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of culture, language, national feelings, religion, and the economic existence of national groups". These were not separate crimes but different aspects of the same genocidal process. Lemkin's definition of nation was sufficiently broad to apply to nearly any type of human collectivity, even one based on a trivial characteristic. He saw genocide as an inherently colonial process, and in his later writings analyzed what he described as the colonial genocides occurring within
European overseas territories as well as the Soviet and Nazi empires. Furthermore, his definition of genocidal acts, which was to replace the national pattern of the victim with that of the perpetrator, was much broader than the five types enumerated in the Genocide Convention. Lemkin considered genocide to have occurred since the beginning of human history and dated the efforts to criminalize it to the Spanish critics of colonial excesses
235:
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294:' actions but not their own. The result gutted Lemkin's original intentions; he privately considered it a failure. Over the course of these revisions, Lemkin's anti-colonial conception of genocide was transformed into one acceptable to colonial powers. Among the violence freed from the stigma of genocide included the same actions targeting political groups, which the Soviet Union is particularly blamed for blocking. Although Lemkin credited women's NGOs with securing the passage of the convention, the gendered violence of forced pregnancy, marriage, and divorce was left out. Additionally omitted was
124:
446:
approaches to intent are the purposive approach, where the perpetrator specifically intends to commit genocide, and the knowledge-based approach, where the perpetrator understands that genocidal outcomes will result from his actions. Perpetrators do not always make their intentions clear in public statements, although courts sometimes ascribe intent based on other factors. Perpetrators often take advantage of the legal special intent requirement to claim that they merely sought the removal of the group from a given territory, instead of destruction as such, or that the genocidal actions were
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stereotypes of evil, nor recognize themselves as perpetrators. Furthermore, researchers have recognized that people's behavior changes under the course of events, and someone might choose to kill one genocide victim while saving another. Although genocide perpetrators have often been assumed to be male, the role of women in perpetrating genocide—although they were historically excluded from leadership—has also been explored. Anthropologist
585:'s original concept, and its proponents in the 1940s argued that it, along with physical genocide, were two mechanisms aiming at the same goal: destruction of the targeted group. Because cultural genocide clearly applied to some colonial and assimilationist policies, several states with overseas colonies threatened to refuse to ratify the convention unless it was excluded. Most genocide scholars believe that both cultural genocide and
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493:, which violates the principle of individual guilt. The most plausible rationale for prosecuting genocide perpetrators is that it could prevent future genocides, but very few perpetrators are ever brought to trial and evidence of a deterrent effect is lacking. However, genocide prosecutions might still serve the goal of upholding the power of international law.
2019:, p. 38: "With these works, a near consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states"
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is a doctrine that emerged around 2000, in the aftermath of several genocides around the world, that seeks to balance state sovereignty with the need for international intervention to prevent genocide. Yet, in practice it is primarily deployed by the United States and its allies against less powerful
3393:
Lindert, Jutta; Knobler, Haim Y.; Kawachi, Ichiro; Bain, Paul A.; Abramowitz, Moshe Z.; McKee, Charlotte; Reinharz, Shula; McKee, Martin (2017). "Psychopathology of children of genocide survivors: a systematic review on the impact of genocide on their children's psychopathology from five countries".
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in 1946. He approached the
African delegations first in an attempt to build a coalition of smaller states and former colonies that had themselves recently experienced genocide. Lemkin hoped that at this point the major powers—the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union—would step in and take
198:
According to Lemkin, the central definition of genocide was "the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group" in which its members were not targeted as individuals, but rather as members of the group. The objectives of genocide "would be the disintegration of the political and social institutions,
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government. While genocides are often carried out by states and military forces, in many cases, paramilitaries and other decentralized forces are involved. In response to greater international scrutiny of genocide, state-sponsored atrocities can be carried out in secrecy by paramilitary groups that
909:
How ordinary people can become involved in extraordinary violence under circumstances of acute conflict is poorly understood. The foot soldiers of genocide (as opposed to its organizers) are not demographically or psychologically aberrant. People who commit crimes during genocide often do not fit
781:
and in the short run, indigenous resistance that triggered settler retaliation. Economic activities such as mining, ranching, and agriculture prove so destructive to indigenous societies that the elimination of indigenous people is quicker when settlers are more integrated into global markets and
801:. The prototypical genocide, the Holocaust, involved such large-scale logistics that it reinforced the impression that genocide was the result of civilization drifting off course and required both the "weapons and infrastructure of the modern state and the radical ambitions of the modern man".
589:
should be included in the definition of genocide, if committed with intent to destroy the targeted group. Although included in Lemkin's original concept and by some scholars, political groups were also excluded from the
Genocide Convention. The result of this exclusion was that perpetrators of
562:
from non-genocidal warfare can be difficult. Likewise, genocide is distinguished from violent and coercive forms of rule that aim to change behavior rather than destroy groups. Some definitions include political or social groups as potential victims of genocide. Many of the more sociologically
553:
writes, "Few ideas are as important in public debate, but in few cases are the meaning and scope of a key idea less clearly agreed." Some scholars and activists use the
Genocide Convention definition. Others prefer narrower definitions that indicate genocide is rare in human history, reducing
876:
ascribed to an entire people—defined according to race but targeted because of its supposed security threat. Likewise, Jonathan Leader
Maynard argues that "mass killings are strategies to achieve familiar security-centric aims, such as defeating perceived enemies, upholding regimes, policing
445:
requirement of genocide. The issue of what it means to destroy a group "as such" and how to prove the required intent has been difficult for courts to resolve. The legal system has also struggled with how much of a group can be targeted before triggering the
Genocide Convention. The two main
1044:—it is often perceived as the "crime of crimes" and grabs attention more effectively than other violations of international law. Consequently, victims of atrocities often label their suffering genocide as an attempt to gain attention to their plight and attract foreign intervention.
466:(the United States and the Soviet Union) felt vulnerable to accusations of genocide, and were therefore unwilling to press charges against the other party. Despite political pressure to charge "Soviet genocide", the United States government refused to ratify the convention fearing
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which escalates to extermination. Later on, the survivors face ongoing genocide in the form of "a wide range of eliminatory practices such as cultural suppression, expulsion, segregation, child confiscation, assimilation, and of course, continued violence".
615:—the forced expulsion of a population from a given territory—has achieved widespread currency, although many scholars recognize that it frequently overlaps with genocide, even where Lemkin's definition is not used. Other terms have proliferated, such as
867:
Genocide is not an end of itself, but a means to another end—often chosen by perpetrators after other options failed. Moses argues that security—particularly the quest for absolute security informed by paranoia—is the underlying rationale behind all
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societies, and winning wars", but argues that ideological factors are necessary to explain why such atrocities seem to be a desirable solution to the identified security problem. When exaggerations of the threat are combined with such rationales as
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266:. The powers prosecuting the trial were unwilling to restrict a government's actions against its own citizens. In order to criminalize peacetime genocide, Lemkin brought his proposal to criminalize genocide to the newly established
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while widening complicity in the atrocities. Although genocide is typically organized around pre-existing identity boundaries, it has the outcome of strengthening them. Although many scholars have emphasized the role of
914:
writes that in circumstances where atrocities such as genocides are perpetrated, many people refuse to become perpetrators, which often entails great sacrifices such as risking their lives and fleeing their country.
523:, genocide studies exploded in the 1990s. In contrast to earlier researchers who took for granted the idea that liberal and democratic societies were less likely to commit genocide, revisionists associated with the
290:- to be labeled genocide. Before the convention was passed, powerful countries (both Western powers and the Soviet Union) secured changes in an attempt to make the convention unenforceable and applicable to their
610:
Most civilian killings in the twentieth century were not from genocide, which only applies to select cases. Alternative terms have been coined to describe processes left outside narrower definitions of genocide.
1006:. While some have found negative results, others find no association with genocide survival. There are no consistent findings that children of genocide survivors have worse health than comparable individuals.
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was coming to light outside Europe. Lemkin's proposal was more ambitious than simply outlawing this type of mass slaughter. He also thought that the law against genocide could promote more tolerant and
994:
Most of the qualitative research on genocide has focused on the testimonies of victims, survivors, and other eyewitnesses. Studies of genocide survivors have examined rates of depression, anxiety,
5452:
829:: but that was utterly impossible in view of the fact that those who are innocent today might be guilty tomorrow. The concern for the safety of Turkey simply had to silence all other concerns.
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Opposition to the convention was greater than Lemkin expected due to various countries, and not just great powers, concerned that it would lead their own policies - including treatment of
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or distinguishing it from other types of violence by the innocence, helplessness, or defencelessness of its victims. Most genocides occur during wartime, and distinguishing genocide or
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as its archetype and is conceived as innocent victims targeted for their ethnic identity rather than for any political reason. Genocide is widely considered to be the epitome of human
571:, which refers to large-scale killing or induced death as part of a systematic attack on a civilian population. Isolated or short-lived phenomena that resemble genocide can be termed
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as its archetype and is conceived as innocent victims targeted for their ethnic identity rather than for any political reason. Genocide is incorrectly conceived of as a large-scale
57:, who first coined the term, defined genocide as "the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group" by means such as "the disintegration of political and social institutions, of
73:, powerful countries restricted Lemkin's definition to exclude their own actions from being classified as genocide, ultimately limiting it to any of five "acts committed with
424:
are criminalized. The convention does not allow the retroactive prosecution of events that took place prior to 1951. Many countries have incorporated genocide into their
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A large proportion of genocides occurred under the course of imperial expansion and power consolidation. The organizer of genocide is often assumed to be a centralized
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794:, seeing native people as "savages" and racism "played a critical role in psychocultural justifications for genocide" in areas such as Australia and North America.
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765:, was initially not recognized as a form of genocide. Such genocides were often characterized by an initial violent struggle for land and resources on an imperial
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of military activity such as aerial bombings is excluded from the definition of genocide, even when they make up a significant portion of a nation's population.
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Kathman, Jacob D.; Wood, Reed M. (2011). "Managing Threat, Cost, and
Incentive to Kill: The Short- and Long-Term Effects of Intervention in Mass Killings".
