238:
181:
29:
168:
155:
945:, the former Rwandan Presidential Guard commander, arrived in Juba from Nairobi to organize them. It has been nearly impossible to bring the Interahamwe to justice because they did not wear uniforms or have a clearly organized group of followers. They were the neighbours, friends and co-workers of Tutsis. Throughout the war, members of the Interahamwe moved into camps of refugees and the internally displaced. There the victims were mixed in with the enemy making it difficult to prosecute members of the Interahamwe. But the
213:
287:
250:
225:
195:
949:
was put in place to at least attempt to get the killers in jail. It has seen criticism from many different sources for being flawed with the judges having inadequate training and many different parties in the court system being corrupt. This problem has led to many innocent people being put in jail
901:
and his wife, was popular amongst the
Interahamwe for its decidedly pro-Hutu agenda, among other things. From October 1993 to late 1994, it was used as an outlet for extremists to release ethnocentric and xenophobic propaganda targeted at the Tutsis, moderate Hutus and
961:(now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), along with many members of the Interahamwe, Presidential Guard and the Rwandan Government Forces (RGF). Following the recruitment of significant numbers of Congolese Hutu the organisation took the name
1046:
1919:
417:
906:. Often it encouraged the ongoing acts of genocide by promoting fear among the Hutus that the Tutsis would massacre them, and broadcasting the positions of Tutsis hiding or attempting to flee.
1038:
1361:
1804:
357:
2030:
478:
2040:
678:
138:
242:
1598:
1013:. Fugitives have been captured and prosecuted in other countries, including Jean-Marie Vianney Mudahinyuka (a.k.a. "Zuzu"), an Interahamwe leader found hiding in
1301:
1230:
841:
in
Kinyarwanda. However, when speaking English, Rwandans will sometimes pronounce it in the English manner. The difference can be observed by listening to
2020:
705:, and moderate Hutus were killed from April to July 1994, and the term "Interahamwe" was widened to mean any civilian militias or bands killing Tutsi.
588:
1633:
1176:
The militia was directed by a national committee that included Jerry Robert Kajuga, president (himself the son of a Tutsi father and Hutu mother),
1988:
Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.
1873:
1792:
1509:
1391:
725:
489:
455:
199:
531:
1591:
1092:
483:
1482:
1357:
1763:
1823:
1655:
1197:
994:
422:
2050:
1164:
2005:
1857:
1536:
560:
917:(RPF), many Rwandan civilians and members of the Interahamwe fled to neighbouring countries, most notably to what at the time was
1584:
2015:
1748:
1466:
581:
378:
2045:
2010:
1902:
1780:
1117:
555:
1279:
1925:
1564:
962:
1867:
1503:
1262:
1086:
1005:. The tribunal has convicted at least 41 persons, often with life sentences, including former interim Prime Minister
574:
172:
1706:
1383:
666:
383:
294:
186:
91:
1309:
752:
was used as slang in racist radio broadcasts during the genocide—"working" meant using machetes to kill. The name
2035:
2025:
1222:
1666:
331:
1742:
1418:
1331:
1529:
922:
102:
732:
against Rwanda from neighboring countries, where they are also involved in local conflicts and terrorism.
1798:
871:
690:
42:
1475:
515:
1039:"Rwanda's Untold Story. A reply to "38 scholars, scientists, researchers, journalists and historians""
878:(unusual for this group), was the president of the Interahamwe. The vice president of Interahamwe was
2055:
1896:
1569:
304:
1890:
914:
1576:
1522:
1414:
709:
473:
217:
60:
1255:
From
Genocide to Continental War: The "Congolese" Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa
1072:
1700:
1671:
717:
898:
497:
1660:
393:
64:
1189:
981:, Uganda. Eight of the tourists were killed. The story was featured on National Geographic,
1955:
1688:
1643:
978:
744:
can be translated as "those who work together" or loosely as "those who fight together" in
72:
28:
8:
1694:
1154:
1275:
1786:
1159:
1078:
969:
regime still in power, members still take part in border raids from the refugee camps.
