8419:from the original on 14 August 2021
8113:
7782:from the original on 10 August 2012
7497:from the original on 6 January 2019
7454:from the original on 6 January 2019
7423:from the original on 6 January 2019
6751:from the original on 1 October 2014
6332:from the original on 1 October 2020
5417:"Rwanda: at last we know the truth"
5302:McGreal, Chris (22 November 2006).
5263:from the original on 14 August 2018
5253:"Rwandan genocide sentence reduced"
3248:Guichaoua, André (2 January 2020).
3210:Review of African Political Economy
2177:Intelligence reports indicate that
2099:In late June 1994, France launched
1689:
1416:Rwandan genocide: Hiding from death
669:killing an estimated 200,000 people
13:
17413:20th-century mass murder in Africa
13932:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
13468:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
12166:
12054:
11865:
11571:from the original on 12 April 2017
11374:Melvern, Linda (5 November 2006).
11288:McGreal, Chris (11 January 2007).
11215:American Journal of Human Genetics
10953:from the original on 21 March 2015
10939:Ferroggiaro, William, ed. (2001).
10549:BBC News (II) (23 November 2006).
10081:from the original on 15 April 2022
10025:"Jacqueline's Human Rights Corner"
9993:Sam Munderere (10 February 2014).
9903:from the original on 12 March 2015
9861:Aprille Muscara (31 August 2010).
9665:from the original on 28 April 2017
8808:State of the World's Refugees 2000
8521:Gross, Judah Ari (12 April 2016).
8449:from the original on 26 April 2021
7768:Lorch, Donatella (25 April 1995).
7661:from the original on 22 March 2019
7007:from the original on 23 March 2017
6681:from the original on 31 March 2017
5415:Melvern, Linda (10 January 2012).
4927:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
3814:Kamusella, Tomasz (19 July 2022).
3539:
3409:
2987: Unknown / vacant / partyless
2692:Survivors of the Rwandan genocide
2608:Meanwhile, the UN established the
2256:
1756:
1398:
1186:... to wipe them from human memory
227:
23:. For the 1963/1964 killings, see
14:
17519:
17025:Violence against Muslims in India
17019:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
16965:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
14162:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
13866:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
12301:
12103:from the original on 16 July 2014
11701:from the original on 4 March 2016
11540:from the original on 26 June 2012
11401:Melvern, Linda (11 August 2008).
11209:Luis, J. R.; et al. (2004).
11154:Gender Matters in Global Politics
10992:. University of Wisconsin Press.
10578:from the original on 12 July 2014
10486:from the original on 11 June 2015
10454:Asiimwe, Arthur (5 August 2008).
10325:from the original on 8 April 2019
10313:Paris, Francesca (7 April 2019).
10294:from the original on 8 April 2019
10067:Jenkins, Mark (28 October 2010).
10005:from the original on 13 July 2020
9786:The media and the Rwanda genocide
9533:from the original on 8 March 2015
9433:from the original on 28 July 2022
9198:from the original on 23 July 2021
9165:Food and Agriculture Organization
9133:McGreal, Chris (1 October 2010).
8941:Journal of Modern African Studies
8764:from the original on 26 July 2021
8726:Amatulli, Jenna (20 March 2017).
8577:Totten, Bartrop & Jacobs 2008
8358:from the original on 8 April 2015
8315:Chozick, Amy (4 September 2012).
8286:"Ambush in Mogadishu: Transcript"
7816:from the original on 29 June 2020
7282:Fordham International Law Journal
6883:"Rwanda's Rape Victims Speak Out"
6566:from the original on 31 July 2021
6318:Pauw, Jacques (reporter) (1994).
5458:from the original on 25 July 2018
4777:. Pluto Press. pp. 110–124.
4775:The Media and the Rwanda Genocide
3432:from the original on 16 June 2019
3327:from the original on 13 June 2023
3307:Sullivan, Ronald (7 April 1994).
3241:
2943:
2004:
1797:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
1377:; Bagosora's preferred candidate
1244:." The informant—now known to be
17369:
17357:
17345:
17320:
16261:
16142:
15412:
15175:
14870:
14531:
13992:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
12263:McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (2020).
12243:Kamusella, Tomasz (5 May 2021).
11691:Radio France International (RFI)
11467:"Interviews – Philip Gourevitch"
10711:from the original on 1 July 2023
10638:from the original on 1 July 2023
10570:BBC News (III) (5 August 2008).
10382:Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1
10372:Bibliography of Genocide studies
10337:
10306:
10276:
10250:
10205:
10183:
10153:
10123:
10093:
10060:
10035:
10017:
9986:
9945:
9915:
9885:
9747:
9717:
9690:10.1163/2213-2996_flg_com_161034
9677:
9645:
9600:
9545:
9515:
9464:Walker, Robert (30 March 2004).
9457:
9419:
9387:
9378:
9369:
9210:
9184:
9157:
9126:
9037:. Rand Corporation. p. 18.
9024:
8931:
8776:
8750:
8719:
8689:
8663:Kimani, Martin (29 March 2010).
8656:
8626:
8600:
8555:from the original on 3 June 2022
8537:
8514:
8502:from the original on 23 May 2021
8484:
8461:
8431:
8401:
8377:Gallimore, Tim (11 April 2014).
8370:
8308:
8278:
8251:
8225:
8194:
7794:
7761:
7673:
7640:
7604:
7525:
7485:Lorch, Donatella (19 May 1994).
7478:
7435:
7408:
7373:Reyntjens, Filip (26 May 2018).
7366:
7320:
7269:
7181:
6959:
6933:
6789:
6763:
6737:
6642:
6629:
6528:McDoom, Omar Shahabudin (2020).
6311:
6030:
6003:
5833:
5821:
5795:
5772:
5753:
5731:
5626:
5439:
5408:
5389:
5356:
5326:
5295:
5245:
5212:
5155:
4996:
4945:
4918:
4883:
4843:
4807:
4730:
3856:from the original on 6 June 2021
2975:
2950:
2930:
2558:
2477:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2160:
1763:Rape during the Rwandan genocide
1495:; commander of the paratroopers
1449:UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda
1410:
1182:... make them disappear for good
924:is among the highest in Africa.
804:Christian missionaries in Rwanda
783:were assigned to Germany by the
657:Democratic Republic of the Congo
267:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
257:
238:
147:women raped during the genocide.
56:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
48:
17297:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
17267:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
14684:Indigenous peoples in Australia
14411:
14009:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
12122:McGill-Queen's University Press
12009:Historical dictionary of Rwanda
11880:from the original on 3 May 2019
11464:
10783:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
10605:from the original on 6 May 2016
10551:"France issues Rwanda warrants"
10365:
9192:"Burying the machete in Rwanda"
8608:"Nuns jailed for genocide role"
8296:from the original on 6 May 2009
8239:from the original on 3 May 2021
8213:from the original on 1 May 2019
7532:Prutsalis, Mark (17 May 1994).
7442:Lorch, Donatella (8 May 1994).
7377:. La Tribune Franco-Rwandaise.
5082:Adams, Smin (21 January 2014).
4747:10.1163/2210-7975_HRD-2210-0154
4620:
4590:
3883:
3877:Church and Revolution in Rwanda
3868:
3807:
3718:
3384:
2436:relentlessly pursued by the RPA
2429:, a Tutsi group in the Zairian
2417:. The camps were set up by the
2265:A memorial in a Catholic Church
1918:Double genocide theory (Rwanda)
1698:Skulls and other bones kept at
806:promoted the theory about the "
629:The scale and brutality of the
395:International Criminal Tribunal
21:1993 ethnic violence in Burundi
17285:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
17255:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
16989:Communist Romanian persecution
15600:Genocide of indigenous peoples
15199:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
14500:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
12774:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
12363:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
12267:. Cambridge University Press.
11924:Tiemessen, Alana Erin (2004).
10651:Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003).
8844:"Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo"
8468:Misgav, Uri (3 January 2015).
8201:Genin, Aaron (30 April 2019).
7806:"Rwanda (UNAMIR), 1993 – 1996"
3339:
3300:
3169:
3066:
2829:(2007). Former journalist and
2821:post-traumatic stress disorder
2516:Non-governmental organisations
2064:France and Opération Turquoise
1225:and other militia groups with
694:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
304:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
126:Estimated: 500,000 to 662,000
1:
17303:2024 Istanbul church shooting
17279:Christchurch mosque shootings
17067:Religious violence in Nigeria
17061:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
16315:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
14619:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
14310:2014 Lesotho political crisis
14267:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
13431:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
12142:; Parsons, William S (2009).
12007:Twagilimana, Aimable (2007).
11800:In Steven Leonard Jacobs, ed.
10528:BBC News (I) (4 March 1998).
8842:Pomfret, John (9 July 1997).
8348:"Exclusive: Rwanda Revisited"
8346:Lynch, Colum (5 April 2015).
8258:Carrol, Rory (1 April 2004).
8235:. Al Jazeera. 19 April 2021.
7770:"Mood Grim at Camp in Rwanda"
7520:"The Rwandan Patriotic Front"
7222:"The Rwandan Patriotic Front"
6611:10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611
6549:10.1080/14623528.2019.1703252
4967:10.1080/13698249.2018.1525677
3664:; William S. Parsons (2009).
3266:10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329
3223:10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320
3087:10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611
3060:
2737:Disabled during the genocide
2631:
2531:Justice system after genocide
2510:sexually transmitted diseases
702:Rwandan genocide memorial in
682:
17193:War crimes in the Kosovo War
16983:Communist Polish persecution
16854:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
16782:Crusades against schismatics
16246:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
16047:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
15893:Anti-communist mass killings
14627:Indigenous peoples in Canada
14563:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
14387:
14304:SADC intervention in Lesotho
13907:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
13861:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
13618:ECOWAS military intervention
13338:2011–2014 factional violence
12286:. Cornell University Press.
12210:. Cornell University Press.
12183:. Cornell University Press.
12116:Powell, Christopher (2011).
11125:10.1080/1369801x.2014.993332
10657:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10260:. POLISMedia. Archived from
9927:"Annual Report 2013: Rwanda"
7647:Rever, Judi (9 April 2018).
7587:"The Rwandan Patriotic Front
6599:Journal of Genocide Research
6537:Journal of Genocide Research
5861:10.1080/1369801x.2014.993332
3254:Journal of Genocide Research
3075:Journal of Genocide Research
3037: Unclear / complicated
2785:premiere, Rwandan President
2670:
2326:
1984:internally displaced persons
1676:Journal of Genocide Research
1269:Assassination of Habyarimana
1232:On 11 January 1994, General
7:
17473:April 1994 events in Africa
16180:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
15348:National Population Program
13981:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
13837:Insurgency in Northern Chad
13126:Water supply and sanitation
12225:Gourevitch, Philip (1999).
11976:Tully, L. Danielle (2003).
11553:Powers, Shannon E. (2011).
11428:Nowrojee, Binaifer (1996).
11007:Gourevitch, Philip (2000).
10973:. Oxford University Press.
10624:. Oxford University Press.
10290:(in French). 8 April 2019.
7905:. Polity. pp. 168–70.
7375:"Kagame should be in court"
6719:"Appeals Chamber Decisions"
3728:, S. 17 f; Carsten Heeger,
3050:Outline of genocide studies
3043:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
1385:
1336:Killing of moderate leaders
1283:Juvénal Habyarimana in 1980
1088:only partially successful;
623:Habyarimana's assassination
10:
17524:
17508:July 1994 events in Africa
17498:June 1994 events in Africa
17443:Massacres of ethnic groups
17418:Ethnic cleansing in Africa
16095:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
16039:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
15865:Effects on young survivors
15300:Sabra and Shatila massacre
14272:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
14093:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
13948:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
13814:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
13625:Western Togoland Rebellion
12567:Great Lakes refugee crisis
12170:
12069:United Nations Secretariat
12036:"Rwanda-UNAMIR Background"
11959:Greenwood Publishing Group
11941:(1): 57–76. Archived from
10906:Fassbender, Bardo (2011).
10876:10.1162/016228802760987851
10369:
2826:Shake Hands with the Devil
2813:after co-writing the book
2766:
2705:Very vulnerable survivors
2635:
2601:
2562:
2381:Great Lakes refugee crisis
2378:
2067:
2008:
1997:
1915:
1760:
1751:École technique officielle
1272:
1120:
939:
901:, which brought President
829:
691:
579:genocide against the Tutsi
488:Great Lakes refugee crisis
332:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira
18:
17488:May 1994 events in Africa
17458:Responsibility to protect
17317:
17225:South Thailand insurgency
17201:Walisongo school massacre
17169:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
16818:Expulsion of the Moriscos
16794:European wars of religion
16708:
16552:
16397:
16269:
16150:
16063:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
16031:Supreme National Tribunal
15921:
15902:
15812:
15734:
15637:
15515:
15422:
15185:
14880:
14642:Residential school system
14541:
14421:
14395:
14324:
14281:
14253:
14244:
14183:
14154:
14109:Second Sudanese Civil War
14101:
14063:
14017:
13973:
13894:
13885:
13853:
13824:
13793:
13753:
13670:
13647:
13638:
13587:
13561:
13535:
13514:
13477:
13423:
13414:
13382:
13353:
13315:
13275:
13266:
13191:
13134:
13076:
13067:
13015:
13006:
12915:
12906:
12864:
12855:
12759:
12715:
12684:
12668:
12617:
12559:
12506:
12454:
12408:
12350:
12179:Barnett, Michael (2002).
11934:African Studies Quarterly
11909:10.1080/01436590802528754
11843:10.1017/s0221855301001675
11777:Reyntjens, Filip (2013).
10988:Guichaoua, André (2015).
10947:National Security Archive
10781:Dorsey, Learthen (1994).
10234:. Idrc.ca. Archived from
10042:"Camouflage and exposure"
8954:10.1017/S0022278X0000330X
8427:– via refworld.org.
6324:(Television production).
6052:Totten & Parsons 2009
6025:Totten & Parsons 2009
5765:14 September 2018 at the
5288:, ex-prime minister, and
5136:National Security Archive
4701:Totten & Parsons 2009
3893:Oral tradition as history
3176:Barnett, Michael (2015).
2935:In March 2019, President
2842:(2014), a documentary by
2763:Media and popular culture
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2462:, which began waging the
2397:Kimbumba refugee camp in
1994:International involvement
1581:Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana
1459:Planning and organization
1409:
1397:
1392:
818:(patrilineal ancestor of
785:Berlin Conference of 1884
237:
225:
220:
205:
151:
139:
122:
98:
80:
72:
62:
47:
39:
34:
17483:1994 disasters in Rwanda
16615:Extrajudicial punishment
14934:Christians in Diyarbekir
14212:2008 invasion of Anjouan
13809:Civil War (2012–present)
13778:Pool Department conflict
11528:"Bystanders to Genocide"
11411:. Kigali. Archived from
11384:. London. Archived from
11071:Ingelaere, Bert (2016).
11056:10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27
10217:3 September 2010 at the
10057:, 29 April 2003; 168 (9)
5742:10 December 2018 at the
4904:10.1177/0032329207308181
4737:Kirschke, Linda (1996).
3055:Kinsangani battle (1997)
2873:Hôtel des Mille Collines
2789:stands with, from left,
2294:Protestant denominations
2200:Somali National Alliance
1773:Genocide Memorial Center
1700:Murambi Technical School
1295:, the Hutu president of
1126:Preparation for genocide
1036:, who were known as the
963:National Resistance Army
961:, fought with the rebel
779:Rwanda and neighbouring
714:, a group of aboriginal
675:" and "divisionism" are
161:-led government (led by
17453:Peacekeeping operations
17308:Crocus City Hall attack
17055:Persecution of Tibetans
16812:French Wars of Religion
16734:Yellow Turban Rebellion
15872:Politics of recognition
14427:Destruction of Carthage
14207:Hanish Islands conflict
13744:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
13595:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
13437:Herder–farmer conflicts
13361:Western Sahara conflict
12594:Rwandan genocide denial
12514:Rwandan Patriotic Front
12373:Belgian colonial empire
12206:Fujii, Lee Ann (2011).