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The definition of genocide generates controversy whenever a new case arises and debate erupts as to whether or not it qualifies as a genocide. Sociologist
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were coined for the destruction of particular types of groupings (ethnic groups, genders, political groups, social classes, and a particular locality).
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argues that because of its position as the "crime of crimes", the concept of genocide "blinds us to other types of humanly caused civilian death, like
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Lindert, Jutta; Kawachi, Ichiro; Knobler, Haim Y.; Abramowitz, Moshe Z.; Galea, Sandro; Roberts, Bayard; Mollica, Richard; McKee, Martin (2019).
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in genocide, there is little agreement in how ideology contributes to violent outcomes. Others have cited rational explanations for atrocities.
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Graziosi, Andrea; Sysyn, Frank E. (2022). "Introduction: Genocide and Mass
Categorical Violence". In Graziosi, Andrea; Sysyn, Frank E. (eds.).
730:. Genocide in the ancient world often consisted of the massacre of men and the enslavement or forced assimilation of women and children—often
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Bachman, Jeffrey S. (2021). "Situating
Contributions from Underrepresented Groups and Geographies within the Field of Genocide Studies".
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Kiernan, Ben. "General Editor’s
Introduction to the Series: Genocide: Its Causes, Components, Connections and Continuing Challenges". In
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3265:. "Destroying to replace: reflections on motive forces behind civilian-driven violence in settler genocides of Indigenous peoples". In
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motivated by racism instead of political reasons, although this does not accurately identify the motivations for the Holocaust itself.
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933:, it should be possible to intervene to prevent genocide by raising the costs of engaging in such violence relative to alternatives.
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Ozoráková, Lilla (2022). "The Road to Finding a Definition for the Crime of Genocide – the Importance of the Genocide Convention".
400:(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
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885:, and national security, people can be induced to support extreme atrocities. Other motives for genocide have included theft,
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88:, but is particularly likely in situations of imperial expansion and power consolidation. Therefore, it is associated with
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to such events. Overall, premodern examples that can be considered genocide were relatively uncommon. Beginning in the
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Prosecutions for genocide do not obviously satisfy any of the purposes that criminal prosecution is supposed to serve.
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and repressive governments in the twentieth century. The colloquial understanding of genocide is heavily influenced by
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genocide could redefine their targets as being a political or military enemy, thus excluding them from consideration.
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is violence that targets individuals because of their membership of a group and aims at the destruction of a people.
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countries, without affecting the immunity of powerful countries and their allies from legal liability for genocide.
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Anderton, Charles H. "Genocide prevention: perspectives from psychological and social economic choice models". In
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issued by a Polish court was the first legal verdict that mentioned the term, using Lemkin's original definition.
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1032:—although it always had its critics. Although in a strict legal sense, genocide is not more severe than other
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or ethnocide—actions targeted at the reproduction of a group's language, culture, or way of life—was part of
298:—which had been recently carried out by the Soviet Union and its satellites, condoned by the Western Allies,
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3018:. Vol. II: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One.
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Blackhawk, Ned. "'The Centrality of Dispossession': Native American Genocide and Settler Colonialism". In
36:, many perceived dissidents were killed using axes, poles or other agricultural tools. The sites of their
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Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750-Present, Part 1, Structures, Spaces, and Boundary Making
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872:, including genocide. Genocide perpetrators harm noncombatants along with combatants because of the
777:, the two main drivers of settler genocide is, in the long run, the pursuit of profit on the global
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Genocide and International Relations: Changing Patterns in the Transitions of the Late Modern World
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3340:"The long-term health consequences of genocide: developing GESQUQ - a genocide studies checklist"
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Ideology and Mass Killing: The Radicalized Security Politics of Genocides and Deadly Atrocities
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have a higher expectation of profit. While the lack of law enforcement on the frontier ensured
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The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020
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examples are found in Europe, even though experts caution against applying a modern term like
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spelled out the genocidal logic of settler projects, prompting a rethinking of colonialism.
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inherently carries a value judgement as it is widely considered to be the epitome of human
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3186:"Genocide as a Category Mistake: Permanent Security and Mass Violence Against Civilians"
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The Politics of Genocide: From the Genocide Convention to the Responsibility to Protect
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342:(CPPCG); it came into effect on 12 January 1951 after 20 countries ratified it without
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and nationalism were common ideological drivers of many twentieth century genocides.
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873:
852:
778:
774:
750:
612:
516:
512:
502:
475:
413:
295:
2467:
9243:
9162:
8923:
8624:
8532:
8428:
8377:
8237:
8222:
8202:
8167:
7880:
7791:
7726:
7533:
7478:
7264:
7123:
6730:
6652:
6558:
6482:
6476:
6209:
6143:
6008:
6003:
5894:
5728:
5529:
5420:
5136:
5072:
5048:
4857:
4590:
4557:
4477:
4161:
4129:
3556:
3134:
2909:
2375:
1715:
1033:
1028:. In the past this was not the case, and violence that could be labeled genocide
790:
enabled settlers to consolidate their gains using the legal system. According to
432:
259:
89:
2451:
9167:
8619:
8577:
8547:
8537:
8455:
8448:
8433:
8423:
8259:
8195:
8137:
8132:
8117:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7776:
7711:
7242:
7215:
7068:
6770:
6398:
6287:
6275:
6088:
5872:
5845:
5200:
4809:
4774:
4461:
4453:
4429:
4014:
3861:
3853:
3073:
2992:
Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S.; Kiernan, Ben. "Introduction to Volume I". In
2862:
2674:
2098:
2082:
1699:
1065:
869:
647:
616:
582:
508:
267:
243:
208:
139:
127:
108:
and often referred to as the "crime of crimes", consequently, events are often
54:
41:
3418:
3358:
3201:
3045:
Kiernan, Ben; Madley, Benjamin; Taylor, Rebe. "Introduction to Volume II". In
2921:
Fraser, James E. "Early Medieval Europe: The Case of Britain and Ireland". In
2812:
2652:
The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression
1651:
710:
Lemkin applied the concept of genocide to a wide variety of events throughout
489:
is impossible because any punishment proportionate to the crime would require
9212:
8906:
8855:
8631:
8254:
8190:
8175:
8037:
8002:
7982:
7853:
7796:
7731:
7145:
7048:
6578:
6564:
6374:
6103:
6083:
5978:
5477:
5232:
5096:
5088:
5056:
4622:
4217:
3426:
3367:
3330:
3181:
3152:
3126:
3003:
2866:
2646:
1048:
995:
886:
758:
711:
699:
643:
532:
520:
425:
187:
101:
81:
28:
8955:
8465:
8352:
8180:
8147:
8127:
8057:
8047:
8027:
8007:
7643:
7543:
7528:
7274:
7249:
7113:
7053:
7018:
6983:
6978:
5904:
5879:
5569:
5208:
4742:
4652:
3385:
3077:
2595:
893:
835:
719:
703:
655:
555:
511:
began to consider the phenomenon of genocide. Due to the occurrence of the
354:
3755:
3307:
3228:
3027:
478:. The first head of state to be convicted of genocide was in 2018 for the
8838:
8367:
8327:
8295:
8162:
8122:
7962:
7875:
7826:
7801:
7701:
7396:
7135:
7118:
7073:
6988:
6167:
5983:
5120:
4832:
4825:
4437:
3564:
3069:
3065:
3011:
3007:
2957:
791:
192:
147:
77:, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".
3454:
952:
593:
527:
emphasized how Western ideas led to genocide. Pioneers of research into
8723:
8641:
8636:
8517:
8512:
8408:
8392:
8249:
8142:
8100:
8062:
7870:
7858:
7831:
7821:
7741:
7162:
7157:
7128:
7063:
6902:
6038:
6033:
5128:
4707:
4668:
4249:
4145:
3724:
3193:
2964:. Vol. I: Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds.
1890:
1052:
1041:
632:
628:
624:
463:
62:
37:
4445:
2601:
Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler
2391:
346:. The convention's definition of genocide was adopted verbatim by the
8893:
8542:
8490:
8207:
7806:
6928:
6514:
6227:
5638:
4686:
4675:
4153:
3812:
798:
762:
382:
97:
2519:
2483:
1950:
1687:
339:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
8965:
8888:
8849:
8507:
8337:
8264:
7915:
7746:
7706:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6938:
6725:
6251:
5988:
5453:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
4749:
4728:
4700:
4645:
2231:
1998:
1938:
1779:
1440:
1358:
1356:
1305:
903:
827:
making no distinction between the innocent Armenians and the guilty
783:
766:
735:
731:
659:
636:
623:, for the killing of people by a government. Words like ethnocide,
620:
459:
441:
291:
2900:
Bloxham, Donald; Pendas, Devin O. "Punishment as Prevention?". In
1047:
The colloquial understanding of genocide is heavily influenced by
897:
are offered impunity for their crimes. This offers the benefit of
691:
Massacre of Polish hostages after an attack on a German policeman.
403:(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
7013:
6907:
6887:
6860:
6835:
6739:
3442:
2507:
718:. Genocide is mentioned in various ancient sources including the
507:
The field of genocide studies emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, as
406:(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
2267:
2204:
1986:
1974:
1914:
1854:
1584:
1512:
1428:
1353:
246:
that was deliberately written out of the definition of genocide.
186:
to the publisher in early 1942, and it was published in 1944 as
8870:
7967:
6993:
6892:
6870:
6865:
6815:
6048:
5623:
4816:
3468:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1232:
1230:
727:
378:
374:
370:
172:
2776:
The Soviet Union and the Gutting of the UN Genocide Convention
2138:
1215:
1193:
1191:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
860:
468:
countercharges of racial segregation against African Americans
69:, and economic existence". During the struggle to ratify the
8692:
7977:
6820:
6300:
4381:
4039:
1203:
1120:
1118:
1116:
702:
heavily influences the popular understanding of genocide, as
428:, varying to a lesser or greater extent from the convention.
