The Holocaust - Knowledge

2682:, p. 36, "The Holocaust is particular to Jews and yet has had increasing relevance for those who do not identify as Jewish. ... All Jews everywhere were to be murdered because of their racial heritage was 'put into state policy' on January 20, 1942 at the Wannsee conference (Bazyler 2017, 29). Witness to the genocide of the Jews is a uniquely Jewish experience, because only Jews were targeted by that policy, even if other groups were targeted for genocide under other policies. The Nazi regime committed genocide against the Roma and Sinti, governed by separate policies. They also committed war crimes against Soviet Prisoners of War under other policies. So too the mass murder of disabled and the mentally ill had their own policies. The Nazis committed multiple genocides and crimes against humanity, at the same time, sometimes in the same place, governed by different laws, policies, and practices. It is not correct to say that there were many victim types during 'the Holocaust,' if by 'the Holocaust' we mean the genocide of the Jews."; 1214: 1785: 1908: 57: 717: 967: 1373: 1983: 1090: 2171: 1714: 1202: 2247: 1653: 1443:, partly because of the low priority accorded to these transports. Shortage of rail transport sometimes led to postponement or cancellation of deportations. Upon arrival, the victims were robbed of their remaining possessions, forced to undress, had their hair cut, and were chased into the gas chamber. Death from the gas was agonizing and could take as long as 30 minutes. The gas chambers were primitive and sometimes malfunctioned. Some prisoners were shot because the gas chambers were not functioning. At other extermination camps, nearly everyone on a transport was killed on arrival, but at Auschwitz around 20–25 percent were separated out for labor, although many of these prisoners died later on through starvation, mass shooting, torture, and medical experiments. 2710:, p. xxxix, "This book deals with the fate of the Jews, not of 'other victims' of Nazi political repression and racial-biological policies. Several other groups endured social exclusion, incarceration in concentration camps, and mass murder. However, the rationale for the persecution of these groups differed radically from the intentions that underlay anti-Jewish policy. Even though homosexual men and women, Germans of African descent, and the severely mentally and physically disabled were all disparaged in Nazi racial thinking, and depicted as a threat to the strength and purity of the Volk, only the Jews were characterized as an implacable, powerful, global enemy that had to be fought at every turn and finally eliminated."; 2702:, p. 50, "Given this, it must always be remembered that the Holocaust was a premeditated action by the Nazis to permanently eradicate a Jewish presence in Europe. Others—the disabled, Roma, Poles and other Slavs, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, dissenting clergy, communists, socialists, "asocials," and political opponents of all sorts—were also persecuted and in many cases murdered in huge numbers; however, it was the campaign against the Jews that was the ideological "ground zero" for Nazi racial ideology. Others besides Jews were murdered, often on a genocidal scale, and should be remembered and acknowledged: but it was only the Jews who were all to be killed as part of a calculated policy of genocide."; 2758:, pp. 14–15, "There are a number of words I will try to avoid because of the serious misconceptions they might lead to. The terms 'Holocaust' and 'Shoah' are not useful since neither has any analytical value. 'Holocaust' (derived from the Greek holókauton, or burned sacrifice) has a religious connotation unbefitting of the event it is supposed to refer to, and users of this term may mean by it either the persecution and murder of Jews alone, or Nazi German violence against any group more generally ... Importantly, 'Holocaust' and 'Shoah' have also been criticized as 'teleological and anachronistic' terms that convey a retrospective view that makes complex processes appear 'as a single event.'"; 1995: 2055: 2536: 2080:

determination, and luck played a major role in determining survival. Jews in hiding were hunted down with the assistance of local collaborators and rewards offered for their denunciation. The death penalty was sometimes enforced on people hiding them, especially in eastern Europe. Rescuers' motivations varied on a spectrum from altruism to expecting sex or material gain; it was not uncommon for helpers to betray or murder Jews if their money ran out. Gerlach argues that hundreds of thousands of Jews may have died because of rumors or denunciations, and many others never attempted to escape because of a belief it was hopeless.

2750:, p. 6, "Echoing this view, some have contended that the expression 'the Holocaust' ought to refer not only to the encounter between the Third Reich and the Jews but also to 'the horrors that Poles, other Slavs, and Gypsies endured at the hands of the Nazis' (Lukas, 1986: 220). Others have extended the term to encompass the Third Reich's treatment of homosexuals, the mentally ill or infrm, and Jehovah's Witnesses, speaking of 11 or 12 million victims of the Holocaust, half of whom were Jews. Still others have employed the word 'holocaust' also when referring to cases of mass murder not perpetrated by the Third Reich."; 2706:, p. 4, "I will use the term 'Holocaust' to refer mainly to the Nazi attempt to murder the Jews of Europe; however, I will also use the more inclusive term 'Nazi genocidal project' to capture the larger murderous vision of which the Jews were such a large part. This includes Sinti/Roma (gypsies), the handicapped, political 'enemies,' Soviet prisoners of war, and—particularly in the East—entire ethnic groups such as the Slavs. One cannot understand the Holocaust in Eastern Europe without placing it in the context of this larger Nazi genocidal project that foresaw murder and demographic engineering on a colossal scale."; 2435: 2694:, pp. 199–200, "The Nazis killed some people almost exclusively due to their supposed genetic inferiority (the mentally and physically handicapped, Slavs, Roma); they killed others almost exclusively due to their perceived cultural decadence (communists, democrats, modernist authors and artists); but only the Jews were indicted on both grounds simultaneously and with equal vigor. ... This is not to say that Roma, communists, and others were not hated and murdered by the Nazis, but it is to note that the Jews were unique in being despised and assaulted in every dimension of their identity, corporeal and psychic."; 952: 1132: 804: 2746:'s terms, the Holocaust involved three separate "clusters of genocidal projects": euthanasia and "racial purification" directed against the disabled and Sinti and Roma (at the time referred to collectively as "Gypsies") within the Third Reich; the eradication of Slavic populations living in countries east of Germany; and the Final Solution proper—that is, the attempted mass murder of every Jew residing anywhere within Germany's sphere of influence (Browning 2010, 407). (The list of persecuted categories—people targeted by the Nazis in ways short of genocide—would of course be longer.)"; 937:", the murder of around 70,000 institutionalized Germans with mental or physical disabilities at specialized killing centers using poison gas. The victims included all 4,000 to 5,000 institutionalized Jews. Despite efforts to maintain secrecy, knowledge of the killings leaked out and Hitler ordered a halt to the centralized killing program in August 1941. Decentralized killings via denial of medical care, starvation, and poisoning caused an additional 120,000 deaths by the end of the war. Many of the same personnel and technologies were later used for the mass murder of Jews. 386: 2686:, Introduction: What is the Holocaust?, "This is why the focus here is on the Jews. Roma, the disabled, Soviet POWs, homosexuals and other groups were victims of the Nazis, and it is entirely legitimate to study their fate alongside one another. But using the term 'Holocaust' to encompass all of these groups with the aim of being inclusive and not prioritizing one group's suffering, actually does a disservice to groups other than Jews. For the Nazis persecuted these groups for different reasons, reasons we fail to appreciate if we collapse them all together."; 1113:, including more than 300,000 in Belarus. From 1942 onwards, the Germans and their allies targeted villages suspected of supporting the partisans, burning them and killing or expelling their inhabitants. During these operations, nearby small ghettos were liquidated and their inhabitants shot. By 1943, anti-partisan operations aimed for the depopulation of large areas of Belarus. Jews and those unfit for work were typically shot on the spot with others deported. Although most of those killed were not Jews, anti-partisan warfare often led to the deaths of Jews. 1020:, were established in existing residential neighborhoods and closed by fences or walls. In many smaller ghettos, Jews were forced into poor neighborhoods but with no fence. Forced labor programs provided subsistence to many ghetto inhabitants, and in some cases protected them from deportation. Workshops and factories were operated inside some ghettos, while in other cases Jews left the ghetto to work outside it. Because the ghettos were not segregated by sex some family life continued. A Jewish community leadership ( 2690:, pp. 3 ("This book is about an encounter between two sets of human beings: on one hand, the people who acted on behalf of the German state, its agencies, or its almost 66 million citizens between 30 January 1933 and 8 May 1945; on the other, the more than 9 million Jews ...") and 5 ("Those discoveries about the encounter between the Third Reich and the Jews made that encounter stand out in the minds of many from other instances of Nazi persecution and encouraged observers to assign it its own special name."); 26974: 2718:, p. 2, "Other groups—for example, Sinti and Roma, homosexuals, and Slavs—were swept up in the maelstrom of the Holocaust, but not for the same reasons as Jews and not with the same consequences ... In none of these cases, however, was the target group considered dangerous or coherent enough to warrant complete or immediate extirpation. This circumstance constitutes a significant difference from policies pursued toward the Jews, a difference that helps to clarify and define the Holocaust itself."; 514: 2754:, pp. 1–2, "For perhaps the first time, all major victim groups where the death tolls reached at least into the tens of thousands will be considered together: Jewish and non-Jewish ... it makes a great deal of sense to consider the different strands of Nazi mass killing together rather than in isolation from one another. This of course means going against the grain of most scholarship on the subject by examining the genocide of the European Jews alongside other Nazi mass-murder campaigns."; 583: 2282: 2259:

could not keep up were shot. The evacuations were ordered partly to retain the prisoners as forced labor and partly to avoid allowing any prisoners to fall into enemy hands. In October and November 1944, 90,000 Jews were deported from Budapest to the Austrian border. The transfer of prisoners from Auschwitz began in mid-1944, the gas chambers were shut down and destroyed after October, and in January most of the remaining 67,000 Auschwitz prisoners were sent on a death march westwards.

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deportation of Jews to their area by massacring local Jews in order to free up space in ghettos for the deportees. If the deported Jews did not die of harsh conditions, they were killed later in extermination camps. Jews deported to Auschwitz were initially entered into the camp; the practice of conducting selections and murdering many prisoners upon arrival began in July 1942. In May and June, German and Slovak Jews deported to Lublin began to be sent directly to extermination camps.

27148: 27131: 22700: 21913: 14367: 23701: 27029: 27097: 22720: 27114: 27080: 713:, with varying rights. The regime also sought to segregate Jews with a view to their ultimate disappearance from the country. Jewish students were gradually forced out of the school system. Some municipalities enacted restrictions governing where Jews were allowed to live or conduct business. In 1938 and 1939, Jews were barred from additional occupations, and their businesses were expropriated to force them out of the economy. 27063: 1952:

obtain better jobs vacated by murdered Jews. Businessmen benefitted from eliminating their Jewish competitors or taking over Jewish-owned businesses. Others took over housing and possessions that had belonged to Jews. Some Poles living near the extermination camps later dug up human remains in search of valuables. The property of deported Jews was also appropriated by Germany's allies and collaborating governments. Even

27046: 22710: 1226:. Typically, the pits would be guarded after the execution but sometimes a few victims managed to escape afterwards. Executions were public spectacles and the victims' property was looted both by the occupiers and local inhabitants. Around 200 ghettos were established in the occupied Soviet Union, with many existing only briefly before their inhabitants were executed. A few large ghettos such as Vilna, 2263:

escape forced labor. The death marches led to the breakdown of supplies for the camps that continued to exist, causing additional deaths. Although there was no systematic killing of Jews during the death marches, around 70,000 to 100,000 Jews died in the last months of the war. Many of the death march survivors ended up in other concentration camps that were liberated in 1945 during the

2420:. Although many survivors were in poor health, they attempted to organize self-government in these camps, including education and rehabilitation efforts. Due to the reluctance of other countries to allow their immigration, many survivors remained in Germany until the establishment of Israel in 1948. Others moved to the United States around 1950 due to loosened immigration restrictions. 2762:, p. 51, "The authors of this volume have adopted the third approach to a working definition: The Holocaust—that is, Nazi genocide—was the systematic, state-sponsored murder of entire groups determined by heredity. This applied to Jews, Gypsies, and the handicapped. This section also makes it clear that other definitions are defended by scholars who deserve a respectful hearing." 296:. Although many Jews tried to escape, surviving in hiding was difficult due to factors such as the lack of money to pay helpers and the risk of denunciation. The property, homes, and jobs belonging to murdered Jews were redistributed to the German occupiers and other non-Jews. Although the majority of Holocaust victims died in 1942, the killing continued at a lower rate until the 1681:. In March 1942, killings began in Belzec, targeting Jews from Lublin who were not capable of work. This action reportedly reduced the black market and was deemed a success to be replicated elsewhere. By mid-1942, Nazi leaders decided to allow only 300,000 Jews to survive in the General Governorate by the end of the year for forced labor; for the most part, only those working in 2473:, which the prosecution argued was the root of Nazi criminality; nevertheless, the systematic murder of Jews came to take center stage. This trial and others held by the Allies in occupied Germany—the United States Army alone charged 1,676 defendants in 462 war crimes trials—were widely perceived as an unjust form of political revenge by the German public. 2032:

hours, and abuse by employers. Hundreds of thousands died. Many others were forced to work for the occupiers without leaving their country of residence. Some of Germany's allies, including Slovakia and Hungary, agreed to deport Jews to protect non-Jews from German demands for forced labor. East European women were also kidnapped, via

2673:, pp. 18–19, "Much of this debate curiously boils down to a very specific historical question, namely, did the Nazis target the Jews for genocide in a manner that was essentially different from their treatment of any other group under their rule? There can be little doubt that the Jews played a singular role in the Nazi 2612:, the Holocaust was evoked widely and divergently, by Jews and non-Jews alike. Whether Holocaust memory actually promotes human rights is disputed. In Israel, the memory of the Holocaust has been used at times to justify the use of force and violation of international human rights norms, in particular as part of the 2600:

self-critical memory of the Holocaust developed in the 1970s and 1980s, and spread to some other western European countries. The national memories of the Holocaust were extended to the European Union as a whole, in which Holocaust memory has provided both shared history and an emotional rationale for committing to

1001:, but this proved impossible. The Nazis planned that harsh conditions in these areas would kill many Jews. In September 1939, around 7,000 Jews were killed, alongside thousands of Poles, however, they were not systematically targeted as they would be later, and open mass killings would subside until June of 1941. 1028:) exercised some authority and tried to sustain the Jewish community while following German demands. As a survival strategy, many tried to make the ghettos useful to the occupiers as a labor reserve. Jews in western Europe were not forced into ghettos but faced discriminatory laws and confiscation of property. 2357:, which was marked by the introduction of extermination camps. Roughly two million Jews were killed from March 1942 to November 1943. Around 1.47 million Jews were murdered in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942, a rate approximately 83% higher than the commonly suggested figure for the 2677:

and that German Jewish policies distinguished them within the Nazi universe of murder and fantasy; but other groups clearly have been similarly targeted in other genocides 'the extent of the 'final solution' was ... shaped by an antisemitism that was colored by a different element over and above the

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Historians estimate that property losses to Jews of Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, France, Poland, and Hungary amounted to around 10 billion in 1944 dollars, or $ 170 billion in 2023. This estimate does not include the value of labor extracted. Overall, the amount of Jewish property looted by the

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Around six million Jews were killed. Of the six million victims, most of those killed were from Eastern Europe, and with half from Poland alone. Around 1.3 million Jews who had once lived under Nazi rule or in one of Germany's allies survived the war. One-third of the Jewish population worldwide, and

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In January 1945, more than 700,000 people were imprisoned in the concentration camp system, of whom as many as a third died before the end of the war. At this time, most concentration camp prisoners were Soviet and Polish civilians, either arrested for real or supposed resistance or for attempting to

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In mid-1943, Himmler sought to bring surviving Jewish forced laborers under the control of the SS in the concentration camp system. Some of the forced-labor camps for Jews and some ghettos, such as Kovno, were designated concentration camps, while others were dissolved and surviving prisoners sent to

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Throughout the war, no detailed photo intelligence study was carried out on any of the major concentration or extermination camps. Appeals from Jewish representatives to the American and British governments to bomb rail lines leading to the camps or crematoriums was rejected, with little to no input

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At the same time as the mass killing of Jews in the General Governorate, Jews who were in ghettos to the west and east were targeted. Tens of thousands of Jews were deported from ghettos in the Warthegau and East Upper Silesia to Chełmno and Auschwitz. 300,000 Jews—largely skilled laborers—were shot

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between 22 July and 12 September. Of the original population of 350,000 Jews, 250,000 were killed at Treblinka, 11,000 were deported to labor camps, 10,000 were shot in the ghetto, 35,000 were allowed to remain in the ghetto after a final selection, and around 20,000 or 25,000 managed to hide in the

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on 20 January 1942. This high-level meeting was intended to coordinate anti-Jewish policy. The majority of Holocaust killings were carried out in 1942, with it being the peak of the genocide, as over 3 million Jews were murdered, with 20 or 25 percent of Holocaust victims dying before early 1942 and

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brigades, and local auxiliaries shot many Jews. By the end of 1941, more than 80 percent of the Jews in central Ukraine, eastern Belarus, Russia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been shot, but less than 25 percent of those living farther west where 900,000 remained alive. By the end of the war, around 1.5

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The occupiers relied on locals to identify Jews to be targeted. The first German mass killings targeted adult male Jews who had worked as civil servants or in jobs requiring education. Tens of thousands were shot by the end of July. The vast majority of civilian victims were Jews. In July and August

2714:, p. xiii, "This book also reflects another of its editor's convictions: the Holocaust was National Socialist Germany's assault on the Jews of Europe. Nazism attacked many groups, but none for the same reason that it attacked the Jews, none with the same urgency, and none to the same extent."; 1430:

The camps were located on rail lines to make it easier to transport Jews to their deaths, but in remote places to avoid notice. The stench caused by mass killing operations was noticeable to anyone nearby. Except in the deportations from western and central Europe, people were typically deported to

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The executions often took place a few kilometers from a town. Victims were rounded up and marched to the execution site, forced to undress, and shot into previously dug pits. The favored technique was a shot in the back of the neck with a single bullet. In the chaos, many victims were not killed by

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During the invasion, synagogues were burned and thousands of Jews fled or were expelled into the Soviet occupation zone. Various anti-Jewish regulations were soon issued. In October 1939, adult Jews in the General Governorate were required to perform forced labor. In November 1939 they were ordered

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points out how the Holocaust was unique in that it was "the industrial killing of millions of human beings in factories of death, ordered by a modern state, organized by a conscientious bureaucracy, and supported by a law-abiding, patriotic "civilized" society." Another debate concerns whether the

2230:, mostly to Auschwitz. The expropriation of Jewish property was useful to achieve Hungarian economic goals and sending the Jews as forced laborers avoided the need to send non-Jewish Hungarians. Those who survived the selection were forced to provide construction and manufacturing labor as part of 2031:

Including the Soviet prisoners of war, 13 million people were brought to Germany for forced labor. The largest nationalities were Soviet and Polish and they were the worst-treated groups except for Roma and Jews. Soviet and Polish forced laborers endured inadequate food and medical treatment, long

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were reorganized in preparation for mass killings and instructed to shoot Soviet officials and Jewish state and party employees. The shootings were justified on the basis of Jews' supposed central role in supporting the communist system, but it was not initially envisioned to kill all Soviet Jews.

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made up less than 1 percent of the country's population in 1933. They were wealthier on average than other Germans and largely assimilated, although a minority were recent immigrants from eastern Europe. Various German government agencies, Nazi Party organizations, and local authorities instituted

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convinced many survivors to leave eastern Europe. Antisemitism was reported to increase in several countries after the war, in part due to conflicts over property restitution. When the war ended, there were less than 28,000 German Jews and 60,000 non-German Jews in Germany. By 1947, the number of

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The support, or at least absence of active opposition, of the local population was essential but often lacking in Eastern Europe. Those in hiding depended on the assistance of non-Jews. Having money, social connections with non-Jews, a non-Jewish appearance, perfect command of the local language,

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declared that "the Holocaust, perhaps more than any other event in the past century, represents the pinnacle of evil". The Holocaust has been described as "perhaps the most savage and significant single crime in recorded history" and that of the most barbaric events in the twentieth century "the

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Following Allied advances, the SS deported concentration camp prisoners to camps in Germany and Austria, starting in mid-1944 from the Baltics. Weak and sick prisoners were often killed in the camp and others were forced to travel by rail or on foot, usually with no or inadequate food. Those who

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Although the Nazis sought to control every aspect of public and private life, Nazi repression was directed almost entirely against groups perceived as outside the national community. Most Germans had little to fear provided they did not oppose the new regime. The new regime built popular support

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to be drawn from the Holocaust, whether this is the case and what these lessons are is disputed. Communist states marginalized the topic of antisemitic persecution while eliding their nationals' collaboration with Nazism, a tendency that continued into the post-communist era. In West Germany, a

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In the decades after the war, Holocaust memory was largely confined to the survivors and their communities. The popularity of Holocaust memory peaked in the 1990s after the fall of Communism, and became central to Western historical consciousness as a symbol of the ultimate human evil. Genocide

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Millions of Germans and others benefited from the genocide. Corruption was rampant in the SS despite the proceeds of the Holocaust being designated as state property. Different German state agencies vied to receive property stolen from Jews murdered at the death camps. Many workers were able to

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varied and has led to historiographical debate. Studies of the SS officials who organized the Holocaust have found that most had strong ideological commitment to Nazism. In addition to ideological factors, many perpetrators were motivated by the prospect of material gain and social advancement.

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were often ordered to assist with liquidation actions, although these Jews were in most cases murdered later. Chaotic, capriciously executed selections determined who would be loaded onto the trains. Many Jews were shot during the action, often leaving ghettos strewn with corpses. Jewish forced

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to the Soviet interior, including as many as 260,000 Jews who largely survived the war. Although most Jews were not communists, some accepted positions in the Soviet administration, contributing to a pre-existing perception among many non-Jews that Soviet rule was a Jewish conspiracy. In 1940,

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deliberately subjected workers to murderous conditions. Beginning in 1941 and increasingly as time went on, Jews capable of employment were separated from others—who were usually killed. They were typically employed in non-skilled jobs and could be replaced easily if non-Jewish workers were

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Unlike the killing areas in the east, the deportation from elsewhere in Europe was centrally organized from Berlin, although it depended on the outcome of negotiations with allied governments and popular responses to deportation. Beginning in late 1941, local administrators responded to the

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Anti-Jewish violence, largely locally organized by members of Nazi Party institutions, took primarily non-lethal forms from 1933 to 1939. Jewish stores, especially in rural areas, were often boycotted or vandalized. As a result of local and popular pressure, many small towns became entirely

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two-thirds of European Jews, had been wiped out. Death rates varied widely due to a variety of factors and approached 100 percent in some areas. Some reasons why survival chances varied was the availability of emigration and protection from Germany's allies—which saved around 600,000 Jews.

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An estimated 200,000 to 250,000 Germans were directly involved in killing Jews, and if one includes all those involved in the organization of extermination, the number rises to 500,000. Genocide required the active and tacit consent of millions of Germans and non-Germans. The motivation of

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partisans, and some civilians. Some were coerced into committing violence against Jews, but others killed for entertainment, material rewards, the possibility of better treatment from the occupiers, or ideological motivations such as nationalism and anti-communism. According to historian

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in Poland, and the beginning of the deportation of German Jews as indicative of the final decision having been made before December 1941. Others argue that these policies were initiatives by local leaders and that the final decision was made later. On 5 December 1941, the Soviet Union

771:. By the end of 1939, most Jews who could emigrate had already done so; those who remained behind were disproportionately elderly, poor, or female and could not obtain a visa. The plurality, around 110,000, left for the United States, while smaller numbers emigrated to South America, 786:

Besides Germany, a significant number of other European countries abandoned democracy for some kind of authoritarian or fascist rule. Many countries, including Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia, passed antisemitic legislation in the 1930s and 1940s. In October 1938,

2518:. Germany paid pensions and other reparations for harm done to some Holocaust survivors. Other countries have paid restitution for assets stolen from Jews from these countries. Most Western European countries restored some property to Jews after the war, while communist countries 2018:

and segregated work details. These camps were often of a temporary nature and typically overseen by civilian authorities. Initially, mortality did not increase dramatically. After mid-1941, conditions for Jewish forced laborers drastically worsened and death rates increased; even

2722:, pp. 1–2, "For the purpose of this book, the Holocaust is understood as the genocide of the Jews ... 'Holocaust', then, refers to the genocide of the Jews, which by no means excludes an understanding that other groups—notably Romanies and Slavs—were victims of genocide."; 2678:

racism and ethno-nationalism that explains the murder of other groups by Nazi Germany—that element being the view of 'the Jews' as an implacable, collective world enemy.' To be sure, this makes the Holocaust unique only within the context of the Nazi empire ...";

2392:. In some countries, such as Hungary, Jews were a majority of civilian deaths; in Poland, they were either a majority or about half. In other countries such as the Soviet Union, France, Greece, and Yugoslavia, non-Jewish civilian losses outnumbered Jewish deaths. 1071:. To increase the speed of conquest the Germans planned to feed their army by looting, exporting additional food to Germany, and to terrorize the local inhabitants with preventative killings. The Germans foresaw that the invasion would cause a food shortfall and 1685:

were spared. The majority of ghettos were liquidated in mass executions nearby, especially if they were not near a train station. Larger ghettos were more commonly liquidated during multiple deportations to extermination camps. During this campaign, 1.5 million

2730:, pp. 45 ("The Holocaust is commonly defined as the mass murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans during World War II. Not everyone finds this a fully satisfactory definition.") and 51 ("the traditional view that it was the genocide of the Jews alone") 2028:

a concentration camp. Despite many deaths, as many as 200,000 Jews survived the war inside the concentration camps. Although most Holocaust victims were never imprisoned in a concentration camp, the image of these camps is a popular symbol of the Holocaust.