11673:Oxford University Press
11490:Pottier, Johan (2002).
11355:. London and New York:
11313:Melvern, Linda (2000).
11182:. London: Wiley Books.
11043:American Anthropologist
9557:16 January 2024 at the
8262:. London: theguardian.
7802:Australian War Memorial
6893:(4): 16. Archived from
6799:ICTR Yearbook 1994–1996
5807:19 January 2019 at the
5784:29 January 2019 at the
5769:, CNN, 13 December 2017
4859:10.18356/59527281-en-fr
4783:10.2307/j.ctt18fs550.14
4627:Sander, Barrie (2021).
3689:Appiah & Gates 2010
3026: Tutsi burgomaster
2801:and executive producer
2642:Rwandan genocide denial
2520:international community
2438:under the cover of the
1937:destruction of evidence
1747:crimes against humanity
1613:Death toll and timeline
1518:, the heartland of the
1317:Augustin Ndindiliyimana
1094:Augustin Ndindiliyimana
983:Rwandan Patriotic Front
913:, making the country a
607:Rwandan Patriotic Front
451:International community
446:Rwandan Patriotic Front
16:1994 genocide in Rwanda
17408:1994 murders in Africa
17261:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
17237:Maspero demonstrations
17085:Huế Phật Đản shootings
16323:South Africa v. Israel
16291:Rohingya genocide case
15828:Names of the Holocaust
15292:Chittagong Hill Tracts
15000:Kinder der Landstrasse
14886:Late Ottoman genocides
14030:Somali–Kenyan conflict
13926:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
13920:Second Afar insurgency
13527:Sierra Leone Civil War
12676:Double genocide theory
12655:Kwibuka T20 Tournament
12539:Operation Support Hope
12519:International response
12282:Straus, Scott (2006).
12146:. New York and Londo:
11830:Journal of African Law
11717:African Studies Review
10863:International Security
10499:Aptel, Cicile (2008).
10047:14 August 2007 at the
9816:: CS1 maint: others (
9705:Cite journal requires
9226:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7901:Pogge, Thomas (2010).
7542:Refugees International
7276:Waldorf, Lars (2011).
6674:Survival International
6037:Straus, Scott (2006).
6010:Straus, Scott (2006).
5171:Human Rights Quarterly
4892:Politics & Society
4817:African Studies Review
2806:
2574:
2500:
2402:
2367:region, including the
2344:
2266:
2241:In 2017, according to
2174:
2082:
2020:
1861:
1801:Rwandan Defence Forces
1776:
1702:
1666:
1480:
1472:
1403:
1284:
1266:
1192:Harvard Kennedy School
1082:accusation in a mirror
954:
860:
707:
599:Constitution of Rwanda
456:United Nations Mission
232:
209:Anti-Tutsi sentiment,
183:Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza
76:7 April – 19 July 1994
17231:Boko Haram insurgency
16890:Pontic Greek genocide
16800:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
16610:Extrajudicial killing
16387:Religious persecution
16188:Bosnian genocide case
15842:Holocaust terminology
15485:Christians under ISIS
15223:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
14652:1740 Batavia massacre
14476:Harrying of the North
14289:Bophuthatswana crisis
13953:Oromia–Somali clashes
13872:Boko Haram insurgency
13832:Civil War (2005–2010)
13449:Boko Haram insurgency
13372:Clashes, 2020–present
12118:Barbaric Civilization
11896:Third World Quarterly
10853:Elbe, Stefan (2002).
10618:Carney, J.J. (2013).
10319:National Public Radio
10074:National Public Radio
9952:Gibson, Kate (2010).
9923:Amnesty International
9893:Amnesty International
8207:The California Review
7723:(28 September 1994).
6654:25 March 2016 at the
6039:The Order of Genocide
6012:The Order of Genocide
5334:"The Mutsinzi Report"
5183:10.1353/hrq.2016.0041
5162:Reydams, Luc (2016).
4829:10.1353/arw.2005.0101
3890:Vansina, Jan (1985).
2914:people saw the movie
2900:historical drama film
2887:Tribeca Film Festival
2780:
2657:Amnesty International
2572:
2498:
2460:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2443:integration into the
2396:
2334:
2264:
2251:Israeli Supreme Court
2168:
2077:
2018:
1859:
1770:
1739:occurred at Nyarubuye
1697:
1664:
1592:Théodore Sindikubwabo
1478:
1466:
1402:
1325:Agathe Uwilingiyimana
1282:
1261:
1145:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
1066:Hutu Ten Commandments
949:
865:Dominique Mbonyumutwa
858:
701:
470:Opération "Turquoise"
411:Impuzamugambi militia
366:Musha Church massacre
231:
198:local Hutu extremists
17213:September 11 attacks
17149:1984 anti-Sikh riots
17013:Rawalpindi massacres
16959:White Terror (Spain)
16770:Massacre at Ayyadieh
16655:Population cleansing
16339:Nicaragua v. Germany
16238:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
15614:Utilitarian genocide
15593:Transgender genocide
14960:Osage Indian murders
14660:Great Gypsy Round-up
14261:Mozambican Civil War
14221:Burundian conflicts
14201:Djiboutian Civil War
13914:Insurgency in Ogaden
13542:Liberian Civil Wars
13455:Niger Delta conflict
12249:Nationalities Papers
11948:on 16 December 2012.
11760:. 29 November 2009.
11533:The Atlantic Monthly
10750:(Report). New York:
10264:on 23 September 2009
10201:on 19 December 2008.
9725:"Human Rights Watch"
9661:. 23 December 2015.
8760:. 13 November 1995.
8640:. 13 December 2006.
7199:on 11 September 2013
5401:1 April 2023 at the
5259:. 14 December 2011.
5115:, pp. 141, 127.
3875:Linden, Ian (1977).
3820:Nationalities Papers
2700:Number of survivors
2638:Censorship in Rwanda
2206:Arms sales to Rwanda
1514:Military leaders in
1371:Faustin Twagiramungu
1305:Jean-Louis Bruguière
1153:Rwandan Armed Forces
577:, also known as the
264:Human skulls at the
54:Human skulls at the
17433:Massacres in Rwanda
17428:Mass murder in 1994
17423:Genocides in Africa
17125:Bangladesh genocide
17105:Cultural Revolution
17097:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
16860:Circassian genocide
16746:Rhineland massacres
16660:Population transfer
16625:Forced displacement
16437:Jehovah's Witnesses
15725:Settler colonialism
15674:Forced assimilation
15380:Srebrenica massacre
15152:Chechens and Ingush
14910:Thracian Bulgarians
14756:Sand Creek massacre
14717:Siege of Tripolitsa
14468:Ancestral Puebloans
14300:Lesothan conflicts
14225:1993–2005 Civil War
13943:Afar–Somali clashes
13731:2022–2024 offensive
13726:2012–2013 rebellion
13568:Ivorian Civil Wars
13401:Tunisian revolution
13343:2014–2020 civil war
13323:2008 Kufra conflict
13260:conflicts in Africa
12967:Chamber of Deputies
12624:Genocide memorials
12551:UNSC Resolution 935
12529:Opération Turquoise
12257:10.1017/nps.2021.12
12144:Century of Genocide
12011:. Scarecrow Press.
11471:The triumph of Evil
11160:. pp. 127–47.
10901:on 19 October 2013.
10238:on 10 February 2010
10212:Earth Made of Glass
10137:. 13 October 2014.
9867:Inter Press Service
9295:Human Rights Review
8849:The Washington Post
8825:, pp. 381–382.
8527:The Times of Israel
8177:BBC News (III) 2008
7614:(10 October 1994).
7315:in whole or in part
7189:"Official holidays"
6897:on 11 February 2021
6197:, pp. 209–210.
4604:. 26 January 2016.
3832:10.1017/nps.2021.12
3129:American University
2897:made-for-television
2878:Earth Made of Glass
2839:Watchers of the Sky
2783:Earth Made of Glass
2693:
2286:including Catholics
2195:Battle of Mogadishu
2102:Opération Turquoise
1895:Opération Turquoise
1712:The Washington Post
1655:Opération Turquoise
1289:Juvénal Habyarimana
1246:Mathieu Ngirumpatse
1028:Hutu Power movement
1022:national parliament
926:Rwanda's population
903:Juvénal Habyarimana
873:Gitarama prefecture
863:On 1 November 1959
615:Juvénal Habyarimana
462:UN Security Council
416:Interahamwe militia
383:Parties responsible
246:Journeyman Pictures
143:250,000 to 500,000
17219:2002 Gujarat riots
17143:Cambodian genocide
17137:Lebanese Civil War
16915:Soviet persecution
16752:Jerusalem massacre
16665:Sectarian violence
16650:Political violence
16204:Slobodan Milošević
16055:Erich von Manstein
15667:Extermination camp
15428:Effacer le tableau
15191:Hyderabadi Muslims
15136:Nanshitou Massacre
15120:Muslims and Croats
14822:Hamidian massacres
14709:Al-Jawazi massacre
14699:Stolen Generations
14402:list by death toll
14347:Colour revolutions
14145:Sudanese civil war
13997:2009–present phase
13738:Batwa–Luba clashes
13607:Casamance conflict
13484:Tuareg rebellions
13444:Religious violence
13390:Algerian Civil War
13306:Terrorism in Egypt
13045:Telecommunications
12813:Rwandan Revolution
12801:Colonial residents
12791:German East Africa
12582:Massacres of Hutus
12378:Rwandan Revolution
12199:10.7591/j.ctt7zhf0
12097:The New York Times
11866:Shyaka, Anastase.
11804:(pp. 291–305)
11730:10.1353/arw.0.0091
11536:(September 2001).
11436:Human Rights Watch
10967:Gordon, Gregory S.
10945:. Washington, DC:
10752:Human Rights Watch
10744:Des Forges, Alison
10480:The New York Times
9729:Human Rights Watch
9658:Human Rights Watch
9280:, pp. 327–28.
9232:on 2 December 2012
9123:, pp. 182–83.
9109:BBC News (II) 2006
9084:, pp. 128–33.
9072:, pp. 113–16.
9021:, pp. 215–18.
8928:, pp. 110–15.
8916:, pp. 122–23.
8892:, pp. 384–85.
8443:Human Rights Watch
8415:. 1 January 1994.
8413:Human Rights Watch
8321:The New York Times
8063:, pp. 100–01.
7952:, pp. 236–37.
7940:, pp. 219–20.
7775:The New York Times
7730:The New York Times
7491:The New York Times
7448:The New York Times
7178:, pp. 474–75.
7123:, pp. 326–27.
7045:, pp. 264–65.
6846:, pp. 138–41.
6595:Meierhenrich, Jens
6464:, pp. 298–99.
6383:, pp. 313–14.
6260:, pp. 213–14.
6185:, pp. 209–10.
6000:, pp. 244–45.
5937:, pp. 146–47.
5750:, 13 December 2017
5510:, pp. 222–23.
5485:. The Times (UK).
5338:mutsinzireport.com
5290:Eliezer Niyitegeka
5226:The New York Times
5139:. 9 January 2014.
4939:10.1093/qje/qju020
4715:, pp. 31, 32.
4531:, pp. 181–82.
4345:, pp. 126–31.
4321:, pp. 190–91.
4309:, pp. 174–77.
4297:, pp. 173–74.
4246:, pp. 117–18.
4234:, pp. 114–15.
4036:, pp. 160–61.
3744:, pp. 217–18.
3313:The New York Times
2904:Sometimes in April
2807:
2691:
2575:
2501:
2491:Domestic situation
2403:
2345:
2319:On 20 March 2017,
2282:Human Rights Watch
2267:
2228:Human Rights Watch
2215:in 1992, and with
2175:
2083:
2046:Chapter VI mandate
2021:
1862:
1836:Killing of the Twa
1777:
1737:One such massacre
1703:
1671:Human Rights Watch
1667:
1516:Gisenyi prefecture
1485:Théoneste Bagosora
1481:
1473:
1404:
1379:Augustin Bizimungu
1367:Landwald Ndasingwa
1363:Joseph Kavaruganda
1321:Théoneste Bagosora
1293:Cyprien Ntaryamira
1285:
1257:Théoneste Bagosora
1098:Théoneste Bagosora
1034:Agathe Habyarimana
955:
922:population density
895:Grégoire Kayibanda
877:Rwandan Revolution
861:
832:Rwandan Revolution
708:
504:Massacres of Hutus
371:Nyarubuye massacre
314:Rwandan Revolution
233:
163:Théoneste Bagosora
25:Rwandan Revolution
17468:April 1994 crimes
17448:Military scandals
17438:Massacres in 1994
17385:
17384:
17333:
17332:
17273:Rohingya genocide
17001:Direct Action Day
16953:Šahovići massacre
16903:Armenian genocide
16897:Assyrian genocide
16784:(13th–15th cent.)
16778:(12th–16th cent.)
16776:Northern Crusades
16620:Forced conversion
16570:Cultural genocide
16565:Communal violence
16447:post–Cold War era
16432:Eastern Orthodoxy
16353:
16352:
16349:
16348:
16256:
16255:
16137:
16136:
15983:Euthanasia trials
15903:Legal proceedings
15646:Cultural genocide
15572:Cultural genocide
15511:
15510:
15444:Masalit massacres
15407:
15406:
15308:Sri Lankan Tamils
15215:Arabs in Zanzibar
15170:
15169:
15088:Three Alls policy
14865:
14864:
14798:Putumayo genocide
14526:
14525:
14355:
14354:
14320:
14319:
14240:
14239:
14191:Rwandan Civil War
14139:Blue Nile clashes
14121:Nomadic conflicts
14077:Nomadic conflicts
13881:
13880:
13720:March 23 Movement
13655:Angolan Civil War
13634:
13633:
13410:
13409:
13222:
13221:
13187:
13186:
13111:Human trafficking
13063:
13062:
13002:
13001:
12979:Political parties
12930:Foreign relations
12902:
12901:
12830:Rwandan Civil War
12825:Bugesera invasion
12806:Ruzagayura famine
12779:Kingdom of Rwanda
12702:
12701:
12388:Rwandan Civil War
12368:Kingdom of Rwanda
12358:History of Rwanda
12293:978-0-8014-6715-8
12274:978-1-108-49146-4
12217:978-0-8014-5737-1
12157:978-0-203-89043-1
12131:978-0-7735-3856-6
12078:on 19 August 2008
12018:978-0-8108-5313-3
11968:978-0-313-34644-6
11819:978-0-7391-3588-4
11788:978-1-107-67879-8
11693:(10 April 2014).
11682:978-0-19-970583-2
11644:978-9970-02-089-8
11620:978-1-85065-372-1
11503:978-0-5215-2873-3
11445:978-1-56432-208-1
11366:978-1-85984-588-2
11326:978-1-85649-831-9
11290:"France's shame?"
11268:978-0-691-10280-1
11189:978-0-470-12015-6
11167:978-0-203-86494-4
11084:978-0-299-30970-1
11020:978-0-330-37120-9
10980:978-0-19-061270-2
10919:978-0-19-964149-9
10820:978-0-670-03337-9
10792:978-0-8108-2820-9
10735:978-90-5095-533-1
10704:978-0-09-947893-5
10664:978-1-890951-34-4
10392:978-0-19-533770-9
10355:978-1-78694-344-6
9567:978-0-299-30970-1
9044:978-0-8330-3232-4
8352:foreignpolicy.com
8150:BBC News (I) 1998
7912:978-0-7456-3892-8
7903:Politics as Usual
7336:www.sciencespo.fr
6969:(25 March 2008).
6725:on 14 August 2014
6495:www.sciencespo.fr
6066:, p. 242–43.
5452:African Arguments
5405:, 10 January 2012
4868:978-92-1-047319-4
4792:978-0-7453-2625-2
4756:978-1-870798-33-4
4638:978-0-19-884687-1
4602:www.sciencespo.fr
4408:, pp. 34–36.
4222:, pp. 27–30.