180:("act of killing"). He submitted the manuscript for his book
169:
163:
157:
155:
5789:
3407:
The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals
3251:
The history of Rapha'l Lemkin and the UN Genocide Convention
3055:
3046:
3002:
2439:
2339:
2243:
1844:
1842:
1524:
1500:
1404:
1392:
1254:
1227:
8589:
8418:
3479:
2427:
2403:
2291:
1815:
1380:
1293:
1188:
1176:
1145:
1025:
859:
soldiers in the former Armenian village of Sheykhalan near
300:
against millions of Germans from central and Eastern Europe
105:
2150:
1488:
1329:
1113:
462:, genocide remained at the level of rhetoric because both
5673:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
5318:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2182:
2180:
2058:
2046:
2034:
1839:
1827:
44:, and countless memorials have been created to honor them
2363:
2351:
2114:
1743:
1476:
1341:
1317:
1269:
746:, racial ideologies emerged as a more important factor.
336:
On 9 December 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the
5708:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2415:
2303:
2255:
2167:
2165:
1086:
1084:
9087:
International Conference on Population and Development
6453:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
2839:
Anderson, Kjell; Jessee, Erin (2020). "Introduction".
2279:
2192:
2177:
2022:
1926:
1902:
1878:
1791:
1767:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1416:
1368:
1135:
1133:
1103:
1101:
1099:
726:) against some of the Israelites' enemies, especially
6381:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
6234:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
5429:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
3968:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
2495:
2070:
1962:
1755:
1608:
1464:
1452:
1281:
594:
Criticism of the concept of genocide and alternatives
563:
oriented definitions of genocide overlap that of the
5397:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
2543:
2531:
2221:
2219:
2162:
1081:
797:
Genocide was committed on a large scale during both
714:. He and other scholars date the first genocides to
3044:
2126:
2004:
1803:
1693:
1663:
1632:
1590:
1446:
1362:
1130:
1096:
5663:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
2993:
2991:
2984:
2956:
2525:
2513:
2489:
2273:
2237:
2210:
1992:
1980:
1956:
1944:
1920:
1866:
1860:
1596:
1434:
706:of innocent people based on their ethnic identity.
365:... any of the following acts committed with
8553:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
2960:; Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S., eds. (2023).
2800:The Complexity of Evil: Perpetration and Genocide
2216:
1731:
1675:
1620:
1164:
734:rather than applied to a larger group. Potential
254:used to prosecute defeated German leaders at the
9210:
5693:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
5668:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5286:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5032:
3105:Genocide and Human Rights: A Philosophical Guide
8213:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
4226:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
3171:
3125:
2702:Living in Death: Genocide and Its Functionaries
7695:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
6132:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
6126:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
5507:
3392:
3337:
3245:
3064:
2838:
2473:
2457:
2445:
2381:
2345:
2325:
2297:
2249:
2104:
2088:
1721:
1705:
1574:
1558:
1542:
1410:
1299:
1263:
1248:
1236:
1209:
1197:
1182:
1158:
1124:
1071:
987:Mourners at a 2007 funeral for victims of the
8708:
6755:
6313:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
6120:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
5775:
5493:
4519:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
3495:
2935:Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept
2931:
2899:
1821:
1530:
1518:
1506:
6435:Violence against Hindus in independent India
3103:Lang, Berel (2005). "The Evil in Genocide".
2922:
2913:
2901:
2861:
394:
9112:United Nations world population conferences
7911:List of people killed for being transgender
6647:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
6162:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
5405:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
5145:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
3314:
3219:Simon, David J.; Kahn, Leora, eds. (2023).
3190:Genocidal Violence: Concepts, Forms, Impact
2770:
2409:
2144:
1494:
1482:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1275:
1221:
602:The death of large numbers of civilians as
175:
9025:Population and housing censuses by country
8715:
8701:
6762:
6748:
5782:
5768:
5678:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
5500:
5486:
5352:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3502:
3488:
808:
525:International Network of Genocide Scholars
470:. The first conviction for genocide in an
6282:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
5698:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
3975:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
3404:
3375:
3357:
3275:
3266:
3254:
3218:
3053:
2016:
1398:
1347:
314:Participation in the Genocide Convention
8748:Estimates of historical world population
7029:Social determinants of health in poverty
3273:
3261:
2796:
2699:
2397:
2369:
2357:
2329:
2321:
2309:
2261:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
1614:
982:
851:
694:
686:
597:
309:
233:
146:between 1941 and 1943. Lemkin's coinage
122:
40:are now collectively referred to as the
27:
6246:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
3847:Indigenous peoples in the United States
3293:
3016:The Cambridge World History of Genocide
2982:
2962:The Cambridge World History of Genocide
2908:
2883:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.001.0001
2871:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
2673:
2622:
2571:
2433:
2421:
2333:
2285:
2198:
2186:
1932:
1908:
1884:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1470:
1458:
1422:
1386:
1374:
1287:
1139:
1107:
1090:
1009:
757:, including in colonial states such as
397:or mental harm to members of the group;
284:racial segregation in the United States
9211:
6192:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
3169:
3080:(2023). "Introduction to Volume III".
2920:
2076:
1968:
305:
8696:
6743:
6441:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
5763:
5481:
5382:
5263:
5031:
5008:Mass killings under communist regimes
4533:
4296:
3991:
3652:
3532:
3483:
3397:International Journal of Epidemiology
3180:
2645:
2594:
2549:
2537:
2171:
2156:
2132:
2120:
1872:
1809:
1797:
1645:
474:was in 1998 for a perpetrator of the
9181:
8677:
7717:Capital punishment for homosexuality
7034:Social determinants of mental health
4957:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
3102:
2841:Researching Perpetrators of Genocide
2744:
2718:
2501:
2225:
1896:
1848:
1833:
1737:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1626:
1602:
1170:
947:
732:limited to a particular town or city
271:credit for passing the convention.
9117:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
7837:Genital modification and mutilation
6585:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
6535:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
6447:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
6240:Christianization of the Sámi people
5193:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
751:destruction of indigenous societies
722:, in which God commanded genocide (
680:For a more comprehensive list, see
496:
16:Intentional destruction of a people
13:
6769:
3296:International Studies Perspectives
2994:Kiernan, Lemos & Taylor (2023)
2985:Kiernan, Lemos & Taylor (2023)
14:
9255:
9009:Population and Development Review
6429:Violence against Muslims in India
6423:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
6369:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
3435:
2623:Maynard, Jonathan Leader (2022).
2005:Kiernan, Madley & Taylor 2023
1694:Kiernan, Madley & Taylor 2023
1660:, Sociologists redefine genocide.
1447:Kiernan, Madley & Taylor 2023
1363:Kiernan, Madley & Taylor 2023
412:In addition, attempted genocide,
390:(a) Killing members of the group;
80:Genocide has occurred throughout
9193:
9192:
9180:
9057:Population concern organizations
8763:Projections of population growth
8676:
8667:
8666:
8316:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
8153:Law for Protection of the Nation
8053:White genocide conspiracy theory
6724:
5383:
5264:
4534:
4297:
3992:
3653:
3467:
3453:
3441:
2526:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
2514:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
2490:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
2274:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
2238:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
2211:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
1993:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
1981:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
1957:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
1945:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
1921:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
1861:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
1435:Lemos, Taylor & Kiernan 2023
951:
351:international criminal tribunals
9158:Human impact on the environment
9092:Population Action International
8158:MSM blood donation restrictions
7906:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
6701:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
6671:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
3806:Indigenous peoples in Australia
3533:
2940:McGill-Queen's University Press
2559:
2315:
2010:
453:
361:(ICC). Genocide is defined as:
296:forced migration of populations
256:International Military Tribunal
9107:United Nations Population Fund
8722:
8171:(as religious or racial quota)
6689:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
6659:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
6393:Communist Romanian persecution
5739:International humanitarian law
5683:Special Court for Sierra Leone
4722:Genocide of indigenous peoples
4321:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
3622:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
3318:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2831:
1000:post-traumatic stress disorder
538:
229:
1:
8585:Second-generation gender bias
8301:Constitutional colorblindness
7024:Social determinants of health
6707:2024 Istanbul church shooting
6683:Christchurch mosque shootings
6471:Religious violence in Nigeria
6465:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
5437:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
3741:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
3458:The dictionary definition of
3172:McNeill & Pomeranz (2015)
3170:Levene, Mark. "Genocide". In
2845:University of Wisconsin Press
2780:University of Wisconsin Press
2400:, pp. 181–182, 187, 191.
1058:
1016:Genocide recognition politics
207:. The 1946 judgement against
6597:War crimes in the Kosovo War
6387:Communist Polish persecution
6258:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
6186:Crusades against schismatics
5703:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
5688:International Criminal Court
5368:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
5169:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
5015:Anti-communist mass killings
3749:Indigenous peoples in Canada
3685:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
3509:
3221:Handbook of Genocide Studies
2704:. Fordham University Press.
2572:Bachman, Jeffrey S. (2022).
1788:, pp. 45–46, 48–49, 53.
918:
825:We have been reproached for
359:International Criminal Court
242:was one of the instances of
183:Axis Rule in Occupied Europe
164:
7:
9132:World Population Foundation
9122:World Population Conference
9035:World population milestones
8496:Medical model of disability
8348:Hate speech laws by country
5744:International speech crimes
5525:Customary international law
5302:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
4470:National Population Program
3286:
3223:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
3141:The Cambridge World History
2912:"The Law and Genocide". In
288:Soviet nationalities policy
168:, "race, people") with the
10:
9260:
9234:International criminal law
9004:Population and Environment
8605:Social model of disability
7079:Discrimination against men
5565:Convention Against Torture
5509:International criminal law
5217:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
5161:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
4987:Effects on young survivors
4422:Sabra and Shatila massacre
3145:Cambridge University Press
3086:Cambridge University Press
3020:Cambridge University Press
2966:Cambridge University Press
2923:Bloxham & Moses (2010)
2914:Bloxham & Moses (2010)
2902:Bloxham & Moses (2010)
2797:Williams, Timothy (2020).
2728:Cambridge University Press
2700:Rechtman, Richard (2021).
2657:Cambridge University Press
2446:Anderson & Jessee 2020
2346:Anderson & Jessee 2020
2326:Anderson & Jessee 2020
2298:Anderson & Jessee 2020
2250:Anderson & Jessee 2020
1899:, Conclusion of Chapter 4.