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in most European countries, and often were overrepresented. Jews were not always welcome, particularly in nationalist resistance groups—some of which killed Jews. Particularly in Belarus, with its favorable geography of dense forests, many Jews joined the

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Plans to kill most of the Jews in the General Governorate were affected by various goals of the SS, military, and civil administration to reduce the amount of food consumed by Jews, enable a slight increase in rations to non-Jewish Poles, and combat the

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Nazis was about 10 percent of the total stolen from occupied countries. Efforts by survivors to receive reparations for their losses began immediately after World War II. There was an additional wave of restitution efforts in the 1990s connected to the

2149:(JDC) raised $ 70 million and in the years after the war it raised $ 300 million. This money was spent aiding emigrants and providing direct relief in the form of parcels and other assistance to Jews living under German occupation, and after the war to 609:

in January 1933 in a backroom deal supported by right-wing politicians. Within months, all other political parties were banned, the regime seized control of the media, tens of thousands of political opponents—especially communists—were arrested, and

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condemning the systematic murder of Jews. Most neutral countries in Europe maintained a pro-German foreign policy during the war. Nevertheless, some Jews were able to escape to neutral countries, whose policies ranged from rescue to non-action.

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states that over two million Jews were murdered from late July to mid-November, stating that "these three-and-a-half months were the most intense, the deadliest of the entire Holocaust". It was the fastest rate of genocidal killing in history.

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available, but those in skilled positions had a higher chance of survival. Although conditions varied widely between camps, Jewish forced laborers were typically treated worse than non-Jewish prisoners and suffered much higher mortality rates.

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in the face of a half-hearted German deportation effort in late 1943. Additional killings in 1943 and 1944 eliminated all remaining ghettos and most surviving Jews in Eastern Europe. Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka were shut down and

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was essential to take action, but many struggled to believe the news. Many attempted to jump from trains or flee ghettos and camps, but successfully escaping and living in hiding was extremely difficult and often unsuccessful.

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and Galicia killed many Jews. Although there was practically no resistance in the General Governorate in 1942, some Soviet Jews improvised weapons, attacked those attempting to liquidate the ghetto, and set it on fire. These

1458:(largely Ukrainian auxiliaries), and very few German guards. About half of the Jews killed in the Holocaust died by poison gas. Thousands of Romani people were also murdered in the extermination camps. Prisoner uprisings at 1104:

were intended to die in large numbers. Sixty percent—3.3 million people—died, primarily of starvation, making them the second largest group of victims of Nazi mass killing after European Jews. Jewish prisoners of war and

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that never passed any restitution legislation. Many restitution programs fell short of restoration of prewar assets, and in particular, large amounts of immovable property was never returned to survivors or their heirs.

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and other resistance efforts in France. The death rate in the Netherlands was higher than neighboring countries, which scholars have attributed to difficulty in hiding or increased collaboration of the Dutch police.

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In Western Europe, almost all Jewish deaths occurred after deportation. The occupiers often relied on local policemen to arrest Jews, limiting the number who were deported. In 1942, nearly 100,000 Jews were deported

2726:, p. 1, "Between 5,100,000 and 6,200,000 Jews were murdered during the Second World War, an episode the Nazis called the 'final solution of the Jewish question'. The world today knows it as the Holocaust."; 1771:

necessitated the use of heavy weapons. The uprising in Warsaw prompted the Nazi leadership to liquidate additional ghettos and labor camps in German-occupied Poland with their inhabitants massacred, such as the

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in 1961. Instead of convicting Eichmann on the basis of documentary evidence, Israeli prosecutors asked many Holocaust survivors to testify, a strategy that increased publicity but has proven controversial.

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to 2 million Jews were shot and as many as 225,000 Roma. The murderers found the executions distressing and logistically inconvenient, which influenced the decision to switch to other methods of killing.

2153:. The United States banned sending relief into German-occupied Europe after entering the war, but the JDC continued to do so. From 1939 to 1944, 81,000 European Jews emigrated with the JDC's assistance. 427:. By the early twentieth century, most Jews in central and western Europe were well integrated into society, while in eastern Europe, where emancipation had arrived later, many Jews continued to live in 21771: 1285:

near Riga, but Himmler ordered an end to such massacres and some in the senior Nazi leadership voiced doubts about killing German Jews. Executions of German Jews in the Baltics resumed in early 1942.

1776:, or deported to extermination camps for fear of additional Jewish resistance developing. Nevertheless, in early 1944, more than 70,000 Jews were performing forced labor in the General Governorate. 874: 2507: 2450:

that affected possibly as much as 2–3 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews. Nazi atrocities led to the United Nations'

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reported a combined revenue of RM 178.7 million from belongings stolen from their victims, far exceeding costs. Combined, the camps required the labor of less than 3,000 Jewish prisoners, 1,000

17276: 2238:. Although the Nazis' goal of eliminating any Jewish population from Germany had largely been achieved in 1943, it was reversed in 1944 as a result of the importation of these Jews for labor. 1005:

to wear white armbands. Laws decreed the seizure of most Jewish property and the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses. When Jews were forced into ghettos, they lost their homes and belongings.

2267:. The liberators found piles of corpses that they had to bulldoze into mass graves. Some survivors were freed there and others had been liberated by the Red Army during its march westwards. 11198: 2206:, with limited success. Attempts to continue deportations in Western Europe after 1942 often failed because of Jews going into hiding and the increasing recalcitrance of local authorities. 2072: 7590: 17485: 2361:. Between July to October 1942, two million Jews were murdered, including Operation Reinhard and other killings, with over three million Jews killed in 1942 alone, as stated by historian 16713: 12466: 18569: 23160: 989:

of the General Governorate. 45,000 Jews were deported by November and left to fend for themselves, causing many deaths. Deportations stopped in early 1940 due to the opposition of

7055: 2654:, the world Jewish population reached 15.2 million by the end of 2020 – approximately 1.4 million less than on the eve of the Holocaust in 1939, when the number was 16.6 million. 12493: 1693:

In order to reduce resistance, the ghetto would be raided without warning, usually in the early morning, and the extent of the operation would be concealed as long as possible.

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ghetto. Misdirection efforts convinced many Jews that they could avoid deportation until it was too late. During a six-week period beginning in August, 300,000 Jews from the

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After liberation, many Jews attempted to return home. Limited success in finding relatives, the refusal of many non-Jews to return property, and violent attacks such as the

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Jews in Germany had increased to 250,000 owing to emigration from eastern Europe allowed by the communist authorities; Jews made up around 25 percent of the population of

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of Soviet cities and some rural areas. Although the starvation policy was less successful than planners hoped, the residents of some cities, particularly in Ukraine, and

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to kill all Jews across Europe, but there is disagreement when. Some historians cite inflammatory statements by Hitler and other Nazi leaders as well as the concurrent

24898: 15500: 993:, the leader of the General Governorate, who did not want his fiefdom to become a dumping ground for unwanted Jews. After the conquest of France, the Nazis considered 19412: 1190:' zones of operation, relaying orders to kill more Jews. At this time, the killers began to murder Jewish women and children too. Executions peaked at 40,000 a month 26896: 24914: 23220: 17141: 2466: 288:. Victims were deported by rail to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were killed with poison gas. Other Jews continued to be employed in 1257:

from 1941 to 1943. Jews from Transnistria were also imprisoned in these ghettos, where the total death toll may have reached 160,000. Hungary expelled thousands of

1928:

German SS, police, and regular army units rarely had trouble finding enough men to shoot Jewish civilians, even though punishment for refusal was absent or light.

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Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; estimated by Gerlach at 6 to 8 million, at more than 10 million by

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in 1935. The laws reserved full citizenship rights for those of "German or related blood", restricted Jews' economic activity, and criminalized new marriages and

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from the War Departments of the United States or United Kingdom. However, debate exists on whether a military response would have impacted on the Holocaust.

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despite the prohibition of relationships, including fraternization, between German and foreign workers, which imposed the penalty of imprisonment and death.

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on 22 June 1941. Although the war was launched more for strategic than ideological reasons, what Hitler saw as an apocalyptic battle against the forces of

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were established in the Wartheland and General Governorate in 1939 and 1940 on the initiative of local German administrators. The largest ghettos, such as

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is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of other groups that the Nazis targeted, especially those targeted on a biological basis, in particular the

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united Germans across the political spectrum. The military promoted the untrue but compelling idea that, rather than being defeated on the battlefield,

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for harboring gold deposited by Nazis who had stolen it during the Holocaust, as well as profiting from unclaimed deposits made by Holocaust victims.

562:(living space) in Eastern Europe for colonization. These ideas appealed to many Germans. The Nazis promised to protect European civilization from the 25213: 24660: 24536: 23232: 22643: 13868: 12294: 11170: 10488: 1965: 191: 159: 9307:

How Do We Remember the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust? A Global View of an Integrated Memory of Perpetrators, Victims and Third-party Countries

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many formerly Jewish assets, meaning that the overall amount restored to Jews has been lower in those countries. Poland is the only member of the

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Shooting from behind became popular because killers did not have to look at their victims' faces and the dead were likely to fall into the grave.

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in May or June 1944. Men are lined up to the right, women and children to the left. About 25 percent were selected for work and the rest gassed.

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programme—amid increasing talk among German administrators in Poland of large-scale murder of Jews in the General Governorate. In late 1941 in

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is often cited as the main factor explaining the Holocaust. From the beginning, the Nazis—not unlike other nation-states in Europe—dreamed of

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as well. It is the single most documented and studied genocide in history. It is also seen as the archetype of genocide and the benchmark in

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in late 1943, Germany deported several thousand Jews from Italy and the former Italian occupation zones of France, Yugoslavia, Albania, and

25654: 25510: 25494: 25466: 24714: 23921: 23367: 23314: 23309: 23304: 22443: 20758: 20649: 13652: 12793: 12788: 12780: 11281: 11193: 6254: 2146: 598: 490:(1914–1918) intensified nationalist and racist sentiments in Germany and other European countries. Jews in eastern Europe were targeted by 7127: 3710: 1652: 1159:, Ukraine, and the Romanian borderlands. Although German forces tried to incite pogroms, their role in causing violence is controversial. 26411: 25478: 25390: 25334: 25297: 24579: 23621: 23136: 22426: 21691: 18308: 18215: 18049: 17550: 12197: 12021: 8963: 2083: 2020: 1936: 1722: 1427:

became the preferred killing method in extermination camps after gassing experiments were conducted on Russian POWs in late August 1941.

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was established to hold those members of the Polish intelligentsia not killed in the purges. Around 400,000 Poles were expelled from the

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This article is about the state-sponsored genocide of European Jews during World War II. For all peoples persecuted during this era, see

8102:(2024). "The Long Term and the Short Term: Antisemitism and the Holocaust". In Weitzman, Mark; Williams, Robert J.; Wald, James (eds.). 1907: 27183: 25383: 24115: 23433: 22810: 19827: 18635: 18359: 17530: 17353: 17323: 17228: 17175: 16144: 13295: 12937: 12158: 11085: 2788: 1866: 1846: 1083: 623: 369:

was dropped as redundant and Holocaust, now capitalized, became the default term for the destruction of European Jews. The Hebrew word

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Most Holocaust perpetrators were never put on trial for their crimes. During and after World War II, many European countries launched

1948:, non-Germans "not under German command" caused 5 to 6 percent of the Jewish deaths, and their involvement was crucial in other ways. 26889: 25517: 23907: 23865: 23439: 23256: 22613: 21669: 18237: 16422: 15798: 15587: 15325: 13598: 1890: 261:

regardless of means to attempt to emigrate, the regime passed anti-Jewish laws, encouraged harassment, and orchestrated a nationwide

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in September 1943, there were no serious attempt to deport Italian Jews, and Italy refused to allow the deportation of Jews in many

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Burzlaff, Jan (2020). "Confronting the Communal Grave: a Reassessment of Social Relations During the Holocaust in Eastern Europe".

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and first used in November 1941; victims were forced into the van and killed with engine exhaust. The first extermination camp was

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and the elderly faced even lower survival rates than adults. It is considered to be the single largest genocide in human history.

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After German military defeats in 1943, it became increasingly evident that Germany would lose the war. In early 1943, 45,000 Jews

707:. Jews were defined as those with three or four Jewish grandparents; many of those with partial Jewish descent were classified as 25633: 25430: 24467: 23967: 23879: 23815: 22349: 21947: 18298: 18288: 18044: 15572: 13802: 13416: 12908: 12580: 12101: 11829: 11224: 11175: 10993: 8503: 8440: 8295: 8185: 7595: 2565: 2539: 2389: 2112: 1682: 1314: 886: 345:", has become the most common word used to describe the Nazi extermination of Jews in English and many other languages. The term 316: 211: 195: 62: 16485: 15372: 8445: 2477:

later investigated 100,000 people and tried more than 6,000 defendants, mainly low-level perpetrators. The high-level organizer

1982: 27198: 25836: 25348: 24198: 23736: 23166: 22685: 21776: 19820: 19698: 18539: 16097: 14940: 14157: 13807: 13766: 13710: 11405: 2619:

The Holocaust is the most well-known genocide in history, and is considered to be the single most infamous case of genocide in

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in some countries; while denials of the Holocaust have been promoted by various Middle Eastern governments, figures and media.

2203: 927: 23214: 2608:. In contrast to Europe, in the United States the memory of the Holocaust tends to be more abstract and universalized. During 2187: 966: 26432: 26337: 25864: 25610: 25485: 24571: 24545: 24402: 24108: 24025: 23415: 22815: 20886: 20316: 18203: 18198: 17515: 16831: 16025: 15887: 15111: 14892: 14162: 10807: 10781: 10759: 10713: 10686: 10652: 10617: 10595: 10576: 10557: 10531: 10508: 10478: 10459: 10436: 10410: 10383: 10357: 10335: 10313: 10287: 10265: 10230: 10204: 10181: 10155: 10119: 10090: 10064: 10035: 9983: 9957: 9929: 9904: 9860: 9834: 9787: 9759: 9731: 9699: 9674: 9648: 9622: 9596: 9570: 9542: 9385: 9357: 9318: 9262: 9000: 8973: 8943: 8479: 8125: 8083: 8049: 5647: 2381:, the murder of some 43,000 Jews, the single largest massacre of Jews by German forces, occurring from 3 to 4 November 1943. 1278: 358: 234:. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs); the term 23463: 2564:, in which its advocates argue promotes citizenship while reducing prejudice generally, became widespread at the same time. 2246: 2170: 1269:

and ban emigration. Between mid-October and the end of 1941, 42,000 Jews from Germany and its annexed territories and 5,000

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over the course of nine hours, in what was the largest number ever killed in a death camp on a single day. It was part of

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The systematic murder of Jews began in the Soviet Union in 1941. During the invasion, many Jews were conscripted into the

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followed the army to eliminate any possible resistance. Around 50,000 Polish and Polish Jewish leaders and intellectuals

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Spoerer, Mark (2020). "The Nazi War Economy, the Forced Labor System, and the Murder of Jewish and Non-Jewish Workers".

1265:. At the beginning of September, all German Jews were required to wear a yellow star, and in October, Hitler decided to 1205:

Original Nazi propaganda caption: "Too bad even for a bullet... The Jews shown here were shot at once." 28 June 1941 in

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As well as the six million Jews who were murdered, more than ten million other non-combatants were killed by the Nazis.

7254: 2742:, pp. 26–27, "Rather than one big thing, the Holocaust might now be described as an array of event categories. In 2551:

asserted that "the Holocaust has gradually supplanted genocide as modernity's icon of evil", while political scientist

2264: 1201: 891: 19426: 2095:—an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 across the Soviet Union. An additional 10,000 to 13,000 Jewish non-combatants lived in 1759:

were only undertaken when the inhabitants began to believe that their death was certain. In 1943, larger uprisings in

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and as many as a third of Jewish businesses may have been forced to close. Anti-Jewish violence was even worse in

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Messenger, David A. (2020). "The Geopolitics of Neutrality: Diplomacy, Refuge, and Rescue during the Holocaust".

9807: 2462: 2439: 1825:. Only 25 percent of the Jews in France were killed; most of them were either non-citizens or recent immigrants. 448: 254: 24855: 24423: 19220: 17555: 10397:(2007). "Introduction: A History Without Boundaries: the Robbery and Restitution of Jewish Property in Europe". 9585:

Searching for Justice After the Holocaust: Fulfilling the Terezin Declaration and Immovable Property Restitution

2015: 1079:, as well as the Jewish ghettos, endured human-made famine, during which millions of people died of starvation. 26852: 26824: 26702: 26495: 25732: 25183: 25109: 24905: 24276: 23995: 23900: 23785: 23663: 23361: 22742: 22603: 22460: 20778: 20245: 20074: 20042: 19870: 19784: 17316: 17157: 16787: 16545: 15961: 15751: 15461: 15053: 14118: 14068: 13462: 13050: 12081: 11894: 11356: 10945: 1323: 1156: 1148: 22790: 19517: 17064: 12056: 26912: 26845: 26796: 26727: 26552: 26058: 26009: 25773: 25766: 25369: 25130: 24921: 23974: 23681: 23657: 23445: 23244: 21261: 21231: 21219: 20492: 20484: 20397: 18911: 18054: 16817: 15921: 15516: 15318: 13159: 13107: 12985: 12848: 12553: 12393: 11556: 11410: 11391: 11371: 11341: 11234: 10469:

Kansteiner, Wulf (2017). "Transnational Holocaust Memory, Digital Culture and the End of Reception Studies".

919: 911: 899: 739: 586: 452: 404: 297: 179: 19987: 17540: 17117: 16984: 11463: 1994: 1495: 1388: 227: 27223: 27218: 27213: 27208: 27203: 27193: 26986: 26882: 26257: 26218: 25137: 24972: 24957: 24884: 24863: 24681: 24359: 24145: 24138: 24122: 23833: 23792: 23764: 23571: 23469: 23293: 22673: 22535: 22525: 22518: 22322: 21751: 21034: 20351: 20129: 20050: 20026: 19496: 18607: 18225: 18064: 17810: 17780: 17383: 16838: 16810: 16001: 15897: 15222: 14738: 14398: 13910: 13754: 13637: 13467: 13384: 13117: 12811: 12644: 12418: 11981: 11609: 11478: 11453: 11331: 10950: 10921: 9896: 9719: 7137: 2698:, p. 291, "the established understanding of the Holocaust today as the genocide of six million Jews"; 2589: 2447: 1977: 1854: 1577: 1451: 1262: 851: 651: 571: 552:

and sought to purge it of racially foreign and socially deficient elements. The Nazi Party and its leader,

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may have been shot by the German invaders; there was also a great deal of looting. Special units known as

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deemed "unfit for work" began to be sent in groups to Auschwitz where they were murdered. In early 1942,

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have been paid, although falling short of the Jews' losses. The Holocaust has also been commemorated in

27238: 26747: 26243: 26162: 26107: 25995: 25951: 25601: 25227: 25151: 25053: 24930: 24802: 24795: 24755: 24728: 24460: 24393: 23988: 23799: 23729: 22307: 21705: 21630: 21251: 20998: 20843: 20323: 20273: 20082: 19900: 19834: 19611: 19291: 18867: 18439: 17855: 17850: 17670: 17040: 16245: 15146: 15088: 14958: 14944: 14861: 14232: 13703: 13499: 13176: 13122: 12943: 12731: 12458: 12337: 12307: 12226: 12143: 11976: 11614: 11512: 11473: 11430: 11366: 11239: 11115: 10772:(2020). "Old Nazis, Ordinary Men, and New Killers: Synthetic and Divergent Histories of Perpetrators". 10082: 10002: 9852: 2401: 2378: 2130: 2087: 1549: 1447: 1350: 1191: 293: 223: 27: 23475: 21049: 9305: 27154: 26649: 26566: 26351: 26211: 26183: 26016: 25921: 25711: 25144: 24218: 23872: 23603: 23579: 23547: 23391: 23196: 23178: 23172: 23130: 22832: 22800: 22623: 22467: 20508: 20381: 20344: 20266: 19947: 18795: 18412: 17997: 17580: 17309: 17008: 16976: 16858: 16741: 15181: 14971: 14932: 14618: 14598: 14192: 14108: 14063: 13664: 13479: 13474: 13310: 12691: 12096: 11911: 11458: 11435: 11346: 11208: 11060: 11048: 11035: 10222: 9878: 8772: 2638:

continues to be popular among the broader public after being largely rejected by historians. Scholar

2429: 2347: 2207: 1874: 1842: 1605: 1521: 1404: 1152: 915: 878: 495: 373:("catastrophic destruction") exclusively refers to Jewish victims. The perpetrators used the phrase " 219: 24416: 10735: 1288:

After the expansion of killings to target the entire Soviet Jewish population, the 3,000 men of the

323:. It has become central to Western historical consciousness as a symbol of the ultimate human evil. 27228: 27178: 27069: 26388: 26365: 25617: 25418: 25411: 25075: 24735: 24707: 24700: 24087: 23409: 22993: 22968: 22910: 22795: 22769: 22240: 21855: 21799: 21615: 21601: 21131: 21044: 20968: 20896: 20872: 20838: 20516: 20500: 20231: 20153: 20137: 19604: 19270: 18712: 16706: 16697: 16398: 15775: 15311: 15199: 15027: 14999: 14936: 14468: 14218: 13632: 13421: 13315: 12775: 12743: 12575: 12530: 12076: 11856: 11395: 11376: 11323: 11307: 11254: 11249: 11160: 11150: 11140: 11092: 11075: 11065: 11030: 11025: 11020: 10549: 10500: 10196: 10056: 2596: 2506:

in restitution and compensation to Holocaust survivors and heirs. In 1952, West Germany negotiated

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The Nazi leaders knew that their actions would bring international condemnation. On 26 June 1942,

1964:

were able to successfully lay claim to Jewish property. In the decades after the war, Swiss banks

202:, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out primarily through 26810: 26754: 26624: 26484: 26169: 25822: 25718: 25624: 25192: 25060: 25030: 24994: 24979: 24851: 24743: 24721: 24667: 24653: 24635: 24299: 24080: 23808: 23757: 23686: 23190: 23112: 22713: 22633: 22438: 22378: 22356: 22083: 21850: 21809: 21756: 21590: 20428: 19489: 18165: 17830: 17825: 17773: 16727: 16720: 15711: 15158: 15126: 15045: 14533: 14391: 13588: 13556: 13431: 12696: 12568: 12558: 12284: 11838: 11566: 11244: 11229: 11155: 11135: 11130: 11110: 11080: 11070: 10799: 10751: 10523: 10451: 10428: 10420: 10345: 10173: 9975: 9921: 9886: 9870: 9769: 9715:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942

9666: 9640: 9588: 7209: 2784: 2569: 2054: 1878: 1865:), and later deported several thousand Jews in 1942 and 1943. Bulgaria deported 11,000 Jews from 1818: 1064: 1060: 946: 643: 518: 365:. All of these groups, however, were targeted for different reasons. By the 1970s, the adjective 19354: 18935: 14815: 14688: 11635: 10544:(2023). "A Common History of Violence?: The Pogroms of Summer 1941 in Comparative Perspective". 2014:

Beginning in 1938—especially in Germany and its annexed territories—many Jews were drafted into

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carried out the action. In addition to local non-Jewish collaborators, the Jewish councils and

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with Himmler's approval; it began operations in December 1941 using gas vans. In October 1941,

1331: 1151:, 1.6 million were Jews. Local inhabitants killed as many as 50,000 Jews in pogroms in Latvia, 882: 783:

of nearly 1 billion RM, mostly from Jews. The policy of forced emigration continued into 1940.

475: 440: 412: 332: 308: 199: 87: 31: 20330: 17072: 13889: 11790: 10050: 699:. After hounding the German Jews out of public life by the end of 1934, the regime passed the 27233: 26993: 26716: 26559: 26455: 26425: 26381: 26121: 26086: 26079: 26002: 25900: 25341: 25318: 25165: 24776: 24313: 24053: 24039: 23722: 23609: 23268: 23053: 23018: 22988: 22842: 22765: 22653: 22545: 22540: 22455: 22416: 22223: 22218: 21898: 21731: 21326: 21276: 21271: 20657: 20543: 20105: 19995: 19684: 19647: 19561: 18851: 18704: 18623: 18577: 18532: 18510: 18263: 18242: 18181: 18176: 18002: 17936: 17620: 17133: 16888: 16168: 15846: 15597: 15540: 15421: 15262: 15058: 14371: 14300: 14199: 13863: 13788: 13696: 13612: 13578: 13494: 13489: 13374: 13137: 12930: 12890: 12828: 12823: 12760: 12686: 12513: 12138: 12091: 11755: 11506: 10605: 10257: 10165: 9949: 9943: 9824: 9751: 9562: 8510: 2434: 1834: 1826: 1160: 1110: 522: 507: 342: 312: 292:

where many died from starvation, abuse, exhaustion, or being used as test subjects in deadly

70: 24611: 19100: 19068: 10946:"Gender and Selection During the Holocaust: Transports of Western European Jews to the East" 10252:(2010). "The Holocaust – a Global Memory? Extensions and Limits of a New Memory Community". 9685: 2514:

3 billion (around $ 714 million) to Israel and DM 450 million (around $ 107 million) to the

26817: 26672: 26323: 26280: 26250: 26176: 25986: 25965: 24891: 24368: 24046: 23591: 23527: 23337: 23148: 23033: 22938: 22874: 22837: 22734: 22608: 22474: 22118: 22055: 22025: 22010: 21995: 21888: 21781: 21664: 21485: 20891: 20689: 20003: 19963: 19848: 19510: 19238: 19230: 19115: 19092: 19020: 18928: 18899: 18891: 18843: 18787: 18420: 17923: 17908: 17701: 17284: 17183: 16766: 16559: 16538: 15905: 15759: 15605: 15564: 15342: 15272: 15237: 15134: 14276: 14225: 14178: 13796: 13783: 13771: 13349: 13300: 13272: 12995: 12925: 12711: 12476: 12413: 11996: 11780: 11671: 11649: 11544: 11539: 11520: 10769: 10101: 10074: 9709: 8335: 2743: 2644: 2560:

described it as the "singularly most monstrous crime committed in the history of mankind".