4198:, pp. 95–96.
4186:, pp. 94–95.
4162:, pp. 51–52.
4102:, pp. 74–76.
4063:, pp. 55–56.
4048:, pp. 63–64.
3985:, pp. 48–49.
3973:, pp. 58–59.
3949:, pp. 45–46.
3937:, pp. 43–44.
3903:978-0-299-10213-5
3804:, pp. 56–57.
3756:, pp. 25–26.
3675:978-0-415-99085-1
3644:, pp. 13–14.
3566:, pp. 88–89.
3542:, pp. 10–11.
3402:978-1-349-95306-6
3187:978-0-8014-3883-7
3122:Sheshadri, Raja.
2969: 45.5% Tutsi
2865:Paul Rusesabagina
2848:international law
2760:
2759:
2665:Victoire Ingabire
2612:(ICTR), based in
2553:Froduald Karamira
2524:international aid
2270:Pope John Paul II
2223:, the next year.
2107:displaced persons
1988:Butare prefecture
1924:Alison Des Forges
1826:Sexual mutilation
1719:Butare prefecture
1585:Sylvain Nsabimana
1553:Tharcisse Renzaho
1493:Augustin Bizimana
1429:ID card of Rwanda
1421:
1420:
1355:Bernard Ntuyahaga
1215:Burundi Civil War
1147:, in his role as
991:Virunga Mountains
979:Ugandan president
942:Rwandan Civil War
936:Rwandan Civil War
760:Kingdom of Rwanda
677:criminal offences
673:genocide ideology
583:Rwandan Civil War
571:
570:
319:Rwandan Civil War
309:Kingdom of Rwanda
299:History of Rwanda
252:
251:
216:
215:
42:Rwandan Civil War
17515:
17503:July 1994 crimes
17493:June 1994 crimes
17398:Rwandan genocide
17374:
17373:
17362:
17361:
17350:
17349:
17348:
17341:
17325:
17324:
17291:2020 Delhi riots
17207:Kosheh massacres
17187:Bosnian genocide
17007:1946 Bihar riots
16670:Social cleansing
16595:Ethnic cleansing
16380:
16373:
16366:
16357:
16356:
16342:
16334:
16326:
16318:
16310:
16302:
16294:
16286:
16278:
16264:
16258:
16257:
16249:
16241:
16233:
16223:
16215:
16212:Radovan Karadžić
16207:
16199:
16191:
16183:
16175:
16172:Belgrade Process
16167:
16159:
16145:
16139:
16138:
16130:
16122:
16114:
16106:
16103:Treblinka trials
16098:
16090:
16082:
16074:
16066:
16058:
16050:
16042:
16034:
16026:
16018:
16010:
16002:
15994:
15986:
15978:
15970:
15962:
15954:
15946:
15943:Épuration légale
15938:
15930:
15916:
15913:Holocaust trials
15907:
15906:
15895:
15888:
15881:
15874:
15867:
15860:
15853:
15844:
15837:
15830:
15823:
15805:
15798:
15791:
15784:
15777:
15770:
15763:
15754:
15747:
15727:
15720:
15713:
15706:
15697:
15690:
15683:
15676:
15669:
15662:
15660:Ethnic cleansing
15655:
15648:
15630:
15623:
15616:
15609:
15602:
15595:
15588:
15581:
15574:
15567:
15556:
15549:
15542:
15533:
15526:
15504:
15496:
15488:
15480:
15477:Shias under ISIS
15472:
15464:
15456:
15446:
15439:
15431:
15417:
15409:
15408:
15400:
15392:
15382:
15375:
15367:
15359:
15351:
15343:
15335:
15327:
15319:
15311:
15303:
15295:
15287:
15279:
15269:
15262:
15255:
15250:
15242:
15234:
15226:
15218:
15210:
15202:
15194:
15180:
15172:
15171:
15163:
15155:
15147:
15139:
15131:
15123:
15115:
15112:Serbs in Croatia
15107:
15099:
15091:
15083:
15075:
15072:Nanjing Massacre
15067:
15064:Parsley massacre
15059:
15056:Polish Operation
15051:
15048:Romani Holocaust
15043:
15035:
15027:
15019:
15011:
15003:
14995:
14992:Napalpí massacre
14987:
14979:
14971:
14963:
14955:
14945:
14937:
14929:
14921:
14913:
14903:
14896:
14888:
14875:
14867:
14866:
14856:
14848:
14841:
14833:
14825:
14817:
14809:
14801:
14793:
14785:
14777:
14769:
14759:
14751:
14743:
14735:
14727:
14720:
14712:
14702:
14694:
14686:
14679:
14671:
14663:
14655:
14645:
14637:
14629:
14622:
14614:
14606:
14598:
14590:
14582:
14574:
14566:
14558:
14550:
14536:
14528:
14527:
14519:
14511:
14503:
14495:
14487:
14484:Mongol conquests
14479:
14471:
14463:
14453:
14446:
14438:
14430:
14416:
14408:
14407:
14382:
14375:
14368:
14359:
14358:
14295:Caprivi conflict
14251:
14250:
14230:2015–2018 unrest
14036:Likoni massacres
14025:Ethnic conflicts
13987:Somali Civil War
13892:
13891:
13690:Second Congo War
13645:
13644:
13421:
13420:
13300:Post-coup unrest
13294:Sinai insurgency
13273:
13272:
13249:
13242:
13235:
13226:
13225:
13207:
13200:
13074:
13073:
13028:
13013:
13012:
12974:Decentralization
12913:
12912:
12862:
12861:
12847:Second Congo War
12835:Rwandan genocide
12818:Coup of Gitarama
12742:
12735:
12728:
12719:
12718:
12710:Related articles
12706:
12705:
12589:Second Congo War
12401:
12344:Rwandan genocide
12337:
12330:
12323:
12314:
12313:
12297:
12278:
12240:
12221:
12202:
12161:
12135:
12112:
12110:
12108:
12087:
12085:
12083:
12077:
12071:. Archived from
12066:
12051:
12049:
12047:
12034:United Nations.
12030:
12003:
12001:
11999:
11972:
11957:. Westport, CT:
11949:
11947:
11930:
11920:
11889:
11887:
11885:
11879:
11872:
11862:
11823:
11792:
11773:
11771:
11769:
11749:
11710:
11708:
11706:
11686:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11624:
11602:
11580:
11578:
11576:
11549:
11547:
11545:
11519:
11517:
11515:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11461:
11459:
11457:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11397:
11395:
11393:
11370:
11342:
11340:
11338:
11309:
11307:
11305:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11253:Mamdani, Mahmood
11248:
11238:
11205:
11198:Longman, Timothy
11193:
11171:
11148:
11146:
11144:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11067:
11036:
11034:
11032:
11003:
10984:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10935:
10933:
10931:
10902:
10900:
10894:. Archived from
10859:
10849:
10824:
10796:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10739:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10680:
10678:
10676:
10647:
10645:
10643:
10614:
10612:
10610:
10587:
10585:
10583:
10566:
10564:
10562:
10545:
10543:
10541:
10524:
10522:
10520:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10450:
10408:
10406:
10404:
10360:
10359:
10341:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10330:
10310:
10304:
10303:
10301:
10299:
10280:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10269:
10254:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10228:
10222:
10209:
10203:
10202:
10197:. Archived from
10187:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10157:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10127:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10116:
10097:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10086:
10064:
10058:
10039:
10033:
10032:
10021:
10015:
10014:
10012:
10010:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9973:
9958:
9949:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9938:
9919:
9913:
9912:
9910:
9908:
9889:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9878:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9815:
9807:
9782:
9776:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9751:
9745:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9721:
9715:
9714:
9708:
9703:
9701:
9693:
9681:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9670:
9649:
9643:
9637:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9604:
9598:
9592:
9586:
9576:
9570:
9549:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9538:
9529:. 18 June 2012.
9519:
9513:
9507:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9461:
9455:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9440:
9438:
9423:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9406:
9399:
9391:
9385:
9382:
9376:
9373:
9367:
9364:
9347:
9341:
9335:
9329:
9318:
9312:
9303:
9302:
9290:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9237:
9228:. Archived from
9214:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9194:. 1 March 1995.
9188:
9182:
9176:
9167:
9161:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9150:
9130:
9124:
9118:
9112:
9106:
9097:
9091:
9085:
9079:
9073:
9067:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9028:
9022:
9016:
9010:
9004:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8935:
8929:
8923:
8917:
8911:
8905:
8899:
8893:
8887:
8878:
8872:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8839:
8826:
8820:
8814:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8795:
8788:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8703:. 15 June 2000.
8693:
8687:
8686:
8684:
8682:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8604:
8598:
8589:
8580:
8574:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8560:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8488:
8482:
8481:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8229:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8153:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8105:
8099:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7898:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7871:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7717:
7706:
7705:
7699:
7697:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7627:
7620:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7551:
7538:
7529:
7523:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7412:
7406:
7400:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7357:
7355:
7330:(25 June 2018).
7328:Lemarchand, René
7324:
7318:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7273:
7267:
7258:
7252:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7195:. Archived from
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7148:
7142:
7136:
7130:
7124:
7118:
7112:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7058:
7052:
7046:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6973:. Archived from
6963:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6878:
6869:
6860:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6812:
6805:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6715:
6706:
6700:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6665:
6659:
6649:Rwandan Genocide
6646:
6640:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6591:
6580:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6565:
6534:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6489:(25 June 2018).
6487:Lemarchand, René
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6450:
6444:
6435:
6429:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6131:
6125:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5799:
5793:
5776:
5770:
5757:
5751:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5585:
5579:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5412:
5406:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5369:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5299:
5293:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5199:
5168:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5127:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5013:. Archived from
5008:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4979:
4978:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4933:(4): 1947–1994.
4922:
4916:
4915:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4660:
4654:
4643:
4642:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4532:
4526:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4124:Twagilimana 2007
4121:
4115:
4112:Twagilimana 2007
4109:
4103:
4097:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3923:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3843:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3724:Bruce D. Jones,
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3658:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3225:
3216:(168): 235–256.
3198:
3192:
3191:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3132:. Archived from
3119:
3108:
3106:
3070:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2937:Félix Tshisekedi
2871:hotelier at the
2857:-nominated film
2795:Deborah Scranton
2694:
2690:
2481:Second Congo War
2452:Mobutu Sese Seko
2389:Second Congo War
2309:Athanase Seromba
2171:Rwandan refugees
2151:Mucyo Commission
1906:a public holiday
1743:Athanase Seromba
1690:Means of killing
1509:Joseph Nzirorera
1501:Protais Mpiranya
1414:
1413:
1390:
1389:
1219:Burundi genocide
1211:Melchior Ndadaye
1189:
1185:
1181:
1056:Gisenyi Province
967:Ugandan Bush War
850:Bahutu Manifesto
764:Kigeli Rwabugiri
724:Bantu migrations
575:Rwandan genocide
563:
556:
549:
510:Second Congo War
361:Gikondo massacre
330:Assassination of
285:Rwandan genocide
269:
261:
254:
253:
242:
241:
218:
217:
117:ethnic cleansing
52:
35:Rwandan genocide
32:
31:
17523:
17522:
17518:
17517:
17516:
17514:
17513:
17512:
17478:May 1994 crimes
17388:
17387:
17386:
17381:
17380:
17368:
17356:
17346:
17344:
17336:
17334:
17329:
17319:
17313:
17249:Yazidi genocide
17155:Revival Process
17091:Thích Quảng Đức
17079:Buddhist crisis
17073:Istanbul pogrom
16941:1970–1987
16936:1958–1964
16931:1928–1941
16926:1921–1928
16921:1917–1921
16806:Goa Inquisition
16740:Battle of Tours
16730:(c.550–c. 1200)
16724:(c. 324–c. 491)
16704:
16605:Ethnic violence
16600:Ethnic conflict
16548:
16547:
16546:
16393:
16384:
16354:
16345:
16337:
16329:
16321:
16313:
16305:
16299:Uyghur Tribunal
16297:
16289:
16281:
16273:
16265:
16262:
16252:
16244:
16236:
16228:
16218:
16210:
16202:
16194:
16186:
16178:
16170:
16162:
16154:
16146:
16143:
16133:
16125:
16119:Fedorenko trial
16117:
16109:
16101:
16093:
16085:
16077:
16069:
16061:
16053:
16045:
16037:
16029:
16021:
16015:Stutthof trials
16013:
16005:
15997:
15991:Nuremberg trial
15989:
15981:
15973:
15965:
15957:
15951:Majdanek trials
15949:
15941:
15933:
15927:Krasnodar trial
15925:
15917:
15911:
15898:
15891:
15884:
15877:
15870:
15863:
15856:
15849:
15840:
15833:
15826:
15819:
15808:
15801:
15794:
15787:
15780:
15773:
15766:
15759:
15750:
15743:
15730:
15723:
15716:
15709:
15702:
15693:
15686:
15679:
15672:
15665:
15658:
15651:
15644:
15633:
15626:
15619:
15612:
15605:
15598:
15591:
15584:
15577:
15570:
15563:
15552:
15545:
15538:
15529:
15522:
15507:
15499:
15491:
15483:
15475:
15467:
15459:
15453:Southern Kaduna
15451:
15442:
15434:
15426:
15418:
15413:
15403:
15395:
15387:
15378:
15370:
15362:
15354:
15346:
15338:
15330:
15322:
15314:
15306:
15298:
15290:
15282:
15274:
15265:
15258:
15253:
15245:
15237:
15229:
15221:
15213:
15205:
15197:
15189:
15181:
15176:
15166:
15158:
15150:
15142:
15134:
15126:
15118:
15110:
15102:
15094:
15086:
15078:
15070:
15062:
15054:
15046:
15040:Simele massacre
15038:
15030:
15022:
15014:
15006:
14998:
14990:
14982:
14974:
14966:
14958:
14950:
14940:
14932:
14924:
14916:
14908:
14899:
14891:
14884:
14876:
14871:
14861:
14851:
14844:
14836:
14830:Herero and Nama
14828:
14820:
14812:
14804:
14796:
14788:
14780:
14772:
14764:
14754:
14746:
14738:
14730:
14723:
14715:
14707:
14697:
14689:
14682:
14674:
14666:
14658:
14650:
14640:
14632:
14625:
14617:
14609:
14601:
14593:
14585:
14577:
14569:
14561:
14553:
14545:
14537:
14532:
14522:
14514:
14506:
14498:
14490:
14482:
14474:
14466:
14458:
14449:
14441:
14435:Asiatic Vespers
14433:
14425:
14417:
14412:
14399:
14391:
14386:
14356:
14351:
14316:
14277:
14246:Southern Africa
14236:
14179:
14150:
14097:
14082:Ethnic violence
14059:
14054:Baragoi clashes
14013:
13969:
13877:
13849:
13839:(2016–present)
13820:
13795:
13794:Central African
13789:
13755:
13749:
13678:First Congo War
13666:
13630:
13583:
13557:
13531:
13522:Ndogboyosoi War
13510:
13473:
13457:(2003–present)
13433:(1998–present)
13406:
13378:
13363:(1970–present)
13349:
13311:
13289:2011 revolution
13283:Egyptian Crisis
13262:
13253:
13223:
13218:
13210:
13203:
13196:
13183:
13174:Public holidays
13130:
13096:Gender equality
13059:
13026:
12998:
12947:Law enforcement
12898:
12851:
12755:
12746:
12711:
12703:
12698:
12680:
12664:
12613:
12577:First Congo War
12572:Kibeho massacre
12555:
12502:
12462:People indicted
12450:
12404:
12397:
12346:
12341:
12304:
12294:
12275:
12237:
12218:
12191:
12175:
12169:
12167:Further reading
12164:
12158:
12132:
12106:
12104:
12081:
12079:
12075:
12064:
12045:
12043:
12019:
11997:
11995:
11969:
11945:
11928:
11883:
11881:
11877:
11870:
11820:
11810:Lexington Books
11789:
11767:
11765:
11752:
11704:
11702:
11683:
11665:Prunier, Gérard
11654:
11652:
11645:
11629:Prunier, Gérard
11621:
11607:Prunier, Gérard
11599:
11585:Prunier, Gérard
11574:
11572:
11543:
11541:
11524:Power, Samantha
11513:
11511:
11504:
11480:
11478:
11455:
11453:
11446:
11418:
11416:
11415:on 14 July 2014
11391:
11389:
11388:on 15 July 2014
11381:The Independent
11367:
11336:
11334:
11327:
11303:
11301:
11278:
11276:
11269:
11190:
11176:Kinzer, Stephen
11168:
11142:
11140:
11094:
11092:
11085:
11030:
11028:
11021:
11000:
10981:
10956:
10954:
10929:
10927:
10920:
10898:
10857:
10830:Drumbl, Mark A.