856:
398:
341:
52:
1555:
1258:
1082:
1068:
1010:
942:
938:
879:
842:
713:
346:
336:
326:
56:
47:
1250:
1920:
National
Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
1649:
1637:
1612:
1494:
1446:
887:
791:
785:
694:
608:
537:
388:
312:
274:
266:
114:
68:
754:
1608:
1490:
1074:
Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – The
Organization → The Militia
525:
270:
1113:
1969:
118:
76:
1999:
1456:
1006:
721:
438:
148:
1753:
1358:"ICE deports Rwandan wanted for committing war crimes during 1994 genocide"
946:
851:
662:
520:
428:
286:
966:
745:
766:
760:
729:
686:
674:
351:
107:
993:
Leaders of the
Interahamwe have been primarily prosecuted through the
977:
In 1999, Interahamwe attacked and kidnapped a group of 14 tourists in
778:
772:
1606:
1558:
1018:
1002:
926:
903:
837:
654:
1335:
1332:"Home – United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
1977:
1944:
1014:
449:
882:. The Interahamwe was formed from groups of young people of the
1835:
1757:
998:
910:
682:
670:
255:
230:
95:
87:
1807:(FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001)
806:
681:(MRND according to its French name), the then-ruling party of
623:
1949:
1829:
958:
930:
918:
875:
818:
724:
governments. The
Interahamwe and splinter groups such as the
698:
635:
433:
160:
1736:
1438:
1384:"Suspected Genocide Leader Deported From Chicago To Rwanda"
954:
934:
894:
883:
827:
809:
659:
644:
626:
111:
708:
The
Interahamwe were driven out of Rwanda after Tutsi-led
679:
National
Republican Movement for Democracy and Development
797:
702:
614:
1565:"CONVENTIONAL WISDOM AND RWANDA'S GENOCIDE: An Opinion"
824:
800:
794:
641:
617:
611:
2031:
Rebel groups in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
1276:"BBC News – Africa – Kidnap tourist tells of ordeal"
1155:""Leave None to Tell the Story": Genocide in Rwanda"
803:
620:
16:
Paramilitary group involved in 1994 Rwandan Genocide
821:
815:
812:
638:
632:
629:
950:and has caused the prisons to become overcrowded.
2041:Military units and formations established in 1992
855:DVD, and to the translator for a survivor of the
697:, during which an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000
1997:
673:. The Interahamwe was formed around 1990 as the
1950:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
1830:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
1874:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
909:Following the invasion of the Rwandan capital
726:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
1592:
1530:
1190:"The hotel that saved hundreds from genocide"
972:
582:
1860:(RDR, alleged successor organization to the
941:, the former prefect of Kigali, and Colonel
776:means "together" and is related to the word
866:
2021:Paramilitary organisations based in Rwanda
1599:
1585:
1537:
1523:
1067:
995:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
589:
575:
1858:Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda
1412:
1036:
1556:"Interahamwe: A serious military threat"
1381:
1824:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement
1789:(RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999)
1187:
1998:
1138:
1787:RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération
1766:(faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002)
1580:
1143:. Paris: Editions UNESCO. p. 12.
836:
653:
1903:Nationalist and Integrationist Front
1781:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
1394:from the original on 10 January 2023
1282:from the original on 10 January 2023
1217:
1215:
1200:from the original on 10 January 2023
1188:Vasagar, Jeevan (16 February 2005).
1037:Reyntjens, Filip (21 October 2014).
953:During the war, millions of Rwandan
693:, were the main perpetrators of the
689:government. The Interahamwe, led by
1141:Rwanda : Memoire d'un génocide
1114:"Rwanda: How the genocide happened"
716:in July 1994, and are considered a
13:
1382:Guzzardi, Will (2 February 2011).
1120:from the original on 6 August 2008
14:
2067:
1868:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
1549:
1212:
1049:from the original on 25 July 2018
788:speakers usually pronounce it as
685:, and enjoyed the backing of the
173:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
2051:Violence against women in Rwanda
1870:(ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997)
790:
667:Democratic Republic of the Congo
607:
295:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
285:
248:
236:
223:
211:
193:
179:
166:
153:
92:Democratic Republic of the Congo
27:
2006:Factions of the First Congo War
1739:(Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance)
1421:from the original on 2023-01-10
1406:
1375:
1364:from the original on 2018-12-12
1350:
1324:
1294:
1233:from the original on 2021-07-27
1167:from the original on 2023-01-10
1095:from the original on 2021-03-07
933:welcomed former Interahamwe to
897:, founded by Rwandan president
423:International Criminal Tribunal
1956:White Legion (First Congo War)
1268:
1244:
1181:
1147:
1132:
1106:
1061:
1030:
988:
332:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1:
2016:Rwandan genocide perpetrators
1743:Rally for Congolese Democracy
1024:
963:Armée de Libération du Rwanda
937:, and in March 1998, Colonel
758:can be broken up as follows:
2046:Anti-communist organizations
2011:Far-right politics in Rwanda
1805:Front de Libération du Congo
1795:(RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML)
923:Democratic Republic of Congo
890:against the Tutsis in 1994.
886:party. They carried out the
861:"Frontline" Ghosts of Rwanda
735:
655:[í.nɦêː.ɾɑ́.hɑ́.mŋe]
7:
1799:Union of Congolese Patriots
1413:Don Terry (June 26, 2005).