2470: 2191: 1706: 1420: 1342:, "The world war is here; the annihilation of the Jews must be the necessary consequence." 1339: 1163: 1052: 1044: 537: 499: 21319: 21314: 19361: 15078: 14977: 12342: 5665:"The victims of unethical human experiments and coerced research under National Socialism" 1245:

Victims of mass shootings included Jews deported from elsewhere. Besides Germany, Romania

626:, and those perceived as workshy—through a variety of measures, including imprisonment in 556:, were also obsessed with reversing Germany's territorial losses and acquiring additional 8: 26935: 26709: 26587: 26543: 26065: 25199: 24965: 24492: 24322: 24306: 24255: 23503: 23483: 23238: 23124: 23068: 23038: 23003: 22893: 22628: 22383: 22262: 22015: 21828: 21654: 21105: 21074: 20911: 20034: 19971: 19916: 19841: 19454: 19262: 19192: 18958: 18752: 18728: 18666: 18522: 18268: 18108: 17941: 17686: 17560: 17442: 17400: 17101: 16803: 16670: 16619: 16325: 16221: 16192: 16152: 16136: 15783: 15735: 15701: 15693: 15662: 15437: 15166: 14963: 14820: 14683: 14518: 14448: 14282: 14185: 14172: 13900: 13675: 13379: 13290: 13282: 13045: 13038: 12770: 12755: 12706: 12563: 12471: 12317: 11904: 10348:(2020). "A Sustained Civilian Struggle: Rethinking Jewish Responses to the Nazi Regime". 10147: 9614: 9212:"Jews and the Racial State: Legacies of the Holocaust in Apartheid South Africa, 1945–60" 7151: 2792: 2573: 2561: 2451: 2175: 2150: 1961: 1841:

The German government sought the deportation of Jews from allied countries. The first to

1801: 1657: 1318: 1136: 1082:

By mid-June 1941, about 30,000 Jews had died, 20,000 of whom had starved to death in the

975: 859: 808: 776: 468: 424: 420: 304: 21086: 19036: 15937: 11699: 11689: 10882:

Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire. Revue pluridisciplinaire de la Fondation Auschwitz

10847: 9917:

Mordecai Would Not Bow Down: Anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, and Christian Supersessionism

8339: 1235: 1109:

were systematically executed. About a million civilians were killed by the Nazis during

1017: 26928: 26761: 26686: 26640: 26610: 26518: 26358: 26023: 25907: 25801: 25752: 25690: 25446: 25397: 25206: 24830: 24485: 24283: 23597: 23521: 23515: 23073: 23043: 23028: 22905: 22658: 22638: 22297: 22228: 22196: 22163: 22153: 22035: 21878: 21620: 21555: 21351: 21236: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21159: 20983: 20741: 20564: 20420: 20287: 20238: 20113: 20066: 19633: 19568: 19052: 19012: 18921: 18760: 18283: 17898: 17878: 17665: 17565: 17448: 17373: 16626: 16612: 16373: 16229: 16081: 15767: 15654: 15644: 15396: 14869: 14825: 14623: 14538: 14239: 14211: 13359: 13186: 12869: 11943: 11938: 11445: 10903: 10873: 10723: 10658: 10297: 10214: 10125: 10021: 9606: 9328: 9020: 8364: 8321: 8276: 5697: 5664: 5636: 2864: 2862: 2354: 1751: 1730: 1647: 1459: 1367: 1354: 1076: 951: 923: 825: 606: 266: 207: 21025: 17364: 17344: 14703: 14663: 14383: 13966: 8804: 459:

that increased economic conflicts between Jews and non-Jews. Some scientists began to

26919: 26803: 26693: 26633: 26594: 26527: 26509: 26475: 26418: 26372: 26316: 26141: 25879: 25871: 25808: 25661: 25255: 24787: 24248: 24227: 23937: 23651: 23379: 23281: 23154: 22998: 22948: 22943: 22317: 22282: 22272: 22233: 22173: 22123: 22045: 22030: 22000: 21838: 21833: 21804: 21659: 21445: 21374: 21199: 21079: 20978: 20901: 20862: 20599: 20592: 20585: 20252: 19770: 19741: 18688: 18634: 18502: 18471: 18315: 18186: 18101: 18024: 17987: 17951: 17655: 17596: 17570: 17394: 16928: 16591: 16517: 16438: 16033: 15913: 15871: 15743: 15727: 15532: 15405: 15347: 15140: 15068: 15063: 14877: 14698: 14668: 14653: 14443: 13228: 13033: 12896: 12681: 12548: 12408: 12239: 12153: 12120: 12034: 11851: 11817: 10907: 10895: 10803: 10777: 10755: 10709: 10682: 10662: 10648: 10613: 10591: 10572: 10553: 10527: 10504: 10474: 10455: 10432: 10406: 10379: 10353: 10331: 10309: 10305: 10283: 10261: 10226: 10200: 10177: 10151: 10129: 10115: 10086: 10060: 10046: 10031: 10006: 9994: 9979: 9953: 9925: 9900: 9856: 9844: 9830: 9811: 9783: 9755: 9727: 9695: 9670: 9644: 9618: 9592: 9566: 9558:

Genocide, the Holocaust and Israel-Palestine: First-Person History in Times of Crisis

9538: 9457: 9381: 9353: 9314: 9258: 9026: 8996: 8969: 8939: 8475: 8369: 8351: 8268: 8121: 8079: 8045: 7250: 7221: 7181: 7105: 7072: 5702: 5684: 5643: 5441: 2631: 2620: 2577: 2515: 2496: 2455: 2362: 2276: 2216: 2211: 2118: 2100: 1945: 1713: 1702: 1346: 1056: 1048: 998: 847: 803: 647: 567: 545: 460: 456: 239: 145: 74: 20: 21465: 19640: 18351: 16904: 15929: 15492: 10917:"Whose Feelings Matter? Holocaust Memory, Empathy, and Redemptive Anti-Antisemitism" 9803:

Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States: Decisions and Annotations

9380:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19, 34, 204, 396, 452, 480. 5680: 2874: 2859: 2222:

The largest murder action after 1942 was that against the Hungarian Jews. After the

284:

Later in 1941 or early 1942, the highest levels of the German government decided to

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The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined

9282: 9223: 8359: 8343: 8326: 8113: 7213: 7201: 5692: 5676: 5656: 3688: 2624: 2585: 2503: 2358: 2235: 2092: 1830: 1756: 1463: 1432: 1345:

It took the Nazis several months after this to organize a continent-wide genocide.

1282: 1175: 792: 780: 655: 594: 464: 436: 398: 350: 115: 27120: 27086: 24018: 21575: 21117: 19691: 19461: 15007: 14805: 13741: 11694: 11656: 10963: 10935: 10916: 10877: 10143:

The Trajectory of Holocaust Memory: The Crisis of Testimony in Theory and Practice

8848: 8832: 5663:

Weindling, Paul; von Villiez, Anna; Loewenau, Aleksandra; Farron, Nichola (2016).

1391:

in the Wartheland, established on the initiative of the local civil administrator

1383:

developed from those used to kill mental patients since 1939 were assigned to the

385: 26861: 26573: 26488: 26446: 26344: 26287: 26155: 25937: 25928: 25457: 25039: 25015: 24269: 23705: 23627: 23533: 23457: 23451: 23184: 23118: 22983: 22978: 22869: 22703: 22668: 22560: 22393: 22312: 22287: 22255: 22245: 22213: 22208: 22103: 22060: 22050: 22040: 22005: 21985: 21970: 21916: 21871: 21635: 21550: 21545: 21525: 21495: 21460: 21363: 21356: 21241: 20942: 20682: 20613: 19955: 19482: 19468: 19368: 19246: 19178: 18996: 18883: 18744: 18673: 18258: 18088: 18036: 18012: 18007: 17638: 17608: 17525: 17510: 17412: 17244: 16960: 16896: 16872: 16681: 16414: 16381: 16301: 15985: 15953: 15380: 15267: 15116: 14885: 14810: 14743: 14708: 14588: 14483: 14421: 13956: 13222: 12975: 12595: 12435: 12428: 12245: 12148: 12006: 11986: 11899: 11735: 10698:

Ideologies of Race: The Construction and Suppression of Otherness in Nazi Germany

10644: 10141: 10025: 9967: 9915: 9890: 9801: 9773: 9713: 9580: 9556: 9528: 9524: 9227: 7053: 5422: 2650:

The Jewish population still remains below pre-Holocaust levels. According to the

2096: 1797: 1582: 1554: 1526: 1400: 1131: 1106: 1068: 994: 986: 960: 956: 772: 704: 663: 635: 503: 444: 390: 26973: 15277: 14498: 13914: 9489: 836:. During the five weeks of fighting, as many as 16,000 civilians, hostages, and 26868: 26404: 26330: 24382: 24241: 23373: 23262: 23250: 23063: 22847: 22820: 22680: 22334: 22203: 21845: 21710: 21625: 21570: 21560: 21516: 21425: 21405: 21194: 21171: 21064: 20962: 20947: 20906: 20804: 20620: 20578: 20280: 19748: 19575: 19419: 19390: 19278: 19171: 19060: 19044: 18652: 18278: 17946: 17845: 17796: 17626: 17602: 17575: 17024: 16633: 16598: 16285: 16277: 16253: 15838: 15685: 15677: 15282: 14950: 14789: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14733: 14633: 14608: 14513: 14415: 14205: 14083: 13986: 13951: 13838: 13354: 13164: 13132: 13097: 13018: 12508: 12403: 12302: 12273: 11965: 11929: 11884: 11594: 11501: 10628: 10491:(2023). "Can – or Should – There Be a Political Science of the Holocaust?". In 10471:

The Twentieth Century in European Memory: Transcultural Mediation and Reception

10402: 10323: 10249: 9741: 9658: 8467: 2568:

is commemorated each year on 27 January, while some other countries have set a

2523: 2482: 2478: 2385: 1735: 1392: 1094: 863: 842: 700: 618:

was set up. The Nazi regime cracked down on crime and social outsiders—such as

605:, by campaigning on issues such as anticommunism and economic recovery. Hitler 416: 374: 285: 27035: 21415: 21383: 19447: 11889: 11709: 10839: 10705: 10111: 9815: 9378:

The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression

8936:

The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression

2795:

from other forced-labor camps and from the single-purpose extermination camps.

2285:

Holocaust deaths as an approximate percentage of the 1939 Jewish population:

1239: 1031:

Rape and sexual exploitation of Jewish and non-Jewish women in eastern Europe

662:(1939) also increased the Nazis' popular support. Germans were inundated with 601:, the Nazi Party rapidly increased its support, reaching a high of 37 percent 27167: 26679: 24604: 24292: 23553: 23539: 23078: 23058: 22953: 22496: 22143: 22108: 22020: 21980: 21766: 21500: 21435: 21420: 21307: 21298: 21187: 21136: 21126: 21054: 20918: 20814: 19734: 19433: 19332: 19207: 19143: 19004: 18835: 17753: 17747: 17741: 17735: 17729: 17717: 17465: 17424: 17418: 17056: 16920: 16912: 16880: 16446: 15232: 15212: 15101: 15017: 14853: 14759: 14728: 14613: 14503: 14488: 14288: 14250: 13904: 13102: 12949: 12398: 12327: 12218: 12086: 11916: 11873: 11719: 11704: 10899: 10878:"Aktion Reinhardt – Sources, Research and Commemoration in the last 30 years" 10743: 10586:

Miron, Guy (2020). "Ghettos and Ghettoization – History and Historiography".

9373: 9016: 8931: 8355: 8322:"Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide" 8272: 8065: 7102:

Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence

5688: 2557: 2548: 2511: 2412: 2251: 1912: 1773: 1179: 1013: 971: 867: 812: 744: 726: 696: 127: 123: 21480: 19136: 14648: 14020: 13931: 12901: 10106:. Vol. 2: Milgram's Obedience Experiments and the Holocaust. Springer. 8069: 540:, whom they identified as "the embodiment of everything that was wrong with 513: 26978: 26782: 25082: 24987: 24618: 23981: 23745: 22879: 22854: 22663: 22508: 21720: 21585: 21540: 21490: 21470: 21455: 21410: 21341: 21266: 21110: 20993: 20934: 20879: 20867: 20748: 20121: 18340: 17961: 17691: 17632: 17436: 17389: 17032: 16566: 16476: 15227: 15035: 15012: 14905: 14779: 14718: 14693: 14673: 14628: 14568: 14318: 14294: 14270: 14264: 14016: 13848: 13843: 13719: 13391: 13337: 13201: 13013: 12913: 12864: 12721: 12667: 12610: 11760: 11745: 11740: 11714: 11667: 11599: 11561: 11311: 10890: 10608:(2020). "War Crimes Trials, the Holocaust, and Historiography, 1943–2011". 10394: 9632: 9278: 8959: 8373: 8347: 8099: 7062: 5706: 2601: 2552: 2519: 2474: 2179: 1957: 1953: 1886: 1793: 1698: 1694: 1678: 1455: 1310: 1293: 1274: 1227: 1223: 1187: 1063:. A quick victory was expected and was planned to be followed by a massive 1009: 695:. In 1933, Jews were banned or restricted from several professions and the 582: 563: 553: 270: 187: 183: 155: 91: 48: 15579: 8117: 2231: 1916: 752:

were damaged or destroyed, at least 90 Jews were murdered, and as many as

26617: 26603: 26265: 24941: 24762: 24747: 24101: 23142: 22958: 22588: 22555: 22133: 22113: 21893: 21440: 21286: 21256: 21100: 20973: 19164: 18803: 16944: 16656: 16649: 16261: 15388: 14638: 14593: 14573: 14508: 14306: 13254: 13060: 13055: 13023: 12616: 12133: 11750: 11604: 10275: 9939: 9552: 9449: 7174:

The War That Hitler Won: The Most Infamous Propaganda Campaign in History

6259: 2639: 2366: 2001: 1932: 1687: 1619: 1591: 1563: 1535: 1408: 1231: 1194:

in August and September and in October and November reached their height

1072: 788: 761: 687: 611: 487: 408: 163: 119: 10326:(2020). "Survivors of the Holocaust within the Nazi Universe of Camps". 10300:(2020). "All the Other Neighbors: Communal Genocide in Eastern Europe". 10079:

Hi Hitler! How the Nazi Past is Being Normalized in Contemporary Culture

8280: 8256: 7136:(in Polish). Vol. 22, no. 2707. pp. 70–72. Archived from 1789: 1710:

laborers had to clean it up and collect any valuables from the victims.

25972: 25725: 25704: 24597: 23930: 23858: 23013: 23008: 22484: 22138: 22128: 22065: 21430: 21180: 21143: 21069: 20957: 20797: 19157: 19150: 19076: 18720: 18320: 17873: 17723: 17480: 17406: 16952: 16531: 16492: 16073: 15969: 15548: 15096: 14523: 14493: 13936: 13926: 13777: 13446: 13332: 13249: 12980: 12919: 12605: 12440: 12213: 11991: 10633:

Early Holocaust Memory in Sweden: Archives, Testimonies and Reflections

10372:

The Jews, the Holocaust, and the Public: The Legacies of David Cesarani

9723: 9611:

The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution

8075: 5450: 2556:

Holocaust probably ranks as the very worst". Renowned German historian

2281: 2133:, documenting the killing of 700,000 Jews in Poland. In December 1942, 1915:

guards and female staff auxiliaries enjoying themselves on vacation in

1500: 990: 982: 855: 709: 558: 529: 250: 135: 131: 16269: 9352:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 7–10. 9211: 8499:"Documenting numbers of victims of the Holocaust and Nazi persecution" 6255:"Mohamed Mesli : « Mon père, l'imam sauveur de juifs »" 2071:

Gerlach estimates that 200,000 Jews survived in hiding across Europe.

2034: 1931:

Non-German perpetrators and collaborators included Dutch, French, and

26235: 25640: 25437: 25248: 25046: 25001: 23489: 23202: 22648: 22583: 22088: 21610: 21291: 20927: 20723: 18113: 18017: 17475: 16510: 16499: 15977: 15636: 14723: 14258: 13920: 13369: 13244: 13239: 13127: 12445: 12251: 9779: 9534: 9490:"World Jewish population nears pre-Holocaust numbers at 15.2 million" 8257:"The Genocidal Universe: A Framework for Understanding the Holocaust" 8109: 2634:

is massive, encompassing thousands of books. The tendency to see the

2609: 2007: 1768: 1669: 1412: 1297: 934: 820: 749: 735: 541: 24522: 17486:

Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion

13734: 12106: 10399:

Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict over Jewish Property in Europe

9796: 6395: 3694: 1750:, and southwestern Belarus. Deportations and mass executions in the 474:

The turn of the twentieth century saw a major effort to establish a

24506: 24234: 23700: 23226: 22963: 22618: 21281: 21246: 20988: 19503: 18875: 18382: 18273: 18133: 17301: 17277:

Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

16573: 16552: 16524: 16469: 15334: 15207: 13343: 13259: 13112: 13071: 11971: 11771: 10546:

Politics, Violence, Memory: The New Social Science of the Holocaust

10497:

Politics, Violence, Memory: The New Social Science of the Holocaust

7132: 6257:[Mohamed Mesli: "My father, the imam who saved the Jews"]. 5445:

The Origins of Nazi Genocide, From Euthanasia to the Final Solution

3709: 1875:

declined to allow the deportation of Jews from its prewar territory

1743: 1623: 1508: 1424: 1380: 1144: 1023: 175: 111: 9257:(1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 9, 138, 161, 230. 6669: 6157: 6097: 6085: 5662: 5462: 2099:

in Eastern European forests, of which the most well known was the

1407:—the first purpose-built extermination camp to feature stationary 22578: 20732: 18128: 18123: 17765: 17470: 6359: 5883: 5881: 4776: 4736: 1987: 1747: 1690:

were murdered in the largest killing operation of the Holocaust.

1665: 432: 428: 10971: 9179: 9025:(1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 2. 8513:

give a total of 17 million (including more than 5 million Jews).

8224: 6443: 5491: 5489: 2774:

Equivalent to $ 400 million at the time, or $ 7 billion in 2023.

981:

Germany gained control of 1.7 million Jews in Poland. The Nazis

25116: 23714: 23023: 21956: 21152: 21008: 20705: 19475: 18386: 18230: 18138: 18118: 16640: 14330: 14006: 13996: 13812: 13688: 13364: 13320: 13142: 13077: 12716: 12636: 12481: 9470: 7627: 7615: 7451: 6609: 4218: 1661: 1466:

meant that these camps were shut down earlier than envisioned.

1436: 721: 533: 262: 246: 20554: 10254:

Memory in a Global Age: Discourses, Practices and Trajectories

9999:

The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies have attempted it?

9152: 8938:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 481–482. 8753: 7639: 7591:"American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and Refugee Aid" 7511: 7054:

Nanda Herbermann; Hester Baer; Elizabeth Roberts Baer (2000).

6867: 6510: 6371: 6299: 6275: 5878: 5851: 5849: 5847: 4663: 4661: 4343: 1833:

saved hundreds of Jews by hiding them in the basements of the

1069:

remove 31 million people and replace them with German settlers

27011: 25304: 23275: 22593: 21715: 16205: 15863: 11846: 9169: 9167: 8900: 7915: 7846: 7750: 7702: 7559: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6335: 6133: 6013: 5486: 5389: 5116: 5080: 4487: 3676: 3274: 3272: 3233: 2835: 1043:

Germany and its allies Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Italy

756:, although many were released within weeks. German Jews were 269:

in September 1939, occupation authorities began to establish

22764: 19125: 8690: 8044:(3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. pp. 3, 124, 126, 265–266. 7893: 7891: 7863: 7861: 7786: 7656: 7654: 6323: 5976: 5974: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5501: 5437: 5435: 4712: 4319: 4145: 4143: 3809: 3628: 2454:

in 1948, but it was not used in Holocaust trials due to the

2226:

in 1944, the Hungarian government cooperated closely in the

1242:

lasted into 1943 because they became centers of production.

451:

emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth century due to the

18390: 15303: 13991: 9116: 8888: 8714: 8702: 8582: 8555: 8236: 8212: 7280: 7035: 7011: 6804: 6792: 6780: 6744: 6210: 6061: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5525: 5513: 5474: 5152: 4928: 4764: 4658: 4646: 4595: 4511: 4499: 4403: 4167: 3616: 3517: 2847: 1292:

proved insufficient and Himmler mobilized 21 battalions of

26:"Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. For other uses, see 13680: 10370:(2019). "The Decision to Exterminate the Jews of Europe". 9234: 9164: 8726: 8572: 8570: 8021: 8019: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7417: 7415: 7270: 7268: 7266: 6821: 6819: 6722: 6720: 6633: 6534: 6467: 6003: 6001: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5605: 5603: 4678: 4676: 4155: 4130: 4128: 4126: 3785: 3507: 3505: 3388: 3337: 3269: 3206: 2825: 2823: 666:

both against Jews and other groups targeted by the Nazis.

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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

9418: 9406: 9283:"The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective" 8792: 8543: 8531: 8151: 8149: 7963: 7888: 7858: 7822: 7690: 7651: 7571: 7535: 7439: 7388: 7376: 7328: 7304: 6939: 6927: 6903: 6891: 6768: 6756: 6681: 6645: 6486: 6407: 6383: 6222: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6169: 6109: 6073: 6049: 6037: 5986: 5971: 5959: 5935: 5898: 5896: 5861: 5588: 5576: 5432: 5367: 5365: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5311: 5299: 5268: 5256: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5203: 5128: 5104: 5068: 5056: 4986: 4984: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4916: 4904: 4875: 4851: 4817: 4815: 4752: 4724: 4463: 4451: 4415: 4391: 4331: 4307: 4266: 4179: 4140: 4111: 4087: 4029: 4027: 3737: 3490: 3071: 3069: 1102:

Soviet prisoners of war in the custody of the German Army

9128: 9104: 9080: 9046: 9044: 9042: 8743: 8741: 8666: 8654: 8618: 8521: 8519: 8296:"The Origins of International Holocaust Remembrance Day" 7487: 6963: 6879: 6599: 6597: 5406: 5404: 5181: 5179: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4788: 4523: 4367: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4196: 4194: 3918: 3916: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3843: 3841: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3652: 3580: 3568: 3534: 3532: 3441: 3439: 3378: 3376: 3327: 3325: 3323: 2970: 2958: 2604:. Participation in this memory is required of countries 2582:

works of culture such as novels, poems, films, and plays

2373:

On 3 November 1943, around 18,400 Jews were murdered at

1304: 705:

sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jewish Germans

14413: 9430: 9191: 9140: 9092: 9068: 9056: 9022:

The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide

8912: 8678: 8642: 8630: 8606: 8594: 8567: 8380: 8200: 8161: 8016: 7999: 7987: 7903: 7834: 7810: 7774: 7738: 7726: 7714: 7678: 7475: 7463: 7412: 7400: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7316: 7263: 7023: 6999: 6987: 6975: 6843: 6831: 6816: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6621: 6582: 6570: 6558: 6546: 6522: 6498: 6431: 6419: 6311: 6287: 6234: 6145: 6121: 5998: 5908: 5797: 5773: 5749: 5737: 5713: 5615: 5600: 5564: 5552: 5244: 5044: 5032: 5008: 4996: 4969: 4957: 4800: 4688: 4673: 4619: 4427: 4379: 4123: 4012: 3952: 3928: 3664: 3544: 3502: 3463: 3194: 3170: 2934: 2820: 2178:, annexed by Hungary in 1938, on the selection ramp at 1641: 642:

through economic growth, which partly occurred through

238:

is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these

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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

23428:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

12364: 10518:

Kochavi, Arieh J. (2010). "Liberation and Dispersal".