10821:
10793:
10771:
10769:
10762:
10736:
10714:
10712:
10705:
10685:Dallaire, Roméo
10674:
10672:
10665:
10641:
10639:
10632:
10608:
10606:
10581:
10579:
10560:
10558:
10539:
10537:
10518:
10516:
10489:
10487:
10474:
10465:
10463:
10431:10.2307/2204076
10402:
10400:
10393:
10374:
10368:
10363:
10356:
10342:
10338:
10328:
10326:
10311:
10307:
10297:
10295:
10282:
10281:
10277:
10267:
10265:
10256:
10255:
10251:
10241:
10239:
10230:
10229:
10225:
10219:Wayback Machine
10210:
10206:
10189:
10188:
10184:
10174:
10172:
10159:
10158:
10154:
10144:
10142:
10129:
10128:
10124:
10114:
10112:
10099:
10098:
10094:
10084:
10082:
10065:
10061:
10049:Wayback Machine
10040:
10036:
10023:
10022:
10018:
10008:
10006:
9995:"Come Together"
9991:
9987:
9977:
9975:
9971:
9956:
9950:
9946:
9936:
9934:
9920:
9916:
9906:
9904:
9890:
9886:
9876:
9874:
9859:
9855:
9845:
9843:
9830:
9829:
9825:
9809:
9808:
9796:
9784:
9783:
9779:
9769:
9767:
9752:
9748:
9738:
9736:
9723:
9722:
9718:
9706:
9704:
9695:
9694:
9683:
9682:
9678:
9668:
9666:
9651:
9650:
9646:
9638:
9631:
9621:
9619:
9606:
9605:
9601:
9593:
9589:
9579:Des Forges 1999
9577:
9573:
9559:Wayback Machine
9550:
9546:
9536:
9534:
9521:
9520:
9516:
9508:
9489:
9479:
9477:
9462:
9458:
9450:
9446:
9436:
9434:
9425:
9424:
9420:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9397:
9393:
9392:
9388:
9383:
9379:
9374:
9370:
9365:
9350:
9342:
9338:
9330:
9321:
9313:
9306:
9292:
9291:
9284:
9276:
9272:
9264:
9260:
9251:de Brouwer 2005
9249:
9245:
9235:
9233:
9215:
9211:
9201:
9199:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9177:
9170:
9162:
9158:
9148:
9146:
9131:
9127:
9119:
9115:
9107:
9100:
9092:
9088:
9080:
9076:
9068:
9064:
9054:
9052:
9045:
9029:
9025:
9017:
9013:
9005:
9001:
8993:
8989:
8981:
8977:
8936:
8932:
8924:
8920:
8912:
8908:
8900:
8896:
8888:
8881:
8873:
8869:
8859:
8857:
8840:
8829:
8821:
8817:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8786:
8782:
8781:
8777:
8767:
8765:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8741:
8739:
8732:Huffington Post
8724:
8720:
8710:
8708:
8695:
8694:
8690:
8680:
8678:
8661:
8657:
8647:
8645:
8632:
8631:
8627:
8617:
8615:
8610:. 8 June 2001.
8606:
8605:
8601:
8592:Des Forges 1999
8590:
8583:
8575:
8568:
8558:
8556:
8543:
8542:
8538:
8519:
8515:
8505:
8503:
8490:
8489:
8485:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8437:
8436:
8432:
8422:
8420:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8392:
8390:
8383:Huffington Post
8375:
8371:
8361:
8359:
8344:
8340:
8330:
8328:
8313:
8309:
8299:
8297:
8284:
8283:
8279:
8269:
8267:
8256:
8252:
8242:
8240:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8216:
8214:
8199:
8195:
8187:
8183:
8175:
8171:
8163:
8156:
8148:
8144:
8136:
8132:
8126:Fassbender 2011
8124:
8120:
8112:
8108:
8100:
8091:
8083:
8079:
8071:
8067:
8059:
8055:
8047:
8043:
8035:
8028:
8020:
8016:
8008:
8004:
7996:
7992:
7984:
7980:
7972:
7968:
7960:
7956:
7948:
7944:
7936:
7932:
7924:
7920:
7913:
7899:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7872:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7819:
7817:
7799:
7795:
7785:
7783:
7766:
7762:
7754:
7750:
7740:
7738:
7721:Bonner, Raymond
7718:
7709:
7695:
7693:
7688:. S/1994/1115.
7678:
7674:
7664:
7662:
7645:
7641:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7612:Gersony, Robert
7609:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7583:Des Forges 1999
7581:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7536:
7530:
7526:
7516:Des Forges 1999
7514:
7510:
7500:
7498:
7483:
7479:
7475:, p. xlvi.
7471:
7467:
7457:
7455:
7440:
7436:
7426:
7424:
7413:
7409:
7401:
7394:
7384:
7382:
7371:
7367:
7353:
7351:
7325:
7321:
7309:
7305:
7295:
7293:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7244:
7240:
7232:
7228:
7218:Des Forges 1999
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7162:
7151:
7143:
7139:
7131:
7127:
7119:
7115:
7107:
7103:
7095:
7088:
7080:
7076:
7068:
7061:
7053:
7049:
7041:
7037:
7029:
7020:
7010:
7008:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6977:on 2 April 2014
6964:
6960:
6950:
6948:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6900:
6898:
6879:
6872:
6863:de Brouwer 2005
6861:
6850:
6842:
6838:
6830:
6826:
6816:
6814:
6813:on 27 June 2003
6810:
6803:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6778:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6726:
6717:
6716:
6709:
6701:
6694:
6684:
6682:
6669:"The 'Pygmies'"
6667:
6666:
6662:
6656:Wayback Machine
6647:
6643:
6634:
6630:
6592:
6583:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6510:
6484:
6480:
6472:
6468:
6460:
6453:
6445:
6438:
6430:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6379:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6352:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6229:
6225:
6217:
6213:
6205:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6145:
6134:
6126:
6119:
6111:
6107:
6099:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6035:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6008:
6004:
5996:
5992:
5984:
5977:
5969:
5965:
5957:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5921:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5838:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5815:, 27 June 2017
5809:Wayback Machine
5800:
5796:
5786:Wayback Machine
5777:
5773:
5767:Wayback Machine
5758:
5754:
5744:Wayback Machine
5736:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5712:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5685:
5681:
5673:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5640:. 4 July 2007.
5632:
5631:
5627:
5621:Gourevitch 2000
5619:
5615:
5607:
5603:
5595:
5588:
5580:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5526:
5518:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5444:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5413:
5409:
5403:Wayback Machine
5394:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5317:
5315:
5300:
5296:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5129:
5128:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5088:Huffington Post
5080:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5020:on 16 July 2009
5017:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4989:
4982:
4950:
4946:
4923:
4919:
4888:
4884:
4869:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4812:
4808:
4801:j.ctt18fs550.14
4793:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4663:
4655:
4646:
4639:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4535:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4457:Des Forges 1999
4455:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4010:Gourevitch 2000
4008:
4004:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3971:Gourevitch 2000
3969:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3888:
3884:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3812:
3808:
3802:Gourevitch 2000
3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3659:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3246:
3242:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3136:on 4 March 2016
3120:
3111:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2946:
2933:
2775:
2765:
2673:
2644:
2634:
2606:
2600:
2567:
2561:
2533:
2493:
2464:First Congo War
2391:
2385:First Congo War
2379:Main articles:
2377:
2329:
2278:Catholic Church
2259:
2257:Catholic Church
2208:
2163:
2072:
2066:
2054:Amahoro Stadium
2013:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1980:Kibeho massacre
1933:André Guichaoua
1920:
1914:
1854:
1838:
1765:
1759:
1757:Sexual violence
1692:
1615:
1505:Félicien Kabuga
1497:Aloys Ntabakuze
1461:
1411:
1393:External videos
1388:
1375:Marcel Gatsinzi
1338:
1310:Filip Reyntjens
1277:
1271:
1236:, commander of
1198:advocacy group
1187:
1183:
1179:
1128:
1123:
1030:
971:Yoweri Museveni
944:
938:
915:one-party state
911:1978 referendum
846:Catholic Church
834:
828:
696:
690:
685:
665:First Congo War
644:Sexual violence
567:
538:
537:
523:
515:
514:
498:First Congo War
483:
475:
474:
466:
463:
441:
433:
432:
397:
393:
390:People indicted
384:
376:
375:
346:
338:
337:
334:
331:
294:
270:
265:
263:
239:
221:External videos
201:
194:Félicien Kabuga
131:
101:
58:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17521:
17511:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17495:
17490:
17485:
17480:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17403:1994 in Rwanda
17400:
17383:
17382:
17379:
17378:
17366:
17354:
17331:
17330:
17318:
17315:
17314:
17312:
17311:
17305:
17300:
17294:
17288:
17282:
17276:
17275:(2016–ongoing)
17270:
17269:(2014–ongoing)
17264:
17258:
17257:(2014–ongoing)
17252:
17246:
17240:
17234:
17233:(2009–ongoing)
17228:
17227:(2004–ongoing)
17222:
17216:
17210:
17204:
17198:
17197:
17196:
17190:
17184:
17172:
17166:
17165:
17164:
17152:
17146:
17140:
17134:
17133:(1971–ongoing)
17128:
17122:
17121:
17120:
17114:
17102:
17101:
17100:
17094:
17088:
17076:
17070:
17069:(1953–ongoing)
17064:
17058:
17057:(1950–ongoing)
17052:
17051:(1949–ongoing)
17046:
17040:
17034:
17033:(1947–ongoing)
17028:
17027:(1947–ongoing)
17022:
17021:(1947–ongoing)
17016:
17010:
17004:
16998:
16995:Noakhali riots
16992:
16986:
16980:
16974:
16968:
16962:
16956:
16950:
16949:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16912:
16906:
16900:
16894:
16893:
16892:
16884:Greek genocide
16881:
16875:
16872:Adana massacre
16869:
16863:
16857:
16851:
16845:
16839:
16833:
16827:
16821:
16815:
16809:
16803:
16797:
16791:
16785:
16779:
16773:
16767:
16761:
16755:
16749:
16743:
16737:
16736:(c.184–c. 205)
16731:
16725:
16719:
16712:
16710:
16706:
16705:
16703:
16702:
16697:
16692:
16687:
16685:State religion
16682:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16590:Discrimination
16587:
16582:
16577:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16556:
16554:
16550:
16549:
16545:
16544:
16542:Zoroastrianism
16539:
16534:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16518:
16517:
16507:
16506:
16505:
16504:
16503:
16498:
16493:
16488:
16473:
16472:
16471:
16469:Untouchability
16466:
16456:
16451:
16450:
16449:
16444:
16439:
16434:
16429:
16419:
16414:
16409:
16403:
16402:
16401:
16399:
16395:
16394:
16391:discrimination
16383:
16382:
16375:
16368:
16360:
16351:
16350:
16347:
16346:
16344:
16343:
16335:
16327:
16319:
16311:
16303:
16295:
16287:
16279:
16270:
16267:
16266:
16254:
16253:
16251:
16250:
16242:
16234:
16226:
16225:
16224:
16216:
16208:
16192:
16184:
16176:
16168:
16160:
16151:
16148:
16147:
16135:
16134:
16132:
16131:
16123:
16115:
16107:
16099:
16091:
16083:
16079:Eichmann trial
16075:
16067:
16059:
16051:
16043:
16035:
16027:
16019:
16011:
16003:
15995:
15987:
15979:
15971:
15963:
15959:Chełmno trials
15955:
15947:
15939:
15931:
15922:
15919:
15918:
15904:
15900:
15899:
15897:
15896:
15889:
15882:
15875:
15868:
15861:
15854:
15847:
15846:
15845:
15838:
15831:
15816:
15814:
15810:
15809:
15807:
15806:
15799:
15792:
15785:
15778:
15771:
15764:
15757:
15756:
15755:
15752:Trivialization
15740:
15738:
15732:
15731:
15729:
15728:
15721:
15714:
15707:
15700:
15699:
15698:
15691:
15688:Killing Fields
15677:
15670:
15663:
15656:
15649:
15641:
15639:
15635:
15634:
15632:
15631:
15624:
15617:
15610:
15603:
15596:
15589:
15582:
15575:
15568:
15561:
15560:
15559:
15558:
15557:
15536:
15535:
15534:
15519:
15517:
15513:
15512:
15509:
15508:
15506:
15505:
15497:
15489:
15481:
15473:
15465:
15457:
15449:
15448:
15447:
15432:
15423:
15420:
15419:
15405:
15404:
15402:
15401:
15393:
15385:
15384:
15383:
15368:
15360:
15352:
15344:
15336:
15328:
15324:Kuwaiti Bedoon
15320:
15312:
15304:
15296:
15288:
15280:
15272:
15271:
15270:
15263:
15251:
15243:
15235:
15227:
15219:
15211:
15203:
15195:
15186:
15183:
15182:
15168:
15167:
15165:
15164:
15160:Crimean Tatars
15156:
15148:
15140:
15132:
15124:
15116:
15108:
15100:
15092:
15084:
15076:
15068:
15060:
15052:
15044:
15036:
15028:
15020:
15012:
15004:
14996:
14988:
14984:Kantō Massacre
14980:
14972:
14964:
14956:
14948:
14947:
14946:
14938:
14930:
14922:
14914:
14906:
14905:
14904:
14881:
14878:
14877:
14863:
14862:
14860:
14859:
14858:
14857:
14842:
14834:
14826:
14818:
14810:
14802:
14794:
14786:
14778:
14770:
14762:
14761:
14760:
14752:
14744:
14740:Trail of Tears
14736:
14732:Indian removal
14721:
14713:
14705:
14704:
14703:
14695:
14680:
14672:
14664:
14656:
14648:
14647:
14646:
14638:
14623:
14615:
14607:
14599:
14591:
14583:
14575:
14571:Kashmiri Shias
14567:
14559:
14551:
14542:
14539:
14538:
14524:
14523:
14521:
14520:
14512:
14504:
14496:
14488:
14480:
14472:
14464:
14456:
14455:
14454:
14439:
14431:
14422:
14419:
14418:
14405:
14393:
14392:
14385:
14384:
14377:
14370:
14362:
14353:
14352:
14350:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14334:
14328:
14326:
14325:Related topics
14322:
14321:
14318:
14317:
14315:
14314:
14313:
14312:
14307:
14298:
14292:
14285:
14283:
14279:
14278:
14276:
14275:
14274:(2017–present)
14269:
14264:
14257:
14255:
14248:
14242:
14241:
14238:
14237:
14235:
14234:
14233:
14232:
14227:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14198:
14187:
14185:
14181:
14180:
14178:
14177:
14174:Kasese clashes
14171:
14170:(1996–present)
14165:
14164:(1987–present)
14158:
14156:
14152:
14151:
14149:
14148:
14147:(2023–present)
14142:
14136:
14130:
14124:
14123:(2009–present)
14118:
14112:
14105:
14103:
14099:
14098:
14096:
14095:
14090:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14067:
14065:
14061:
14060:
14058:
14057:
14051:
14045:
14039:
14033:
14032:(1963–present)
14027:
14021:
14019:
14015:
14014:
14012:
14011:
14006:
14005:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13984:
13983:(1998–present)
13977:
13975:
13971:
13970:
13968:
13967:
13966:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13935:
13929:
13923:
13917:
13911:
13910:
13909:
13902:Oromo conflict
13898:
13896:
13889:
13883:
13882:
13879:
13878:
13876:
13875:
13874:(2009–present)
13869:
13868:(1987–present)
13863:
13857:
13855:
13851:
13850:
13848:
13847:
13846:
13845:
13843:2021 offensive
13834:
13828:
13826:
13822:
13821:
13819:
13818:
13817:
13816:
13806:
13799:
13797:
13791:
13790:
13788:
13787:
13781:
13775:
13774:
13773:
13768:
13759:
13757:
13751:
13750:
13748:
13747:
13741:
13735:
13734:
13733:
13728:
13717:
13716:(2009–present)
13714:Ituri conflict
13711:
13708:Dongo conflict
13705:
13704:(2004–present)
13699:
13696:Ituri conflict
13693:
13687:
13686:(1996–present)
13681:
13674:
13672:
13668:
13667:
13665:
13664:
13663:(1975–present)
13658:
13651:
13649:
13642:
13640:Central Africa
13636:
13635:
13632:
13631:
13629:
13628:
13627:(2020–present)
13622:
13621:
13620:
13610:
13609:(1982–present)
13604:
13601:Guinea clashes
13598:
13591:
13589:
13585:
13584:
13582:
13581:
13580:
13579:
13574:
13565:
13563:
13559:
13558:
13556:
13555:
13554:
13553:
13548:
13539:
13537:
13533:
13532:
13530:
13529:
13524:
13518:
13516:
13512:
13511:
13509:
13508:
13507:(2012–present)
13502:
13501:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13481:
13479:
13475:
13474:
13472:
13471:
13470:(2021–present)
13465:
13464:
13463:
13452:
13451:(2009–present)
13446:
13441:
13440:
13439:
13427:
13425:
13418:
13412:
13411:
13408:
13407:
13405:
13404:
13398:
13393:
13386:
13384:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13376:
13375:
13374:
13369:
13367:War, 1975–1991
13357:
13355:
13354:Western Sahara
13351:
13350:
13348:
13347:
13346:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13333:2011 civil war
13325:
13319:
13317:
13313:
13312:
13310:
13309:
13308:(2013–present)
13303:
13297:
13296:(2011–present)
13291:
13286:
13279:
13277:
13270:
13264:
13263:
13252:
13251:
13244:
13237:
13229:
13220:
13219:
13217:
13216:
13209:
13208:
13201:
13193:
13192:
13189:
13188:
13185:
13184:
13182:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13166:
13161:
13156:
13151:
13146:
13140:
13138:
13132:
13131:
13129:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13077:
13071:
13065:
13064:
13061:
13060:
13058:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13040:Stock Exchange
13037:
13032:
13031:
13030:
13016:
13010:
13004:
13003:
13000:
12999:
12997:
12996:
12994:Prime Minister
12991:
12989:Vice President
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12970:
12969:
12964:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12943:
12942:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12916:
12910:
12904:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12897:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12884:National parks
12881:
12876:
12871:
12865:
12859:
12853:
12852:
12850:
12849:
12844:
12843:
12842:
12840:Initial events
12832:
12827:
12822:
12821:
12820:
12810:
12809:
12808:
12803:
12793:
12788:
12787:
12786:
12776:
12771:
12765:
12763:
12757:
12756:
12745:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12722:
12716:
12713:
12712:
12700:
12699:
12697:
12696:
12691:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12678:
12672:
12670:
12666:
12665:
12663:
12662:
12660:Survivors Fund
12657:
12652:
12651:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12621:
12619:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12585:
12584:
12574:
12569:
12563:
12561:
12557:
12556:
12554:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12542:
12541:
12535:United States
12533:
12532:
12531:
12521:
12516:
12510:
12508:
12504:
12503:
12501:
12500:
12495:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12458:
12456:
12452:
12451:
12449:
12448:
12443:
12442:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12423:
12418:
12416:Initial events
12412:
12410:
12406:
12405:
12403:
12402:
12395:
12393:Arusha Accords
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12354:
12352:
12348:
12347:
12340:
12339:
12332:
12325:
12317:
12311:
12310:
12303:
12302:External links
12300:
12299:
12298:
12292:
12279:
12273:
12260:
12241:
12236:978-0312243357
12235:
12222:
12216:
12203:
12189:
12171:Main article:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12162:
12156:
12140:Totten, Samuel
12136:
12130:
12113:
12088:
12052:
12031:
12017:
12004:
11990:(2): 385–411.