1306:National Geographic Channel
1257:, C. Hurst & Co, 2009,
728:(FDLR) continue to wage an
665:organization active in the
10:
2072:
1223:"Rwanda radio transcripts"
973:After the Rwandan genocide
835:, though it is pronounced
516:Great Lakes refugee crisis
360:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira
1986:
1968:
1935:
1926:National Liberation Front
1912:
1883:
1845:
1814:
1773:
1729:
1720:
1681:
1626:
1619:
1570:African Studies Quarterly
1116:. BBC News. 17 May 2011.
764:is derived from the verb
262:
206:
144:
134:
124:
101:
82:
38:
26:
21:
1891:Allied Democratic Forces
983:Locked Up Abroad: Uganda
867:Organization and history
1876:(FDLR, created in 2000)
1139:Bührer, Michel (1996).
915:Rwandan Patriotic Front
838:[inhêːɾɑhɑ́mwe]
710:Rwandan Patriotic Front
479:International community
474:Rwandan Patriotic Front
218:Rwandan Patriotic Front
61:Idelphonse Hategekimana
33:Flag of the Interahamwe
2036:Rebel groups in Uganda
2026:Rebel groups in Rwanda
1897:Lord's Resistance Army
1832:(UNITA, in Second War)
1783:(MLC, created in 1998)
1640:/ FARDC, after Mobutu)
718:terrorist organisation
484:United Nations Mission
1952:(UNITA, in First War)
1415:"The Man Called Zuzu"
770:, meaning "to work";
712:(RPF) victory in the
498:Opération "Turquoise"
439:Impuzamugambi militia
394:Musha Church massacre
65:Idelphonse Nizeyimana
1646:(FAA, in Second War)
1607:Armed groups in the
1467:Rwandan Armed Forces
979:Bwindi National Park
720:by many African and
292:Human skulls at the
73:Callixte Nzabonimana
1936:Government-aligned,
1691:(FAA, in First War)
1417:. Chicago Tribune.
1338:on 9 September 2015
899:Juvénal Habyarimana
490:UN Security Council
444:Interahamwe militia
411:Parties responsible
83:Active regions
1312:on 20 January 2015
1302:"Locked Up Abroad"
1160:Human Rights Watch
1079:Human Rights Watch
1069:Des Forges, Alison
893:The radio station
857:Nyarubuye massacre
532:Massacres of Hutus
399:Nyarubuye massacre
342:Rwandan Revolution
53:Augustin Bizimungu
1993:
1992:
1964:
1963:
1716:
1715:
1613:Second Congo Wars
1547:
1546:
1043:African Arguments
1021:in January 2011.
1011:Georges Rutaganda
965:(ALiR). With the
957:refugees fled to
943:Aloys Ntiwiragabo
939:Tharcisse Renzaho
880:Georges Rutaganda
843:Paul Rusesabagina
714:Rwandan Civil War
599:
598:
347:Rwandan Civil War
337:Kingdom of Rwanda
327:History of Rwanda
280:
279:
57:Tharcisse Renzaho
48:Georges Rutaganda
2063:
2056:Authoritarianism
1815:Anti-government,
1727:
1726:
1638:Mobuto Sese Seko
1624:
1623:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1447:Rwandan genocide
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1334:. Archived from
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1308:. Archived from
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1227:www.concordia.ca
1219:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1034:
888:Rwandan genocide
847:Return to Rwanda
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
695:Rwandan genocide
657:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
591:
584:
577:
538:Second Congo War
389:Gikondo massacre
358:Assassination of
313:Rwandan genocide
297:
289:
282:
281:
275:Second Congo War
267:Rwandan genocide
263:Battles and wars
254:
252:
251:
241:
240:
239:
229:
227:
226:
216:
215:
214:
198:
197:
196:
189:
185:
183:
182:
171:
170:
169:
159:
157:
156:
115:ultranationalism
69:Protais Mpiranya
50:(vice president)
31:
19:
18:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2060:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1960:
1937:
1931:
1908:
1879:
1841:
1816:
1810:
1769:
1722:
1712:
1682:Anti-government
1677:
1620:National armies
1615:
1605:
1552:
1543:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1388:Huffington Post
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1152:
1148:
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1133:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
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1027:
991:
975:
869:
793:
789:
738:
610:
606:
595:
566:
565:
551:
543:
542:
526:First Congo War
511:
503:
502:
494:
491:
469:
461:
460:
425:
421:
418:People indicted
412:
404:
403:
374:
366:
365:
362:
359:
322:
298:
293:
291:
273:
271:First Congo War
269:
249:
247:
246:
237:
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212:
210:
194:
192:
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180:
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129:
117:
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75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1970:United Nations
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1774:Uganda-aligned
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1760:in South Kivu)
1751:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1730:Rwanda-aligned
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1630:
1628:
1627:Pro-government
1621:
1617:
1616:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:, 2 March 1999
1551:
1550:External links
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:(2000–present)
1507:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1476:Refugee crisis
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
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1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1431:
1405:
1374:
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1323:
1293:
1267:
1251:Gérard Prunier
1243:
1211:
1180:
1146:
1131:
1105:
1087:
1071:(March 1999).
