299:
215:, Claus Kress argued that the ICTY and ICTR were incorrect in their view of the genocidal intent of individuals. Hans Vest argued for the interlinked roles of an individual's intent and the individual's expectation of contributing to a collective action. Kjell Anderson discussed ways of separating out the roles of collective policies and their interaction with individual intent. Olaf Jenssen disagreed with the lack of sentencing
137:, especially "the scale of atrocities committed, their general nature, in a region or a country, or furthermore, the fact of deliberately and systematically targeting victims on account of their membership of a particular group, while excluding the members of other groups."
76:(direct intent, meaning that the perpetrator committed the act with both the knowledge of its harmful consequences and the desire to cause that harm) needs to be proven to convict for genocide, or whether a knowledge-based standard should be enough to convict for genocide.
103:
argued that when it comes to state responsibility for genocide, "a state's specific intent to destroy a protected group can only be proved by the existence of a genocidal policy or manifest pattern of conduct."
96:) to physically destroy the group based on its real or perceived nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion. Intention to destroy the group's culture or intending to scatter the group does not suffice.
293:
157:(indirect intent, meaning that the perpetrator did not desire the harm but foresaw it as a certain result of their actions and committed the act with this knowledge) is less clear.
175:
The acquittal of Jelisić under the more onerous standard was controversial, and one scholar opined that Nazis would have been allowed to go free under the ICTY's ruling. When
100:
1095:
1130:
669:
Dojčinović, Predrag (2016). "The chameleon of mens rea and the shifting guises of culture-specific genocidal intent in international criminal proceedings".
922:
1090:
160:
Some scholars argue that a knowledge standard would make it easier to obtain convictions. Some of the existing international tribunal cases like
1120:
118:
568:
Aydin, Devrim (2014). "The
Interpretation of Genocidal Intent under the Genocide Convention and the Jurisprudence of International Courts".
1100:
303:
122:
987:
740:
Nersessian, David L. (2002). "The
Contours of Genocidal Intent: Troubling Jurisprudence from the International Criminal Tribunals".
915:
330:
Organizing
Rebellion: Non-state Armed Groups Under International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights Law, and International Criminal Law
482:
457:
432:
407:
278:
368:
908:
498:
Clark, Janine
Natalya (2015). "Elucidating the Dolus Specialis: An Analysis of ICTY Jurisprudence on Genocidal Intent".
957:
17:
400:
The
Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law
798:
603:
Behrens, Paul (2015). "Between
Abstract Event and Individualized Crime: Genocidal Intent in the Case of Croatia".
1161:
1105:
126:
762:
Jensen, Olaf (2013). "Evaluating genocidal intent: the inconsistent perpetrator and the dynamics of killing".
423:
Smith, Roger W. (1999). "State Power and
Genocidal Intent: On the Uses of Genocide in the Twentieth Century".
977:
1125:
1110:
939:
247:: First Serb convicted by the ICTY under the purpose standard; did not rule out a knowledge standard under
1166:
947:
248:
184:
1192:
1003:
931:
271:
Genocide, Torture and
Terrorism: Ranking International Crimes and Justifying Humanitarian Intervention
219:
for genocidal intent, arguing that legal consistency would imply that some of the perpetrators of the
1156:
1014:
134:
1171:
1146:
1039:
59:
1115:
972:
196:
88:), it is essential to demonstrate that the perpetrators had a deliberate and specific aim (
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8:
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85:
67:
1202:
1056:
1051:
1024:
962:
779:
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585:
550:
515:
310:. ("In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with
176:
1197:
967:
783:
690:
624:
589:
554:
533:"Three Responses to 'Can There Be Genocide Without the Intent to Commit Genocide?'".
519:
478:
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403:
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49:
31:
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886:
859:
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216:
199:
referred to the precedent of the ICTR in discussing the role of genocidal intent.
168:
1151:
952:
775:
639:
395:
91:
640:""Ethnic Cleansing" and Genocidal Intent: A Failure of Judicial Interpretation?"
344:"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect"
241:: Acquittal under the more onerous standard, controversial for its implications.
151:
would meet the
Genocide Convention's intent requirement; the weaker standard of
581:
314:, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such
722:
705:
616:
546:
511:
183:
court explained that its decision did not rule out a knowledge standard under
1186:
900:
212:
179:
became the first Serb convicted by the ICTY under the purpose standard, the
992:
890:
863:
836:
877:
Anderson, Kjell (2019). "Judicial
Inference of the 'Intent to Destroy'".
655:
307:
130:
1061:
799:"Proving Genocidal Intent: International Precedent and ECCC Case 002"
220:
294:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
1029:
63:
43:
850:
Vest, H. (2007). "A Structure-Based Concept of Genocidal Intent".
298:
162:
1046:
823:
Kress, Claus (2005). "The Darfur Report and Genocidal Intent".