11973:
11967:
11950:
11921:
11903:(8): 1601–20.
11890:
11863:
11824:
11818:
11808:. Lanham, MD:
11793:
11787:
11774:
11750:
11711:
11687:
11681:
11661:
11643:
11625:
11619:
11603:
11598:978-1850652434
11597:
11581:
11550:
11520:
11502:
11487:
11462:
11444:
11425:
11398:
11371:
11365:
11347:Melvern, Linda
11343:
11325:
11310:
11285:
11267:
11249:
11227:10.1086/382286
11206:
11194:
11188:
11172:
11166:
11149:
11101:
11083:
11068:
11037:
11019:
11004:
10999:978-0299298203
10998:
10985:
10979:
10963:
10936:
10918:
10903:
10850:
10826:
10819:
10801:Diamond, Jared
10797:
10791:
10778:
10760:
10740:
10734:
10721:
10703:
10681:
10663:
10648:
10630:
10615:
10588:
10567:
10546:
10525:
10496:
10472:
10451:
10413:Akhavan, Payam
10409:
10391:
10375:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10361:
10354:
10336:
10305:
10275:
10249:
10223:
10204:
10182:
10152:
10135:Slant Magazine
10122:
10092:
10059:
10034:
10031:on 1 May 2009.
10016:
9999:Survivors Fund
9985:
9944:
9914:
9899:. p. 19.
9884:
9853:
9823:
9795:978-1552503386
9794:
9777:
9746:
9716:
9707:|journal=
9676:
9644:
9629:
9614:. 7 May 2012.
9612:UN News Centre
9599:
9587:
9571:
9544:
9514:
9487:
9456:
9444:
9418:
9386:
9377:
9368:
9348:
9336:
9319:
9315:Tiemessen 2004
9304:
9282:
9270:
9268:, p. 187.
9258:
9243:
9209:
9183:
9181:, p. 181.
9168:
9156:
9125:
9113:
9098:
9096:, p. 136.
9086:
9074:
9062:
9043:
9023:
9011:
8999:
8997:, p. 216.
8987:
8985:, p. 209.
8975:
8948:(2): 163–202.
8930:
8926:Reyntjens 2013
8918:
8906:
8904:, p. 118.
8894:
8879:
8877:, p. 382.
8867:
8827:
8815:
8775:
8749:
8718:
8688:
8655:
8625:
8599:
8581:
8579:, p. 380.
8566:
8536:
8513:
8498:. 2 May 2019.
8483:
8460:
8430:
8400:
8369:
8338:
8307:
8277:
8250:
8224:
8193:
8181:
8169:
8154:
8142:
8130:
8118:
8106:
8104:, p. 235.
8089:
8087:, p. 234.
8077:
8065:
8053:
8041:
8037:United Nations
8026:
8024:, p. 411.
8014:
8012:, p. 229.
8002:
8000:, p. 197.
7990:
7988:, p. 204.
7978:
7976:, p. 270.
7966:
7954:
7942:
7930:
7928:, p. 205.
7918:
7911:
7890:
7888:, p. 150.
7878:
7876:, p. 146.
7863:
7861:, p. 194.
7851:
7839:
7827:
7793:
7760:
7758:, p. 191.
7748:
7707:
7686:United Nations
7672:
7639:
7603:
7591:
7575:
7573:, p. 100.
7571:Reyntjens 2013
7563:
7545:. Sitrep #10.
7524:
7508:
7477:
7473:Guichaoua 2015
7465:
7434:
7407:
7405:, p. 189.
7392:
7365:
7319:
7303:
7268:
7261:Guichaoua 2020
7253:
7238:
7234:Reyntjens 2013
7226:
7210:
7180:
7168:
7166:, p. 421.
7149:
7147:, p. 270.
7137:
7135:, p. 410.
7125:
7113:
7111:, p. 300.
7101:
7099:, p. 299.
7086:
7084:, p. 288.
7074:
7072:, p. 268.
7059:
7057:, p. 269.
7047:
7035:
7033:, p. 247.
7018:
6988:
6958:
6932:
6920:
6908:
6870:
6848:
6836:
6824:
6788:
6762:
6736:
6707:
6705:, p. 244.
6692:
6660:
6641:
6628:
6581:
6520:
6478:
6476:, p. 316.
6466:
6451:
6449:, p. 459.
6436:
6434:, p. 292.
6421:
6419:, p. 291.
6409:
6407:, p. 236.
6397:
6395:, p. 337.
6385:
6370:
6368:, p. 336.
6358:
6356:, p. 312.
6343:
6310:
6308:, p. 233.
6298:
6296:, p. 248.
6286:
6284:, p. 329.
6274:
6272:, p. 278.
6262:
6247:
6245:, p. 193.
6235:
6233:, p. 212.
6231:Guichaoua 2015
6223:
6221:, p. 233.
6211:
6209:, p. 171.
6199:
6187:
6175:
6173:, p. 195.
6163:
6161:, p. 245.
6151:
6149:, p. 247.
6132:
6130:, p. 244.
6117:
6115:, p. 204.
6105:
6103:, p. 261.
6068:
6056:
6054:, p. 427.
6044:
6029:
6027:, p. 411.
6017:
6002:
5990:
5988:, p. 169.
5975:
5973:, p. 236.
5963:
5961:, p. 164.
5951:
5949:, p. 163.
5939:
5927:
5925:, p. 240.
5910:
5908:, p. 172.
5898:
5896:, p. 165.
5886:
5832:
5820:
5794:
5771:
5752:
5748:New York Times
5730:
5728:, p. 292.
5718:
5716:, p. 229.
5703:
5701:, p. 139.
5691:
5689:, p. 232.
5679:
5677:, p. 231.
5667:
5665:, p. 231.
5655:
5625:
5623:, p. 114.
5613:
5611:, p. 245.
5601:
5599:, p. 230.
5586:
5584:, p. 230.
5569:
5567:, p. 223.
5557:
5555:, p. 225.
5545:
5543:, p. 224.
5524:
5522:, p. 137.
5512:
5500:
5483:thetimes.co.uk
5469:
5438:
5407:
5388:
5355:
5325:
5294:
5282:Guichaoua 2015
5274:
5244:
5211:
5154:
5117:
5113:Guichaoua 2015
5105:
5074:
5072:, p. 143.
5062:
5060:, p. 200.
5043:
5041:, p. 199.
5031:
4995:
4980:
4961:(4): 529–554.
4944:
4917:
4898:(4): 609–637.
4882:
4867:
4842:
4823:(1): 155–156.
4806:
4791:
4762:
4755:
4741:. Article 19.
4729:
4717:
4705:
4703:, p. 408.
4690:
4688:, p. 286.
4678:
4676:, p. 243.
4661:
4644:
4637:
4619:
4589:
4577:
4575:, p. 165.
4562:
4560:, p. 129.
4550:
4548:, p. 182.
4533:
4518:
4516:, p. 180.
4506:
4504:, p. 174.
4494:
4492:, p. 167.
4482:
4480:, p. 166.
4470:
4461:
4446:
4444:, p. 128.
4434:
4422:
4410:
4406:Guichaoua 2015
4398:
4396:, p. 188.
4383:
4381:, p. 108.
4371:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4333:, p. 187.
4323:
4311:
4299:
4284:
4282:, p. 150.
4272:
4270:, p. 135.
4260:
4258:, p. 120.
4248:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4176:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4128:
4126:, p. 116.
4116:
4114:, p. 117.
4104:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4050:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3961:, p. 124.
3951:
3939:
3924:
3909:
3902:
3882:
3867:
3826:(4): 684–703.
3806:
3794:
3782:
3780:, p. 260.
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3691:, p. 218.
3681:
3674:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3607:
3595:
3593:, p. 160.
3580:
3578:, p. 482.
3568:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3455:
3443:
3408:
3401:
3383:
3381:, p. 247.
3368:
3338:
3299:
3260:(1): 125–141.