1013:
943:
922:
812:
786:for settler violence, the
679:
673:
669:
542:
500:
325: Acceded or succeeded
225:international criminal law
218:
156:
118:
18:
9176:
9140:
9065:
9017:
8996:
8914:Human population planning
8879:
8825:
8776:
8738:Demographics of the world
8730:
8662:
8401:
8278:
8071:
7958:Opposition to immigration
7682:
7324:
7171:
6921:
6871:Race / Ethnicity
6808:
6777:
6721:
6629:South Thailand insurgency
6605:Walisongo school massacre
6573:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
6222:Expulsion of the Moriscos
6198:European wars of religion
6112:
5956:
5801:
5734:Joint criminal enterprise
5716:
5647:
5578:
5515:
5391:
5272:
5185:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
5153:Supreme National Tribunal
5043:
5024:
4934:
4856:
4759:
4637:
4544:
4307:
4002:
3764:Residential school system
3663:
3543:
3517:
3419:10.1163/15718034-12341475
3359:10.1186/s13031-019-0198-9
3202:10.1515/9783110781328-002
2679:Genocide: A World History
1822:Graziosi & Sysyn 2022
1531:Bloxham & Pendas 2010
1519:Bloxham & Pendas 2010
1507:Bloxham & Pendas 2010
937:Responsibility to protect
815:Risk factors for genocide
369:, in whole or in part, a
319: Signed and ratified
264:illegal war of aggression
21:Genocide (disambiguation)
8919:Compulsory sterilization
7953:Occupational segregation
7722:Compulsory sterilization
6019:Extrajudicial punishment
5654:(in order of foundation)
4056:Christians in Diyarbekir
3331:10.1177/0022002711408006
3153:10.1017/CBO9781139196079
2805:Rutgers University Press
2606:Harvard University Press
2578:Rutgers University Press
2564:
1314:, pp. 267–268, 283.
1030:was sometimes celebrated
214:
8861:Malthusian growth model
8481:Internalized oppression
8343:Fighting Discrimination
8333:Fat acceptance movement
8291:Anti-discrimination law
7931:Native American mascots
6712:Crocus City Hall attack
6459:Persecution of Tibetans
6216:French Wars of Religion
6138:Yellow Turban Rebellion
5592:Crimes against humanity
4994:Politics of recognition
3549:Destruction of Carthage
3276:Simon & Kahn (2023)
3267:Simon & Kahn (2023)
3255:Simon & Kahn (2023)
3247:Irvin-Erickson, Douglas
3056:Blackhawk et al. (2023)
3047:Blackhawk et al. (2023)
2875:Oxford University Press
2683:Oxford University Press
2629:Oxford University Press
2410:Kathman & Wood 2011
2145:Kathman & Wood 2011
1038:crimes against humanity
809:Causes and perpetration
788:closing of the frontier
96:, as well as with both
8988:Zero population growth
8983:Sustainable population
8907:Malthusian catastrophe
8866:Overshoot (population)
8743:Demographic transition
8600:Social identity threat
8573:Reverse discrimination
8563:Racial color blindness
8043:Violence against women
8023:Sex-selective abortion
6665:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
6641:Maspero demonstrations
6489:Huế Phật Đản shootings
5749:Universal jurisdiction
5724:Command responsibility
5617:Incitement to genocide
5555:United Nations Charter
5445:South Africa v. Israel
5413:Rohingya genocide case
4950:Names of the Holocaust
4414:Chittagong Hill Tracts
4122:Kinder der Landstrasse
4008:Late Ottoman genocides
3446:Quotations related to
991:
931:rational choice theory
864:
831:
707:
692:
607:
565:crime against humanity
450:of military activity.
422:complicity in genocide
418:incitement to genocide
410:
333:
247:
205:Bartolomé de Las Casas
176:
135:
45:
9097:Population Connection
8961:Mere addition paradox
8800:Physiological density
8568:Religious intolerance
8528:Political correctness
8358:Intersex human rights
8306:Cultural assimilation
7988:Religious persecution
7752:Disability hate crime
6635:Boko Haram insurgency
6294:Pontic Greek genocide
6204:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
6014:Extrajudicial killing
5791:Religious persecution
5310:Bosnian genocide case
4964:Holocaust terminology
4607:Christians under ISIS
4345:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
3774:1740 Batavia massacre
3598:Harrying of the North
3229:10.4337/9781800379343
3028:10.1017/9781108765480
2754:John Wiley & Sons
2324:, pp. 1–2, 211;
2159:, pp. 16–17, 27.
1004:post-traumatic growth
986:
923:Further information:
899:plausible deniability
857:Imperial Russian Army
855:
823:
698:
690:
601:
491:collective punishment
363:
357:that established the
313:
237:
138:Polish-Jewish lawyer
126:
65:, national feelings,
31:
9127:World Population Day
9082:Church of Euthanasia
8971:Non-identity problem
8946:Political demography
8902:Human overpopulation
7973:Political repression
6974:Anti-left handedness
6964:Anti-intellectualism
6617:September 11 attacks
6553:1984 anti-Sikh riots
6417:Rawalpindi massacres
6363:White Terror (Spain)
6174:Massacre at Ayyadieh
6059:Population cleansing
5650:International courts
5550:Nuremberg principles
5461:Nicaragua v. Germany
5360:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
4736:Utilitarian genocide
4715:Transgender genocide
4082:Osage Indian murders
3782:Great Gypsy Round-up
3476:at Wikimedia Commons
3010:; Madley, Benjamin;
1389:, pp. 136, 138.
1010:Genocide recognition
755:European colonialism
676:Genocides in history
545:Genocide definitions
416:to commit genocide,
393:(b) Causing serious
280:European colonialism
240:expulsion of Germans
201:Francisco de Vitoria
19:For other uses, see
8976:Reproductive rights
8807:Population dynamics
8758:Population momentum
8476:Historical eugenics
8013:Segregation academy
7993:Religious terrorism
7782:Enemy of the people
7690:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
7211:Jehovah's Witnesses
7104:Perpetual foreigner
6529:Bangladesh genocide
6509:Cultural Revolution
6501:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
6264:Circassian genocide
6150:Rhineland massacres
6064:Population transfer
6029:Forced displacement
5841:Jehovah's Witnesses
5597:Crime of aggression
5560:Genocide Convention
4847:Settler colonialism
4796:Forced assimilation
4502:Srebrenica massacre
4274:Chechens and Ingush
4032:Thracian Bulgarians
3878:Sand Creek massacre
3839:Siege of Tripolitsa
3590:Ancestral Puebloans
3345:Conflict and Health
3308:10.1093/isp/ekaa011
3278:, pp. 142–156.
3174:, pp. 420–440.
3111:UK. pp. 5–17.
2925:, pp. 259–278.
2916:, pp. 123–141.
2910:Schabas, William A.
2904:, pp. 617–637.
2436:, pp. 133–134.
2147:, pp. 737–738.
2123:, pp. 162–163.
1591:Kiernan et al. 2023
1521:, pp. 633–634.
1411:Irvin-Erickson 2023
1401:, pp. 292–295.
1300:Irvin-Erickson 2023
1264:Irvin-Erickson 2023
1249:Irvin-Erickson 2023
1237:Irvin-Erickson 2023
1224:, pp. 267–268.
1210:Irvin-Erickson 2023
1198:Irvin-Erickson 2023
1183:Irvin-Erickson 2023
1159:Irvin-Erickson 2023
1125:Irvin-Erickson 2023
989:Srebrenica massacre
925:Genocide prevention
819:Perpetrator studies
744:early modern period
587:structural violence
529:settler colonialism
472:international court
306:Genocide Convention
292:geopolitical rivals
221:Genocide Convention
71:Genocide Convention
9102:Population Matters
8817:Population pyramid
8795:Population density
8790:Population decline
8388:Social integration
8383:Self-determination
8373:Racial integration
8321:Diversity training
8311:Cultural pluralism
8286:Affirmative action
8186:Racial segregation
8096:Crime of apartheid
7998:Religious violence
7503:Indigenous people
6898:Sexual orientation
6623:2002 Gujarat riots
6547:Cambodian genocide
6541:Lebanese Civil War
6319:Soviet persecution
6156:Jerusalem massacre
6069:Sectarian violence
6054:Political violence
5602:Crime of apartheid
5540:Geneva Conventions
5326:Slobodan Milošević
5177:Erich von Manstein
4789:Extermination camp
4550:Effacer le tableau
4313:Hyderabadi Muslims
4258:Nanshitou Massacre
4242:Muslims and Croats
3944:Hamidian massacres
3831:Al-Jawazi massacre
3821:Stolen Generations
3524:list by death toll
3196:. pp. 15–38.
3109:Palgrave Macmillan
2813:20.500.12657/52460
2772:Weiss-Wendt, Anton
2675:Naimark, Norman M.
1959:, pp. 39, 50.
1549:, pp. 13, 17.
992:
963:. You can help by
881:, defense against
879:military necessity
865:
841:Berliner Tageblatt
708:
693:
608:
573:genocidal violence
480:Cambodian genocide
334:
276:indigenous peoples
248:
136:
46:
34:Cambodian genocide
9206:
9205:
9077:7 Billion Actions
8951:Population ethics
8844:Carrying capacity
8753:Population growth
8690:
8689:
8558:Racism by country
8486:Intersectionality
8471:Heteronormativity
8270:Voter suppression
8018:Sexual harassment
7817:Forced conversion
7737:Cultural genocide
7402:African Americans
7221:post–Cold War era
7206:Eastern Orthodoxy
6959:Anti-drug addicts
6954:Anti-homelessness
6881:Scientific racism
6737:
6736:
6677:Rohingya genocide
6405:Direct Action Day
6357:Šahovići massacre
6307:Armenian genocide
6301:Assyrian genocide
6188:(13th–15th cent.)
6182:(12th–16th cent.)