1060:
1028:
1026:
1023:
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987:
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492:Resolution 935
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258:(1996–present)
233:(1994–present)
208:
204:
203:
202:(2000–present)
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
128:100,000 (1994)
126:
122:
121:
119:Anti-communism
105:
99:
98:
84:
80:
79:
77:Aloys Ndimbati
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
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4:
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2:
2068:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
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2003:
2001:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1928:(FLN/FROLINA)
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
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43:Robert Kajuga
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1913:Anti-Burundi
1861:
1852:
1793:RCD-National
1754:Banyamulenge
1723:rebel groups
1721:Militias and
1636:(FAZ, under
1568:
1461:
1423:. Retrieved
1408:
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1387:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1352:
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1336:the original
1326:
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1310:the original
1305:
1296:
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1270:
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1226:
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1194:The Guardian
1193:
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1175:
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1158:
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1108:
1097:. Retrieved
1077:. New York:
1073:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1042:
1032:
992:
982:
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952:
947:Gacaca court
908:
892:
874:, a partial
870:
860:
852:Hotel Rwanda
850:
846:
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777:
771:
765:
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753:
749:
741:
739:
707:
663:paramilitary
602:
600:
556:Bibliography
521:Gacaca court
448:
443:
429:Genocidaires
1884:Anti-Uganda
1862:Interahamwe
1853:Interahamwe
1846:Anti-Rwanda
1506:(1996–2001)
1485:(1995–1996)
1462:Interahamwe
1204:17 December
989:Prosecution
782:for "one".
755:Interahamwe
746:Kinyarwanda
742:Interahamwe
603:Interahamwe
561:Filmography
245:(1996–1997)
190:(1998–2003)
175:(1996–2001)
163:(1996–1997)
94:; formerly
86:Jungles of
45:(president)
22:Interahamwe
2000:Categories
1922:(CNDD-FDD)
1838:(in Ituri)
1425:2018-06-08
1368:2016-05-11
1342:20 January
1316:20 January
1286:20 January
1237:2017-02-28
1171:2020-01-12
1099:2017-12-08
1053:8 December
1025:References
730:insurgency
687:Hutu Power
675:youth wing
456:RTLM radio
384:Chronology
352:Hutu Power
321:Background
108:Hutu Power
1764:RCD-Congo
1703:(RPF/RDF)
1441:militants
740:The name
736:Etymology
550:Resources
510:Aftermath
207:Opponents
1826:(SPLA/M)
1756:(ethnic
1749:RCD–Goma
1672:Zimbabwe
1559:BBC News
1419:Archived
1392:Archived
1362:Archived
1280:Archived
1265:, p. 193
1231:Archived
1198:Archived
1165:Archived
1163:. 1999.
1124:5 August
1118:Archived
1093:Archived
1047:Archived
1019:Illinois
1003:Tanzania
927:Tanzania
904:Belgians
468:Response
305:a series
303:Part of
187:DR Congo
103:Ideology
90:and the
1978:MONUSCO
1945:Mai-Mai
1695:Burundi
1661:Namibia
1015:Chicago
845:in the
786:English
722:Western
677:of the
658:) is a
450:Kangura
135:Part of
39:Leaders
1836:CODECO
1758:Tutsis
1709:(UPDF)
1707:Uganda
1701:Rwanda
1689:Angola
1652:(FANT)
1644:Angola
1449:(1994)
1398:5 June
1261:
1085:
999:Arusha
967:Kagame
925:, and
921:, now
911:Kigali
767:gutera
761:intera
683:Rwanda
671:Uganda
420:by the
373:Events
307:on the
256:Uganda
253:
231:Rwanda
228:
220:(1994)
184:
158:
145:Allies
96:Rwanda
88:Uganda
1938:other
1905:(FNI)
1899:(LRA)
1893:(ADF)
1817:other
1801:(UPC)
1745:(RCD)
1697:(FAB)
1674:(ZNA)
1667:Sudan
1663:(NDF)
1656:Libya
1634:Zaire
1609:First
959:Zaire
931:Sudan
919:Zaire
876:Tutsi
779:rimwe
773:hamwe
699:Tutsi
434:Akazu
161:Zaire
1737:AFDL
1650:Chad
1611:and
1510:FDLR
1504:ALiR
1493:and
1439:Hutu
1400:2011
1344:2015
1318:2015
1288:2015
1259:ISBN
1206:2016
1126:2008
1083:ISBN
1055:2017
1009:and
955:Hutu
935:Juba
895:RTLM
884:MRND
750:Work
669:and
660:Hutu
601:The
243:AFDL
200:FDLR
139:MRND
125:Size
112:Hutu
1491:1st
1483:RDR
997:in
859:in
703:Twa
652:or
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