3240:
3193:
3186:
3168:
3147:
3109:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2962: 0% Tutsi
2956:
2949:
2945:
2944:Maps of Rwanda
2942:
2932:
2929:
2834:Samantha Power
2803:Channing Tatum
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2678:Survivors Fund
2672:
2669:
2661:Peter Erlinder
2633:
2630:
2602:Main article:
2599:
2596:
2563:Main article:
2560:
2557:
2532:
2529:
2492:
2489:
2485:United Nations
2401:, Zaire (1994)
2376:
2373:
2359:(1996–97) and
2328:
2325:
2258:
2255:
2207:
2204:
2162:
2159:
2123:zone Turquoise
2068:Main article:
2065:
2062:
2058:Resolution 918
2038:Resolution 872
2029:Roméo Dallaire
2009:Main article:
2006:
2005:United Nations
2003:
1998:Main article:
1995:
1992:
1973:Stephen Kinzer
1968:Gersony Report
1963:Robert Gersony
1913:
1910:
1902:Liberation Day
1853:
1850:
1837:
1834:
1781:used as a tool
1761:Main article:
1758:
1755:
1691:
1688:
1614:
1611:
1503:. Businessman
1469:Ntarama church
1460:
1457:
1441:United Kingdom
1419:
1418:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1337:
1334:
1329:Roméo Dallaire
1273:Main article:
1270:
1267:
1234:Roméo Dallaire
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1044:clan de Madame
1029:
1026:
1014:Arusha Accords
940:Main article:
937:
934:
930:Gérard Prunier
899:a coup in 1973
830:Main article:
827:
824:
789:Belgian forces
692:Main article:
689:
686:
684:
681:
619:Arusha Accords
569:
568:
566:
565:
558:
551:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
500:
495:
490:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
464:Resolution 935
460:
458:
453:
448:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
388:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
351:Initial events
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
328:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
281:
280:
272:
271:
262:
250:
249:
235:
234:
223:
222:
214:
213:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
196:
190:
176:
166:
155:
153:
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
124:
120:
119:
113:genocidal rape
102:
99:
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17520:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17491:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17481:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17395:
17393:
17377:
17372:
17367:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17353:
17343:
17342:
17339:
17328:
17323:
17316:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17298:
17295:
17292:
17289:
17286:
17283:
17280:
17277:
17274:
17271:
17268:
17265:
17262:
17259:
17256:
17253:
17250:
17247:
17244:
17241:
17238:
17235:
17232:
17229:
17226:
17223:
17220:
17217:
17214:
17211:
17208:
17205:
17202:
17199:
17194:
17191:
17188:
17185:
17182:
17179:
17178:
17176:
17175:Yugoslav Wars
17173:
17170:
17167:
17162:
17161:Big Excursion
17159:
17158:
17156:
17153:
17150:
17147:
17144:
17141:
17138:
17135:
17132:
17129:
17126:
17123:
17118:
17115:
17112:
17109:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17098:
17095:
17092:
17089:
17086:
17083:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17074:
17071:
17068:
17065:
17062:
17059:
17056:
17053:
17050:
17047:
17044:
17041:
17038:
17035:
17032:
17029:
17026:
17023:
17020:
17017:
17014:
17011:
17008:
17005:
17002:
16999:
16996:
16993:
16990:
16987:
16984:
16981:
16978:
16975:
16972:
16971:The Holocaust
16969:
16966:
16963:
16960:
16957:
16954:
16951:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16910:
16907:
16904:
16901:
16898:
16895:
16891:
16888:
16887:
16885:
16882:
16879:
16876:
16873:
16870:
16867:
16866:Dungan Revolt
16864:
16861:
16858:
16855:
16852:
16849:
16846:
16843:
16840:
16837:
16834:
16831:
16828:
16825:
16822:
16819:
16816:
16813:
16810:
16807:
16804:
16801:
16798:
16795:
16792:
16789:
16786:
16783:
16780:
16777:
16774:
16771:
16768:
16765:
16762:
16759:
16756:
16753:
16750:
16747:
16744:
16741:
16738:
16735:
16732:
16729:
16726:
16723:
16720:
16717:
16714:
16713:
16711:
16707:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16680:State atheism
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16575:Deprogramming
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16557:
16555:
16551:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16527:Protestantism
16525:
16523:
16520:
16516:
16513:
16512:
16511:
16508:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16492:
16489:
16487:
16484:
16483:
16482:
16479:
16478:
16477:
16474:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16462:
16461:
16460:
16457:
16455:
16452:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16442:LDS or Mormon
16440:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16424:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16413:
16410:
16408:
16405:
16404:
16400:
16396:
16392:
16388:
16381:
16376:
16374:
16369:
16367:
16362:
16361:
16358:
16340:
16336:
16332:
16328:
16324:
16320:
16316:
16312:
16308:
16304:
16300:
16296:
16292:
16288:
16284:
16280:
16276:
16272:
16271:
16268:
16259:
16247:
16243:
16239:
16235:
16231:
16227:
16221:
16217:
16213:
16209:
16205:
16201:
16200:
16197:
16193:
16189:
16185:
16181:
16177:
16173:
16169:
16165:
16161:
16157:
16153:
16152:
16149:
16140:
16128:
16124:
16120:
16116:
16112:
16111:Sobibor trial
16108:
16104:
16100:
16096:
16092:
16088:
16084:
16080:
16076:
16072:
16068:
16064:
16060:
16056:
16052:
16048:
16044:
16040:
16036:
16032:
16028:
16024:
16020:
16016:
16012:
16008:
16004:
16000:
15996:
15992:
15988:
15984:
15980:
15976:
15975:Belsen trials
15972:
15968:
15967:Dachau trials
15964:
15960:
15956:
15952:
15948:
15944:
15940:
15936:
15935:Kharkov trial
15932:
15928:
15924:
15923:
15920:
15914:
15908:
15905:
15901:
15894:
15890:
15887:
15883:
15880:
15879:Justification
15876:
15873:
15869:
15866:
15862:
15859:
15855:
15852:
15848:
15843:
15839:
15836:
15832:
15829:
15825:
15824:
15822:
15818:
15817:
15815:
15811:
15804:
15800:
15797:
15793:
15790:
15786:
15783:
15779:
15776:
15772:
15769:
15765:
15762:
15758:
15753:
15749:
15748:
15746:
15745:The Holocaust
15742:
15741:
15739:
15737:
15733:
15726:
15722:
15719:
15715:
15712:
15708:
15705:
15704:Death marches
15701:
15696:
15692:
15689:
15685:
15684:
15682:
15678:
15675:
15671:
15668:
15664:
15661:
15657:
15654:
15650:
15647:
15643:
15642:
15640:
15636:
15629:
15625:
15622:
15618:
15615:
15611:
15608:
15604:
15601:
15597:
15594:
15590:
15587:
15583:
15580:
15576:
15573:
15569:
15566:
15562:
15555:
15551:
15550:
15548:
15544:
15543:
15541:
15537:
15532:
15528:
15527:
15525:
15521:
15520:
15518:
15514:
15502:
15498:
15494:
15490:
15486:
15482:
15478:
15474:
15470:
15466:
15462:
15461:Iraqi Turkmen
15458:
15454:
15450:
15445:
15441:
15440:
15437:
15433:
15429:
15425:
15424:
15421:
15416:
15410:
15398:
15394:
15390:
15386:
15381:
15377:
15376:
15373:
15369:
15365:
15361:
15357:
15353:
15349:
15345:
15341:
15337:
15333:
15329:
15325:
15321:
15317:
15313:
15309:
15305:
15301:
15297:
15293:
15289:
15285:
15281:
15277:
15273:
15268:
15264:
15261:
15257:
15256:
15252:
15248:
15244:
15240:
15236:
15232:
15228:
15224:
15220:
15216:
15212:
15208:
15204:
15200:
15196:
15192:
15188:
15187:
15184:
15179:
15173:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15149:
15145:
15141:
15137:
15133:
15129:
15125:
15121:
15117:
15113:
15109:
15105:
15101:
15097:
15096:The Holocaust
15093:
15089:
15085:
15081:
15077:
15073:
15069:
15065:
15061:
15057:
15053:
15049:
15045:
15041:
15037:
15033:
15029:
15025:
15021:
15017:
15013:
15009:
15005:
15001:
14997:
14993:
14989:
14985:
14981:
14978:(1920s–1930s)
14977:
14976:Ingrian Finns
14973:
14969:
14965:
14961:
14957:
14953:
14949:
14943:
14939:
14935:
14931:
14927:
14923:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14907:
14902:
14901:Pontic Greeks
14898:
14897:
14894:
14890:
14889:
14887:
14883:
14882:
14879:
14874:
14868:
14854:
14850:
14849:
14847:
14843:
14839:
14835:
14831:
14827:
14823:
14819:
14816:(1890s–1900s)
14815:
14811:
14807:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14787:
14783:
14779:
14775:
14771:
14767:
14763:
14757:
14753:
14749:
14745:
14741:
14737:
14733:
14729:
14728:
14726:
14722:
14718:
14714:
14710:
14706:
14700:
14696:
14692:
14688:
14687:
14685:
14681:
14677:
14673:
14669:
14665:
14661:
14657:
14653:
14649:
14643:
14639:
14636:(1700s–1800s)
14635:
14631:
14630:
14628:
14624:
14620:
14616:
14612:
14608:
14604:
14600:
14596:
14592:
14588:
14584:
14580:
14576:
14572:
14568:
14564:
14560:
14556:
14552:
14548:
14544:
14543:
14540:
14535:
14529:
14517:
14513:
14509:
14505:
14501:
14497:
14493:
14489:
14486:(1200s–1360s)
14485:
14481:
14477:
14473:
14469:
14465:
14461:
14457:
14452:
14448:
14447:
14444:
14440:
14436:
14432:
14428:
14424:
14423:
14420:
14415:
14409:
14406:
14403:
14398:
14394:
14390:
14383:
14378:
14376:
14371:
14369:
14364:
14363:
14360:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14332:War on terror
14330:
14329:
14327:
14323:
14311:
14308:
14305:
14302:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14293:
14290:
14287:
14286:
14284:
14280:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14262:
14259:
14258:
14256:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14243:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14222:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14202:
14199:
14196:
14192:
14189:
14188:
14186:
14182:
14175:
14172:
14169:
14166:
14163:
14160:
14159:
14157:
14153:
14146:
14143:
14140:
14137:
14134:
14133:Heglig Crisis
14131:
14128:
14125:
14122:
14119:
14116:
14115:War in Darfur
14113:
14110:
14107:
14106:
14104:
14100:
14094:
14091:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14072:
14071:Heglig Crisis
14069:
14068:
14066:
14062:
14055:
14052:
14049:
14046:
14043:
14042:Kenyan crisis
14040:
14037:
14034:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14022:
14020:
14016:
14010:
14007:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13989:
13988:
13985:
13982:
13979:
13978:
13976:
13972:
13964:
13963:War in Amhara
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13940:
13939:
13936:
13933:
13930:
13927:
13924:
13921:
13918:
13915:
13912:
13908:
13905:
13904:
13903:
13900:
13899:
13897:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13884:
13873:
13870:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13858:
13856:
13852:
13844:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13829:
13827:
13823:
13815:
13812:
13811:
13810:
13807:
13804:
13801:
13800:
13798:
13792:
13785:
13782:
13779:
13776:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13763:
13761:
13760:
13758:
13752:
13745:
13742:
13739:
13736:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13715:
13712:
13709:
13706:
13703:
13702:Kivu conflict
13700:
13697:
13694:
13691:
13688:
13685:
13682:
13679:
13676:
13675:
13673:
13669:
13662:
13659:
13656:
13653:
13652:
13650:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13637:
13626:
13623:
13619:
13616:
13615:
13614:
13611:
13608:
13605:
13602:
13599:
13596:
13593:
13592:
13590:
13586:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13569:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13562:Côte d'Ivoire
13560:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13543:
13541:
13540:
13538:
13534:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13519:
13517:
13513:
13506:
13503:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13485:
13483:
13482:
13480:
13476:
13469:
13466:
13462:
13461:2016 conflict
13459:
13458:
13456:
13453:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13438:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13428:
13426:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13413:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13391:
13388:
13387:
13385:
13381:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13358:
13356:
13352:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13330:
13329:
13328:Libyan Crisis
13326:
13324:
13321:
13320:
13318:
13314:
13307:
13304:
13301:
13298:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13284:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13274:
13271:
13269:
13265:
13261:
13258:
13250:
13245:
13243:
13238:
13236:
13231:
13230:
13227:
13215:
13212:
13211:
13206:
13202:
13199:
13195:
13194:
13190:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13141:
13139:
13137:
13133:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13091:Ethnic groups
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13078:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13066:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13029:
13023:
13022:
13021:
13020:National Bank
13018:
13017:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13005:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12975:
12972:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12959:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12941:
12938:
12937:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12917:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12905:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12866:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12854:
12848:
12845:
12841:
12838:
12837:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12819:
12816:
12815:
12814:
12811:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12798:
12797:
12796:Ruanda-Urundi
12794:
12792:
12789:
12785:
12782:
12781:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12766:
12764:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12750:
12743:
12738:
12736:
12731:
12729:
12724:
12723:
12720:
12714:
12707:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12686:
12683:
12677:
12674:
12673:
12671:
12669:Historigraphy
12667:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12625:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12618:Commemoration
12616:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12583:
12580:
12579:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12565:
12564:
12562:
12558:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12540:
12537:
12536:
12534:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12509:
12505:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12493:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12481:Impuzamugambi
12479:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12463:
12460:
12459:
12457:
12453:
12447:
12444:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12426:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12407:
12400:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12353:
12349:
12345:
12338:
12333:
12331:
12326:
12324:
12319:
12318:
12315:
12309:
12306:
12305:
12295:
12289:
12285:
12280:
12276:
12270:
12266:
12261:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12238:
12232:
12228:
12223:
12219:
12213:
12209:
12204:
12200:
12196:
12192:
12190:9780801438837
12186:
12182:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12159:
12153:
12149:
12145:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12127:
12123:
12119:
12114:
12102:
12098:
12094:
12089:
12074:
12070:
12063:
12062:
12057:
12053:
12041:
12037:
12032:
12028:
12024:
12020:
12014:
12010:
12005:
11993:
11989:
11985:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11970:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11951:
11944:
11940:
11936:
11935:
11927:
11922:
11918:
11914:
11910:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11897:
11891:
11876:
11869:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11844:
11840:
11837:(2): 143–72.
11836:
11832:
11831:
11825:
11821:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11806:
11803:
11799:
11794:
11790:
11784:
11780:
11775:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11739:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11719:
11718:
11712:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11684:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11662:
11650:
11646:
11640:
11636:
11635:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11594:
11590:
11586:
11582:
11570:
11566:
11562:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11539:
11535:
11534:
11529:
11525:
11521:
11509:
11505:
11499:
11495:
11494:
11488:
11476:
11472:
11468:
11463:
11451:
11447:
11441:
11437:
11433:
11432:
11426:
11414:
11410:
11409:
11408:The New Times
11404:
11399:
11387:
11383:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11368:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11353:
11348:
11344:
11332:
11328:
11322:
11318:
11317:
11311:
11299:
11295:
11291:
11286:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11250:
11246:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11228:
11224:
11221:(3): 532–44.
11220:
11216:
11212:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11191:
11185:
11181:
11177:
11173:
11169:
11163:
11159:
11155:
11150:
11138:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11119:(2): 174–95.
11118:
11114:
11110:
11106:
11102:
11090:
11086:
11080:
11076:
11075:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11044:
11038:
11026:
11022:
11016:
11012:
11011:
11005:
11001:
10995:
10991:
10986:
10982:
10976:
10972:
10968:
10964:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10943:
10937:
10925:
10921:
10915:
10911:
10910:
10904:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10870:(2): 159–77.
10869:
10865:
10864:
10856:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10822:
10816:
10812:
10808:
10807:
10802:
10798:
10794:
10788:
10784:
10779:
10767:
10763:
10761:1-56432-171-1
10757:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10731:
10727:
10722:
10710:
10706:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10691:
10686:
10682:
10670:
10666:
10660:
10656:
10655:
10649:
10637:
10633:
10631:9780199982288
10627:
10623:
10622:
10616:
10604:
10600:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10577:
10573:
10568:
10556:
10552:
10547:
10535:
10531:
10526:
10514:
10511:(2): 169–88.
10510:
10506:
10502:
10497:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10461:
10457:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10425:(3): 501–10.
10424:
10420:
10419:
10414:
10410:
10398:
10394:
10388:
10384:
10383:
10377:
10376:
10373:
10357:
10351:
10347:
10340:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10309:
10293:
10289:
10288:Digital Congo
10285:
10279:
10263:
10259:
10253:
10237:
10233:
10227:
10220:
10216:
10213:
10208:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10191:"MGM Studios"
10186:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10156:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10126:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10096:
10080:
10076:
10075:
10070:
10063:
10056:
10055:
10050:
10046:
10043:
10038:
10030:
10026:
10020:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9989:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9955:
9948:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9918:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9888:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9857:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9827:
9819:
9813:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9791:
9787:
9781:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9750:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9720:
9712:
9699:
9691:
9687:
9680:
9664:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9648:
9641:
9636:
9634:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9603:
9596:
9591:
9584:
9580:
9575:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9553:
9548:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9518:
9511:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9448:
9432:
9428:
9422:
9403:
9396:
9390:
9381:
9372:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9345:
9340:
9333:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9316:
9311:
9309:
9300:
9296:
9289:
9287:
9279:
9274:
9267:
9262:
9256:
9252:
9247:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9180:
9175:
9173:
9166:
9160:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9129:
9122:
9117:
9110:
9105:
9103:
9095:
9090:
9083:
9078:
9071:
9066:
9050:
9046:
9040:
9036:
9035:
9027:
9020:
9015:
9008:
9007:Brittain 1999
9003:
8996:
8991:
8984:
8979:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8942:
8934:
8927:
8922:
8915:
8910:
8903:
8898:
8891:
8886:
8884:
8876:
8871:
8855:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8824:
8819:
8813:
8809:
8792:
8785:
8779:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8722:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8692:
8676:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8659:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8629:
8613:
8609:
8603:
8597:
8593:
8588:
8586:
8578:
8573:
8571:
8554:
8550:
8549:agenzia fides
8546:
8540:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8517:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8487:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8464:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8373:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8342:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8311:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8281:
8265:
8261:
8254:
8238:
8234:
8228:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8185:
8178:
8173:
8166:
8161:
8159:
8151:
8146:
8139:
8134:
8128:, p. 27.
8127:
8122:
8115:
8110:
8103:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8086:
8081:
8074:
8069:
8062:
8057:
8051:, p. 89.
8050:
8045:
8038:
8033:
8031:
8023:
8018:
8011:
8006:
7999:
7994:
7987:
7982:
7975:
7974:Dallaire 2005
7970:
7963:
7962:Dallaire 2005
7958:
7951:
7946:
7939:
7938:Dallaire 2005
7934:
7927:
7922:
7914:
7908:
7904:
7897:
7895:
7887:
7886:Dallaire 2005
7882:
7875:
7874:Dallaire 2005
7870:
7868:
7860:
7855:
7849:, p. 98.
7848:
7847:Dallaire 2005
7843:
7837:, p. 42.