9972:

Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

9637:

War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust

8876: 8146: 7878: 7876: 7666: 6657: 6181: 5925: 5923: 5893: 5542: 5540: 5427:

Holocaust, the Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

5362: 5335: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5227: 5191: 5164: 5092: 4981: 4940: 4863: 4812: 4636: 4634: 4559: 4535: 4439: 4355: 4024: 3964: 3480: 3478: 3412: 3308: 3296: 3223: 3221: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3066: 3030: 3018: 2994: 2982: 1891:

North African Jews living under French or Italian rule

1885:. Nazi Germany did not attempt the destruction of the 1261:

and foreign Jews in 1941, who were shortly thereafter

23356:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

23209:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

18381: 17253:

International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

15792:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

9945:

Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing

9039: 8864: 8820: 8738: 8516: 8416: 8404: 7798: 7762: 7547: 7523: 7499: 7427: 7292: 6732: 6594: 6198: 5947: 5401: 5377: 5323: 5215: 5176: 5140: 4887: 4839: 4827: 4571: 4547: 4295: 4278: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4206: 4191: 4099: 4063: 4039: 3988: 3913: 3838: 3821: 3797: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3725: 3640: 3604: 3592: 3556: 3529: 3451: 3436: 3373: 3320: 3054: 2922: 2910: 2886: 2448:

widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators

1097:, a Belarusian Jew who helped Soviet prisoners escape 17221:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

9692:

The Names of Extermination: Definitions of a Tragedy

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Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany

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there are lessons or some kind of redemptive meaning

2198:, to Auschwitz, where nearly all were killed. After 1861:

the majority of its Jewish population (along with a

862:

occupation zone from 1939 to 1941, and the area was

828:

on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war

419:. In the nineteenth century many European countries 9687:

I Nomi dello sterminio: Definizioni di una tragedia

9394: 8436:"Aktion "Erntefest" (Operation "Harvest Festival")" 8392: 8134: 7951: 7939: 7873: 6025: 5920: 5785: 5761: 5725: 5537: 5280: 4700: 4631: 4607: 4583: 4051: 3940: 3853: 3475: 3424: 3400: 3361: 3349: 3284: 3257: 3245: 3218: 3182: 3158: 3093: 3081: 3042: 3006: 2946: 2129:and other resistance groups and transmitted by the 1249:. Romania deported about 154,000–170,000 Jews from 19109:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920) 9350:The Holocaust and Other Genocides: An Introduction 9348:Boender, Barbara; ten Have, Wichert, eds. (2012). 8962:(2022). Graziosi, Andrea; Sysyn, Frank E. (eds.). 7126:Ostrowska, Joanna; Zaremba, Marcin (30 May 2009). 5635: 4075: 2898: 1435:. As many as 150 people were forced into a single 1358:the same number surviving by the end of the year. 22644:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 6455: 4000: 3976: 2530: 2058:A bunker where Jews attempted to hide during the 1896: 1516:8 December 1941 – April 1943 and April–July 1944 1296:to assist them. In addition, Wehrmacht soldiers, 940: 890:Germany invaded much of western Europe including 887:deported hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens 807:Danzigers rallying for Hitler, shortly after the 469:Jews were a separate racial group alien to Europe 407:for more than two thousand years. Throughout the 307:emigrated outside of Europe after the war. A few 27165: 17110:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 16856: 13417:Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP) 10446:Hayes, Peter (2010). "Plunder and Restitution". 9992: 9583:; Boyd, Kathryn Lee; Nelson, Kristen L. (2019). 8968:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 240. 7645: 7633: 7621: 7125: 1135:At least 3,000 Jews were killed during the 1941 16050:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs 12970:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 12139:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 10631:. In Heuman, Johannes; Rudberg, Pontus (eds.). 9347: 7167: 7165: 2636:Holocaust as a unique or incomprehensible event 2241: 2038:, to serve as sex slaves of German soldiers in 1147:. Out of 10 or 15 million Soviet civilians who 1038: 682:Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany 23107:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 23101:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 21681:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 20453:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting 9747:Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–1949 9579: 8995:(3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. pp. 3, 287. 8854: 8838: 8810: 8470:(2014). "Epilogue - "I will tell the world"". 8466: 8261:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 8074:(in German) (10th ed.). Munich, Germany: 7154:[Special treatment is done by train]. 2137:, then known as the United Nations, adopted a 1990:, Belarus, forced to clean a street, July 1941 1779: 523:Jew stabbing a German Army soldier in the back 311:faced criminal trials. Billions of dollars in 23730: 23288:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 23095:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 22750: 21941: 20690: 18431: 18367: 17781: 17317: 16343:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 15319: 14399: 13704: 12652: 12499:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 10987: 10282:. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–216. 10219:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps 10044: 10019: 8965:Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept 2883:, pp. 70–100, 78–79, 86–87, 94–95, xxix. 2853: 2841: 2759: 2727: 2406: 1419:, Jews in forced-labor camps operated by the 791:in response to a Polish law that enabled the 742:. On 9–10 November 1938, the Nazis organized 377:" as a euphemism for their genocide of Jews. 23410:Violence against Hindus in independent India 21869: 21860: 21700:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark 21381: 21372: 21361: 21305: 21296: 21178: 21169: 21150: 21141: 21115: 21084: 20925: 20916: 20877: 20853: 20812: 20802: 20788: 20739: 20730: 20721: 17386:("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS") 13427:Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) 10392: 8759: 8732: 7162: 3705: 3703: 2147:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1999: 1843:hand over its Jewish population was Slovakia 1411:using carbon monoxide based on the previous 1309:Most historians agree that Hitler issued an 1164:killed tens of thousands of Jews from Odessa 1021: 544:". The Nazis defined the German nation as a 23622:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 23137:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 17229:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh 16969:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials 12198:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 10330:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 263–277. 9775:The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews 8992:The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning 8041:The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning 7047: 2770: 2768: 638:for real or supposed hereditary illnesses. 278: 273:to segregate Jews. Following the June 1941 23737: 23723: 22757: 22743: 21948: 21934: 20697: 20683: 18636:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 18374: 18360: 17788: 17774: 17324: 17310: 17176:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 15326: 15312: 14406: 14392: 13711: 13697: 12938:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 12659: 12645: 10994: 10980: 10872: 10768: 10468: 9333:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9240: 9173: 9158: 7171: 6540: 6516: 6480: 5872: 4349: 2789:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 2228:deportation of 437,000 Jews in eight weeks 2106: 482:and subsequent racial apartheid regime in 281:by German forces and local collaborators. 55: 23257:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 22614:Interminority racism in the United States 21670:German National Movement in Liechtenstein 17421:(Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS) 15799:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 10934: 10914: 10889: 10696:Stone, Dan (2020). "Ideologies of Race". 10626: 10566: 10419: 10213: 10073: 9966: 9456:. Cornell University Press. p. 135. 9436: 9424: 9252: 9134: 9110: 9086: 9062: 8906: 8363: 8254: 7969: 7921: 7897: 7867: 7852: 7828: 7756: 7708: 7696: 7660: 7577: 7382: 7218:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205609.001.0001 7200: 7152:"'Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang'" 7119: 6933: 6909: 6897: 6873: 6762: 6687: 6675: 6413: 6389: 6377: 6341: 6305: 6175: 6163: 6139: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6055: 6043: 6019: 5992: 5980: 5965: 5941: 5696: 5582: 5495: 5468: 5456: 5395: 5356: 5305: 5262: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5086: 5062: 4910: 4857: 4493: 4457: 4421: 4313: 4149: 4093: 3815: 3700: 3695:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 1968 3682: 3658: 3523: 3511: 3469: 3394: 3343: 2892: 2715: 2695: 2353:The deadliest phase of the Holocaust was 2160: 1324:launched its first major counteroffensive 1116: 16:Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany 20365: 18456:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 10825: 10796:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10790: 10748:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10540: 10520:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10448:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10425:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10423:; Roth, John K. (2010). "Introduction". 9892:How Was It Possible?: A Holocaust Reader 9740: 9708: 9683: 8696: 8672: 8660: 8624: 7541: 7493: 7457: 7394: 7310: 6651: 6615: 6492: 6252: 5507: 4794: 4782: 4373: 4325: 4018: 3958: 3670: 3634: 3622: 3550: 3457: 2880: 2829: 2765: 2707: 2534: 2433: 2280: 2245: 2169: 2053: 1993: 1981: 1906: 1783: 1712: 1651: 1371: 1328:Hitler declared war on the United States 1273:were deported to Łódź, Kovno, Riga, and 1212: 1200: 1130: 1088: 965: 950: 802: 798: 715: 581: 532:was founded in the wake of the war, and 512: 413:antisemitism based on Christian theology 384: 326: 23221:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 20650:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus 15671:Indigenous peoples in the United States 10846: 10676: 10604: 10517: 10274: 10248: 10099: 9913: 9843: 9826:Never Again: A History of the Holocaust 9822: 9657: 9551: 9523: 9209: 9197: 9185: 9146: 9122: 9098: 9074: 8918: 8894: 8882: 8720: 8708: 8684: 8648: 8636: 8612: 8600: 8588: 8576: 8561: 8525: 8504:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8441:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8386: 8242: 8230: 8218: 8206: 8186:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8167: 8108:(1st ed.). Abingdon and New York: 8025: 8010: 7993: 7909: 7840: 7816: 7792: 7780: 7744: 7732: 7720: 7684: 7596:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7565: 7481: 7469: 7421: 7406: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7322: 7286: 7274: 7234: 7093: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6750: 6726: 6711: 6699: 6663: 6627: 6588: 6576: 6564: 6552: 6528: 6504: 6449: 6437: 6425: 6401: 6365: 6329: 6293: 6281: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6192: 6151: 6127: 6067: 6007: 5914: 5902: 5887: 5855: 5838: 5779: 5755: 5743: 5719: 5621: 5609: 5558: 5531: 5480: 5371: 5344: 5317: 5274: 5250: 5238: 5170: 5158: 5098: 5074: 5050: 5038: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4934: 4922: 4869: 4821: 4806: 4770: 4758: 4718: 4682: 4667: 4652: 4625: 4601: 4577: 4565: 4541: 4517: 4505: 4469: 4445: 4409: 4385: 4361: 4173: 4134: 4033: 3922: 3883: 3847: 3832: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3646: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3538: 3496: 3445: 3418: 3382: 3331: 3302: 3278: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3060: 3036: 3024: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2928: 2916: 2871:, Introduction: What is the Holocaust?. 2814: 2755: 2723: 2699: 2691: 2670: 2566:International Holocaust Remembrance Day 2540:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 2395: 2390:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2254:after the camp's liberation, April 1945 2113:International response to the Holocaust 1847:arrested and deported about 58,000 Jews 920:fully or partially annexed into Germany 634:400,000 people and subjected others to 577: 421:granted full citizenship rights to Jews 27166: 25584: 25562:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 23167:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 22686:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 17526:Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe 13681:More articles related to the Holocaust 9849:The Extermination of the European Jews 9631: 9448: 9303: 9277: 8988: 8958: 8300:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 8293: 8155: 8037: 7672: 7099: 6253:De Bengy, Raphael (18 February 2015). 5633: 5519: 5197: 3994: 3200: 2940: 2652:Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel 2165: 1873:, who were murdered at Treblinka, but 1697:would cordon off the ghetto while the 1361: 779:, and South Africa. Germany collected 669: 461:categorize humans into different races 26433:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 25865:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 25511:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 25467:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 24572:Rape during the occupation of Germany 23718: 23416:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 22738: 21929: 20678: 20317:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre 18355: 17769: 17305: 17206: 17087: 16855: 16832:Mass killings under communist regimes 16357: 16120: 15815: 15476: 15356: 15307: 14893:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer 14387: 13692: 13679: 12640: 12363: 12184: 11815: 11306: 11305: 10975: 10943: 10742: 10695: 10585: 10445: 10366: 10344: 10296: 10280:The Oxford History of the Third Reich 10190: 10164: 10136: 9885: 9869: 9768: 9605: 9476: 9412: 9400: 9372: 9255:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe 9050: 8930: 8870: 8826: 8798: 8747: 8549: 8537: 8422: 8410: 8319: 8294:Richie, Alexandra (27 January 2024). 8181:"Jewish Population of Europe in 1945" 8140: 8105:The Routledge History of Antisemitism 7981: 7804: 7768: 7553: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7445: 7433: 7334: 7298: 7240: 6738: 6639: 6603: 6353: 6317: 6246: 6204: 6115: 5953: 5638:The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben 5594: 5410: 5383: 5329: 5221: 5209: 5185: 5146: 5026: 4898: 4881: 4845: 4833: 4746: 4730: 4553: 4481: 4433: 4397: 4337: 4301: 4289: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4185: 4161: 4117: 4105: 4069: 3970: 3946: 3934: 3907: 3895: 3871: 3859: 3713:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 3484: 3430: 3406: 3367: 3355: 3314: 3290: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3212: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3104: 3087: 3075: 3048: 3012: 3000: 2952: 2904: 2868: 2747: 2719: 2711: 2703: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2632:scholarly literature on the Holocaust 1859:shot or killed in concentration camps 1305:Systematic deportations across Europe 1149:fled eastwards to the Soviet interior 570:, as well as the Western powers, and 341:, derived from a Greek word meaning " 27018: 25555:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 24587:Rape during the liberation of France 22709: 21687:National Socialist Movement of Chile 20469:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 20059:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack 17932:Timeline of the Second Temple period 17331: 16781:Terminology of the Armenian genocide 11786:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 10487: 10322: 10193:The Holocaust: An Unfinished History 9798:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 9015: 8098: 8064: 7933: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6921: 6885: 6861: 6774: 2739: 2049: 1656:Cumulative murders of Jews from the 1642:Liquidation of the ghettos in Poland 508:Germany had been stabbed in the back 23560:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 23510:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 23422:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 23215:Christianization of the Sámi people 22099:Discrimination based on nationality 20194: 19726: 19317: 17017:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia 12956:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 12591:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 10818: 10027:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 9938: 9694:] (in Italian). Marietti 1820. 9684:Calimani, Anna Vera Sullam (2018). 8398: 7957: 7945: 7882: 7243:"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich 6461: 6031: 5929: 5791: 5767: 5731: 5570: 5546: 5293: 4742: 4706: 4694: 4640: 4613: 4589: 4529: 4081: 4057: 4045: 4006: 3982: 2751: 2067:Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust 1723:Jewish resistance against the Nazis 465:life or death struggle between them 203: 13: 25781:German invasion of the Netherlands 24061:Weather events during World War II 21726:World Union of National Socialists 20887:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality 20791:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte 17816:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 17795: 17546:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses 13437:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) 12185: 10635:. The Holocaust and its Contexts. 10103:Understanding Willing Participants 7130:[To the brothel, march!]. 7104:. Berghahn Books. pp. 33–34. 2423: 2265:Western Allied invasion of Germany 2208:Most Danish Jews escaped to Sweden 1721:became significant as a symbol of 1672:from January 1942 to February 1943 970:A body lying in the street of the 918:. Some of these new holdings were 868:ethnic Germans from eastern Europe 566:threat. Hitler believed that Jews 411:in Europe, Jews were subjected to 14: 27250: 27184:Antisemitic attacks and incidents 26412:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 23404:Violence against Muslims in India 23398:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 23344:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 21772:Last surviving war crime suspects 20461:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 20210:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing 20203:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 11001: 10637:Springer International Publishing 10376:Springer International Publishing 8778:United States Department of State 7172:Hertzstein, Robert Edwin (1978). 2595:Although many are convinced that 1937:foreign SS and police auxiliaries 1336:told leading Nazi party officials 1247:killed the largest number of Jews 1123:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 789:Germany deported many Polish Jews 27146: 27129: 27112: 27095: 27078: 27061: 27044: 27027: 26972: 23744: 23699: 22718: 22708: 22699: 22698: 21912: 21911: 21762:Nazi Party leaders and officials 20437:Toulouse and Montauban shootings 20338:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing 20260:Matza restaurant suicide bombing 17720:(predecessor as Reichsführer-SS) 17403:(successor as Chief of the RSHA) 17207: 17088: 16358: 16121: 15816: 15477: 14366: 14365: 13718: 12991:White genocide conspiracy theory 12666: 12154:Polish leaders and intellectuals 11644:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 10241: 9482: 9442: 9366: 9341: 9313:. Frankfurt am Main. p. 3. 9297: 9271: 9246: 9203: 9009: 8982: 8952: 8924: 8765: 8491: 8472:The Holocaust: The Human Tragedy 8460: 8428: 8313: 8287: 8248: 8173: 8092: 8058: 8031: 7583: 7194: 7144: 5627: 5416: 2777: 1903:Responsibility for the Holocaust 881:on 17 September pursuant to the 760:that raised more than 1 billion 587:Territorial expansion of Germany 572:were plotting to destroy Germany 265:in November 1938. After Germany 23676:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 23646:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 22719: 21884:Political views of Adolf Hitler 20556:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 19655:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 18464:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 18146:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 17904:Judah's revolts against Babylon 15630:Indigenous peoples in Australia 15357: 15288:Special Prosecution Book-Poland 13235:Institute for Historical Review 13155:General Order No. 11 (US, 1862) 12885:International Jewish conspiracy 12782: 9808:U.S. Government Printing Office 9454:Germany's War and the Holocaust 5681:10.1016/j.endeavour.2015.10.005 2463:International Military Tribunal 2440:International Military Tribunal 2365:. On the other hand, historian 2192:German-occupied northern Greece 1971: 922:while others were placed under 795:for Polish Jews living abroad. 769:force all Jews to leave Germany 754:30,000 Jewish men were arrested 449:international Jewish conspiracy 397:, destroyed in 1938 during the 26659:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 24369:Territorial changes of Germany 24277:Indonesian National Revolution 23664:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 23634:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 23368:Communist Romanian persecution 22604:Go back to where you came from 21777:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler 20246:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre 20075:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre 19085:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 17726:(successor as Reichsführer-SS) 17379:Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS 16546:Genocide of indigenous peoples 16145:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay 15446:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate 15054:Burning of the Riga synagogues 12082:Attack on the twentieth convoy 11895:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 10866:10.1080/17504902.2012.11087307 9663:The Final Solution: A Genocide 9511: 9494:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 8773:"The JUST Act Report: Germany" 2733: 2664: 2572:. It has been commemorated in 2531:Remembrance and historiography 2489: 2438:Defendants in the dock at the 2388:and at over 11 million by the 2234:to increase the production of 2073:Knowledge of German intentions 1897:Perpetrators and beneficiaries 1544:17 March 1942 – December 1942 1315:mass shootings of Serbian Jews 1186:), made several visits to the 941:Ghettoization and resettlement 767:The Nazi government wanted to 1: 27199:History of the Jews in Europe 26059:Japanese invasion of Thailand 26010:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 25774:German invasion of Luxembourg 24155:Mediterranean and Middle East 23682:2024 Istanbul church shooting 23658:Christchurch mosque shootings 23446:Religious violence in Nigeria 23440:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 21711:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa) 20493:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 20162:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings 17384:Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS 17261:Ukraine v. Russian Federation 15565:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate 13432:Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) 13160:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 13138:Beilis trial (Russian Empire) 13108:Pogroms in the Russian Empire 10964:10.1080/14623528.2020.1764743 10936:10.1080/14623528.2022.2160533 10030:. Columbia University Press. 9875:Why? Explaining the Holocaust 5642:. New York City: Free Press. 5459:, pp. 280, 293–294, 302. 3711:"Consumer Price Index, 1800–" 2802: 2270: 2127:Jewish Social-Democratic Bund 1635:February 1942 – October 1944 1139:, mainly by local Ukrainians. 740:areas annexed by Nazi Germany 724:after its destruction during 720:View of the old synagogue in 595:worldwide economic depression 453:rise of nationalism in Europe 417:blamed them for killing Jesus 380: 277:, 1.5 to 2 million Jews 194:systematically murdered some 25966:Invasion of the Soviet Union 25655:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 24973:Independent State of Croatia 23572:War crimes in the Kosovo War 23362:Communist Polish persecution 23233:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 23161:Crusades against schismatics 21752:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler 21035:Aestheticization of politics 20445:Jerusalem synagogue massacre 20352:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 20130:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 18570:Massacres at London and York 18226:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 17556:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS 17192:Croatia–Serbia genocide case 16993:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 16839:Anti-communist mass killings 15573:Indigenous peoples in Canada 15509:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 15333: 13412:Anti-Defamation League (ADL) 13118:1968 Polish political crisis 12419:Jewish war conspiracy theory 11610:Extermination through labour 10951:Journal of Genocide Research 10922:Journal of Genocide Research 10774:A Companion to the Holocaust 10679:A Companion to the Holocaust 10645:10.1007/978-3-030-55532-0_11 10610:A Companion to the Holocaust 10588:A Companion to the Holocaust 10569:A Companion to the Holocaust 10350:A Companion to the Holocaust 10328:A Companion to the Holocaust 10302:A Companion to the Holocaust 9914:Jackson, Timothy P. (2021). 9897:University of Nebraska Press 9720:University of Nebraska Press 9287:The Journal of Social Issues 9253:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). 9228:10.2979/jewisocistud.16.3.32 7646:Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000 7634:Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000 7622:Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000 6404:, pp. 97, 102, 371–372. 2647:or was an aberration of it. 2614:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2242:Death marches and liberation 2121:in all languages publicized 1978:Forced labor in Nazi Germany 1855:Independent State of Croatia 1600:23 July 1942 – October 1943 1039:Invasion of the Soviet Union 933:The war provided cover for " 879:invaded Poland from the east 875:occupied by the Soviet Union 852:Auschwitz concentration camp 693:about 1,500 anti-Jewish laws 463:and argued that there was a 443:positing the existence of a 395:Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg 275:invasion of the Soviet Union 7: 26950:End of World War II in Asia 26790:Western invasion of Germany 26297:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 26274:Second Battle of El Alamein 25844:Hundred Regiments Offensive 25816:Battle of the Mediterranean 25669:Italian invasion of Albania 23843:Air warfare of World War II 21692:National Socialist Movement 21660:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary) 19893:Night of the Murdered Poets 17551:Persecution of black people 17439:(second personal assistant) 17126:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 16294:National Population Program 14899:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 14564:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 14327:(possible illegitimate son) 13182:Night of the Murdered Poets 12601:Righteous Among the Nations 11816: 11287:Righteous Among the Nations 10776:. Wiley. pp. 117–133. 10681:. Wiley. pp. 135–151. 10612:. Wiley. pp. 173–189. 10590:. Wiley. pp. 247–261. 10571:. Wiley. pp. 381–396. 10473:. Brill. pp. 305–343. 10352:. Wiley. pp. 233–245. 7247:Texas Tech University Press 2787:system administered by the 2580:, and speeches, as well as 2504:Germany paid $ 86.8 billion 1780:Deportations from elsewhere 1397:Higher SS and Police Leader 1279:5,000 German Jews were shot 1169:Prior to the invasion, the 1073:planned the mass starvation 1051:was to be carried out as a 568:controlled the Soviet Union 467:. Many racists argued that 10: 27255: 27189:Ethnic cleansing in Europe 26876:Naval bombardment of Japan 26244:First Battle of El Alamein 26163:Battle of Christmas Island 26108:Japanese invasion of Burma 25872:Italian invasion of Greece 25788:German invasion of Belgium 25760:German invasion of Denmark 25733:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 25602:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 23866:Comparative military ranks 21955: 21706:Nordic Resistance Movement 20844:National Socialist Program 20704: 20324:Davidka Square bus bombing 20035:Antwerp summer camp attack 19909:Shafrir synagogue shooting 19612:Operation Harvest Festival 18721:Massacre of the Assumption 17756:(man who arrested Himmler) 17541:Suppression of Freemasonry 17531:Persecution of homosexuals 17521:Crimes against Soviet POWs 17041:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 16985:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials 16811:Effects on young survivors 16246:Sabra and Shatila massacre 14959:Lithuanian Security Police 14348:Streets named after Hitler 13177:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 13148:Anti-Zionist League (Iraq) 13123:Jewish Anti-Zionist League 13088:Antisemitic laws, policies 12944:On the Jews and Their Lies 12338:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 12308:Lithuanian Security Police 12227:Reich Security Main Office 11194:Evidence and documentation 10278:(2023b). "The Holocaust". 10170:Histories of the Holocaust 10083:Cambridge University Press 10003:University Press of Kansas 9879:W. W. Norton & Company 9853:Cambridge University Press 9304:Aharon, Eldad Ben (2020). 8989:Landau, Ronnie S. (2016). 8038:Landau, Ronnie S. (2016). 