6180:Northern Crusades
6024:Forced conversion
5974:Cultural genocide
5969:Communal violence
5851:post–Cold War era
5836:Eastern Orthodoxy
5757:
5756:
5583:international law
5545:Nuremberg Charter
5535:Hague Conventions
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5378:
5377:
5259:
5258:
5105:Euthanasia trials
5025:Legal proceedings
4768:Cultural genocide
4694:Cultural genocide
4633:
4632:
4566:Masalit massacres
4529:
4528:
4430:Sri Lankan Tamils
4337:Arabs in Zanzibar
4292:
4291:
4210:Three Alls policy
3987:
3986:
3920:Putumayo genocide
3648:
3647:
3472:Media related to
3269:, pp. 42–53.
3263:Adhikari, Mohamed
3211:978-3-11-078132-8
3162:978-1-108-40775-5
3131:Pomeranz, Kenneth
3118:978-0-230-55483-2
3095:978-1-108-76711-8
3088:. pp. 1–28.
3058:, pp. 23–45.
3037:978-1-108-76548-0
2996:, pp. 31–56.
2975:978-1-108-64034-3
2949:978-0-2280-0951-1
2942:. pp. 3–21.
2892:978-0-19-161361-6
2854:978-0-299-32970-9
2822:978-1-9788-1431-8
2789:978-0-299-31290-9
2763:978-0-7456-8710-0
2750:What is Genocide?
2737:978-0-521-11013-6
2711:978-0-8232-9788-7
2692:978-0-19-976527-0
2666:978-1-009-02832-5
2638:978-0-19-108266-5
2615:978-0-674-50479-0
2587:978-1-9788-2147-7
2528:, pp. 45–46.
2492:, pp. 31–32.
2240:, pp. 36–37.
2067:, pp. 45–46.
2055:, pp. 44–46.
2043:, pp. 46–47.
1947:, pp. 50–51.
1800:, pp. 22–23.
1752:, pp. 56–57.
1696:, pp. 11–12.
1581:, pp. 23–24.
1565:, pp. 17–18.
1251:, pp. 20–21.
981:
980:
803:Scientific racism
716:prehistoric times
682:List of genocides
654:' of missile and
652:collateral damage
604:collateral damage
579:Cultural genocide
448:collateral damage
437:intent to destroy
367:intent to destroy
331: Only signed
250:According to the
86:prehistoric times
75:intent to destroy
9251:
9229:1940s neologisms
9224:Killings by type
9196:
9195:
9184:
9183:
9153:Green Revolution
8934:Two-child policy
8929:One-child policy
8852:
8812:Population model
8768:World population
8717:
8710:
8703:
8694:
8693:
8680:
8679:
8670:
8669:
8610:Social privilege
8595:Social exclusion
8523:Police brutality
8444:Multiculturalism
8414:Amatonormativity
8245:Social exclusion
8081:Age of candidacy
7881:Homeless dumping
7787:Ethnic cleansing
6764:
6757:
6750:
6741:
6740:
6729:
6728:
6695:2020 Delhi riots
6611:Kosheh massacres
6591:Bosnian genocide
6411:1946 Bihar riots
6074:Social cleansing
5999:Ethnic cleansing
5784:
5777:
5770:
5761:
5760:
5717:Related concepts
5655:
5612:Genocidal intent
5502:
5495:
5488:
5479:
5478:
5464:
5456:
5448:
5440:
5432:
5424:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5345:
5337:
5334:Radovan Karadžić
5329:
5321:
5313:
5305:
5297:
5294:Belgrade Process
5289:
5281:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5225:Treblinka trials
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5065:Épuration légale
5060:
5052:
5038:
5035:Holocaust trials
5029:
5028:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4876:
4869:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4782:Ethnic cleansing
4777:
4770:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4655:
4648:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4599:Shias under ISIS
4594:
4586:
4578:
4568:
4561:
4553:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4234:Serbs in Croatia
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4194:Nanjing Massacre
4189:
4186:Parsley massacre
4181:
4178:Polish Operation
4173:
4170:Romani Holocaust
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4114:Napalpí massacre
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4025:
4018:
4010:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3606:Mongol conquests
3601:
3593:
3585:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3457:
3445:
3430:
3401:
3389:
3379:
3361:
3334:
3311:
3279:
3270:
3258:
3257:, pp. 7–26.
3242:
3215:
3175:
3166:
3122:
3099:
3059:
3050:
3049:, pp. 1–20.
3041:
2997:
2988:
2987:, pp. 1–30.
2979:
2953:
2926:
2917:
2905:
2896:
2858:
2826:
2793:
2767:
2741:
2715:
2696:
2670:
2642:
2619:
2591:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2504:, pp. 5–17.
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2471:
2465:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2328:, pp. 8–9;
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1572:
1566:
1556:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1495:Weiss-Wendt 2017
1492:
1486:
1483:Weiss-Wendt 2017
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1449:, pp. 4, 9.
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1336:Weiss-Wendt 2017
1333:
1327:
1324:Weiss-Wendt 2017
1321:
1315:
1312:Weiss-Wendt 2017
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1276:Weiss-Wendt 2017
1273:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1222:Weiss-Wendt 2017
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1069:
976:
973:
955:
948:
912:Richard Rechtman
889:, and revenge.
874:collective guilt
848:
779:commodity market
775:Mohamed Adhikari
613:Ethnic cleansing
517:Rwandan genocide
513:Bosnian genocide
503:Genocide studies
497:Genocide studies
476:Rwandan genocide
330:
324:
318:
252:legal instrument
179:
167:
161:
160:
142:coined the term
130:coined the term
94:settler colonies
90:colonial empires
9259:
9258:
9254:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9209:
9208:
9207:
9202:
9172:
9136:
9070:
9068:
9061:
9013:
8992:
8941:Overconsumption
8924:Family planning
8881:
8875:
8848:
8832:
8829:
8821:
8783:
8780:
8772:
8726:
8721:
8691:
8686:
8658:
8533:Polyculturalism
8429:Civil liberties
8397:
8378:Reappropriation
8279:Countermeasures
8274:
8203:Racial steering
8169:Numerus clausus
8073:
8067:
7792:Ethnic conflict
7727:Corrective rape
7678:
7320:
7167:
7059:HIV/AIDS stigma
6917:
6866:Mental disorder
6804:
6773:
6768:
6738:
6733:
6723:
6717:
6653:Yazidi genocide
6559:Revival Process
6495:Thích Quảng Đức
6483:Buddhist crisis
6477:Istanbul pogrom
6345:1970–1987
6340:1958–1964
6335:1928–1941
6330:1921–1928
6325:1917–1921
6210:Goa Inquisition
6144:Battle of Tours
6134:(c.550–c. 1200)
6128:(c. 324–c. 491)
6108:
6009:Ethnic violence
6004:Ethnic conflict
5952:
5951:
5950:
5797:
5788:
5758:
5753:
5729:Superior orders
5712:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5643:
5585:
5582:
5574:
5530:Peremptory norm
5511:
5506:
5476:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5421:Uyghur Tribunal
5419:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5384:
5374:
5366:
5358:
5350:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5308:
5300:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5268:
5265:
5255:
5247:
5241:Fedorenko trial
5239:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5137:Stutthof trials
5135:
5127:
5119:
5113:Nuremberg trial
5111:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5073:Majdanek trials
5071:
5063:
5055:
5049:Krasnodar trial
5047:
5039:
5033:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4872:
4865:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4651:
4644:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4575:Southern Kaduna
4573:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
4387:
4380:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4162:Simele massacre
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4021:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3952:Herero and Nama
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3819:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3762:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3571:
3563:
3557:Asiatic Vespers
3555:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3438:
3433:
3289:
3284:
3239:
3212:
3163:
3143:. Vol. 7.
3133:, eds. (2015).
3119:
3096:
3074:Naimark, Norman
3038:
3014:, eds. (2023).
2976:
2950:
2893:
2869:, eds. (2010).
2863:Bloxham, Donald
2855:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2790:
2764:
2738:
2712:
2693:
2667:
2639:
2616:
2588:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2472:
2468:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:, p. 190;
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2103:
2099:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:, p. 6–10.
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:, pp. 7–9.
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1728:, pp. 3–4.
1720:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:, pp. 6–7.
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1212:, pp. 7–8.
1208:
1204:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1114:
1106:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1034:atrocity crimes
1018:
1012:
977:
971:
968:
961:needs expansion
946:
927:
921:
870:atrocity crimes
850:
833:
821:
811:
685:
678:
672:
596:
547:
541:
505:
499:
456:
409:
385:group, as such:
332:
328:
326:
322:
320:
316:
308:
260:atrocity crimes
232:
227:
219:Main articles:
217:
121:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9257:
9247:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9190:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9168:Sustainability
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9144:
9142:
9141:Related topics
9138:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9073:
9071:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9032:
9030:Largest cities
9027:
9021:
9019:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9006:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8899:
8891:
8885:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8850:I = P × A × T
8846:
8841:
8835:
8833:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8792:
8786:
8784:
8777:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8734:
8732:
8728:
8727:
8720:
8719:
8712:
8705:
8697:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8684:
8674:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8578:Reverse racism
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8548:Prisoner abuse
8545:
8540:
8538:Power distance
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8456:Ethnic penalty
8453:
8452:
8451:
8449:Neurodiversity
8446:
8436:
8434:Dehumanization
8431:
8426:
8424:Cisnormativity
8421:
8416:
8411:
8405:
8403:
8402:Related topics
8399:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8260:State religion
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8196:Nuremberg Laws
8193:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8138:Ghetto benches
8135:
8133:Gerrymandering
8130:
8125:
8120:
8118:Gender pay gap
8115:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8077:
8075:
8072:Discriminatory
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7901:Lavender scare
7898:
7896:Kill Haole Day
7893:
7891:Indian rolling
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7856:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7777:Eliminationism
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7712:Cancel culture
7709:
7704:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7686:
7684:
7683:Manifestations
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7579:Middle Eastern
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7331:
7329:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7316:Zoroastrianism
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7243:Untouchability
7240:
7230:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7177:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7069:Leprosy stigma
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6771:Discrimination
6767:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6744:
6735:
6734:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6709:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6679:(2016–ongoing)
6674:
6673:(2014–ongoing)
6668:
6662:
6661:(2014–ongoing)
6656:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6637:(2009–ongoing)
6632:
6631:(2004–ongoing)
6626:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6556:
6550:
6544:
6538:
6537:(1971–ongoing)
6532:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6518:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6498:
6492:
6480:
6474:
6473:(1953–ongoing)
6468:
6462:
6461:(1950–ongoing)
6456:
6455:(1949–ongoing)
6450:
6444:
6438:
6437:(1947–ongoing)
6432:
6431:(1947–ongoing)
6426:
6425:(1947–ongoing)
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6399:Noakhali riots
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6316:
6310:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6288:Greek genocide
6285:
6279:
6276:Adana massacre
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6140:(c.184–c. 205)
6135:
6129:
6123:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6089:State religion
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5994:Discrimination
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:Zoroastrianism
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5873:Untouchability
5870:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5795:discrimination
5787:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5764:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5581:Crimes against
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5482:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5457:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5364:
5356:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5213:
5205:
5201:Eichmann trial
5197:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5165:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5081:Chełmno trials
5077:
5069:
5061:
5053:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:Trivialization
4862:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4810:Killing Fields
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4554:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4446:Kuwaiti Bedoon
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:Crimean Tatars
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4106:Kantō Massacre
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3862:Trail of Tears
3858:
3854:Indian removal
3843:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3817:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3693:Kashmiri Shias
3689:
3681:
3673:
3664:
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3660:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3626:
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3507:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3451:
3437:
3436:External links
3434:
3432:
3431:
3413:(2): 278–301.