7836:
7831:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7797:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7764:
7757:
7752:
7736:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7704:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7643:
7624:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7600:
7595:
7588:
7584:
7579:
7572:
7567:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7517:
7512:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7469:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7438:
7422:
7418:
7411:
7404:
7399:
7397:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7323:
7316:
7312:
7307:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7262:
7257:
7247:
7242:
7235:
7230:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7177:
7176:Dallaire 2005
7172:
7165:
7164:Dallaire 2005
7160:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7146:
7141:
7134:
7133:Dallaire 2005
7129:
7122:
7121:Dallaire 2005
7117:
7110:
7109:Dallaire 2005
7105:
7098:
7097:Dallaire 2005
7093:
7091:
7083:
7082:Dallaire 2005
7078:
7071:
7066:
7064:
7056:
7055:Dallaire 2005
7051:
7044:
7043:Dallaire 2005
7039:
7032:
7031:Dallaire 2005
7027:
7025:
7023:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6962:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6929:
6924:
6917:
6912:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6875:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6845:
6840:
6833:
6828:
6809:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6792:
6777:on 5 May 2007
6776:
6772:
6766:
6750:
6746:
6740:
6724:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6704:
6699:
6697:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6664:
6658:, History.com
6657:
6653:
6650:
6645:
6638:
6632:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6578:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6475:
6470:
6463:
6458:
6456:
6448:
6447:Dallaire 2005
6443:
6441:
6433:
6428:
6426:
6418:
6413:
6406:
6401:
6394:
6393:Dallaire 2005
6389:
6382:
6377:
6375:
6367:
6366:Dallaire 2005
6362:
6355:
6350:
6348:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6314:
6307:
6306:Dallaire 2005
6302:
6295:
6290:
6283:
6282:Dallaire 2005
6278:
6271:
6270:Dallaire 2005
6266:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6244:
6239:
6232:
6227:
6220:
6215:
6208:
6203:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6160:
6155:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5987:
5982:
5980:
5972:
5967:
5960:
5955:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5924:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5907:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5855:(2): 174–95.
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5824:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5798:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5775:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5756:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5726:Dallaire 2005
5722:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5700:
5695:
5688:
5687:Dallaire 2005
5683:
5676:
5671:
5664:
5663:Dallaire 2005
5659:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5609:Dallaire 2005
5605:
5598:
5593:
5591:
5583:
5582:Dallaire 2005
5578:
5576:
5574:
5566:
5565:Dallaire 2005
5561:
5554:
5553:Dallaire 2005
5549:
5542:
5541:Dallaire 2005
5537:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5521:
5516:
5509:
5508:Dallaire 2005
5504:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5392:
5373:
5370:(in French).
5366:
5359:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5287:
5286:Jean Kambanda
5283:
5278:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5215:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5114:
5109:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5070:Dallaire 2005
5066:
5059:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5040:
5035:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4993:, p. 56.
4992:
4987:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4767:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4727:, p. 69.
4726:
4725:Dallaire 2005
4721:
4714:
4709:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4659:, p. 20.
4658:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4587:, p. 25.
4586:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4558:Dallaire 2005
4554:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4515:
4510:
4503:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4479:
4474:
4465:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4432:, p. 50.
4431:
4426:
4420:, p. 49.
4419:
4414:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4380:
4375:
4369:, p. 12.
4368:
4363:
4357:, p. 85.
4356:
4351:
4344:
4343:Dallaire 2005
4339:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4252:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4210:, p. 96.
4209:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4174:, p. 14.
4173:
4168:
4161:
4156:
4150:, p. 47.
4149:
4144:
4137:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4087:, p. 57.
4086:
4081:
4075:, p. 62.
4074:
4069:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4024:, p. 53.
4023:
4018:
4012:, p. 60.
4011:
4006:
4000:, p. 51.
3999:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3922:, p. 43.
3921:
3916:
3914:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3871:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3792:, p. 35.
3791:
3786:
3779:
3778:Chrétien 2003
3774:
3768:, p. 26.
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3742:Chrétien 2003
3738:
3731:
3730:Die Erfindung
3727:
3721:
3715:, p. 25.
3714:
3709:
3703:, p. 24.
3702:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3662:Samuel Totten
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3632:, p. 13.
3631:
3626:
3620:, p. 69.
3619:
3614:
3612:
3605:, p. 38.
3604:
3599:
3592:
3591:Chrétien 2003
3587:
3585:
3577:
3576:Chrétien 2003
3572:
3565:
3564:Chrétien 2003
3560:
3554:, p. 52.
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3530:, p. 69.
3529:
3528:Chrétien 2003
3524:
3518:, p. 58.
3517:
3512:
3505:
3500:
3494:, p. 16.
3493:
3488:
3482:, p. 58.
3481:
3480:Chrétien 2003
3476:
3470:, p. 61.
3469:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3453:, p. 44.
3452:
3451:Chrétien 2003
3447:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3164:Nowrojee 1996
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
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15621:Mass killing
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15415:21st century
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13515:Sierra Leone
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13081:Demographics
12935:Human rights
12920:Constitution
12834:
12689:Bibliography
12599:Gacaca court
12490:
12471:Genocidaires
12455:Perpetrators
12434:Musha Church
12343:
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12099:. New York.
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12073:the original
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12060:
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11943:the original
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11413:the original
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11386:the original
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11031:25 September
11029:. Retrieved
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10029:the original
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9964:
9961:ASIL Insight
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9611:
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9595:Akhavan 1996
9590:
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9469:
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9435:. Retrieved
9421:
9409:. Retrieved
9389:
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9294:
9278:Prunier 1999
9273:
9261:
9246:
9234:. Retrieved
9230:the original
9225:
9212:
9200:. Retrieved
9186:
9159:
9147:. Retrieved
9139:The Guardian
9138:
9128:
9121:Prunier 2009
9116:
9094:Prunier 2009
9089:
9082:Prunier 2009
9077:
9070:Prunier 2009
9065:
9053:. Retrieved
9033:
9026:
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8909:
8902:Prunier 2009
8897:
8890:Prunier 1999
8875:Prunier 1999
8870:
8858:. Retrieved
8847:
8823:Prunier 1999
8818:
8807:
8798:. Retrieved
8778:
8766:. Retrieved
8752:
8740:. Retrieved
8731:
8721:
8709:. Retrieved
8700:
8691:
8681:30 September
8679:. Retrieved
8670:The Guardian
8668:
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8648:30 September
8646:. Retrieved
8637:
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8602:
8557:. Retrieved
8548:
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8504:. Retrieved
8495:
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8463:
8451:. Retrieved
8445:. May 1995.
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8421:. Retrieved
8412:
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8382:
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8360:. Retrieved
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8320:
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8280:
8268:. Retrieved
8253:
8241:. Retrieved
8227:
8215:. Retrieved
8206:
8196:
8189:Asiimwe 2008
8184:
8172:
8165:Whitney 1998
8145:
8138:McGreal 2007
8133:
8121:
8109:
8102:Prunier 1999
8085:Prunier 1999
8080:
8073:Melvern 2008
8068:
8061:Prunier 1999
8056:
8049:Prunier 1999
8044:
8022:Melvern 2004
8017:
8010:Melvern 2004
8005:
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7993:
7986:Prunier 1999
7981:
7969:
7964:, p. 6.
7957:
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7945:
7933:
7926:Prunier 1999
7921:
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7859:Prunier 1999
7854:
7842:
7835:Prunier 2009
7830:
7818:. Retrieved
7809:
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7784:. Retrieved
7778:. New York.
7773:
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7606:
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7540:
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7285:
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7246:Reydams 2020
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7197:the original
7183:
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7140:
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7070:Prunier 1999
7050:
7038:
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6975:the original
6961:
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6779:. Retrieved
6775:the original
6765:
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6739:
6727:. Retrieved
6723:the original
6703:Prunier 1998
6683:. Retrieved
6672:
6663:
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6636:
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6622:
6605:(1): 72–82.
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6568:. Retrieved
6543:(1): 83–93.
6540:
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6523:
6511:. Retrieved
6494:
6481:
6474:Prunier 1999
6469:
6462:Prunier 1999
6432:Prunier 1999
6417:Prunier 1999
6412:
6405:Melvern 2004
6400:
6388:
6381:Prunier 1999
6361:
6354:Prunier 1999
6334:. Retrieved
6320:
6313:
6301:
6294:Prunier 1999
6289:
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6258:Melvern 2004
6243:Melvern 2004
6238:
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6166:
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5942:
5935:Melvern 2004
5930:
5923:Prunier 1999
5906:Melvern 2004
5901:
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5889:
5877:. Retrieved
5852:
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5637:
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5597:Prunier 1999
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5421:The Guardian
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5087:
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5058:Prunier 1999
5039:Prunier 1999
5034:
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5015:the original
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4610:. Retrieved
4601:
4592:
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4580:
4573:Prunier 1999
4553:
4546:Prunier 1999
4529:Prunier 1999
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4502:Prunier 1999
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4490:Prunier 1999
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4437:
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4425:
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4413:
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4362:
4355:Prunier 1999
4350:
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4319:Prunier 1999
4314:
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4263:
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4251:
4244:Prunier 1999
4239:
4232:Prunier 1999
4227:
4220:Melvern 2000
4215:
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4203:
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4167:
4155:
4143:
4138:, p. 4.
4136:Prunier 1999
4131:
4119:
4107:
4100:Prunier 1999
4085:Prunier 1999
4080:
4073:Prunier 1999
4068:
4061:Prunier 1999
4046:Prunier 1999
4041:
4034:Mamdani 2002
4029:
4022:Prunier 1999
4017:
4005:
3998:Prunier 1999
3983:Prunier 1999
3978:
3966:
3954:
3947:Prunier 1999
3942:
3935:Prunier 1999
3920:Prunier 1999
3892:
3885:
3876:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3823:
3819:
3809:
3797:
3790:Prunier 1999
3785:
3773:
3766:Prunier 1999
3761:
3754:Prunier 1999
3749:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3713:Prunier 1999
3708:
3696:
3684:
3665:
3642:Prunier 1999
3637:
3630:Pottier 2002
3625:
3618:Mamdani 2002
3598:
3571:
3559:
3552:Mamdani 2002
3547:
3535:
3523:
3516:Mamdani 2002
3511:
3499:
3492:Prunier 1999
3487:
3475:
3468:Mamdani 2002
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3425:
3421:
3411:
3392:
3386:
3379:Prunier 1995
3359:. Retrieved
3350:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3312:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3257:
3253:
3243:
3235:
3213:
3209:
3202:Reydams, Luc
3196:
3177:
3171:
3138:. Retrieved
3134:the original
3127:
3081:(1): 72–82.
3078:
3074:
3068:
3032:
3021:
2934:
2922:
2917:Hotel Rwanda
2915:
2912:
2891:
2876:
2860:Hotel Rwanda
2858:
2852:
2837:
2824:
2814:
2808:
2799:Reid Carolin
2782:
2713:Shelterless
2674:
2653:
2645:
2618:
2607:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2565:Gacaca court
2550:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2514:
2502:
2456:genocidaires
2455:
2449:
2427:Banyamulenge
2423:
2404:
2353:genocidaires
2352:
2346:
2337:refugee camp
2321:Pope Francis
2318:
2301:Maria Kisito
2298:
2275:
2268:
2240:
2225:
2221:South Africa
2209:
2183:Bill Clinton
2176:
2156:
2144:
2139:
2122:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2088:Françafrique
2086:
2084:
2050:
2042:
2022:
1977:
1960:
1956:Kagera River
1945:
1921:
1899:
1891:
1875:
1863:
1842:pygmy people
1839:
1831:
1818:
1813:genocidaires
1807:
1805:
1793:fifth column
1778:
1750:
1736:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1674:
1668:
1653:
1650:
1645:Rusumo Falls
1635:
1632:
1624:Kagera River
1618:
1616:
1605:
1589:
1569:
1565:bourgmestres
1564:
1557:
1549:
1519:
1513:
1488:
1482:
1433:
1425:power vacuum
1422:
1359:
1347:Mbaye Diagne
1342:Radio Rwanda
1339:
1314:
1286:
1262:
1250:
1231:
1222:
1208:
1204:
1175:
1168:Radio Rwanda
1165:
1161:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1059:
1043:
1037:
1031:
995:
975:Milton Obote
969:, which saw
956:
919:
893:
862:
842:emancipation
838:World War II
835:
801:
797:
778:
771:
767:
755:
749:
730:, while the
709:
661:
649:génocidaires
628:
604:
578:
574:
572:
528:Bibliography
493:Gacaca court
420:
401:Genocidaires
284:
245:
187:Hassan Ngeze
152:Perpetrators
40:Part of the
29:
17263:(2014–2017)
17251:(2014–2017)
17245:(2013–2016)
17183:(1992–1996)
17145:(1975–1979)
17139:(1975–1990)
17045:(1948–1980)
16991:(1945–1989)
16985:(1945–1989)
16979:(1941–1945)
16973:(1939–1945)
16961:(1936–1975)
16946:legislation
16911:(1917–1990)
16905:(1915–1923)
16899:(1914–1924)
16880:(1912–1913)
16868:(1862–1877)
16850:(1857–1858)
16844:(1789–1801)
16832:(1683–1922)
16826:(1673–1829)
16820:(1609–1614)
16814:(1562–1598)
16808:(1561–1812)
16802:(1526–1791)
16796:(1522–1712)
16790:(1500–1526)
16766:(1184–1908)
16764:Inquisition
16675:Segregation
16640:Intolerance
16580:Desecration
16522:Neopaganism
16515:Persecution
16481:Persecution
16464:Persecution
16427:Catholicism
16333:(2023–2024)
16301:(2020–2021)
16248:(1999–2015)
16240:(1997–2022)
16232:(1994–2015)
16222:(2011–2017)
16214:(2008–2016)
16206:(2002–2006)
16198:(1993–2017)
16190:(1993–2007)
16182:(1946–1948)
16166:(1946–1948)
16156:Budak trial
16127:Finta trial
16113:(1965–1966)
16105:(1964–1970)
16097:(1963–1989)
16089:(1963–1965)
16073:(1961–1962)
16049:(1946–1949)
16041:(1946–1948)
16033:(1946–1948)
16025:(1946–1953)
16017:(1946–1947)
16001:(1945–1946)
15999:Minsk trial
15993:(1945–1946)
15985:(1945–1949)
15977:(1945–1948)
15969:(1945–1947)
15961:(1945–2001)
15953:(1944–1989)
15945:(1944–1951)
15915:(1943–2022)
15821:Definitions
15471:(2014–2017)
15463:(2014–2017)
15455:(2011–2023)
15430:(2002–2003)
15399:(1996–1997)
15374:(1992–1995)
15366:(1991–2003)
15350:(1987–2002)
15342:(1987–1989)
15334:(1986–1989)
15318:(1983–1987)
15316:Gukurahundi
15310:(1983–2009)
15294:(1977–1997)
15286:(1975–1979)
15278:(1974–1999)
15241:(1970–2003)
15239:Feyli Kurds
15233:(1966–1970)
15209:(1962–1996)
15201:(1956–1989)
15162:(1944–1948)
15154:(1944–1948)
15146:(1943–1945)
15138:(1942–1945)
15122:(1941–1945)
15114:(1941–1945)
15106:(1941–1945)
15098:(1941–1945)
15090:(1940–1942)
15082:(1939–1945)
15074:(1937–1938)
15058:(1937–1938)
15034:(1932–1933)
15018:(1930–1933)
15010:(1929–1932)
15002:(1926–1973)
14970:(1919–1933)
14962:(1918–1931)
14954:(1916–1917)
14944:(1916–1934)
14928:(1915–1917)
14920:(1915–1919)
14895:(1913–1922)
14855:(1912–1913)
14840:(1905–1907)
14832:(1904–1907)
14824:(1894–1896)
14808:(1888–1893)
14800:(1879–1913)
14790:Circassians
14784:(1850–1864)
14750:(1846–1873)
14742:(1830–1850)
14734:(1830–1847)
14701:(1869–1977)
14693:(1825–1832)
14678:(1785–2017)
14644:(1874–1996)
14621:(1648–1657)
14613:(1640–1649)
14605:(1636–1638)
14573:(1548–1872)
14549:(1492–1514)
14518:(1402–1496)
14510:(1393–1394)
14494:(1209–1229)
14478:(1069–1070)
14414:Before 1490
14342:Arab Winter
14337:Arab Spring
14306:(1998–1999)
14297:(1994–1999)
14263:(1977–1992)
14203:(1991–1994)
14197:(1990–1994)
14141:(2022–2023)
14129:(2011–2020)
14117:(2003–2020)
14111:(1983–2005)
14089:(2013–2020)
14064:South Sudan
14050:(2012–2013)
14044:(2007–2008)
13934:(2000–2018)
13928:(1998–2000)
13922:(1995–2018)
13916:(1994–2018)
13887:East Africa
13805:(2004–2007)
13786:(2016–2017)
13780:(2002–2003)
13762:Civil wars
13746:(2016–2019)
13740:(2013–2018)
13698:(1999–2007)
13692:(1998–2003)
13680:(1996–1997)
13661:Cabinda War
13657:(1975–2002)
13597:(1998–1999)
13416:West Africa
13403:(2010–2011)
13392:(1991–2002)
13302:(2013–2014)
13285:(2011–2014)
12940:LGBT rights
12694:Filmography
12486:Interahamwe
12229:. Picador.