398:(2018). "The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?".
870:
101:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
1096:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
843:
1131:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
402:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 27–104 .
332:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 284.
262:
70:. There is an unresolved "intend debate" over whether
30:"Intent to destroy" redirects here. For the film, see
112:
84:For an act to be classified as genocide (under the
1086:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
757:
755:
706:"What does 'intent to destroy' in genocide mean?"
79:
1184:
1116:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
1091:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
790:
268:
930:
752:
119:International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia
916:
816:
235:: The court rejected the knowledge standard.
223:would not have been convicted for genocide.
637:
327:
152:
146:
107:
89:
71:
41:
1101:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
923:
909:
739:
668:
123:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1121:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
879:Journal of International Criminal Justice
852:Journal of International Criminal Justice
825:Journal of International Criminal Justice
721:
876:
447:
427:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 3–14.
394:
735:
733:
602:
475:A Collective Theory of Genocidal Intent
14:
1185:
761:
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172:have rejected the knowledge standard.
140:
133:, genocidal intent can be proven with
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710:International Review of the Red Cross
703:
567:
497:
422:
145:It is non-controversial that proving
129:have ruled that, in the absence of a
849:
796:
730:
605:Leiden Journal of International Law
472:
24:
273:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17.
25:
1214:
450:On the Nature of Genocidal Intent
366:
297:
113:International Criminal Tribunals
742:Texas International Law Journal
697:
662:
644:Genocide Studies and Prevention
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425:Studies in Comparative Genocide
1162:International humanitarian law
1106:Special Court for Sierra Leone
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127:International Court of Justice
80:Definition and legal standards
13:
1:
683:10.1080/14754835.2015.1127139
638:Singleterry, Douglas (2010).
255:
1126:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
1111:International Criminal Court
776:10.1080/14623528.2012.759396
764:Journal of Genocide Research
535:Journal of Genocide Research
328:Rodenhäuser, Tilman (2018).
27:Concept in international law
7:
1167:International speech crimes
948:Customary international law
570:The Journal of Criminal Law
448:Campbell, Jason J. (2012).
249:customary international law
207:In the 2004 United Nations
185:customary international law
10:
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988:Convention Against Torture
932:International criminal law
582:10.1350/jcla.2014.78.5.943
29:
1157:Joint criminal enterprise
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1070:
1001:
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723:10.1017/S1816383110000056
617:10.1017/S0922156515000503
547:10.1080/14623520701850955
512:10.1007/s10609-015-9260-5
302:art. 2, 9 December 1948,
202:
48:(mental element) for the
1077:(in order of foundation)
269:Thomas W. Simon (2016).
226:
108:Judicial interpretations
1015:Crimes against humanity
671:Journal of Human Rights
135:circumstantial evidence
1172:Universal jurisdiction
1147:Command responsibility
1040:Incitement to genocide
978:United Nations Charter
369:"Final Report | MMIWG"
367:Z, Lara (2019-05-29).
153:
147:
90:
72:
66:according to the 1948
42:
473:Kim, Sangkul (2016).
209:Commission of Inquiry
60:elements of the crime
1073:International courts
973:Nuremberg principles
541:(1): 111–133. 2008.
197:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
1020:Crime of aggression
983:Genocide Convention
891:10.1093/jicj/mqz025
864:10.1093/jicj/mqm036
837:10.1093/jicj/mqi054
797:Park, Ryan (2010).
704:Ambos, Kai (2009).
452:. Lexington Books.
191:Recent developments
141:Standards of intent
86:Genocide Convention
68:Genocide Convention
1025:Crime of apartheid
963:Geneva Conventions
806:Rutgers Law Review
656:10.3138/gsp.5.1.39
500:Criminal Law Forum
376:www.mmiwg-ffada.ca
99:In 2019, Canada's
1193:Elements of crime
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1179:
1006:international law
968:Nuremberg Charter
958:Hague Conventions
484:978-94-6265-123-4
459:978-0-7391-7847-8
434:978-1-349-27348-5
409:978-3-319-78169-3
312:intent to destroy
280:978-1-349-56169-8
55:Intent to destroy
50:crime of genocide
32:Intent to Destroy
18:Intent to destroy
16:(Redirected from
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306:1021 – via
304:78 U.N.T.S.
1187:Categories
1057:Starvation
381:2024-01-26
353:2024-01-26
348:www.un.org
308:Wikisource
256:References
131:confession
1203:Intention
1062:War crime
784:146191450
691:148074049
625:152124051
590:144141503
555:216136915
520:143072669
221:Holocaust
211:into the
1198:Genocide
1030:Genocide
121:(ICTY),
64:genocide
44:mens rea
940:Sources
239:Jelisić
233:Akayesu
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586:S2CID
551:S2CID
516:S2CID
372:(PDF)
227:Cases
479:ISBN
454:ISBN
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166:and
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