3402:
3390:
3335:
3325:(5): 735–760.
3312:
3302:(3): 361–382.
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3271:
3259:
3237:
3216:
3210:
3182:Moses, A. Dirk
3178:
3177:
3176:
3161:
3127:McNeill, J. R.
3123:
3117:
3100:
3094:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3051:
3036:
3004:Blackhawk, Ned
3000:
2999:
2998:
2989:
2974:
2954:
2948:
2929:
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2927:
2918:
2906:
2891:
2867:Moses, A. Dirk
2859:
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2742:
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2647:Moses, A. Dirk
2643:
2637:
2620:
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2592:
2586:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2480:, p. 246.
2466:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2424:, p. 119.
2414:
2412:, p. 738.
2402:
2390:
2374:
2372:, p. 177.
2362:
2360:, p. 143.
2350:
2338:
2314:
2312:, p. 174.
2302:
2290:
2288:, p. 307.
2278:
2266:
2264:, p. 146.
2254:
2242:
2230:
2215:
2203:
2201:, p. 319.
2191:
2189:, p. 308.
2176:
2174:, p. 329.
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2097:
2081:
2079:, p. 430.
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2017:Blackhawk 2023
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1971:, p. 277.
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1911:, p. vii.
1901:
1889:
1887:, p. 118.
1877:
1865:
1853:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1776:, p. 375.
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1714:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1567:
1551:
1535:
1533:, p. 636.
1523:
1511:
1509:, p. 632.
1499:
1497:, p. 266.
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1425:, p. 136.
1415:
1403:
1399:Ozoráková 2022
1391:
1379:
1377:, p. 123.
1367:
1352:
1350:, p. 281.
1348:Ozoráková 2022
1340:
1338:, p. 158.
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1253:
1241:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1187:
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1014:Main article:
1011:
1008:
979:
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972:September 2024
958:
956:
945:
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920:
917:
822:
810:
807:
674:Main article:
671:
668:
648:bombing cities
617:Rudolph Rummel
595:
592:
583:Raphael Lemkin
543:Main article:
540:
537:
509:social science
501:Main article:
498:
495:
455:
452:
408:
407:
404:
401:
398:
391:
387:
327:
321:
315:
307:
304:
268:United Nations
258:at Nuremberg,
244:state violence
231:
228:
216:
213:
209:Arthur Greiser
140:Raphael Lemkin
128:Raphael Lemkin
120:
117:
84:, even during
55:Raphael Lemkin
42:Killing Fields
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9256:
9245:
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9148:Bennett's law
9146:
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9143:
9139:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
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9120:
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9115:
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9069:organizations
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9046:
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9041:
9038:
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8887:
8886:
8884:
8878:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8856:Kaya identity
8854:
8851:
8847:
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8632:Social stigma
8630:
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8299:
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8284:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8255:State atheism
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
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8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
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8201:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8191:Jim Crow laws
8189:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8176:One-drop rule
8174:
8172:
8170:
8166:
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8149:
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8119:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
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8102:
8099:
8097:
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8091:Blood quantum
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8038:Victimisation
8036:
8034:
8033:Trans bashing
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8003:Religious war
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
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7983:Racialization
7981:
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7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7854:Glass ceiling
7852:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7797:Ethnic hatred
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
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7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7732:Counter-jihad
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
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7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7517:United States
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
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7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7380:United States
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7323:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7301:Protestantism
7299:
7297:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7216:LDS or Mormon
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7146:Transmisogyny
7144:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7049:Gerontophobia
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6969:Anti-intersex
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6944:Anti-albinism
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6785:Institutional
6783:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6765:
6760:
6758:
6753:
6751:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6732:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:Yugoslav Wars
6577:
6574:
6571:
6566:
6565:Big Excursion
6563:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6493:
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6484:
6481:
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6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6375:The Holocaust
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
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6328:
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6322:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6270:Dungan Revolt
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
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6154:
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6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6084:State atheism
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5979:Deprogramming
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5931:Protestantism
5929:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:LDS or Mormon
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:Slave trading
5627:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5381:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5262:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5233:Sobibor trial
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:Belsen trials
5094:
5090:
5089:Dachau trials
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5057:Kharkov trial
5054:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:Justification
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:The Holocaust
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:Death marches
4823:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4583:Iraqi Turkmen
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4218:The Holocaust
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4100:(1920s–1930s)
4099:
4098:Ingrian Finns
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4023:Pontic Greeks
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3938:(1890s–1900s)
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3761:
3758:(1700s–1800s)
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3608:(1200s–1360s)
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3464:at Wiktionary
3463:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:9781800379336
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:Straus, Scott
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:Ihrig, Stefan
2593:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2552:, p. 23.
2551:
2546:
2540:, p. 22.
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2516:, p. 32.
2515:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2398:Rechtman 2021
2394:
2388:, p. 10.
2387:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2370:Rechtman 2021
2366:
2359:
2358:Anderton 2023
2354:
2348:, p. 11.
2347:
2342:
2336:, p. 319
2335:
2331:
2330:Rechtman 2021
2327:
2323:
2322:Williams 2020
2318:
2311:
2310:Rechtman 2021
2306:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2276:, p. 50.
2275:
2270:
2263:
2262:Anderton 2023
2258:
2252:, p. 12.
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2213:, p. 49.
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2135:, p. 32.
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2065:Adhikari 2023
2061:
2054:
2053:Adhikari 2023
2049:
2042:
2041:Adhikari 2023
2037:
2031:, p. 43.
2030:
2029:Adhikari 2023
2025:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1995:, p. 55.
1994:
1989:
1983:, p. 47.
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1923:, p. 31.
1922:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1863:, p. 33.
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1824:, p. 15.
1823:
1818:
1812:, p. 25.
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1764:, p. 62.
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1648:, p. 19.
1647:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1615:Williams 2020
1611:
1605:, p. 38.
1604:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1473:, p. 47.
1472:
1467:
1461:, p. 57.
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1437:, p. 35.
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1413:, p. 13.
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1290:, p. 53.
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1266:, p. 22.
1265:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1239:, p. 20.
1238:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1200:, p. 11.
1199:
1194:
1192:
1185:, p. 15.
1184:
1179:
1173:, p. 39.
1172:
1167:
1161:, p. 14.
1160:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1093:, p. 48.
1092:
1087:
1085:
1078:, p. 11.
1077:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:the Holocaust
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:schizophrenia
990:
985:
975:
966:
962:
959:This section
957:
954:
950:
949:
941:
938:
934:
932:
929:According to
926:
916:
913:
907:
905:
900:
895:
890:
888:
887:land grabbing
884:
880:
875:
871:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
842:
837:
830:
828:
820:
816:
806:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
773:According to
771:
768:
764:
760:
759:United States
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:human history
705:
701:
700:The Holocaust
697:
689:
683:
677:
667:
665:
661:
657:
656:drone strikes
653:
649:
645:
644:A. Dirk Moses
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
605:
600:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
574:
570:
569:extermination
566:
561:
560:genocidal war
557:
552:
546:
536:
534:
533:Patrick Wolfe
530:
526:
522:
521:Kosovo crisis
518:
514:
510:
504:
494:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
451:
449:
444:
443:
438:
434:
429:
427:
426:municipal law
423:
419:
415:
405:
402:
399:
396:
392:
389:
388:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
362:
360:
356:
352:
350:
345:
341:
340:
312:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
245:
241:
236:
226:
222:
212:
210:
206:
202:
196:
194:
189:
188:the Holocaust
185:
184:
178:
174:
171:
166:
159:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
129:
125:
116:
114:
113:
110:denounced as
107:
103:
102:the Holocaust
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:human history
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
50:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
9185:
8997:Publications
8956:Antinatalism
8894:
8871:World3 model
8731:Major topics
8466:Gender-blind
8353:Human rights
8181:Racial quota
8168:
8148:Jewish quota
8128:Gerontocracy
8123:Gender roles
8101:Disabilities
8086:Blood purity
8058:Wife selling
8048:White flight
8028:Slut-shaming
8008:Scapegoating
7926:Murder music
7841:
7599:Palestinians
7412:South Africa
7397:Black people
7375:South Africa
7196:Christianity
7186:Baháʼí Faith
7114:Sectarianism
7054:Heterosexism
7019:Ephebiphobia
6984:Antisemitism
6979:Anti-Masonry
6846:Hair texture
6581:(1991–2001)
6561:(1984–1989)
6521:Famen Temple
6511:(1966–1976)
6321:(1922–1991)
6290:(1913–1922)
5826:Christianity
5816:Baháʼí Faith
5606:
5570:Rome Statute
5385:21st century
5342:Ratko Mladić
5266:20th century
5209:Belzec trial
4973:Genocide law
4833:Death squads
4743:Mass killing
4653:Autogenocide
4537:21st century
4300:1946 to 1999
4172:(1935–1945)
4130:Libyan Arabs
3995:1913 to 1945
3656:1490 to 1913
3510:
3460:
3450:at Wikiquote
3410:
3406:
3395:
3349:
3343:
3322:
3316:
3299:
3295:
3220:
3189:
3135:
3104:
3081:
3070:Lower, Wendy
3066:Kiernan, Ben
3015:
3012:Taylor, Rebe
3008:Kiernan, Ben
2961:
2958:Kiernan, Ben
2934:
2870:
2840:
2799:
2775:
2749:
2746:Shaw, Martin
2723:
2720:Shaw, Martin
2701:
2678:
2651:
2624:
2600:
2573:
2560:Bibliography
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2475:
2469:
2464:, p. 2.