2427: 2407:Return home and emigration 2402:Aftermath of the Holocaust 2399: 2379:Operation Harvest Festival 2274: 2224:German invasion of Hungary 2131:Polish government-in-exile 2110: 2064: 1975: 1900: 1879:German occupation of Italy 1645: 1470:Major extermination camps 1365: 1351:Reich Main Security Office 1271:Romani people from Austria 1120: 944: 679: 673: 616:extrajudicial imprisonment 550:Germany's physical borders 330: 28:Holocaust (disambiguation) 25: 18: 26965: 26797:Bratislava–Brno offensive 26737: 26728:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 26465: 26352:Allied invasion of Sicily 26306: 26212:Aleutian Islands campaign 26184:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 26131: 26122:Greek famine of 1941–1944 26017:Second Battle of Changsha 25922:German invasion of Greece 25890: 25767:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 25742: 25680: 25575: 25456: 25182: 25092: 24940: 24643: 24634: 24392: 24217: 24109:North and Central Pacific 24070: 23832: 23825: 23752: 23696: 23604:South Thailand insurgency 23580:Walisongo school massacre 23548:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 23197:Expulsion of the Moriscos 23173:European wars of religion 23087: 22931: 22776: 22694: 22571: 22404: 22172: 22074: 21963: 21909: 21817: 21791: 21743: 21675:Nasjonal Samling (Norway) 21643: 21600: 21515: 21395: 21024: 20828: 20712: 20527: 20412: 20390:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing 20345:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing 20301: 20267:Hebrew University bombing 20223: 20187: 20180: 20097: 20018: 19988:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 19948:Avivim school bus bombing 19939: 19884: 19871:Menarsha synagogue attack 19862: 19835:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 19812: 19762: 19719: 19669: 19625: 19589: 19553: 19404: 19382: 19346: 19308: 18980: 18973: 18779: 18599: 18592: 18521: 18486: 18404: 18397: 18331: 18251: 18164: 18087: 18035: 17970: 17922: 17864: 17803: 17710: 17679: 17648: 17589: 17581:Himmler-Kersten Agreement 17494: 17458: 17409:(Chief of Personal Staff) 17362: 17339: 17215: 17096: 17009:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial 16977:Supreme National Tribunal 16867: 16848: 16758: 16680: 16583: 16461: 16368: 16131: 15826: 15588:Residential school system 15487: 15367: 15341: 15250: 15198: 15180: 15157: 15125: 15087: 15044: 15026: 14998: 14991: 14915: 14862:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 14845: 14838: 14798: 14752: 14547: 14457: 14436: 14429: 14361: 14340: 14249: 14193:Hitler: The Last Ten Days 14150: 14127: 14034: 14001:Meldemannstraße dormitory 13979: 13888: 13879: 13821: 13726: 13686: 13455: 13400: 13281: 13215: 13086: 13004: 12857: 12804: 12674: 12554:Books and other resources 12541: 12457: 12386: 12382: 12359: 12293: 12265: 12206: 12193: 12180: 12119: 12067: 12020: 11957: 11927: 11865: 11837: 11828: 11824: 11811: 11769: 11728: 11680: 11666: 11628: 11587: 11487: 11444: 11322: 11318: 11301: 11217: 11186: 11086:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 11013: 11009: 10840:10.1017/S0018246X19000566 10706:10.1002/9781118970492.ch3 10700:. Wiley. pp. 59–74. 10627:Sahlstrom, Julia (2021). 10223:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 10112:10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1 9823:Gilbert, Martin (2015) . 9530:The Holocaust: The Basics 9479:, pp. 163, 219, 239. 8511:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 6368:, pp. 306, 368, 372. 4227:, pp. 247, 251, 254. 2854:Peck & Berenbaum 2002 2842:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 2793:administratively separate 2760:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 2728:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 2471:waging wars of aggression 2430:Category:Holocaust trials 1867:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 1604: 1576: 1548: 1520: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 983:tried to concentrate Jews 858:in western Poland to the 848:were arrested or executed 793:revocation of citizenship 478:overseas, leading to the 423:in hopes that they would 405:Jews have lived in Europe 393:River (c. 1900) with the 286:murder all Jews in Europe 251:pursuit of "living space" 186:. Between 1941 and 1945, 151: 141: 105: 97: 82: 54: 46: 41: 26389:Allied invasion of Italy 26366:Solomon Islands campaign 26115:Third Battle of Changsha 25712:First Battle of Changsha 25618:Second Sino-Japanese War 24558:German military brothels 24424:United States war crimes 22994:Extrajudicial punishment 21616:Nazi concentration camps 21132:Economic interventionism 21094:Jewish conspiracy theory 20897:Night of the Long Knives 20873:Religion in Nazi Germany 20517:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing 20501:Poway synagogue shooting 20398:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 20232:Ghriba synagogue bombing 20154:Island of Peace massacre 19605:Kielce cemetery massacre 18156:Revolt against Heraclius 17884:Ancient Israel and Judah 17866:Ancient Israel and Judah 17354:Minister of the Interior 15880:Christians in Diyarbekir 15112:Ninth Fort November 1941 14714:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 14469:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader 14219:Hitler: The Rise of Evil 13422:Community Security Trust 13296:Black Death persecutions 12144:People with disabilities 12077:Aid and Rescue Committee 10915:Sutcliffe, Adam (2022). 10550:Cornell University Press 10501:Cornell University Press 10197:Penguin Publishing Group 10100:Russell, Nestar (2018). 10057:Indiana University Press 9710:Browning, Christopher R. 9641:Rowman & Littlefield 9516: 9210:Gilbert, Shirli (2010). 9188:, pp. 100, 102–103. 8760:Goschler & Ther 2007 8733:Goschler & Ther 2007 8255:Rosenberg, Alan (1979). 8233:, pp. 118, 409–410. 8078:. pp. 14, 111–112. 7520:, pp. 237, 242–243. 6678:, pp. 340, 376–377. 6452:, pp. 115–116, 382. 6166:, pp. 299–300, 331. 6106:, pp. 341, 353–354. 6094:, pp. 338, 352–353. 5471:, pp. 280–281, 292. 4785:, pp. 105, 107–108. 3242:, pp. 120–121, 123. 2657: 1941:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 1738:were sent to Treblinka. 1572:May 1942 – October 1942 1222:the gunfire but instead 1127:The Holocaust in Romania 1045:invaded the Soviet Union 676:The Holocaust in Germany 607:was appointed chancellor 510:by socialists and Jews. 480:Herero and Nama genocide 257:in early 1933. Meant to 26811:Second Guangxi campaign 26666:Philippines (1944–1945) 26170:Battle of the Coral Sea 26073:Fall of the Philippines 25719:Battle of South Guangxi 25625:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 25031:Italian Social Republic 23687:Crocus City Hall attack 23434:Persecution of Tibetans 23191:French Wars of Religion 23113:Yellow Turban Rebellion 22634:Psychometrics of racism 22084:Anti-miscegenation laws 21721:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia) 20051:Vienna synagogue attack 20027:Paris synagogue bombing 19271:The Bloody Day in Jaffa 17841:Expulsions and exoduses 16818:Politics of recognition 15373:Destruction of Carthage 14534:Franz Walter Stahlecker 14233:Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler 13803:Last will and testament 13628:Palestinian Territories 13133:Dreyfus Affair (France) 12285:Order Police battalions 10800:Oxford University Press 10752:Oxford University Press 10746:(2010). "Nationalism". 10524:Oxford University Press 10452:Oxford University Press 10429:Oxford University Press 10174:Oxford University Press 9976:Oxford University Press 9922:Oxford University Press 9667:Oxford University Press 9589:Oxford University Press 7210:Oxford University Press 7071:Press. pp. 33–34. 5675:(1). Elsevier BV: 1–6. 5634:Borkin, Joseph (1978). 2785:Nazi concentration camp 2643:Holocaust emerged from 2586:Denial of the Holocaust 2502:Between 1945 and 2018, 2418:displaced persons camps 2107:International reactions 1788:Jews are deported from 1569:Late 1941 or March 1942 1433:overcrowded cattle cars 1267:deport them to the east 1251:Bessarabia and Bukovina 1065:demographic engineering 1061:laws and customs of war 947:The Holocaust in Poland 873:The rest of Poland was 830:from the United Kingdom 813:annexation into Germany 599:political fragmentation 355:Soviet prisoners of war 26396:Armistice of Cassibile 26198:Battle of Dutch Harbor 26149:Battle of the Java Sea 26052:Attack on Pearl Harbor 25952:Syria–Lebanon campaign 25945:Battle of South Shanxi 25915:Invasion of Yugoslavia 25698:Battle of the Atlantic 25312:Korean Liberation Army 25025:(until September 1943) 24982:(until September 1944) 24960:(until September 1944) 23640:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 23616:Maspero demonstrations 23464:Huế Phật Đản shootings 22599:Ethnic plastic surgery 22094:Biological determinism 21870: 21861: 21382: 21373: 21362: 21337:Social interventionism 21306: 21297: 21179: 21170: 21165:Greater Germanic Reich 21151: 21142: 21116: 21085: 20926: 20917: 20878: 20854: 20849:Hitler's rise to power 20813: 20803: 20789: 20754:League of German Girls 20740: 20731: 20722: 20374:Beersheba bus bombings 19980:Kiryat Shmona massacre 19901:Scorpion Pass massacre 19598:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19029:Second Kishinev pogrom 18769:Portuguese Inquisition 18421:2nd Alexandrian pogrom 18192:Invasion of Banu Nadir 17993:First Jewish-Roman War 17697:Claus von Stauffenberg 17661:Army Group Upper Rhine 17350:Chief of German Police 17269:South Africa v. Israel 17237:Rohingya genocide case 16774:Names of the Holocaust 16238:Chittagong Hill Tracts 15946:Kinder der Landstrasse 15832:Late Ottoman genocides 15293:Einsatzgruppen reports 15258:List of Einsatzgruppen 15107:Kaunas 29 October 1941 14604:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock 14313:William Stuart-Houston 13859:Assassination attempts 13442:Stephen Roth Institute 13090:and government actions 13029:Portuguese Inquisition 13006:Religious antisemitism 12880:Double genocide theory 12766:Secondary antisemitism 12702:Religious antisemitism 12134:Soviet urban residents 11225:International response 11199:Contemporary knowledge 10891:10.4000/temoigner.9886 10828:The Historical Journal 10794:(2010). "Punishment". 10606:Priemel, Kim Christian 10393:Goschler, Constantin; 8348:10.1126/sciadv.aau7292 7460:, pp. 1065, 1075. 7241:Majer, Diemut (2014). 7100:Lenten, Ronit (2000). 7069:Wayne State University 6618:, pp. 1064, 1066. 6284:, pp. 95–96, 387. 5890:, pp. 93–94, 120. 2570:different memorial day 2543: 2461:In 1945 and 1946, the 2443: 2342: 2255: 2183: 2161:Second half of the war 2062: 2060:Warsaw Ghetto uprising 2011: 2000: 1991: 1925:Holocaust perpetrators 1919: 1883:Italian-occupied areas 1863:larger number of Serbs 1805: 1726: 1719:Warsaw Ghetto uprising 1673: 1490:Mass gassing duration 1481:Number of Jews killed 1377: 1376:Deportation to Chełmno 1218: 1210: 1140: 1117:Mass shootings of Jews 1098: 1022: 978: 963: 955:Unpaved street in the 815: 730: 590: 525: 476:German colonial empire 441:Political antisemitism 401: 333:Names of the Holocaust 309:Holocaust perpetrators 200:German-occupied Europe 88:German-occupied Poland 69:, May 1944. Most were 67:German-occupied Poland 32:Shoah (disambiguation) 26560:Second Battle of Guam 26456:Bengal famine of 1943 26426:Second Battle of Kiev 26382:Battle of the Dnieper 26087:Battle of Wake Island 25959:East African campaign 25901:Battle of South Henan 25546:atrocities by Germans 25319:Korean Volunteer Army 24300:Occupation of Germany 24054:Music in World War II 23610:Boko Haram insurgency 23269:Pontic Greek genocide 23179:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 22989:Extrajudicial killing 22766:Religious persecution 22519:In Jewish communities 22497:Hispanic & Latino 21631:Human experimentation 21327:Reactionary modernism 21272:Anti-Slavic sentiment 20999:Human experimentation 20733:Geheime Staatspolizei 20274:Rishon LeZion bombing 19996:Coastal Road massacre 18997:First Kishinev pogrom 18788:Chmielnicki massacres 18705:Schaffhausen Massacre 18624:Armleder persecutions 18578:Rintfleisch massacres 18243:Medieval antisemitism 18182:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 18177:Siege of Banu Qurayza 18151:Revolt against Gallus 17937:Second Temple Judaism 17134:Bosnian genocide case 16788:Holocaust terminology 16431:Christians under ISIS 16169:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 15598:1740 Batavia massacre 15422:Harrying of the North 15190:Kremnička and Nemecká 14659:Waldemar Klingelhöfer 14301:Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. 14200:The Meaning of Hitler 14119:German naturalization 14011:16 Prinzregentenplatz 13402:Organizations working 12962:Contemporary imprints 12891:The International Jew 12761:Rootless cosmopolitan 12581:Memorials and museums 12519:Reparations Agreement 12514:Holocaust restitution 12092:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 11615:Human experimentation 11454:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 10944:Welch, Susan (2020). 10770:Westermann, Edward B. 10258:Palgrave Macmillan UK 10075:Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. 9950:Yale University Press 9563:Bloomsbury Publishing 9216:Jewish Social Studies 8118:10.4324/9780429428616 7568:, pp. 74–75, 81. 3215:, pp. 62–63, 65. 2893:Hayes & Roth 2010 2716:Hayes & Roth 2010 2538: 2437: 2428:Further information: 2284: 2249: 2210:with the help of the 2173: 2065:Further information: 2057: 1997: 1985: 1976:Further information: 1935:, Romanian soldiers, 1910: 1901:Further information: 1853:to October 1942. The 1835:Grand Mosque of Paris 1827:Si Kaddour Benghabrit 1787: 1716: 1655: 1646:Further information: 1606:Auschwitz II–Birkenau 1375: 1353:(RSHA), convened the 1332:attacked Pearl Harbor 1281:outside of Kovno and 1216: 1204: 1134: 1121:Further information: 1111:anti-partisan warfare 1092: 969: 954: 945:Further information: 806: 799:Start of World War II 719: 680:Further information: 650:. The annexations of 603:in mid-1932 elections 585: 516: 500:substantial territory 388: 327:Terminology and scope 259:force all German Jews 146:Around 6 million Jews 26846:Surrender of Germany 26324:Battle of West Hubei 26281:Guadalcanal campaign 26251:Battle of Stalingrad 26177:Battle of Madagascar 24951:Albania protectorate 24738:(formerly Swaziland) 24447:Wehrmacht war crimes 24263:Expulsion of Germans 24047:Art and World War II 23945:British contribution 23894:Governments in exile 23592:September 11 attacks 23528:1984 anti-Sikh riots 23392:Rawalpindi massacres 23338:White Terror (Spain) 23149:Massacre at Ayyadieh 23034:Population cleansing 22609:Herrenvolk democracy 21665:German American Bund 21045:Anti-intellectualism 20892:Enabling Act of 1933 20509:Jersey City shooting 20382:Ashdod Port bombings 19964:Lod Airport massacre 19925:Purge of Polish Jews 19849:Kfar Etzion massacre 19355:Częstochowa massacre 19116:1920 Nebi Musa riots 18936:Fourth Odessa pogrom 18892:Second Odessa pogrom 18204:Sephardic Golden Age 17998:Battle of Beth Horon 17924:Second Temple period 17909:Babylonian captivity 17738:(personal physician) 17702:Henning von Tresckow 17536:Persecution of Serbs 17516:Crimes against Poles 17285:Nicaragua v. Germany 17184:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 16560:Utilitarian genocide 16539:Transgender genocide 15906:Osage Indian murders 15606:Great Gypsy Round-up 15273:Einsatzgruppen trial 15135:Operation Tannenberg 14816:Antanas Impulevičius 14689:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 14353:Mannerheim recording 14277:Johann Georg Hiedler 14179:The Victory of Faith 13755:Political directives 13404:against antisemitism 13350:Martyrdom in Judaism 13216:Antisemitic websites 13128:Leo Frank trial (US) 13024:Catholic Inquisition 12996:Zionist antisemitism 12712:Antisemitism studies 11781:Jewish Ghetto Police 11650:Politische Abteilung 11545:Risiera di San Sabba 11406:Natzweiler-Struthof 10802:. pp. 524–539. 10639:. pp. 287–313. 10552:. pp. 104–123. 10542:Kopstein, Jeffrey S. 10526:. pp. 509–523. 10493:Kopstein, Jeffrey S. 10454:. pp. 540–559. 10378:. pp. 117–143. 10308:. pp. 153–172. 10148:Taylor & Francis 9806:. Washington, D.C.: 8320:Stone, Lewi (2019). 7795:, pp. 114, 368. 7603:on 29 September 2023 7128:"Do burdelu, marsz!" 6948:, pp. 265, 272. 6876:, pp. 379, 383. 6777:, pp. 265, 267. 6642:, pp. 259, 264. 6380:, pp. 366, 389. 6332:, pp. 373, 379. 6308:, pp. 324, 360. 5522:, pp. 247, 251. 4721:, pp. 300, 310. 4532:, pp. 142, 294. 4164:, pp. 109, 117. 3685:, pp. 117, 119. 3637:, pp. 184, 187. 2744:Christopher Browning 2645:Western civilization 2396:Aftermath and legacy 2200:Italy switched sides 2088:resistance movements 1707:Jewish ghetto police 1683:armaments production 1421:Schmelt Organization 1403:began work planning 1277:. In late November, 1259:Carpathian Ruthenian 1178:, the leader of the 1093:Public execution of 1053:war of extermination 758:levied a special tax 686:The roughly 500,000 578:Rise of Nazi Germany 538:a world without Jews 502:; opposition to the 496:two million war dead 249:based on racism and 245:The Nazis developed 27224:Mass murder in 1945 27219:Mass murder in 1944 27214:Mass murder in 1943 27209:Mass murder in 1942 27204:Mass murder in 1941 27194:Genocides in Europe 26936:Potsdam Declaration 26825:Italy (Spring 1945) 26588:Liberation of Paris 26045:Siege of Sevastopol 25063:(until August 1944) 24966:Wang Jingwei regime 24788:from September 1943 24748:from September 1944 24686:from September 1944 24546:Romanian war crimes 24537:Persecution of Jews 24523:Croatian war crimes 24493:Japanese war crimes 24307:Occupation of Japan 24256:First Indochina War 23968:Military production 23880:Declarations of war 23504:Bangladesh genocide 23484:Cultural Revolution 23476:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 23239:Circassian genocide 23125:Rhineland massacres 23039:Population transfer 23004:Forced displacement 22816:Jehovah's Witnesses 22629:Perpetual foreigner 21792:Role and impact in 21655:American Nazi Party 21106:Cult of personality 21075:Class collaboration 20984:Extermination camps 20969:Concentration camps 20912:Anti-Comintern Pact 20331:Café Hillel bombing 19699:Tripolitania pogrom 19497:Kamianets-Podilskyi 19021:Fifth Odessa pogrom 18959:1898 Algerian riots 18900:Third Odessa pogrom 18844:First Odessa pogrom 18729:Spanish Inquisition 18713:Moroccan revolution 18593:14th – 19th century 18523:Rhineland massacres 17942:Hellenistic Judaism 17851:Political movements 17561:Deutsche Volksliste 17443:Walter Schellenberg 17401:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 17397:(Chief of the RSHA) 16671:Settler colonialism 16620:Forced assimilation 16326:Srebrenica massacre 16098:Chechens and Ingush 15856:Thracian Bulgarians 15702:Sand Creek massacre 15663:Siege of Tripolitsa 15414:Ancestral Puebloans 15223:Kamianets-Podilskyi 15167:Gully of Petrushino 14684:Gustav Adolf Nosske 14519:Friedrich Panzinger 14449:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 14283:Maria Schicklgruber 14186:Triumph of the Will 14173:Killing baby Hitler 14163:Cult of personality 14104:Hitler's Table Talk 14047:possible monorchism 13980:Civilian residences 13869:conspiracy theories 13380:Spanish Inquisition 13291:Rhineland massacres 13046:Rhineland massacres 13039:Spanish Inquisition 12771:Stereotypes of Jews 12756:Racial antisemitism 12707:Persecution of Jews 12559:Days of remembrance 12472:Holocaust survivors 12467:Depopulated shtetls 12318:Rollkommando Hamann 12164:Jehovah's Witnesses 11982:Kamianets-Podilskyi 11044:Bohemia and Moravia 10874:Lehnstaedt, Stephan 10298:Beorn, Waitman Wade 10260:. pp. 97–117. 10215:Wachsmann, Nikolaus 10191:Stone, Dan (2023). 10022:Nicosia, Francis R. 10020:Niewyk, Donald L.; 9615:Bloomsbury Academic 9607:Beorn, Waitman Wade 9581:Bazyler, Michael J. 9415:, pp. 206–207. 9161:, pp. 306–307. 9125:, pp. 190–191. 8909:, pp. 15, 346. 8897:, pp. 98, 107. 8817:, pp. 482–483. 8801:, pp. 549–550. 8723:, pp. 215–216. 8711:, pp. 182–183. 8699:, pp. 534–535. 8591:, pp. 512–513. 8564:, pp. 353–355. 8552:, pp. 275–276. 8540:, pp. 273–274. 8340:2019SciA....5.7292S 8245:, pp. 428–429. 8221:, pp. 407–408. 7924:, pp. 409–410. 7855:, pp. 414–418. 7759:, pp. 410–412. 7711:, pp. 402–403. 7448:, pp. 269–270. 7337:, pp. 236–237. 7289:, pp. 424–425. 7140:on 5 December 2010. 7044:, pp. 392–393. 7020:, pp. 189–190. 6972:, pp. 264–265. 6888:, pp. 271–272. 6813:, pp. 196–197. 6801:, pp. 142–143. 6789:, pp. 141–143. 6753:, pp. 334–335. 6519:, pp. 124–125. 6344:, pp. 325–326. 6219:, pp. 375–376. 6142:, pp. 378–380. 6118:, pp. 241–242. 6070:, pp. 93, 249. 6022:, pp. 335–336. 5858:, pp. 74, 120. 5597:, pp. 153–154. 5573:, pp. 204–205. 5534:, pp. 286–287. 5510:, pp. 526–527. 5498:, pp. 281–282. 5483:, pp. 208–209. 5398:, pp. 290–291. 5212:, pp. 146–147. 5161:, pp. 205–206. 5125:, pp. 298–299. 5089:, pp. 284–285. 4937:, pp. 135–136. 4884:, pp. 259–260. 4773:, pp. 69, 440. 4733:, pp. 162–163. 4697:, pp. 182–183. 4670:, pp. 298–299. 4655:, pp. 297–298. 4604:, pp. 231–232. 4520:, pp. 182–183. 4508:, pp. 221–222. 4496:, pp. 181–182. 4412:, pp. 201–202. 4400:, pp. 121–122. 4352:, pp. 127–128. 4340:, pp. 247–248. 4328:, pp. 314–315. 4275:, pp. 253–254. 4188:, pp. 87, 103. 4120:, pp. 107–109. 3898:, pp. 102–103. 3874:, pp. 99, 101. 3818:, pp. 109–110. 3794:, pp. 332–334. 3625:, pp. 184–185. 3281:, pp. 138–139. 2562:Holocaust education 2499:in eastern Europe. 2452:Genocide Convention 2232:a last-ditch effort 2176:Carpathian Ruthenia 2166:Continuing killings 2151:Holocaust survivors 2145:During the war the 1802:General Governorate 1658:General Governorate 1631:(built as POW camp) 1484:Killing technology 1471: 1362:Extermination camps 1338:, referring to his 1334:. The next day, he 1319:extermination camps 976:General Governorate 910:. In 1941, Germany 885:. The Soviet Union 860:General Governorate 777:Mandatory Palestine 670:Persecution of Jews 660:Bohemia and Moravia 632:forcibly sterilized 628:concentration camps 521:postcard showing a 294:medical experiments 208:extermination camps 26929:Surrender of Japan 26762:Battle of Iwo Jima 26611:Belgrade offensive 26024:Siege of Leningrad 25908:Battle of Shanggao 25837:British Somaliland 25802:Dunkirk evacuation 25753:Norwegian campaign 25691:Invasion of Poland 25518:Japanese prisoners 24486:Italian war crimes 24417:British war crimes 24332:Soviet occupations 24116:South-West Pacific 24003:Allied cooperation 23961:Military equipment 23598:2002 Gujarat riots 23522:Cambodian genocide 23516:Lebanese Civil War 23294:Soviet persecution 23131:Jerusalem massacre 23044:Sectarian violence 23029:Political violence 22659:Racial integration 22639:Race and sexuality 22444:Japanese Americans 22164:Racial segregation 22154:Racial nationalism 21879:German Romanticism 21767:Nazi Party members 21621:Extermination camp 21014:Racial segregation 20742:Deutsches Jungvolk 20429:Burgas bus bombing 20114:Crown Heights riot 20067:Ras Burqa massacre 19778:Haifa Oil Refinery 19634:Ardeatine massacre 19569:Dzyatlava massacre 18989:Częstochowa pogrom 18608:Shepherds' Crusade 18413:Alexandrian pogrom 18398:1st – 13th century 17899:Assyrian Captivity 17879:Origins of Judaism 17821:Population history 17744:(personal masseur) 17671:Operation Nordwind 17666:Army Group Vistula 17566:Operation Reinhard 17495:Responsibility for 17449:Karl Maria Wiligut 17374:Ideology of the SS 17150:Slobodan Milošević 17001:Erich von Manstein 16613:Extermination camp 16374:Effacer le tableau 16137:Hyderabadi Muslims 16082:Nanshitou Massacre 16066:Muslims and Croats 15768:Hamidian massacres 15655:Al-Jawazi massacre 15645:Stolen Generations 15348:list by death toll 14870:Sicherheitspolizei 14826:Algirdas Klimaitis 14624:Friedrich Buchardt 14539:Bruno Streckenbach 14240:Apocalypse: Hitler 14168:In popular culture 13599:Conservative Party 13360:Pale of Settlement 12870:Christian Identity 12844:Soviet mathematics 12749:Working definition 12542:History and memory 12446:Forced euthanasia 12394:Nazi racial policy 12097:Danish underground 11944:Operation Reinhard 11939:Wannsee Conference 10754:. pp. 54–67. 10047:Berenbaum, Michael 10045:Peck, Abraham J.; 9995:Berenbaum, Michael 9993:Neufeld, Michael; 9845:Gerlach, Christian 9752:St. Martin's Press 4745:, pp. 13–14; 4176:, p. 63, 437. 3937:, pp. 46, 73. 3746:, pp. 49, 53. 3526:, pp. 52, 60. 3499:, pp. 39, 41. 3179:, pp. 61, 65. 2544: 2481:was kidnapped and 2458:of criminal laws. 2444: 2355:Operation Reinhard 2343: 2256: 2184: 2063: 2016:forced-labor camps 2012: 1992: 1920: 1806: 1752:Bialystok District 1729:The Warsaw Ghetto 1727: 1674: 1648:Operation Reinhard 1611:East Upper Silesia 1469: 1417:East Upper Silesia 1378: 1368:Extermination camp 1355:Wannsee Conference 1326:. On 11 December, 1219: 1211: 1141: 1099: 1077:besieged Leningrad 1057:complete disregard 979: 964: 912:invaded Yugoslavia 908:Denmark and Norway 883:German–Soviet pact 816: 731: 644:state-led measures 591: 526: 504:postwar settlement 492:widespread pogroms 402: 317:museums, memorials 290:forced labor camps 212:Auschwitz-Birkenau 206:and poison gas in 86:Europe, primarily 27239:Massacres of Jews 27009: 27008: 27003: 27002: 26961: 26960: 26804:Battle of Okinawa 26703:Burma (1944–1945) 26537:Mariana and Palau 26317:Tunisian campaign 26142:Fall of Singapore 26066:Fall of Hong Kong 25809:Battle of Britain 25662:Operation Himmler 25571: 25570: 25235:Dutch East Indies 24878:Southern Rhodesia 24630: 24629: 24530:Genocide of Serbs 24433:German war crimes 24410:Soviet war crimes 24403:Allied war crimes 24249:Division of Korea 24228:Chinese Civil War 24026:Strategic bombing 23938:Manhattan Project 23712: 23711: 23652:Rohingya genocide 23380:Direct Action Day 23332:Šahovići massacre 23282:Armenian genocide 23276:Assyrian genocide 23163:(13th–15th cent.) 23157:(12th–16th cent.) 23155:Northern Crusades 22999:Forced conversion 22949:Cultural genocide 22944:Communal violence 22826:post–Cold War era 22811:Eastern Orthodoxy 22732: 22731: 22480:African Americans 22427:Chinese Americans 22124:Ethnic stereotype 21923: 21922: 21496:Strasser (Gregor) 21375:Volksgemeinschaft 21320:Völkisch movement 21315:Völkisch equality 20902:Nuremberg rallies 20863:German rearmament 20672: 20671: 20668: 20667: 20644: 20643: 20485:Halamish stabbing 20477:Tel Aviv shooting 20408: 20407: 20361: 20360: 20297: 20296: 20253:Passover massacre 20219: 20218: 20176: 20175: 20172: 20171: 20138:Beit Lid massacre 20093: 20092: 20014: 20013: 20004:Nahariya massacre 19935: 19934: 19880: 19879: 19858: 19857: 19808: 19807: 19771:Fajja bus attacks 19758: 19757: 19715: 19714: 19665: 19664: 19621: 19620: 19585: 19584: 19549: 19548: 19400: 19399: 19378: 19377: 19342: 19341: 19326:Tiberias massacre 19255:Constantine riots 19202: 19201: 19127:Russian Civil War 18969: 18968: 18945: 18944: 18689:Brussels massacre 18683: 18682: 18588: 18587: 18556: 18555: 18482: 18481: 18472:Battle of Khaybar 18448:Bar Kokhba revolt 18349: 18348: 18341:WP:Jewish history 18199:Under Muslim rule 18187:Battle of Khaybar 18102:Synagogal Judaism 18083: 18082: 18025:Bar Kokhba revolt 17988:Jewish-Roman Wars 17952:Hasmonean kingdom 17894:Kingdom of Israel 17763: 17762: 17656:Operation Himmler 17623:(younger brother) 17597:Margarete Himmler 17395:Reinhard Heydrich 17299: 17298: 17295: 17294: 17202: 17201: 17083: 17082: 16929:Euthanasia trials 16849:Legal proceedings 16592:Cultural genocide 16518:Cultural genocide 16457: 16456: 16390:Masalit massacres 16353: 16352: 16254:Sri Lankan Tamils 16161:Arabs in Zanzibar 16116: 16115: 16034:Three Alls policy 15811: 15810: 15744:Putumayo genocide 15472: 15471: 15301: 15300: 15246: 15245: 15141:Intelligenzaktion 14987: 14986: 14978:Ypatingasis būrys 14878:Sicherheitsdienst 14834: 14833: 14699:Martin Sandberger 14669:Walter Kutschmann 14654:Friedrich Jeckeln 14444:Reinhard Heydrich 14381: 14380: 14099:Psychopathography 14089:Stefanie Rabatsch 14054:Wealth and income 14030: 14029: 13911:Reich Chancellery 13673: 13672: 13316:Ghettos in Europe 13229:The Daily Stormer 13034:Roman Inquisition 12897:Jewish Bolshevism 12634: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12477:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 12424:Jewish emigration 12414:Hitler's prophecy 12409:Haavara Agreement 12355: 12354: 12351: 12350: 12343:Ypatingasis būrys 12240:Sicherheitsdienst 12176: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12115: 12114: 12035:Bielski partisans 11807: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11638:Totenkopfverbände 11297: 11296: 10853:Holocaust Studies 10809:978-0-19-921186-9 10792:Wittmann, Rebecca 10783:978-1-118-97052-2 10761:978-0-19-921186-9 10715:978-1-118-97052-2 10688:978-1-118-97052-2 10654:978-3-030-55532-0 10619:978-1-118-97052-2 10597:978-1-118-97052-2 10578:978-1-118-97052-2 10559:978-1-5017-6676-3 10533:978-0-19-921186-9 10510:978-1-5017-6676-3 10480:978-90-04-35235-3 10461:978-0-19-921186-9 10438:978-0-19-921186-9 10431:. pp. 1–20. 10412:978-0-85745-564-2 10405:. pp. 1–18. 10385:978-3-030-28675-0 10368:Evans, Richard J. 10359:978-1-118-97052-2 10337:978-1-118-97049-2 10315:978-1-118-97052-2 10289:978-0-19-288683-5 10267:978-0-230-28336-7 10232:978-0-374-11825-9 10206:978-0-241-38870-9 10183:978-0-19-956679-2 10157:978-1-000-83062-0 10138:Smith, Stephen D. 10121:978-3-319-97999-1 10092:978-1-107-07399-9 10066:978-0-253-21529-1 10037:978-0-231-52878-8 9985:978-0-19-280436-5 9959:978-0-300-26253-7 9931:978-0-19-753807-4 9906:978-0-8032-7491-4 9862:978-0-521-70689-6 9836:978-0-7953-4674-3 9789:978-0-429-77837-7 9761:978-0-230-76891-8 9733:978-0-8032-0392-1 9701:978-8-821-19615-7 9676:978-0-19-955034-0 9650:978-1-4422-4228-9 9624:978-1-4742-3219-7 9598:978-0-19-092306-8 9572:978-1-350-33234-8 9544:978-1-351-32989-7 9387:978-1-107-10358-0 9359:978-90-8964-381-0 9320:978-3-946459-59-0 9264:978-1-4411-4655-7 9002:978-0-85772-843-2 8975:978-0-2280-0951-1 8945:978-1-107-10358-0 8762:, pp. 13–14. 8481:978-0-7953-3719-2 8474:. Rosetta Books. 8127:978-1-138-36944-3 8085:978-3-406-80881-4 8051:978-0-85772-843-2 7202:Gellately, Robert 7057:The Blessed Abyss 6320:, pp. 33–34. 6231:, pp. 96–97. 5649:978-0-02-904630-2 5442:Henry Friedlander 5320:, pp. 84–85. 5277:, pp. 79–80. 5077:, pp. 75–77. 4925:, pp. 69–70. 4761:, pp. 72–73. 4472:, pp. 67–68. 4436:, pp. 63–64. 4048:, pp. 37–38. 3973:, pp. 89–90. 3886:, pp. 57–58. 3589:, pp. 44–45. 3577:, pp. 43–44. 3397:, pp. 47–48. 3346:, pp. 32–38. 3317:, pp. 33–34. 3203:, pp. 52–54. 3078:, pp. 64–65. 3003:, pp. 21–23. 2979:, pp. 21–22. 2967:, pp. 20–21. 2943:, pp. 14–17. 2844:, pp. 45–52. 