11884:16 February
11567:(17): 1–6.
11105:James, Paul
10695:Arrow Books
10609:16 November
10458:. Reuters.
10195:MGM Studios
10175:22 November
10145:22 November
10115:22 November
9978:12 November
9669:13 February
9510:Rettig 2008
9344:Powers 2011
9332:Sarkin 2001
9266:Kinzer 2008
9236:16 November
9202:2 September
9179:Kinzer 2008
9019:Kinzer 2008
8995:Kinzer 2008
8983:Kinzer 2008
8768:2 September
8742:13 February
8618:10 November
8270:13 February
7810:War history
7786:16 November
7756:Kinzer 2008
7403:Kinzer 2008
7361:atrocities.
7354:13 December
7288:(4): 1221.
7203:12 November
7001:News Africa
6981:19 November
6951:25 November
6928:Drumbl 2012
6832:Hayden 2000
6513:13 December
6336:4 September
5841:James, Paul
5829:ICTR-01-74.
5817:(in French)
5493:26 November
5462:13 February
5431:13 February
5348:22 December
5318:22 December
5267:16 November
5237:16 November
5204:16 November
5147:18 December
4686:Powell 2011
4160:Kinzer 2008
4148:Kinzer 2008
3959:Carney 2013
3841:10023/23154
3732:, S. 23–25.
3726:Peacemaking
3701:Carney 2013
3603:Dorsey 1994
3351:www.hrw.org
3331:19 February
2883:Paul Kagame
2793:, director
2791:Jenna Dewan
2787:Paul Kagame
2649:Paul Kagame
2588:Kinyarwanda
2234:airport in
1844:called the
1785:Interahamwe
1619:gendarmerie
1489:interahamwe
1405:via YouTube
1351:Camp Kigali
1223:interahamwe
1196:free speech
1157:Gendarmerie
1137:Interahamwe
1108:Interahamwe
1092:affiliates
987:Paul Kagame
951:Paul Kagame
812:Kanyarwanda
793:World War I
745:Banyarwanda
617:signed the
533:Filmography
169:Interahamwe
109:mass murder
100:Attack type
87:, moderate
17392:Categories
16760:(643–1526)
16635:Iconoclasm
16630:Hate crime
16560:Censorship
16454:Falun Gong
16007:Riga trial
15858:Prevention
15803:Indigenous
15718:Incitement
15586:Gendercide
15547:Classicide
15540:Politicide
15501:Gaza Strip
15276:East Timor
15247:Bangladesh
15207:Guatemalan
15128:Sook Ching
15024:La Matanza
14748:California
14460:Bar Kokhba
14254:Mozambique
13958:Tigray War
13159:Literature
13106:Healthcare
13027:(currency)
12957:Parliament
12874:Ecoregions
12425:Massacres
12421:Chronology
12383:Hutu Power
12351:Background
12107:9 February
11768:9 February
11671:. Oxford:
11456:4 December
11304:9 February
11296:. London.
10772:4 December
10693:. London:
10601:. London.
10561:8 February
10519:19 January
10370:See also:
10165:ff.hrw.org
10105:PopMatters
10085:6 November
9846:2 November
9770:1 December
9739:1 December
9640:Aptel 2008
9452:Tully 2003
9253:, p.
9149:1 February
9141:. London.
8860:16 October
8673:. London.
8496:i24news.tv
8331:18 October
8300:27 October
7741:17 January
7696:18 January
7665:17 January
7654:OpenCanada
7632:17 January
7385:17 January
7311:Rever 2018
7296:18 January
6865:, p.
6844:Jones 2010
5381:3 December
5177:(3): 582.
4955:Civil Wars
3428:(2): 192.
3061:References
2994: MRND
2767:See also:
2636:See also:
2632:Censorship
2472:South Kivu
2431:South Kivu
2314:corruption
2292:and other
2181:president
1916:See also:
1808:Rapporteur
1319:, Colonel
1074:right-wing
1048:Hutu Power
973:overthrow
683:Background
428:RTLM radio
356:Chronology
324:Hutu Power
293:Background
211:Hutu Power
17111:Four Olds
16824:Test Acts
16690:Terrorism
16532:Rastafari
16486:Ahmadiyya
15796:Cambodian
15789:Holodomor
15681:Massacres
15565:Ethnocide
15554:Eliticide
15284:Cambodian
15032:Holodomor
14926:Armenians
14918:Assyrians
14691:Black War
14579:Huguenots
14462:(132–136)
14445:(50s BCE)
14429:(146 BCE)
14397:Genocides
14087:Civil War
13771:1997–1999
13766:1993–1994
13722:conflict
13577:2010–2011
13572:2002–2007
13551:1999–2003
13546:1989–1996
13493:2007–2009
13488:1990–1995
13154:Languages
13086:Education
13055:Transport
12984:President
12925:Elections
12889:Volcanoes
12857:Geography
12560:Aftermath
12439:Nyarubuye
12148:Routledge
12046:3 October
12027:141852090
11998:15 August
11917:153736296
11859:145601527
11746:144438458
11158:Routledge
11133:142378403
11095:28 August
10642:22 August
10447:147317048
10268:30 August
10242:30 August
9937:14 August
9907:18 August
9812:cite book
9569:), pp. 28
9055:22 August
8970:154818651
8800:13 August
7556:5 January
7501:5 January
7458:5 January
7427:5 January
7344:1961-9898
6916:Elbe 2002
6817:7 January
6781:7 January
6755:13 August
6729:13 August
6637:New Times
6619:213046710
6557:214032255
6503:1961-9898
5869:142378403
5191:151351680
4975:150075267
4912:154402375
4877:239791188
4837:142781769
4612:30 August
3850:235573417
3504:Luis 2004
3321:0362-4331
3282:213471539
3274:1462-3528
3232:225356374
3103:213046710
3095:1462-3528
3008: PSD
3001: MDR
2893:HBO Films
2697:Category
2671:Survivors
2415:dysentery
2327:Aftermath
2290:Anglicans
2140:Turquoise
2135:Gikongoro
2094:Amaryllis
1779:Rape was
1775:in Kigali
1731:massacred
1563:leaders (
1540:Gikongoro
1524:Ruhengeri
998:Ruhengeri
840:, a Hutu
655:(now the
522:Resources
482:Aftermath
17364:Genocide
17327:Religion
16848:Utah War
16718:(64–313)
16695:Violence
16585:Domicide
16537:Yazidism
16459:Hinduism
16417:Buddhism
16398:By group
15761:Armenian
15628:Domicide
15607:Policide
15579:Eugenics
15524:Democide
15493:Rohingya
15144:Volhynia
14968:Cossacks
14814:Selk'nam
14676:Chechens
14668:Dzungars
14595:Lameyans
14587:Kalinago
14557:(1500s–)
14516:Guanches
14451:Eburones
14437:(88 BCE)
14389:Genocide
14195:genocide
13895:Ethiopia
13803:Bush War
13796:Republic
13784:Pool War
13754:Republic
13671:DR Congo
13505:Mali War
13257:Cold War
13214:Category
13121:Religion
12952:Military
12908:Politics
12894:Wildlife
12769:Timeline
12753:articles
12628:Bisesero
12507:Response
12101:Archived
12082:23 April
12058:(2008).
12040:Archived
11992:Archived
11875:Archived
11762:Archived
11738:27667378
11699:Archived
11667:(2009).
11649:Archived
11631:(1999).
11609:(1998).
11587:(1995).
11569:Archived
11560:Insights
11544:11 March
11538:Archived
11526:(2001).
11508:Archived
11475:Archived
11450:Archived
11349:(2004).
11331:Archived
11298:Archived
11273:Archived
11255:(2002).
11245:14973781
11200:(2010).
11178:(2008).
11137:Archived
11107:(2015).
11089:Archived
11025:Archived
10969:(2017).
10951:Archived
10924:Archived
10892:57560544
10803:(2005).
10766:Archived
10746:(1999).
10709:Archived
10687:(2005).
10669:Archived
10636:Archived
10603:Archived
10576:Archived
10555:Archived
10534:Archived
10513:Archived
10484:Archived
10460:Archived
10397:Archived
10323:Archived
10292:Archived
10215:Archived
10169:Archived
10139:Archived
10109:Archived
10079:Archived
10045:Archived
10003:Archived
9969:Archived
9931:Archived
9925:(2013).
9901:Archived
9895:(2010).
9877:9 August
9871:Archived
9840:Archived
9804:93789421
9764:Archived
9760:Refworld
9733:Archived
9663:Archived
9616:Archived
9555:Archived
9531:Archived
9527:BBC News
9474:Archived
9470:BBC News
9437:4 August
9431:Archived
9411:3 August
9402:Archived
9222:"Rwanda"
9196:Archived
9143:Archived
9049:Archived
8854:Archived
8791:Archived
8762:Archived
8736:Archived
8705:Archived
8701:BBC News
8675:Archived
8642:Archived
8638:NBC News
8612:Archived
8553:Archived
8531:Archived
8500:Archived
8478:Archived
8447:Archived
8417:Archived
8387:Archived
8356:Archived
8325:Archived
8294:Archived
8264:Archived
8237:Archived
8211:Archived
8114:RFI 2014
7820:28 April
7814:Archived
7780:Archived
7735:Archived
7690:Archived
7659:Archived
7623:Archived
7547:Archived
7495:Archived
7452:Archived
7421:Archived
7379:Archived
7348:Archived
7290:Archived
7011:22 March
7005:Archived
6945:Archived
6901:20 March
6887:Herizons
6749:Archived
6685:22 March
6679:Archived
6652:Archived
6561:Archived
6507:Archived
6330:Archived
5873:Archived
5843:(2015).
5813:Le Monde
5805:Archived
5790:Newsweek
5782:Archived
5763:Archived
5740:Archived
5642:Archived
5487:Archived
5456:Archived
5425:Archived
5399:Archived
5372:Archived
5342:Archived
5312:Archived
5261:Archived
5257:BBC News
5231:Archived
5195:Archived
5141:Archived
5098:14 April
5092:Archived
4606:Archived
3854:Archived
3430:Archived
3355:Archived
3325:Archived
3286:Archived
3204:(2020).
3140:22 March
3044:See also
3015: PL
2811:genocide
2708:120,080
2506:war rape
2185:and his
2127:Cyangugu
2111:refugees
1879:Gitarama
1799:and the
1727:machetes
1601:Gitarama
1572:Gitarama
1544:Cyangugu
1386:Genocide
1149:Egyptian
885:Tanzania
768:uburetwa
736:Cushitic
636:machetes
631:genocide
440:Response
277:a series
275:Part of
181:(led by
171:(led by
105:Genocide
63:Location
17338:Portals
17081:(1963)
16838:(1700s)
16553:Methods
16510:Judaism
16501:Sunnism
16491:Shi'ism
16407:Atheism
16325:(2023–)
16317:(2022–)
16309:(2022–)
16293:(2019–)
16285:(2012–)
16277:(2005–)
15782:Rwandan
15775:Bosnian
15768:Serbian
15695:Pogroms
15638:Methods
15503:(2023–)
15495:(2017–)
15487:(2014–)
15479:(2014–)
15469:Yazidis
15438:(2003–)
15389:Rwandan
15372:Bosnian
15364:Ahwaris
15358:(1990–)
15326:(1985–)
15254:Burundi
15016:Kazakhs
14806:Hazaras
14792:(1860s)
14782:Manchus
14774:Moriori
14766:Charrúa
14670:(1750s)
14634:Beothuk
14603:Pequots
14565:(1500–)
14508:Assyria
14492:Cathars
13974:Somalia
13536:Liberia
13424:Nigeria
13198:Outline
13144:Cuisine
13136:Culture
13069:Society
13050:Tourism
13008:Economy
12761:History
12648:Nyamata
12643:Ntarama
12638:Murambi
12492:Kangura
12464:by the
12429:Gikondo
11851:3558953
11758:Reuters
11705:13 July
11575:11 June
11514:15 July
11392:13 June
11236:1182266
11143:2 April
10957:1 April
10930:5 April
10884:3092146
10846:2155937
10582:12 July
10540:12 July
10490:13 July
10466:13 July
10439:2204076
10329:8 April
10298:8 April
10009:5 April
9836:cpj.org
8506:15 July
8474:Haaretz
8453:15 July
8423:15 July
8393:15 July
8362:8 April
6971:"Batwa"
5879:2 April
5638:Reuters
5024:29 June
3436:16 June
3361:16 June
2925:Stromae
2902:titled
2781:At the
2748:15,438
2740:27,498
2732:49,656
2729:Widows
2724:28,904
2716:39,685
2411:cholera
2335:Kitali
2243:Haaretz
2191:Somalia
2187:cabinet
1887:Burundi
1883:Gisenyi
1783:by the
1561:commune
1536:Kibungo
1445:Belgium
1297:Burundi
1176:inyenzi
1121:Prelude
1061:Kangura
869:Byimana
820:Ruhanga
808:Hamitic
781:Burundi
773:ubuhake
422:Kangura
140:Victims
132:10,000
17352:Africa
17310:(2024)
17299:(2023)
17293:(2020)
17287:(2019)
17281:(2019)
17239:(2011)
17221:(2002)
17215:(2001)
17209:(2000)
17203:(2000)
17195:(1999)
17189:(1995)
17171:(1990)
17163:(1989)
17151:(1984)
17127:(1971)
17119:(1966)
17113:(1966)
17099:(1963)
17093:(1963)
17087:(1963)
17075:(1955)
17063:(1950)
17039:(1948)
17015:(1947)
17009:(1946)
17003:(1946)
16997:(1946)
16967:(1933)
16955:(1924)
16874:(1909)
16862:(1864)
16856:(1860)
16772:(1191)
16754:(1099)
16748:(1096)
16709:Events
16645:Pogrom
16496:Sufism
16341:(2024)
16174:(1946)
16158:(1945)
16129:(1994)
16121:(1986)
16081:(1961)
16065:(1958)
16057:(1949)
16009:(1946)
15937:(1943)
15929:(1943)
15813:Issues
15736:Denial
15436:Darfur
15391:(1994)
15356:Amhara
15302:(1982)
15249:(1971)
15231:Biafra
15225:(1966)
15217:(1964)
15193:(1948)
15130:(1942)
15066:(1937)
15042:(1933)
15026:(1932)
14994:(1924)
14986:(1923)
14952:Kyrgyz
14936:(1915)
14912:(1913)
14893:Greeks
14776:(1835)
14768:(1831)
14758:(1864)
14719:(1821)
14711:(1816)
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14654:(1740)
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14589:(1626)
14581:(1572)
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14470:(800s)
14291:(1994)
14282:Others
14184:Others
14176:(2016)
14155:Uganda
14135:(2012)
14073:(2012)
14056:(2012)
14038:(1997)
14002:AMISOM
13854:Others
13710:(2009)
13648:Angola
13603:(2013)
13588:Others
13383:Others
13101:Health
13035:Mining
13025:Franc
12962:Senate
12869:Cities
12751:
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12633:Kigali
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15332:Anfal
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