2459:
2453:
2448:, p. 7.
2441:
2434:Bachman 2022
2429:
2422:Bachman 2022
2417:
2405:
2393:
2383:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2334:Maynard 2022
2317:
2305:
2300:, p. 3.
2293:
2286:Maynard 2022
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2228:, p. 8.
2206:
2199:Maynard 2022
2194:
2187:Maynard 2022
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2111:, p. 8.
2106:
2100:
2095:, p. 7.
2090:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1933:Naimark 2017
1928:
1916:
1909:Naimark 2017
1904:
1892:
1885:Bachman 2022
1880:
1875:, p. 1.
1868:
1856:
1851:, Chapter 6.
1836:, Chapter 5.
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1786:Bachman 2022
1781:
1774:Bachman 2021
1769:
1762:Bachman 2022
1757:
1750:Bachman 2022
1745:
1740:, p. 5.
1733:
1723:
1717:
1712:, p. 3.
1707:
1701:
1689:
1684:, p. 7.
1677:
1665:
1653:
1629:, p. 4.
1622:
1617:, p. 8.
1610:
1598:
1593:, p. 9.
1586:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1485:, p. 9.
1478:
1471:Bachman 2022
1466:
1459:Bachman 2022
1454:
1442:
1430:
1423:Schabas 2010
1418:
1406:
1394:
1387:Schabas 2010
1382:
1375:Schabas 2010
1370:
1365:, p. 2.
1343:
1331:
1326:, p. 3.
1319:
1307:
1302:, p. 8.
1295:
1288:Bachman 2022
1283:
1278:, p. 4.
1271:
1244:
1217:
1205:
1178:
1166:
1142:, p. 2.
1140:Kiernan 2023
1127:, p. 7.
1110:, p. 6.
1108:Kiernan 2023
1091:Bachman 2022
1073:
1067:
1046:
1021:
1019:
993:
969:
965:adding to it
960:
935:
928:
908:
894:totalitarian
891:
866:
839:
836:Talaat Pasha
832:
824:
796:
772:
748:
739:
720:Hebrew Bible
709:
704:mass killing
641:
609:
577:
556:mass killing
554:genocide to
548:
506:
484:
457:
454:Prosecutions
440:
430:
411:
364:
355:Rome Statute
348:
344:reservations
337:
335:
273:
249:
197:
181:
143:
137:
131:
111:
79:
53:
48:
47:
25:
9239:Mass murder
8880:Society and
8839:Biocapacity
8368:Nonviolence
8363:LGBT rights
8328:Empowerment
8296:Anti-racism
8218:Segregation
8163:No kid zone
7963:Persecution
7876:Hate speech
7827:Gay bashing
7802:Ethnic joke
7757:Dog whistle
7702:Blood libel
7392:Azerbaijani
7296:Neopaganism
7289:Persecution
7255:Persecution
7238:Persecution
7201:Catholicism
7136:Transphobia
7119:Supremacism
7074:Lesbophobia
6989:Aporophobia
6949:Anti-autism
6800:Taste-based
6795:Statistical
6667:(2014–2017)
6655:(2014–2017)
6649:(2013–2016)
6587:(1992–1996)
6549:(1975–1979)
6543:(1975–1990)
6449:(1948–1980)
6395:(1945–1989)
6389:(1945–1989)
6383:(1941–1945)
6377:(1939–1945)
6365:(1936–1975)
6350:legislation
6315:(1917–1990)
6309:(1915–1923)
6303:(1914–1924)
6284:(1912–1913)
6272:(1862–1877)
6254:(1857–1858)
6248:(1789–1801)
6236:(1683–1922)
6230:(1673–1829)
6224:(1609–1614)
6218:(1562–1598)
6212:(1561–1812)
6206:(1526–1791)
6200:(1522–1712)
6194:(1500–1526)
6170:(1184–1908)
6168:Inquisition
6079:Segregation
6044:Intolerance
5984:Desecration
5926:Neopaganism
5919:Persecution
5885:Persecution
5868:Persecution
5831:Catholicism
5455:(2023–2024)
5423:(2020–2021)
5370:(1999–2015)
5362:(1997–2022)
5354:(1994–2015)
5344:(2011–2017)
5336:(2008–2016)
5328:(2002–2006)
5320:(1993–2017)
5312:(1993–2007)
5304:(1946–1948)
5288:(1946–1948)
5278:Budak trial
5249:Finta trial
5235:(1965–1966)
5227:(1964–1970)
5219:(1963–1989)
5211:(1963–1965)
5195:(1961–1962)
5171:(1946–1949)
5163:(1946–1948)
5155:(1946–1948)
5147:(1946–1953)
5139:(1946–1947)
5123:(1945–1946)
5121:Minsk trial
5115:(1945–1946)
5107:(1945–1949)
5099:(1945–1948)
5091:(1945–1947)
5083:(1945–2001)
5075:(1944–1989)
5067:(1944–1951)
5037:(1943–2022)
4943:Definitions
4593:(2014–2017)
4585:(2014–2017)
4577:(2011–2023)
4552:(2002–2003)
4521:(1996–1997)
4496:(1992–1995)
4488:(1991–2003)
4472:(1987–2002)
4464:(1987–1989)
4456:(1986–1989)
4440:(1983–1987)
4438:Gukurahundi
4432:(1983–2009)
4416:(1977–1997)
4408:(1975–1979)
4400:(1974–1999)
4363:(1970–2003)
4361:Feyli Kurds
4355:(1966–1970)
4331:(1962–1996)
4323:(1956–1989)
4284:(1944–1948)
4276:(1944–1948)
4268:(1943–1945)
4260:(1942–1945)
4244:(1941–1945)
4236:(1941–1945)
4228:(1941–1945)
4220:(1941–1945)
4212:(1940–1942)
4204:(1939–1945)
4196:(1937–1938)
4180:(1937–1938)
4156:(1932–1933)
4140:(1930–1933)
4132:(1929–1932)
4124:(1926–1973)
4092:(1919–1933)
4084:(1918–1931)
4076:(1916–1917)
4066:(1916–1934)
4050:(1915–1917)
4042:(1915–1919)
4017:(1913–1922)
3977:(1912–1913)
3962:(1905–1907)
3954:(1904–1907)
3946:(1894–1896)
3930:(1888–1893)
3922:(1879–1913)
3912:Circassians
3906:(1850–1864)
3872:(1846–1873)
3864:(1830–1850)
3856:(1830–1847)
3823:(1869–1977)
3815:(1825–1832)
3800:(1785–2017)
3766:(1874–1996)
3743:(1648–1657)
3735:(1640–1649)
3727:(1636–1638)
3695:(1548–1872)
3671:(1492–1514)
3640:(1402–1496)
3632:(1393–1394)
3616:(1209–1229)
3600:(1069–1070)
3536:Before 1490
2832:Collections
2077:Levene 2015
1969:Fraser 2010
998:, suicide,
792:Mark Levene
753:as part of
551:Martin Shaw
539:Definitions
487:Retribution
464:superpowers
458:During the
353:and by the
230:Development
195:societies.
193:pluralistic
38:mass burial
32:During the
9213:Categories
9067:Events and
8882:population
8828:Population
8779:Population
8724:Population
8642:Stereotype
8637:Speciesism
8518:Oppression
8513:Oikophobia
8409:Allophilia
8393:Toleration
8250:Sodomy law
8143:Internment
8063:Witch-hunt
7941:Blackhawks
7871:Hate group
7859:Hate crime
7832:Gendercide
7822:Freak show
7812:Excellence
7772:Employment
7742:Defamation
7674:Vietnamese
7669:Venezuelan
7559:Lithuanian
7228:Falun Gong
7163:Xenophobia
7158:Vegaphobia
7141:Non-binary
7099:Pedophobia
7064:Homophobia
6876:Skin color
6836:Disability
6809:Attributes
6790:Structural
6164:(643–1526)
6039:Iconoclasm
6034:Hate crime
5964:Censorship
5858:Falun Gong
5634:Starvation
5129:Riga trial
4980:Prevention
4925:Indigenous
4840:Incitement
4708:Gendercide
4669:Classicide
4662:Politicide
4623:Gaza Strip
4398:East Timor
4369:Bangladesh
4329:Guatemalan
4250:Sook Ching
4146:La Matanza
3870:California
3582:Bar Kokhba
3400:: 246–257.
3194:De Gruyter
2550:Moses 2023
2538:Moses 2023
2172:Moses 2021
2157:Moses 2023
2133:Moses 2023
2121:Ihrig 2016
1873:Moses 2021
1810:Moses 2023
1798:Moses 2023
1646:Moses 2023
1059:References
1053:hate crime
1042:war crimes
883:aggression
846:4 May 1916
813:See also:
799:world wars
642:Historian
633:classicide
629:politicide
625:gendercide
519:, and the
414:conspiracy
98:world wars
9163:Migration
9040:6 billion
8615:Christian
8543:Prejudice
8491:Masculism
8439:Diversity
8233:religious
8208:Redlining
7807:Ethnocide
7767:Education
7659:Ukrainian
7594:Pakistani
7584:Mongolian
7507:Australia
7489:Hungarian
7444:Colombian
7424:Bulgarian
7306:Rastafari
7260:Ahmadiyya
7173:Religious
7151:Trans men
7109:Pregnancy
7044:Gayphobia
7039:Fatphobia
6934:Acephobia
6929:Arophobia
6913:Viewpoint
6515:Four Olds
6228:Test Acts
6094:Terrorism
5936:Rastafari
5890:Ahmadiyya
5639:War crime
4918:Cambodian
4911:Holodomor
4803:Massacres
4687:Ethnocide
4676:Eliticide
4406:Cambodian
4154:Holodomor
4048:Armenians
4040:Assyrians
3813:Black War
3701:Huguenots
3584:(132–136)
3567:(50s BCE)
3551:(146 BCE)
3519:Genocides
3427:1569-1853
3368:1752-1505
3352:(1): 14.