2516:Claims Conference 2497:fall of Communism 2456:non-retroactivity 2363:Christian Gerlach 2277:Holocaust victims 2212:Danish resistance 2139:joint declaration 2101:Bielski partisans 2084:Jews participated 2050:Escape and hiding 2021:private companies 2006:badge at work at 1946:Christian Gerlach 1639: 1638: 1632: 1615:900,000–1,000,000 1347:Reinhard Heydrich 1161:Romanian soldiers 1049:Jewish Bolshevism 999:French Madagascar 612:a system of camps 589:from 1933 to 1941 484:South West Africa 457:industrialization 192:its collaborators 184:World War II 169: 168: 160:its collaborators 61:Jews arriving at 21:Holocaust victims 27246: 27159: 27151: 27150: 27149: 27142: 27141:from Wikiversity 27134: 27133: 27132: 27125: 27117: 27116: 27115: 27108: 27100: 27099: 27098: 27091: 27083: 27082: 27081: 27074: 27066: 27065: 27064: 27057: 27049: 27048: 27047: 27040: 27032: 27031: 27030: 27020: 26996: 26989: 26982: 26979:World portal 26977: 26976: 26952: 26945: 26938: 26931: 26922: 26915: 26908: 26899: 26892: 26885: 26878: 26871: 26864: 26855: 26848: 26841: 26839:Prague offensive 26834: 26832:Battle of Berlin 26827: 26820: 26813: 26806: 26799: 26792: 26785: 26778: 26776:Vienna offensive 26771: 26764: 26757: 26755:Battle of Manila 26750: 26730: 26721: 26712: 26705: 26696: 26689: 26682: 26675: 26668: 26661: 26654: 26645: 26636: 26629: 26620: 26613: 26606: 26599: 26590: 26583: 26576: 26569: 26562: 26555: 26548: 26539: 26532: 26523: 26514: 26505: 26498: 26496:Korsun–Cherkassy 26491: 26480: 26458: 26449: 26442: 26435: 26428: 26421: 26414: 26407: 26398: 26391: 26384: 26377: 26368: 26361: 26354: 26347: 26340: 26338:Bombing of Gorky 26333: 26326: 26319: 26299: 26292: 26283: 26276: 26269: 26260: 26253: 26246: 26239: 26228: 26221: 26214: 26207: 26205:Battle of Midway 26200: 26193: 26191:Battle of Gazala 26186: 26179: 26172: 26165: 26158: 26151: 26144: 26124: 26117: 26110: 26103: 26101:Battle of Borneo 26096: 26094:Malayan campaign 26089: 26082: 26075: 26068: 26061: 26054: 26047: 26040: 26038:Bombing of Gorky 26033: 26031:Battle of Moscow 26026: 26019: 26012: 26005: 25998: 25991: 25975: 25968: 25961: 25954: 25947: 25940: 25931: 25924: 25917: 25910: 25903: 25883: 25874: 25867: 25860: 25853: 25846: 25839: 25832: 25825: 25818: 25811: 25804: 25797: 25795:Battle of France 25790: 25783: 25776: 25769: 25762: 25755: 25735: 25728: 25721: 25714: 25707: 25700: 25693: 25671: 25664: 25657: 25650: 25648:Munich Agreement 25643: 25636: 25627: 25620: 25613: 25604: 25597: 25582: 25581: 25564: 25557: 25548: 25541: 25534: 25533:Soviet prisoners 25527: 25520: 25513: 25504: 25497: 25488: 25481: 25474: 25473:German prisoners 25469: 25449: 25440: 25433: 25426: 25421: 25414: 25407: 25400: 25393: 25386: 25379: 25372: 25365: 25358: 25351: 25344: 25337: 25330: 25321: 25314: 25307: 25300: 25293: 25286: 25279: 25272: 25265: 25258: 25251: 25244: 25237: 25230: 25223: 25216: 25209: 25202: 25195: 25175: 25168: 25161: 25154: 25147: 25140: 25133: 25126: 25119: 25112: 25105: 25085: 25078: 25071: 25064: 25056: 25049: 25042: 25033: 25026: 25018: 25011: 25009:French Indochina 25004: 24997: 24990: 24983: 24975: 24968: 24961: 24953: 24933: 24924: 24917: 24908: 24901: 24894: 24887: 24880: 24873: 24866: 24859: 24856:from August 1944 24847: 24840: 24833: 24826: 24819: 24812: 24805: 24798: 24791: 24779: 24772: 24765: 24758: 24751: 24739: 24731: 24724: 24717: 24710: 24703: 24696: 24689: 24677: 24670: 24663: 24656: 24641: 24640: 24621: 24614: 24607: 24600: 24593: 24582: 24567: 24560: 24553: 24548: 24539: 24532: 24525: 24516: 24509: 24502: 24500:Nanjing Massacre 24495: 24488: 24479: 24477:Nuremberg trials 24470: 24463: 24456: 24449: 24442: 24435: 24426: 24419: 24412: 24405: 24385: 24378: 24371: 24362: 24355: 24348: 24341: 24334: 24327: 24318: 24309: 24302: 24295: 24288: 24279: 24272: 24265: 24258: 24251: 24244: 24237: 24230: 24210: 24201: 24194: 24187: 24178: 24171: 24164: 24157: 24148: 24141: 24134: 24125: 24118: 24111: 24104: 24097: 24090: 24083: 24081:Asia and Pacific 24063: 24056: 24049: 24042: 24035: 24028: 24021: 24012: 24010:Mulberry harbour 24005: 23998: 23991: 23984: 23977: 23970: 23963: 23956: 23947: 23940: 23933: 23924: 23917: 23910: 23903: 23896: 23889: 23882: 23875: 23868: 23861: 23852: 23845: 23830: 23829: 23818: 23811: 23802: 23795: 23788: 23781: 23774: 23767: 23760: 23739: 23732: 23725: 23716: 23715: 23704: 23703: 23670:2020 Delhi riots 23586:Kosheh massacres 23566:Bosnian genocide 23386:1946 Bihar riots 23049:Social cleansing 22974:Ethnic cleansing 22759: 22752: 22745: 22736: 22735: 22722: 22721: 22712: 22711: 22702: 22701: 22556:Racial supremacy 22514:Jewish Americans 22492:Native Americans 22461:Zainichi Koreans 22449:Japanese Koreans 22432:Zainichi Chinese 22405:Racism by target 22182:Global apartheid 22174:Racism by region 22159:Racial profiling 22149:Racial hierarchy 21950: 21943: 21936: 21927: 21926: 21915: 21914: 21875: 21866: 21863:Drang nach Osten 21701: 21682: 21591:von Sebottendorf 21387: 21378: 21367: 21347:State capitalism 21332:Social Darwinism 21311: 21302: 21184: 21175: 21156: 21147: 21121: 21090: 21087:Dolchstoßlegende 21060:Authoritarianism 20953:Nuremberg trials 20931: 20922: 20883: 20859: 20818: 20808: 20794: 20745: 20736: 20727: 20699: 20692: 20685: 20676: 20675: 20661: 20658:Dagestan attacks 20653: 20637: 20630: 20623: 20616: 20609: 20602: 20595: 20588: 20581: 20574: 20567: 20552: 20551: 20547: 20544:Beersheba attack 20539: 20520: 20512: 20504: 20496: 20488: 20480: 20472: 20464: 20456: 20448: 20440: 20432: 20424: 20401: 20393: 20385: 20377: 20363: 20362: 20354: 20347: 20340: 20333: 20326: 20319: 20312: 20299: 20298: 20290: 20283: 20276: 20269: 20262: 20255: 20248: 20241: 20234: 20221: 20220: 20212: 20205: 20192: 20191: 20185: 20184: 20165: 20157: 20149: 20141: 20133: 20125: 20117: 20109: 20106:Cairo bus attack 20095: 20094: 20086: 20078: 20070: 20062: 20054: 20046: 20038: 20030: 20016: 20015: 20007: 19999: 19991: 19983: 19975: 19972:Ma'alot massacre 19967: 19959: 19951: 19937: 19936: 19928: 19920: 19912: 19904: 19896: 19882: 19881: 19873: 19860: 19859: 19851: 19844: 19837: 19830: 19823: 19810: 19809: 19801: 19794: 19787: 19780: 19773: 19760: 19759: 19751: 19744: 19737: 19724: 19723: 19708: 19701: 19694: 19687: 19685:Topoľčany pogrom 19680: 19678:Deutsch Schützen 19667: 19666: 19658: 19650: 19648:Sărmașu massacre 19643: 19636: 19623: 19622: 19614: 19607: 19600: 19587: 19586: 19578: 19571: 19564: 19562:Dünamünde Action 19551: 19550: 19542: 19534: 19527: 19525:Kaunas (October) 19520: 19513: 19506: 19499: 19492: 19485: 19478: 19471: 19464: 19457: 19450: 19443: 19436: 19429: 19422: 19415: 19402: 19401: 19393: 19380: 19379: 19371: 19364: 19357: 19344: 19343: 19335: 19328: 19315: 19314: 19301: 19299: 19282: 19274: 19266: 19258: 19250: 19242: 19234: 19226: 19224: 19211: 19208:Zavirtcha pogrom 19195: 19188: 19181: 19174: 19167: 19160: 19153: 19146: 19139: 19123: 19122: 19118: 19111: 19104: 19096: 19088: 19080: 19072: 19064: 19056: 19048: 19040: 19037:Białystok pogrom 19032: 19024: 19016: 19008: 19000: 18992: 18978: 18977: 18962: 18954: 18938: 18931: 18924: 18908: 18907: 18903: 18895: 18887: 18879: 18871: 18863: 18855: 18847: 18839: 18831: 18828:Algiers massacre 18823: 18815: 18812:Massacre of Uman 18807: 18799: 18791: 18772: 18764: 18756: 18748: 18740: 18732: 18724: 18716: 18708: 18700: 18692: 18676: 18669: 18662: 18655: 18648: 18632: 18631: 18627: 18619: 18611: 18597: 18596: 18581: 18573: 18565: 18549: 18542: 18535: 18519: 18518: 18514: 18511:Granada massacre 18506: 18498: 18495:Córdoba massacre 18475: 18467: 18459: 18451: 18443: 18440:The Great Revolt 18429: 18428: 18424: 18416: 18402: 18401: 18376: 18369: 18362: 18353: 18352: 18337: 18173:Mohammedan Wars 18097:Rabbinic Judaism 18050:Byzantine Empire 18003:Galilee campaign 17983:Judean Civil War 17978:Maccabean Revolt 17971:Wars and revolts 17968: 17967: 17957:Herodian kingdom 17914:Babylonian Yehud 17889:Kingdom of Judah 17826:Military history 17790: 17783: 17776: 17767: 17766: 17732:(closest friend) 17680:Failed assassins 17641:(brother-in-law) 17635:(brother-in-law) 17431:Werner Grothmann 17333:Heinrich Himmler 17326: 17319: 17312: 17303: 17302: 17288: 17280: 17272: 17264: 17256: 17248: 17240: 17232: 17224: 17210: 17204: 17203: 17195: 17187: 17179: 17169: 17161: 17158:Radovan Karadžić 17153: 17145: 17137: 17129: 17121: 17118:Belgrade Process 17113: 17105: 17091: 17085: 17084: 17076: 17068: 17060: 17052: 17049:Treblinka trials 17044: 17036: 17028: 17020: 17012: 17004: 16996: 16988: 16980: 16972: 16964: 16956: 16948: 16940: 16932: 16924: 16916: 16908: 16900: 16892: 16889:Épuration légale 16884: 16876: 16862: 16859:Holocaust trials 16853: 16852: 16841: 16834: 16827: 16820: 16813: 16806: 16799: 16790: 16783: 16776: 16769: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16730: 16723: 16716: 16709: 16700: 16693: 16673: 16666: 16659: 16652: 16643: 16636: 16629: 16622: 16615: 16608: 16606:Ethnic cleansing 16601: 16594: 16576: 16569: 16562: 16555: 16548: 16541: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16513: 16502: 16495: 16488: 16479: 16472: 16450: 16442: 16434: 16426: 16423:Shias under ISIS 16418: 16410: 16402: 16392: 16385: 16377: 16363: 16355: 16354: 16346: 16338: 16328: 16321: 16313: 16305: 16297: 16289: 16281: 16273: 16265: 16257: 16249: 16241: 16233: 16225: 16215: 16208: 16201: 16196: 16188: 16180: 16172: 16164: 16156: 16148: 16140: 16126: 16118: 16117: 16109: 16101: 16093: 16085: 16077: 16069: 16061: 16058:Serbs in Croatia 16053: 16045: 16037: 16029: 16021: 16018:Nanjing Massacre 16013: 16010:Parsley massacre 16005: 16002:Polish Operation 15997: 15994:Romani Holocaust 15989: 15981: 15973: 15965: 15957: 15949: 15941: 15938:Napalpí massacre 15933: 15925: 15917: 15909: 15901: 15891: 15883: 15875: 15867: 15859: 15849: 15842: 15834: 15821: 15813: 15812: 15802: 15794: 15787: 15779: 15771: 15763: 15755: 15747: 15739: 15731: 15723: 15715: 15705: 15697: 15689: 15681: 15673: 15666: 15658: 15648: 15640: 15632: 15625: 15617: 15609: 15601: 15591: 15583: 15575: 15568: 15560: 15552: 15544: 15536: 15528: 15520: 15512: 15504: 15496: 15482: 15474: 15473: 15465: 15457: 15449: 15441: 15433: 15430:Mongol conquests 15425: 15417: 15409: 15399: 15392: 15384: 15376: 15362: 15354: 15353: 15328: 15321: 15314: 15305: 15304: 15172:Zmievskaya Balka 15102:Kaunas June 1941 15059:Dünamünde Action 14996: 14995: 14924:Schutzmannschaft 14843: 14842: 14644:Erich Isselhorst 14584:Wolfgang Birkner 14579:Ernst Biberstein 14551:Einsatzkommandos 14529:Heinrich Seetzen 14474:Walther Bierkamp 14434: 14433: 14422:Einsatzkommandos 14408: 14401: 14394: 14385: 14384: 14369: 14368: 14325:Jean-Marie Loret 14094:Reinhold Hanisch 13962:Wolfsschlucht II 13886: 13885: 13713: 13706: 13699: 13690: 13689: 13677: 13676: 13197:Holocaust denial 13066:Host desecration 12875:Cultural Marxism 12805:Antisemitism and 12784: 12739:New antisemitism 12661: 12654: 12647: 12638: 12637: 12526:Holocaust denial 12504:Nuremberg trials 12494:Postwar violence 12449: 12384: 12383: 12361: 12360: 12323:Special Brigades 12313:Nederlandsche SS 12280:Police Regiments 12204: 12203: 12182: 12181: 12042:Ghetto uprisings 12030:Jewish partisans 11977:Harvest Festival 11949:Holocaust trains 11835: 11834: 11826: 11825: 11813: 11812: 11678: 11677: 11574: 11552: 11534: 11515: 11497: 11320: 11319: 11303: 11302: 11011: 11010: 10996: 10989: 10982: 10973: 10972: 10967: 10940: 10938: 10911: 10893: 10869: 10843: 10834:(4): 1054–1077. 10819:Journal articles 10813: 10787: 10765: 10739: 10733: 10729: 10727: 10719: 10692: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10623: 10601: 10582: 10563: 10537: 10514: 10484: 10465: 10442: 10416: 10389: 10363: 10341: 10319: 10293: 10271: 10236: 10210: 10187: 10161: 10133: 10096: 10070: 10041: 10016: 9989: 9968:Longerich, Peter 9963: 9935: 9910: 9882: 9866: 9840: 9829:. RosettaBooks. 9819: 9793: 9765: 9737: 9705: 9680: 9654: 9628: 9602: 9576: 9548: 9525:Bartrop, Paul R. 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9486: 9480: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9332: 9324: 9312: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9037: 9036: 9013: 9007: 9006: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8852: 8846: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8514: 8508: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8444:. Archived from 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8367: 8327:Science Advances 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8100:Herf, Jeffrey C. 8096: 8090: 8089: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8014: 8008: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7886: 7880: 7871: 7865: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7599:. 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3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2796: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2763: 2737: 2731: 2668: 2625:genocide studies 2621:European history 2590:criminal offense 2359:Rwandan genocide 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2250:A mass grave at 2236:fighter aircraft 2093:Soviet partisans 2005: 1966:became notorious 1933:Polish policemen 1831:Abdelkader Mesli 1804:, 25 April 1942. 1757:ghetto uprisings 1630: 1624:hydrogen cyanide 1594:, engine exhaust 1566:, engine exhaust 1538:, engine exhaust 1472: 1468: 1176:Heinrich Himmler 1027: 838:prisoners of war 781:emigration taxes 636:forced abortions 546:racial community 437:Orthodox Judaism 435:, and practiced 399:November pogroms 363:Soviet civilians 305:Jewish survivors 196:six million Jews 116:ethnic cleansing 59: 39: 38: 27254: 27253: 27249: 27248: 27247: 27245: 27244: 27243: 27229:Nazi war crimes 27179:1940s in Europe 27164: 27163: 27162: 27158:from Wikivoyage 27152: 27147: 27145: 27135: 27130: 27128: 27118: 27113: 27111: 27107:from Wikisource 27101: 27096: 27094: 27084: 27079: 27077: 27067: 27062: 27060: 27050: 27045: 27043: 27039:from Wiktionary 27033: 27028: 27026: 27023: 27019:sister projects 27016:at Knowledge's 27010: 27005: 27004: 26999: 26992: 26985: 26971: 26969: 26957: 26948: 26941: 26934: 26927: 26918: 26911: 26904: 26895: 26890:Atomic bombings 26888: 26881: 26874: 26867: 26860: 26851: 26844: 26837: 26830: 26823: 26816: 26809: 26802: 26795: 26788: 26781: 26774: 26767: 26760: 26753: 26746: 26733: 26726: 26715: 26708: 26701: 26692: 26685: 26678: 26671: 26664: 26657: 26648: 26639: 26632: 26623: 26616: 26609: 26602: 26593: 26586: 26581:Eastern Romania 26579: 26574:Warsaw Uprising 26572: 26567:Tannenberg Line 26565: 26558: 26553:Western Ukraine 26551: 26542: 26535: 26526: 26517: 26508: 26501: 26494: 26483: 26474: 26461: 26454: 26445: 26438: 26431: 26424: 26417: 26410: 26403: 26394: 26387: 26380: 26371: 26364: 26357: 26350: 26345:Battle of Kursk 26343: 26336: 26329: 26322: 26315: 26302: 26295: 26286: 26279: 26272: 26263: 26256: 26249: 26242: 26233: 26224: 26217: 26210: 26203: 26196: 26189: 26182: 26175: 26168: 26161: 26156:St Nazaire Raid 26154: 26147: 26140: 26127: 26120: 26113: 26106: 26099: 26092: 26085: 26078: 26071: 26064: 26057: 26050: 26043: 26036: 26029: 26022: 26015: 26008: 26001: 25994: 25980: 25971: 25964: 25957: 25950: 25943: 25938:Anglo-Iraqi War 25936: 25929:Battle of Crete 25927: 25920: 25913: 25906: 25899: 25886: 25877: 25870: 25863: 25858:Eastern Romania 25856: 25849: 25842: 25835: 25828: 25821: 25814: 25807: 25800: 25793: 25786: 25779: 25772: 25765: 25758: 25751: 25738: 25731: 25724: 25717: 25710: 25703: 25696: 25689: 25676: 25667: 25660: 25653: 25646: 25639: 25632: 25623: 25616: 25609: 25600: 25593: 25567: 25560: 25553: 25544: 25537: 25532: 25523: 25516: 25509: 25500: 25493: 25484: 25477: 25472: 25465: 25452: 25445: 25436: 25429: 25424: 25419:Western Ukraine 25417: 25410: 25403: 25396: 25389: 25382: 25375: 25368: 25363:Northeast China 25361: 25354: 25347: 25340: 25333: 25326: 25317: 25310: 25303: 25296: 25289: 25282: 25275: 25268: 25261: 25254: 25247: 25240: 25233: 25226: 25219: 25212: 25205: 25198: 25191: 25178: 25171: 25164: 25157: 25150: 25143: 25136: 25129: 25122: 25115: 25108: 25101: 25088: 25081: 25074: 25069:Slovak Republic 25067: 25059: 25052: 25045: 25040:Empire of Japan 25038: 25029: 25021: 25014: 25007: 25000: 24993: 24986: 24978: 24971: 24964: 24956: 24949: 24936: 24929: 24920: 24913: 24904: 24897: 24890: 24883: 24876: 24869: 24862: 24850: 24843: 24836: 24829: 24822: 24815: 24808: 24801: 24794: 24782: 24775: 24768: 24761: 24754: 24742: 24734: 24727: 24720: 24713: 24706: 24699: 24692: 24680: 24673: 24666: 24659: 24652: 24626: 24617: 24610: 24603: 24596: 24585: 24570: 24563: 24556: 24552:Sexual violence 24551: 24544: 24535: 24528: 24521: 24512: 24505: 24498: 24491: 24484: 24475: 24466: 24459: 24452: 24445: 24438: 24431: 24422: 24415: 24408: 24401: 24388: 24381: 24374: 24367: 24358: 24351: 24344: 24337: 24330: 24321: 24312: 24305: 24298: 24291: 24282: 24275: 24270:Greek Civil War 24268: 24261: 24254: 24247: 24240: 24233: 24226: 24213: 24206: 24197: 24190: 24183: 24174: 24167: 24160: 24153: 24144: 24137: 24130: 24121: 24114: 24107: 24100: 24095:South-East Asia 24093: 24086: 24079: 24066: 24059: 24052: 24045: 24038: 24031: 24024: 24017: 24008: 24001: 23994: 23987: 23980: 23973: 23966: 23959: 23954:Military awards 23952: 23943: 23936: 23929: 23920: 23913: 23906: 23899: 23892: 23885: 23878: 23871: 23864: 23857: 23848: 23841: 23821: 23814: 23807: 23798: 23791: 23784: 23779: 23770: 23763: 23756: 23748: 23743: 23713: 23708: 23698: 23692: 23628:Yazidi genocide 23534:Revival Process 23470:Thích Quảng Đức 23458:Buddhist crisis 23452:Istanbul pogrom 23320:1970–1987 23315:1958–1964 23310:1928–1941 23305:1921–1928 23300:1917–1921 23185:Goa Inquisition 23119:Battle of Tours 23109:(c.550–c. 1200) 23103:(c. 324–c. 491) 23083: 22984:Ethnic violence 22979:Ethnic conflict 22927: 22926: 22925: 22772: 22763: 22733: 22728: 22690: 22669:Racism in sport 22567: 22561:White supremacy 22400: 22168: 22104:Ethnic conflict 22076: 22070: 21964:Types of racism 21959: 21954: 21924: 21919: 21905: 21904: 21903: 21889:Racial theories 21872:Generalplan Ost 21819: 21813: 21793: 21787: 21786: 21785: 21757:Nazi ideologues 21739: 21738: 21737: 21699: 21694:(United States) 21693: 21680: 21645: 21639: 21636:Romani genocide 21603: 21596: 21595: 21594: 21511: 21510: 21509: 21501:Strasser (Otto) 21391: 21390: 21389: 21364:Gleichschaltung 21357:Totalitarianism 21242:One-party state 21050:Anti-liberalism 21020: 21019: 21018: 20943:Tripartite Pact 20856:Machtergreifung 20824: 20823: 20822: 20708: 20703: 20673: 20664: 20656: 20648: 20640: 20633: 20626: 20619: 20612: 20605: 20598: 20591: 20584: 20577: 20570: 20563: 20550: 20542: 20534: 20523: 20515: 20507: 20499: 20491: 20483: 20475: 20467: 20459: 20451: 20443: 20435: 20427: 20419: 20404: 20396: 20388: 20380: 20372: 20357: 20350: 20343: 20336: 20329: 20322: 20315: 20308: 20293: 20286: 20279: 20272: 20265: 20258: 20251: 20244: 20237: 20230: 20215: 20208: 20201: 20168: 20160: 20152: 20144: 20136: 20128: 20120: 20112: 20104: 20089: 20081: 20073: 20065: 20057: 20049: 20043:Antwerp bombing 20041: 20033: 20025: 20010: 20002: 19994: 19986: 19978: 19970: 19962: 19956:Munich massacre 19954: 19946: 19931: 19923: 19915: 19907: 19899: 19891: 19876: 19869: 19854: 19847: 19840: 19833: 19826: 19819: 19804: 19797: 19790: 19783: 19776: 19769: 19754: 19747: 19740: 19733: 19711: 19704: 19697: 19690: 19683: 19676: 19661: 19653: 19646: 19639: 19632: 19617: 19610: 19603: 19596: 19581: 19574: 19567: 19560: 19545: 19537: 19530: 19523: 19516: 19509: 19502: 19495: 19488: 19481: 19474: 19467: 19460: 19453: 19446: 19439: 19432: 19425: 19418: 19411: 19396: 19389: 19374: 19367: 19360: 19353: 19338: 19331: 19324: 19304: 19289: 19285: 19277: 19269: 19261: 19253: 19247:Campbell pogrom 19245: 19239:Hebron massacre 19237: 19229: 19218: 19214: 19206: 19198: 19191: 19184: 19177: 19170: 19163: 19156: 19149: 19142: 19135: 19121: 19114: 19107: 19099: 19091: 19083: 19075: 19067: 19059: 19051: 19043: 19035: 19027: 19019: 19011: 19005:Zablotov pogrom 19003: 18995: 18987: 18965: 18957: 18949: 18941: 18934: 18927: 18920: 18906: 18898: 18890: 18884:Damascus affair 18882: 18874: 18866: 18858: 18850: 18842: 18834: 18826: 18818: 18810: 18802: 18794: 18786: 18775: 18767: 18759: 18751: 18745:Lisbon massacre 18743: 18735: 18727: 18719: 18711: 18703: 18695: 18687: 18679: 18672: 18665: 18658: 18651: 18644: 18630: 18622: 18614: 18606: 18584: 18576: 18568: 18560: 18552: 18545: 18538: 18531: 18517: 18509: 18501: 18493: 18478: 18470: 18462: 18454: 18446: 18438: 18427: 18419: 18411: 18393: 18380: 18350: 18345: 18335: 18327: 18316:Israeli history 18259:Jewish question 18247: 18160: 18089:Rabbinic period 18079: 18031: 18013:Diaspora revolt 18008:Siege of Masada 17966: 17918: 17860: 17831:Genetic history 17799: 17794: 17764: 17759: 17706: 17675: 17644: 17639:Richard Wendler 17617:(older brother) 17609:Hedwig Potthast 17585: 17511:Romani genocide 17496: 17490: 17454: 17445:(personal aide) 17413:Hedwig Potthast 17365:Reichsführer-SS 17358: 17345:Reichsführer-SS 17335: 17330: 17300: 17291: 17283: 17275: 17267: 17259: 17251: 17245:Uyghur Tribunal 17243: 17235: 17227: 17219: 17211: 17208: 17198: 17190: 17182: 17174: 17164: 17156: 17148: 17140: 17132: 17124: 17116: 17108: 17100: 17092: 17089: 17079: 17071: 17065:Fedorenko trial 17063: 17055: 17047: 17039: 17031: 17023: 17015: 17007: 16999: 16991: 16983: 16975: 16967: 16961:Stutthof trials 16959: 16951: 16943: 16937:Nuremberg trial 16935: 16927: 16919: 16911: 16903: 16897:Majdanek trials 16895: 16887: 16879: 16873:Krasnodar trial 16871: 16863: 16857: 16844: 16837: 16830: 16823: 16816: 16809: 16802: 16795: 16786: 16779: 16772: 16765: 16754: 16747: 16740: 16733: 16726: 16719: 16712: 16705: 16696: 16689: 16676: 16669: 16662: 16655: 16648: 16639: 16632: 16625: 16618: 16611: 16604: 16597: 16590: 16579: 16572: 16565: 16558: 16551: 16544: 16537: 16530: 16523: 16516: 16509: 16498: 16491: 16484: 16475: 16468: 16453: 16445: 16437: 16429: 16421: 16413: 16405: 16399:Southern Kaduna 16397: 16388: 16380: 16372: 16364: 16359: 16349: 16341: 16333: 16324: 16316: 16308: 16300: 16292: 16284: 16276: 16268: 16260: 16252: 16244: 16236: 16228: 16220: 16211: 16204: 16199: 16191: 16183: 16175: 16167: 16159: 16151: 16143: 16135: 16127: 16122: 16112: 16104: 16096: 16088: 16080: 16072: 16064: 16056: 16048: 16040: 16032: 16024: 16016: 16008: 16000: 15992: 15986:Simele massacre 15984: 15976: 15968: 15960: 15952: 15944: 15936: 15928: 15920: 15912: 15904: 15896: 15886: 15878: 15870: 15862: 15854: 15845: 15837: 15830: 15822: 15817: 15807: 15797: 15790: 15782: 15776:Herero and Nama 15774: 15766: 15758: 15750: 15742: 15734: 15726: 15718: 15710: 15700: 15692: 15684: 15676: 15669: 15661: 15653: 15643: 15635: 15628: 15620: 15612: 15604: 15596: 15586: 15578: 15571: 15563: 15555: 15547: 15539: 15531: 15523: 15515: 15507: 15499: 15491: 15483: 15478: 15468: 15460: 15452: 15444: 15436: 15428: 15420: 15412: 15404: 15395: 15387: 15381:Asiatic Vespers 15379: 15371: 15363: 15358: 15345: 15337: 15332: 15302: 15297: 15268:Commissar Order 15242: 15194: 15176: 15153: 15121: 15083: 15079:Liepāja (Šķēde) 15040: 15022: 14983: 14911: 14886:Ordnungspolizei 14830: 14811:Herberts Cukurs 14794: 14748: 14744:Udo von Woyrsch 14709:Hermann Schaper 14704:Emanuel Schäfer 14679:Josef Meisinger 14664:Wolfgang Kügler 14589:Helmut Bischoff 14556:Sonderkommandos 14554: 14549: 14543: 14484:Erich Ehrlinger 14459: 14453: 14425: 14412: 14382: 14377: 14357: 14336: 14245: 14146: 14142:Private library 14129: 14123: 14059:Religious views 14026: 13975: 13969:Führersonderzug 13967:Special train ( 13957:Wolfsschlucht I 13881: 13875: 13829:Military career 13817: 13750:Political views 13722: 13717: 13682: 13674: 13669: 13451: 13405: 13403: 13396: 13277: 13266:The Right Stuff 13223:Bible Believers 13211: 13091: 13089: 13082: 13000: 12976:Self-hating Jew 12853: 12834:Nation of Islam 12800: 12670: 12665: 12635: 12622: 12537: 12453: 12447: 12436:Madagascar Plan 12429:Kindertransport 12378: 12377: 12347: 12289: 12261: 12246:Ordnungspolizei 12202: 12189: 12168: 12111: 12063: 12016: 11987:Maly Trostenets 11958:Mass executions 11953: 11923: 11861: 11820: 11795: 11765: 11724: 11662: 11624: 11583: 11572: 11550: 11532: 11513: 11495: 11483: 11440: 11314: 11293: 11213: 11204:Hidden children 11182: 11040:Czechoslovakia 11005: 11000: 10970: 10821: 10816: 10810: 10784: 10762: 10731: 10730: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10689: 10667: 10665: 10655: 10620: 10598: 10579: 10560: 10534: 10511: 10481: 10462: 10439: 10413: 10386: 10360: 10338: 10324:Dean, Martin C. 10316: 10290: 10268: 10250:Assmann, Aleida 10244: 10239: 10233: 10207: 10184: 10158: 10122: 10093: 10067: 10049:, eds. (2002). 10038: 10013: 9986: 9960: 9932: 9907: 9863: 9837: 9790: 9762: 9742:Cesarani, David 9734: 9702: 9677: 9659:Bloxham, Donald 9651: 9625: 9599: 9573: 9545: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9499: 9497: 9496:. 25 April 2022 9488: 9487: 9483: 9475: 9471: 9464: 9447: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9423: 9419: 9411: 9407: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9371: 9367: 9360: 9346: 9342: 9326: 9325: 9321: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9276: 9272: 9265: 9251: 9247: 9241:Kansteiner 2017 9239: 9235: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9192: 9184: 9180: 9174:Kansteiner 2017 9172: 9165: 9159:Kansteiner 2017 9157: 9153: 9145: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9121: 9117: 9109: 9105: 9097: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9040: 9033: 9014: 9010: 9003: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8957: 8953: 8946: 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8853: 8849: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8821: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8781: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8758: 8754: 8746: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8707: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8623: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8575: 8568: 8560: 8556: 8548: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8517: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8381: 8334:(1): eaau7292. 8318: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8292: 8288: 8253: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8205: 8201: 8191: 8189: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8112:. p. 278. 8097: 8093: 8086: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8036: 8032: 8024: 8017: 8009: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7896: 7889: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7659: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7604: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7544:, p. 1074. 7540: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7397:, p. 1066. 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7313:, p. 1064. 7309: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7264: 7257: 7249:. p. 369. 7239: 7235: 7228: 7212:. p. 155. 7199: 7195: 7188: 7170: 7163: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7098: 7094: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7060: 7052: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6654:, p. 1067. 6650: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6541:Westermann 2020 6539: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6517:Westermann 2020 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6495:, p. 1055. 6491: 6487: 6481:Westermann 2020 6479: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6251: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5879: 5873:Lehnstaedt 2021 5871: 5862: 5854: 5845: 5837: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5440: 5433: 5423:Peter Longerich 5421: 5417: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4350:Westermann 2020 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2832:, p. xxix. 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2738: 2734: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2542:in Berlin, 2016 2533: 2492: 2483:tried in Israel 2467:23 Nazi leaders 2442:, November 1945 2432: 2426: 2424:Criminal trials 2409: 2404: 2398: 2348:Jewish children 2341: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2244: 2168: 2163: 2115: 2109: 2069: 2052: 1980: 1974: 1905: 1899: 1823:the Netherlands 1798:Lublin District 1782: 1703:Security Police 1650: 1644: 1629: 1587:780,863–951,800 1583:Warsaw District 1559:170,618–238,900 1555:Lublin District 1531:440,823–596,200 1527:Lublin District 1487:Planning began 1401:Odilo Globocnik 1370: 1364: 1307: 1263:shot in Ukraine 1166:by April 1942. 