2502:Lang 2005
2226:Shaw 2014
1897:Shaw 2015
1849:Shaw 2015
1834:Shaw 2015
1738:Shaw 2014
1682:Shaw 2014
1670:Shaw 2014
1658:Shaw 2015
1627:Shaw 2014
1603:Shaw 2015
1171:Shaw 2015
1020:The word
919:Reactions
763:Australia
664:sanctions
660:blockades
650:and the '
439:" is the
383:religious
9219:Genocide
9198:Category
8966:Natalism
8889:Eugenics
8672:Category
8654:The talk
8590:Snobbery
8508:Net bias
8338:Feminism
8265:Ugly law
8106:Catholic
8074:policies
7921:Mortgage
7916:Lynching
7847:examples
7842:Genocide
7762:Economic
7747:Democide
7707:Bullying
7624:Romanian
7589:Nigerian
7539:Japanese
7469:Georgian
7454:Filipino
7387:Assyrian
7360:Armenian
7350:American
7345:Albanian
7327:National
7311:Yazidism
7233:Hinduism
7191:Buddhism
7094:Nepotism
7089:Misogyny
7084:Misandry
7009:Cronyism
7004:Clannism
6999:Biphobia
6939:Adultism
6856:Language
6731:Religion
6252:Utah War
6122:(64–313)
6099:Violence
5989:Domicide
5941:Yazidism
5863:Hinduism
5821:Buddhism
5802:By group
5607:Genocide
4883:Armenian
4750:Domicide
4729:Policide
4701:Eugenics
4646:Democide
4615:Rohingya
4266:Volhynia
4090:Cossacks
3936:Selk'nam
3798:Chechens
3790:Dzungars
3717:Lameyans
3709:Kalinago
3679:(1500s–)
3638:Guanches
3573:Eburones
3559:(88 BCE)
3511:Genocide
3474:Genocide
3461:genocide
3448:Genocide
3386:31011364
3287:Journals
3184:(2023).
2774:(2017).
2748:(2015).
2722:(2014).
2677:(2017).
2649:(2021).
2598:(2016).
2474:Lindert
2458:Lindert
2382:Kiernan
2105:Kiernan
2089:Kiernan
1722:Kiernan
1706:Kiernan
1575:Kiernan
1559:Kiernan
1543:Kiernan
1072:Kiernan
1022:genocide
904:ideology
784:impunity
767:frontier
740:genocide
736:medieval
637:urbicide
621:democide
531:such as
460:Cold War
442:mens rea
433:specific
375:ethnical
371:national
148:combined
144:genocide
132:genocide
112:genocide
67:religion
63:language
49:Genocide
9187:Commons
8830:ecology
8781:biology
8682:Commons
8461:Figleaf
7886:Housing
7654:Turkish
7604:Pashtun
7574:Mexican
7554:Kurdish
7534:Italian
7529:Israeli
7479:Haitian
7464:Finnish
7439:Chinese
7434:Chechen
7429:Catalan
7419:Bengali
7340:African
7325:Ethnic/
7284:Judaism
7275:Sunnism
7265:Shi'ism
7181:Atheism
7014:Elitism
6903:Species
6841:Genetic
6831:Dialect
6485:(1963)
6242:(1700s)
5957:Methods
5914:Judaism
5905:Sunnism
5895:Shi'ism
5811:Atheism
5517:Sources
5447:(2023–)
5439:(2022–)
5431:(2022–)
5415:(2019–)
5407:(2012–)
5399:(2005–)
4904:Rwandan
4897:Bosnian
4890:Serbian
4817:Pogroms
4760:Methods
4625:(2023–)
4617:(2017–)
4609:(2014–)
4601:(2014–)
4591:Yazidis
4560:(2003–)
4511:Rwandan
4494:Bosnian
4486:Ahwaris
4480:(1990–)
4448:(1985–)
4376:Burundi
4138:Kazakhs
3928:Hazaras
3914:(1860s)
3904:Manchus
3896:Moriori
3888:Charrúa
3792:(1750s)
3756:Beothuk
3725:Pequots
3687:(1500–)
3630:Assyria
3614:Cathars
3377:6460659
944:Effects
670:History
119:Origins
59:culture
9244:Racism
8897:genics
8647:threat
8501:autism
8238:sexual
8228:racial
8111:Jewish
7968:Pogrom
7946:Chiefs
7936:Braves
7664:Uyghur
7639:Somali
7634:Slavic
7619:Romani
7614:Quebec
7609:Polish
7549:Korean
7544:Jewish
7512:Canada
7499:Indian
7484:Hazara
7459:Fulani
7370:France
7335:Afghan
7270:Sufism
6994:Audism
6922:Social
6851:Height
6714:(2024)
6703:(2023)
6697:(2020)
6691:(2019)
6685:(2019)
6643:(2011)
6625:(2002)
6619:(2001)
6613:(2000)
6607:(2000)
6599:(1999)
6593:(1995)
6575:(1990)
6567:(1989)
6555:(1984)
6531:(1971)
6523:(1966)
6517:(1966)
6503:(1963)
6497:(1963)
6491:(1963)
6479:(1955)
6467:(1950)
6443:(1948)
6419:(1947)
6413:(1946)
6407:(1946)
6401:(1946)
6371:(1933)
6359:(1924)
6278:(1909)
6266:(1864)
6260:(1860)
6176:(1191)
6158:(1099)
6152:(1096)
6113:Events
6049:Pogrom
5900:Sufism
5624:Piracy
5463:(2024)
5296:(1946)
5280:(1945)
5251:(1994)
5243:(1986)
5203:(1961)
5187:(1958)
5179:(1949)
5131:(1946)
5059:(1943)
5051:(1943)
4935:Issues
4858:Denial
4558:Darfur
4513:(1994)
4478:Amhara
4424:(1982)
4371:(1971)
4353:Biafra
4347:(1966)
4339:(1964)
4315:(1948)
4252:(1942)
4188:(1937)
4164:(1933)
4148:(1932)
4116:(1924)
4108:(1923)
4074:Kyrgyz
4058:(1915)
4034:(1913)
4015:Greeks
3898:(1835)
3890:(1831)
3880:(1864)
3841:(1821)
3833:(1816)
3784:(1749)
3776:(1740)
3719:(1636)
3711:(1626)
3703:(1572)
3624:(1311)
3592:(800s)
3425:
3384:
3374:
3366:
3253:". In
3235:
3208:
3159:
3115:
3092:
3034:
2972:
2946:
2889:
2851:
2819:
2786:
2760:
2734:
2708:
2689:
2663:
2635:
2612:
2584:
2476:et al.
2460:et al.
2384:et al.
2107:et al.
2091:et al.
1724:et al.
1708:et al.
1577:et al.
1561:et al.
1545:et al.
1074:et al.
1002:, and
863:, 1915
728:Amalek
662:, and
635:, and
420:, and
395:bodily
379:racial
349:ad hoc
329:
323:
317:
286:, and
177:-caedo
173:suffix
9018:Lists
8625:white
7978:Purge
7644:Tatar
7569:Māori
7564:Malay
7524:Irish
7474:Greek
7449:Croat
7407:China
7365:Asian
7250:Islam
7124:White
6861:Looks
6826:Class
6821:Caste
6778:Forms
6146:(732)
5880:Islam
4638:Terms
4462:Isaaq
4454:Anfal
4202:Poles
4064:Kurds
3960:Ukame
3733:Huron
3669:Taíno
3565:Gauls
2565:Books
724:herem
215:Crime
170:Latin
165:genos
158:γένος
154:word
152:Greek
8620:male
8419:Bias
7864:LGBT
7649:Thai
7629:Serb
7494:Igbo
7355:Arab
7129:Male
6908:Size
6888:Rank
5793:and
4775:Rape
4389:1993
4382:1972
3677:Ainu
3423:ISSN
3382:PMID
3364:ISSN
3233:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3090:ISBN
3032:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2944:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2661:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2478:2017
2462:2019
2386:2023
2109:2023
2093:2023
1726:2023
1710:2023
1579:2023
1563:2023
1547:2023
1076:2023
1026:evil
861:Mush
817:and
761:and
749:The
238:The
223:and
203:and
150:the
106:evil
92:and
8895:Dys
8223:age
6893:Sex
6816:Age
6104:War
3415:doi
3372:PMC
3354:doi
3327:doi
3304:doi
3249:. "
3225:doi
3198:doi
3149:doi
3024:doi
2879:doi
2809:hdl
1040:or
967:.
838:in
666:".
619:'s
567:of
381:or
9215::
3421:.
3411:21
3409:.
3380:.
3370:.
3362:.
3350:13
3348:.
3342:.
3323:55
3321:.
3300:22
3298:.
3231:.
3204:.
3192:.
3188:.
3155:.
3147:.
3139:.
3129:;
3107:.
3084:.
3076:;
3072:;
3068:;
3030:.
3022:.
3006:;
2968:.
2938:.
2885:.
2877:.
2873:.
2865:;
2847:.
2843:.
2815:.
2807:.
2803:.
2782:.
2778:.
2756:.
2752:.
2730:.
2726:.
2685:.
2681:.
2659:.
2655:.
2631:.
2627:.
2608:.
2604:.
2580:.
2576:.
2218:^
2179:^
2164:^
1841:^
1634:^
1355:^
1256:^
1229:^
1190:^
1147:^
1132:^
1115:^
1098:^
1083:^
844:,
658:,
631:,
627:,
575:.
515:,
482:.
431:A
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