1129: 1119: 1041: 987:Lublin District 961:Krakow District 957:Frysztak Ghetto 949: 943: 892:the Netherlands 824:(armed forces) 801: 684: 678: 672: 580: 447:and usually an 445:Jewish question 383: 335: 329: 232:occupied Poland 108: 78: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 27252: 27242: 27241: 27236: 27231: 27226: 27221: 27216: 27211: 27206: 27201: 27196: 27191: 27186: 27181: 27176: 27161: 27160: 27143: 27126: 27124:from Wikibooks 27109: 27092: 27090:from Wikiquote 27075: 27058: 27041: 27012: 27007: 27006: 27001: 27000: 26998: 26997: 26990: 26983: 26966: 26963: 26962: 26959: 26958: 26956: 26955: 26954: 26953: 26946: 26939: 26925: 26924: 26923: 26909: 26906:South Sakhalin 26902: 26901: 26900: 26886: 26879: 26872: 26865: 26858: 26857: 26856: 26842: 26835: 26828: 26821: 26814: 26807: 26800: 26793: 26786: 26779: 26772: 26765: 26758: 26751: 26743: 26741: 26735: 26734: 26732: 26731: 26724: 26723: 26722: 26706: 26699: 26698: 26697: 26683: 26676: 26669: 26662: 26655: 26646: 26637: 26630: 26621: 26614: 26607: 26600: 26591: 26584: 26577: 26570: 26563: 26556: 26549: 26540: 26533: 26524: 26515: 26506: 26499: 26492: 26481: 26471: 26469: 26463: 26462: 26460: 26459: 26452: 26451: 26450: 26443: 26429: 26422: 26415: 26408: 26401: 26400: 26399: 26385: 26378: 26369: 26362: 26355: 26348: 26341: 26334: 26331:Battle of Attu 26327: 26320: 26312: 26310: 26304: 26303: 26301: 26300: 26293: 26284: 26277: 26270: 26261: 26254: 26247: 26240: 26231: 26230: 26229: 26222: 26208: 26201: 26194: 26187: 26180: 26173: 26166: 26159: 26152: 26145: 26137: 26135: 26129: 26128: 26126: 26125: 26118: 26111: 26104: 26097: 26090: 26083: 26080:Battle of Guam 26076: 26069: 26062: 26055: 26048: 26041: 26034: 26027: 26020: 26013: 26006: 26003:Battle of Kiev 25999: 25992: 25978: 25977: 25976: 25962: 25955: 25948: 25941: 25934: 25933: 25932: 25918: 25911: 25904: 25896: 25894: 25888: 25887: 25885: 25884: 25875: 25868: 25861: 25854: 25847: 25840: 25833: 25826: 25819: 25812: 25805: 25798: 25791: 25784: 25777: 25770: 25763: 25756: 25748: 25746: 25740: 25739: 25737: 25736: 25729: 25722: 25715: 25708: 25701: 25694: 25686: 25684: 25678: 25677: 25675: 25674: 25673: 25672: 25665: 25658: 25651: 25644: 25630: 25629: 25628: 25621: 25607: 25606: 25605: 25590: 25588: 25579: 25573: 25572: 25569: 25568: 25566: 25565: 25558: 25551: 25550: 25549: 25542: 25530: 25529: 25528: 25514: 25507: 25506: 25505: 25502:United Kingdom 25498: 25491: 25490: 25489: 25470: 25462: 25460: 25454: 25453: 25451: 25450: 25443: 25442: 25441: 25434: 25422: 25415: 25408: 25401: 25394: 25387: 25380: 25373: 25366: 25359: 25352: 25345: 25338: 25331: 25324: 25323: 25322: 25315: 25301: 25294: 25287: 25280: 25273: 25266: 25259: 25252: 25245: 25238: 25231: 25224: 25217: 25210: 25203: 25196: 25188: 25186: 25180: 25179: 25177: 25176: 25169: 25162: 25155: 25148: 25141: 25134: 25127: 25120: 25113: 25106: 25098: 25096: 25090: 25089: 25087: 25086: 25079: 25072: 25065: 25057: 25050: 25043: 25036: 25035: 25034: 25019: 25012: 25005: 24998: 24991: 24984: 24976: 24969: 24962: 24954: 24946: 24944: 24938: 24937: 24935: 24934: 24927: 24926: 24925: 24911: 24910: 24909: 24906:British Empire 24899:United Kingdom 24895: 24888: 24881: 24874: 24867: 24860: 24848: 24841: 24834: 24827: 24820: 24813: 24806: 24799: 24792: 24780: 24773: 24766: 24759: 24752: 24740: 24732: 24725: 24718: 24715:Czechoslovakia 24711: 24704: 24697: 24690: 24678: 24671: 24664: 24657: 24649: 24647: 24638: 24632: 24631: 24628: 24627: 24625: 24624: 24623: 24622: 24615: 24612:Rape of Manila 24608: 24601: 24594: 24583: 24568: 24561: 24549: 24542: 24541: 24540: 24533: 24519: 24518: 24517: 24510: 24503: 24489: 24482: 24481: 24480: 24473: 24472: 24471: 24464: 24450: 24443: 24429: 24428: 24427: 24420: 24413: 24398: 24396: 24390: 24389: 24387: 24386: 24383:United Nations 24379: 24372: 24365: 24364: 24363: 24356: 24349: 24342: 24328: 24319: 24310: 24303: 24296: 24289: 24280: 24273: 24266: 24259: 24252: 24245: 24242:Decolonization 24238: 24231: 24223: 24221: 24215: 24214: 24212: 24211: 24204: 24203: 24202: 24188: 24181: 24180: 24179: 24172: 24165: 24151: 24150: 24149: 24142: 24128: 24127: 24126: 24119: 24112: 24105: 24098: 24091: 24076: 24074: 24068: 24067: 24065: 24064: 24057: 24050: 24043: 24036: 24029: 24022: 24015: 24014: 24013: 24006: 23992: 23985: 23978: 23971: 23964: 23957: 23950: 23949: 23948: 23934: 23927: 23926: 23925: 23918: 23915:United Kingdom 23911: 23897: 23890: 23883: 23876: 23869: 23862: 23855: 23854: 23853: 23838: 23836: 23827: 23823: 23822: 23820: 23819: 23812: 23805: 23804: 23803: 23796: 23789: 23777: 23776: 23775: 23761: 23753: 23750: 23749: 23742: 23741: 23734: 23727: 23719: 23710: 23709: 23697: 23694: 23693: 23691: 23690: 23684: 23679: 23673: 23667: 23661: 23655: 23654:(2016–ongoing) 23649: 23648:(2014–ongoing) 23643: 23637: 23636:(2014–ongoing) 23631: 23625: 23619: 23613: 23612:(2009–ongoing) 23607: 23606:(2004–ongoing) 23601: 23595: 23589: 23583: 23577: 23576: 23575: 23569: 23563: 23551: 23545: 23544: 23543: 23531: 23525: 23519: 23513: 23512:(1971–ongoing) 23507: 23501: 23500: 23499: 23493: 23481: 23480: 23479: 23473: 23467: 23455: 23449: 23448:(1953–ongoing) 23443: 23437: 23436:(1950–ongoing) 23431: 23430:(1949–ongoing) 23425: 23419: 23413: 23412:(1947–ongoing) 23407: 23406:(1947–ongoing) 23401: 23400:(1947–ongoing) 23395: 23389: 23383: 23377: 23374:Noakhali riots 23371: 23365: 23359: 23353: 23347: 23341: 23335: 23329: 23328: 23327: 23322: 23317: 23312: 23307: 23302: 23291: 23285: 23279: 23273: 23272: 23271: 23263:Greek genocide 23260: 23254: 23251:Adana massacre 23248: 23242: 23236: 23230: 23224: 23218: 23212: 23206: 23200: 23194: 23188: 23182: 23176: 23170: 23164: 23158: 23152: 23146: 23140: 23134: 23128: 23122: 23116: 23115:(c.184–c. 205) 23110: 23104: 23098: 23091: 23089: 23085: 23084: 23082: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23066: 23064:State religion 23061: 23056: 23051: 23046: 23041: 23036: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22981: 22976: 22971: 22969:Discrimination 22966: 22961: 22956: 22951: 22946: 22941: 22935: 22933: 22929: 22928: 22924: 22923: 22921:Zoroastrianism 22918: 22913: 22908: 22903: 22898: 22897: 22896: 22886: 22885: 22884: 22883: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22867: 22852: 22851: 22850: 22848:Untouchability 22845: 22835: 22830: 22829: 22828: 22823: 22818: 22813: 22808: 22798: 22793: 22788: 22782: 22781: 22780: 22778: 22774: 22773: 22770:discrimination 22762: 22761: 22754: 22747: 22739: 22730: 22729: 22727: 22726: 22716: 22706: 22695: 22692: 22691: 22689: 22688: 22683: 22681:Reverse racism 22678: 22677: 22676: 22666: 22661: 22656: 22654:Racial figleaf 22651: 22646: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22626: 22621: 22616: 22611: 22606: 22601: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22581: 22575: 22573: 22572:Related topics 22569: 22568: 22566: 22565: 22564: 22563: 22553: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22533: 22531:Middle Eastern 22528: 22523: 22522: 22521: 22516: 22506: 22505: 22504: 22494: 22489: 22488: 22487: 22482: 22472: 22471: 22470: 22465: 22464: 22463: 22453: 22452: 22451: 22446: 22436: 22435: 22434: 22429: 22414: 22408: 22406: 22402: 22401: 22399: 22398: 22397: 22396: 22391: 22386: 22376: 22375: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22354: 22353: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22337: 22327: 22326: 22325: 22323:United Kingdom 22320: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22280: 22275: 22265: 22260: 22259: 22258: 22253: 22248: 22238: 22237: 22236: 22231: 22226: 22221: 22216: 22211: 22201: 22200: 22199: 22194: 22184: 22178: 22176: 22170: 22169: 22167: 22166: 22161: 22156: 22151: 22146: 22141: 22136: 22131: 22126: 22121: 22116: 22111: 22106: 22101: 22096: 22091: 22086: 22080: 22078: 22075:Manifestations 22072: 22071: 22069: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22028: 22023: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21973: 21967: 21965: 21961: 21960: 21953: 21952: 21945: 21938: 21930: 21921: 21920: 21910: 21907: 21906: 21902: 21901: 21896: 21891: 21886: 21881: 21876: 21867: 21858: 21853: 21848: 21846:Beefsteak Nazi 21843: 21842: 21841: 21836: 21825: 21824: 21823: 21821: 21815: 21814: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21797: 21795: 21794:German society 21789: 21788: 21784: 21779: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21749: 21748: 21747: 21745: 21741: 21740: 21736: 21735: 21728: 21723: 21718: 21713: 21708: 21703: 21696: 21689: 21684: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21657: 21651: 21650: 21649: 21647: 21641: 21640: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21626:Final Solution 21623: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21606: 21604:and war crimes 21598: 21597: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21566:von Liebenfels 21563: 21558: 21553: 21548: 21543: 21538: 21533: 21528: 21523: 21522: 21521: 21519: 21513: 21512: 21508: 21503: 21498: 21493: 21488: 21483: 21478: 21476:von Ribbentrop 21473: 21468: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21428: 21423: 21418: 21413: 21408: 21403: 21402: 21401: 21399: 21393: 21392: 21388: 21379: 21370: 21369: 21368: 21354: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21323: 21322: 21317: 21312: 21303: 21294: 21289: 21284: 21279: 21274: 21269: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21239: 21234: 21229: 21228: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21202: 21197: 21195:Indoctrination 21192: 21191: 21190: 21185: 21176: 21172:Heim ins Reich 21167: 21157: 21148: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21123: 21122: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21097: 21096: 21091: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21065:Blood and soil 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21040:Anti-communism 21037: 21032: 21031: 21030: 21028: 21022: 21021: 21017: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20979:Doctors' Trial 20976: 20971: 20963:Final solution 20960: 20955: 20950: 20948:Denazification 20945: 20940: 20937: 20932: 20923: 20914: 20909: 20907:Nuremberg Laws 20904: 20899: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20839:Early timeline 20836: 20835: 20834: 20832: 20826: 20825: 20821: 20820: 20810: 20805:Sturmabteilung 20800: 20795: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20737: 20728: 20718: 20717: 20716: 20714: 20710: 20709: 20702: 20701: 20694: 20687: 20679: 20670: 20669: 20666: 20665: 20663: 20662: 20654: 20645: 20642: 20641: 20639: 20638: 20631: 20624: 20617: 20610: 20603: 20596: 20589: 20582: 20575: 20568: 20560: 20558: 20549: 20548: 20540: 20531: 20529: 20525: 20524: 20522: 20521: 20513: 20505: 20497: 20489: 20481: 20473: 20465: 20457: 20449: 20441: 20433: 20425: 20416: 20414: 20410: 20409: 20406: 20405: 20403: 20402: 20394: 20386: 20378: 20369: 20367: 20359: 20358: 20356: 20355: 20348: 20341: 20334: 20327: 20320: 20313: 20305: 20303: 20295: 20294: 20292: 20291: 20284: 20281:Matzuva attack 20277: 20270: 20263: 20256: 20249: 20242: 20235: 20227: 20225: 20217: 20216: 20214: 20213: 20206: 20198: 20196: 20189: 20182: 20178: 20177: 20174: 20173: 20170: 20169: 20167: 20166: 20158: 20150: 20146:Purim massacre 20142: 20134: 20126: 20118: 20110: 20101: 20099: 20091: 20090: 20088: 20087: 20083:Purim stabbing 20079: 20071: 20063: 20055: 20047: 20039: 20031: 20022: 20020: 20012: 20011: 20009: 20008: 20000: 19992: 19984: 19976: 19968: 19960: 19952: 19943: 19941: 19933: 19932: 19930: 19929: 19921: 19917:Tripoli pogrom 19913: 19905: 19897: 19888: 19886: 19878: 19877: 19875: 19874: 19866: 19864: 19856: 19855: 19853: 19852: 19845: 19842:Cairo bombings 19838: 19831: 19824: 19816: 19814: 19806: 19805: 19803: 19802: 19795: 19788: 19781: 19774: 19766: 19764: 19756: 19755: 19753: 19752: 19745: 19738: 19730: 19728: 19721: 19717: 19716: 19713: 19712: 19710: 19709: 19702: 19695: 19688: 19681: 19673: 19671: 19663: 19662: 19660: 19659: 19651: 19644: 19641:Luduș massacre 19637: 19629: 19627: 19619: 19618: 19616: 19615: 19608: 19601: 19593: 19591: 19583: 19582: 19580: 19579: 19576:Sarny massacre 19572: 19565: 19557: 19555: 19547: 19546: 19544: 19543: 19535: 19528: 19521: 19514: 19507: 19500: 19493: 19486: 19479: 19472: 19465: 19458: 19451: 19444: 19437: 19430: 19423: 19416: 19408: 19406: 19398: 19397: 19395: 19394: 19391:Dorohoi pogrom 19386: 19384: 19376: 19375: 19373: 19372: 19365: 19362:Dynów massacre 19358: 19350: 19348: 19340: 19339: 19337: 19336: 19329: 19321: 19319: 19312: 19306: 19305: 19303: 19302: 19283: 19279:Przytyk pogrom 19275: 19267: 19263:Thrace pogroms 19259: 19251: 19243: 19235: 19231:Safed massacre 19227: 19212: 19203: 19200: 19199: 19197: 19196: 19189: 19182: 19175: 19168: 19161: 19154: 19147: 19140: 19132: 19130: 19120: 19119: 19112: 19105: 19097: 19089: 19081: 19073: 19065: 19057: 19049: 19045:Siedlce pogrom 19041: 19033: 19025: 19017: 19009: 19001: 18993: 18984: 18982: 18975: 18971: 18970: 18967: 18966: 18964: 18963: 18955: 18946: 18943: 18942: 18940: 18939: 18932: 18925: 18917: 18915: 18912:Russian Empire 18905: 18904: 18896: 18888: 18880: 18872: 18868:Safed massacre 18864: 18856: 18848: 18840: 18832: 18824: 18820:Tétouan pogrom 18816: 18808: 18800: 18796:Safed massacre 18792: 18783: 18781: 18777: 18776: 18774: 18773: 18765: 18757: 18749: 18741: 18733: 18725: 18717: 18709: 18701: 18693: 18684: 18681: 18680: 18678: 18677: 18670: 18663: 18656: 18649: 18641: 18639: 18629: 18628: 18620: 18616:Navarre pogrom 18612: 18603: 18601: 18594: 18590: 18589: 18586: 18585: 18583: 18582: 18574: 18566: 18557: 18554: 18553: 18551: 18550: 18543: 18536: 18528: 18526: 18516: 18515: 18507: 18499: 18490: 18488: 18484: 18483: 18480: 18479: 18477: 18476: 18468: 18460: 18452: 18444: 18435: 18433: 18432:Jewish revolts 18426: 18425: 18417: 18408: 18406: 18399: 18395: 18394: 18379: 18378: 18371: 18364: 18356: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18343: 18338: 18332: 18329: 18328: 18326: 18325: 18324: 18323: 18313: 18312: 18311: 18306: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18279:Reform Judaism 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18255: 18253: 18249: 18248: 18246: 18245: 18240: 18238:Ottoman Empire 18235: 18234: 18233: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18212: 18211: 18206: 18196: 18195: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18170: 18168: 18162: 18161: 18159: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18142: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18105: 18104: 18093: 18091: 18085: 18084: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18041: 18039: 18033: 18032: 18030: 18029: 18028: 18027: 18022: 18021: 18020: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17985: 17980: 17974: 17972: 17965: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17947:Yehud Medinata 17944: 17939: 17934: 17928: 17926: 17920: 17919: 17917: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17870: 17868: 17862: 17861: 17859: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17811:Historiography 17807: 17805: 17801: 17800: 17797:Jewish history 17793: 17792: 17785: 17778: 17770: 17761: 17760: 17758: 17757: 17751: 17745: 17739: 17733: 17727: 17721: 17714: 17712: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17687:Václav Morávek 17683: 17681: 17677: 17676: 17674: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17652: 17650: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17642: 17636: 17630: 17627:Katrin Himmler 17624: 17618: 17615:Gebhard Ludwig 17612: 17606: 17603:Gudrun Burwitz 17600: 17593: 17591: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17583: 17578: 17576:Posen speeches 17573: 17568: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17502: 17500: 17492: 17491: 17489: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17462: 17460: 17456: 17455: 17453: 17452: 17446: 17440: 17434: 17433:(aide-de-camp) 17428: 17422: 17416: 17410: 17404: 17398: 17392: 17387: 17381: 17376: 17370: 17368: 17360: 17359: 17357: 17356: 17351: 17348: 17340: 17337: 17336: 17329: 17328: 17321: 17314: 17306: 17297: 17296: 17293: 17292: 17290: 17289: 17281: 17273: 17265: 17257: 17249: 17241: 17233: 17225: 17216: 17213: 17212: 17200: 17199: 17197: 17196: 17188: 17180: 17172: 17171: 17170: 17162: 17154: 17138: 17130: 17122: 17114: 17106: 17097: 17094: 17093: 17081: 17080: 17078: 17077: 17069: 17061: 17053: 17045: 17037: 17029: 17025:Eichmann trial 17021: 17013: 17005: 16997: 16989: 16981: 16973: 16965: 16957: 16949: 16941: 16933: 16925: 16917: 16909: 16905:Chełmno trials 16901: 16893: 16885: 16877: 16868: 16865: 16864: 16850: 16846: 16845: 16843: 16842: 16835: 16828: 16821: 16814: 16807: 16800: 16793: 16792: 16791: 16784: 16777: 16762: 16760: 16756: 16755: 16753: 16752: 16745: 16738: 16731: 16724: 16717: 16710: 16703: 16702: 16701: 16698:Trivialization 16686: 16684: 16678: 16677: 16675: 16674: 16667: 16660: 16653: 16646: 16645: 16644: 16637: 16634:Killing Fields 16623: 16616: 16609: 16602: 16595: 16587: 16585: 16581: 16580: 16578: 16577: 16570: 16563: 16556: 16549: 16542: 16535: 16528: 16521: 16514: 16507: 16506: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16482: 16481: 16480: 16465: 16463: 16459: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16452: 16451: 16443: 16435: 16427: 16419: 16411: 16403: 16395: 16394: 16393: 16378: 16369: 16366: 16365: 16351: 16350: 16348: 16347: 16339: 16331: 16330: 16329: 16314: 16306: 16298: 16290: 16282: 16274: 16270:Kuwaiti Bedoon 16266: 16258: 16250: 16242: 16234: 16226: 16218: 16217: 16216: 16209: 16197: 16189: 16181: 16173: 16165: 16157: 16149: 16141: 16132: 16129: 16128: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16106:Crimean Tatars 16102: 16094: 16086: 16078: 16070: 16062: 16054: 16046: 16038: 16030: 16022: 16014: 16006: 15998: 15990: 15982: 15974: 15966: 15958: 15950: 15942: 15934: 15930:Kantō Massacre 15926: 15918: 15910: 15902: 15894: 15893: 15892: 15884: 15876: 15868: 15860: 15852: 15851: 15850: 15827: 15824: 15823: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15804: 15803: 15788: 15780: 15772: 15764: 15756: 15748: 15740: 15732: 15724: 15716: 15708: 15707: 15706: 15698: 15690: 15686:Trail of Tears 15682: 15678:Indian removal 15667: 15659: 15651: 15650: 15649: 15641: 15626: 15618: 15610: 15602: 15594: 15593: 15592: 15584: 15569: 15561: 15553: 15545: 15537: 15529: 15521: 15517:Kashmiri Shias 15513: 15505: 15497: 15488: 15485: 15484: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15466: 15458: 15450: 15442: 15434: 15426: 15418: 15410: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15385: 15377: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15351: 15339: 15338: 15331: 15330: 15323: 15316: 15308: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15283:Korherr Report 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15263:The Black Book 15260: 15254: 15252: 15248: 15247: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15204: 15202: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15192: 15186: 15184: 15178: 15177: 15175: 15174: 15169: 15163: 15161: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15151: 15144: 15137: 15131: 15129: 15123: 15122: 15120: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15093: 15091: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15050: 15048: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15038: 15032: 15030: 15024: 15023: 15021: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15004: 15002: 14993: 14989: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14981: 14974: 14969: 14961: 14956: 14948: 14919: 14917: 14913: 14912: 14910: 14909: 14902: 14895: 14890: 14882: 14874: 14866: 14858: 14849: 14847: 14840: 14836: 14835: 14832: 14831: 14829: 14828: 14823: 14821:Konrāds Kalējs 14818: 14813: 14808: 14802: 14800: 14796: 14795: 14793: 14792: 14790:Albert Widmann 14787: 14785:Heinz Schubert 14782: 14777: 14775:Emil Haussmann 14772: 14770:Joachim Hamann 14767: 14765:Lothar Fendler 14762: 14756: 14754: 14750: 14749: 14747: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14734:Eduard Strauch 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14634:Gerhard Flesch 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14609:Otto Bradfisch 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14560: 14558: 14545: 14544: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14514:Otto Ohlendorf 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14465: 14463: 14461:Einsatzgruppen 14458:Commanders of 14455: 14454: 14452: 14451: 14446: 14440: 14438: 14431: 14427: 14426: 14416:Einsatzgruppen 14411: 14410: 14403: 14396: 14388: 14379: 14378: 14376: 14375: 14362: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14355: 14350: 14344: 14342: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14334: 14328: 14322: 14316: 14310: 14304: 14298: 14292: 14286: 14280: 14274: 14268: 14262: 14255: 14253: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14243: 14236: 14229: 14222: 14215: 14208: 14206:Hitler Diaries 14203: 14196: 14189: 14182: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14154: 14152: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14137:Hitler's Globe 14133: 14131: 14125: 14124: 14122: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14084:August Kubizek 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14050: 14049: 14038: 14036: 14032: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14024: 14014: 14004: 13994: 13989: 13987:Braunau am Inn 13983: 13981: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13908: 13897: 13895: 13883: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13839:Hitler cabinet 13836: 13831: 13825: 13823: 13819: 13818: 13816: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13786: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13752: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13730: 13728: 13724: 13723: 13716: 13715: 13708: 13701: 13693: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13662: 13661: 13660: 13655: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13609: 13608: 13607: 13606: 13601: 13594:United Kingdom 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13575: 13574: 13569: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13528: 13527: 13517: 13512: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13471: 13470: 13459: 13457: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13408: 13406: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13389: 13388: 13387: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13355:Nuremberg Laws 13352: 13347: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13324: 13323: 13318: 13311:Jewish quarter 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13287: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13275: 13270: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13225: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13209: 13207:ZOG conspiracy 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13167: 13165:Final Solution 13157: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13098:Ghetto benches 13094: 13092: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13075: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13042: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13021: 13019:Jewish deicide 13016: 13010: 13008: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12952: 12947: 12940: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12894: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12861: 12859: 12858:Related topics 12855: 12854: 12852: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12820: 12819: 12808: 12806: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12736: 12735: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12671: 12664: 12663: 12656: 12649: 12641: 12632: 12631: 12628: 12627: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12620: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12531:trivialization 12523: 12522: 12521: 12511: 12509:Eichmann trial 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12469: 12463: 12461: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12451: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12404:Nuremberg Laws 12401: 12396: 12390: 12388: 12387:Early elements 12380: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12369: 12368:Early elements 12365: 12357: 12356: 12353: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12303:Arajs Kommando 12299: 12297: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12274:Einsatzgruppen 12269: 12267: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12224: 12216: 12210: 12208: 12201: 12200: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12187:Responsibility 12178: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12125: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12073: 12071: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12026: 12024: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11966:Einsatzgruppen 11961: 11959: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11935: 11933: 11930:Final Solution 11925: 11924: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11902: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11869: 11867: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11843: 11841: 11832: 11822: 11821: 11809: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11791:Ústredňa Židov 11788: 11783: 11777: 11775: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11756:Theresienstadt 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11732: 11730: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11686: 11684: 11675: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11653: 11646: 11641: 11632: 11630: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11595:Einsatzgruppen 11591: 11589: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11581: 11576: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11491: 11489: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11450: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11401:Mittelbau-Dora 11398: 11389: 11384: 11382:Kraków-Płaszów 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11328: 11326: 11316: 11315: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11272:Rescue of Jews 11269: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11190: 11188: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11173: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11095: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11017: 11015: 11007: 11006: 10999: 10998: 10991: 10984: 10976: 10969: 10968: 10958:(4): 459–478. 10941: 10929:(2): 222–242. 10912: 10884:(132): 62–70. 10870: 10860:(2–3): 73–94. 10844: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10808: 10788: 10782: 10766: 10760: 10744:Weitz, Eric D. 10740: 10732:|journal= 10714: 10693: 10687: 10674: 10653: 10624: 10618: 10602: 10596: 10583: 10577: 10564: 10558: 10538: 10532: 10515: 10509: 10485: 10479: 10466: 10460: 10443: 10437: 10417: 10411: 10403:Berghahn Books 10390: 10384: 10364: 10358: 10342: 10336: 10320: 10314: 10294: 10288: 10272: 10266: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10237: 10231: 10211: 10205: 10188: 10182: 10162: 10156: 10134: 10120: 10097: 10091: 10071: 10065: 10042: 10036: 10017: 10011: 9990: 9984: 9964: 9958: 9936: 9930: 9911: 9905: 9883: 9867: 9861: 9841: 9835: 9820: 9794: 9788: 9766: 9760: 9738: 9732: 9706: 9700: 9681: 9675: 9655: 9649: 9629: 9623: 9603: 9597: 9577: 9571: 9549: 9543: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9507: 9481: 9469: 9463:978-0801486814 9462: 9441: 9437:Sutcliffe 2022 9429: 9427:, p. 119. 9425:Rosenfeld 2015 9417: 9405: 9393: 9386: 9374:Moses, A. Dirk 9365: 9358: 9340: 9319: 9296: 9270: 9263: 9245: 9243:, p. 305. 9233: 9202: 9200:, p. 103. 9190: 9178: 9176:, p. 308. 9163: 9151: 9149:, p. 191. 9139: 9135:Rosenfeld 2015 9127: 9115: 9111:Rosenfeld 2015 9103: 9101:, p. 185. 9091: 9087:Rosenfeld 2015 9079: 9077:, p. 104. 9067: 9063:Sutcliffe 2022 9055: 9053:, p. 288. 9038: 9031: 9017:Benz, Wolfgang 9008: 9001: 8981: 8974: 8951: 8944: 8932:Moses, A. Dirk 8923: 8921:, p. 110. 8911: 8907:Rosenfeld 2015 8899: 8887: 8875: 8873:, p. 556. 8863: 8861:, p. 485. 8847: 8845:, p. 487. 8831: 8829:, p. 552. 8819: 8803: 8791: 8764: 8752: 8750:, p. 548. 8737: 8725: 8713: 8701: 8689: 8687:, p. 184. 8677: 8675:, p. 534. 8665: 8663:, p. 525. 8653: 8651:, p. 177. 8641: 8639:, p. 176. 8629: 8627:, p. 524. 8617: 8615:, p. 174. 8605: 8603:, p. 521. 8593: 8581: 8579:, p. 509. 8566: 8554: 8542: 8530: 8515: 8490: 8480: 8468:Martin Gilbert 8459: 8448:on 4 June 2024 8427: 8425:, p. 210. 8415: 8413:, p. 191. 8403: 8401:, p. 207. 8391: 8389:, p. 100. 8379: 8312: 8286: 8247: 8235: 8223: 8211: 8209:, p. 407. 8199: 8172: 8170:, p. 404. 8160: 8158:, p. 155. 8145: 8133: 8126: 8091: 8084: 8066:Benz, Wolfgang 8057: 8050: 8030: 8028:, p. 214. 8015: 8013:, p. 215. 7998: 7996:, p. 178. 7986: 7974: 7972:, p. 418. 7970:Longerich 2010 7962: 7960:, p. 235. 7950: 7948:, p. 233. 7938: 7936:, p. 272. 7926: 7922:Longerich 2010 7914: 7912:, p. 116. 7902: 7900:, p. 415. 7898:Longerich 2010 7887: 7885:, p. 234. 7872: 7870:, p. 414. 7868:Longerich 2010 7857: 7853:Longerich 2010 7845: 7843:, p. 188. 7833: 7831:, p. 457. 7829:Wachsmann 2015 7821: 7819:, p. 114. 7809: 7807:, p. 193. 7797: 7785: 7783:, p. 103. 7773: 7771:, p. 221. 7761: 7757:Longerich 2010 7749: 7747:, p. 302. 7737: 7735:, p. 102. 7725: 7723:, p. 113. 7713: 7709:Longerich 2010 7701: 7699:, p. 391. 7697:Longerich 2010 7689: 7687:, p. 196. 7677: 7675:, p. 266. 7665: 7663:, p. 408. 7661:Longerich 2010 7650: 7638: 7626: 7614: 7582: 7580:, p. 393. 7578:Messenger 2020 7570: 7558: 7556:, p. 140. 7546: 7534: 7532:, p. 243. 7522: 7510: 7508:, p. 242. 7498: 7496:, p. 648. 7486: 7484:, p. 290. 7474: 7472:, p. 417. 7462: 7450: 7438: 7436:, p. 269. 7426: 7424:, p. 206. 7411: 7409:, p. 360. 7399: 7387: 7385:, p. 382. 7383:Longerich 2010 7375: 7373:, p. 423. 7363: 7361:, p. 420. 7351: 7349:, p. 419. 7339: 7327: 7325:, p. 413. 7315: 7303: 7301:, p. 236. 7291: 7279: 7277:, p. 117. 7262: 7256:978-0896728370 7255: 7233: 7226: 7193: 7186: 7161: 7143: 7118: 7110: 7092: 7077: 7046: 7034: 7032:, p. 195. 7022: 7010: 7008:, p. 189. 6998: 6996:, p. 187. 6986: 6984:, p. 194. 6974: 6962: 6960:, p. 265. 6950: 6938: 6936:, p. 293. 6934:Wachsmann 2015 6926: 6924:, p. 274. 6914: 6912:, p. 456. 6910:Wachsmann 2015 6902: 6900:, p. 290. 6898:Wachsmann 2015 6890: 6878: 6874:Longerich 2010 6866: 6864:, p. 270. 6854: 6852:, p. 143. 6842: 6840:, p. 207. 6830: 6828:, p. 142. 6815: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6765:, p. 383. 6763:Messenger 2020 6755: 6743: 6741:, p. 166. 6731: 6729:, p. 349. 6716: 6714:, p. 450. 6704: 6702:, p. 340. 6692: 6690:, p. 379. 6688:Wachsmann 2015 6680: 6676:Wachsmann 2015 6668: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6630:, p. 281. 6620: 6608: 6606:, p. 260. 6593: 6591:, p. 280. 6581: 6579:, p. 211. 6569: 6567:, p. 213. 6557: 6555:, p. 269. 6545: 6543:, p. 121. 6533: 6531:, p. 265. 6521: 6509: 6507:, p. 264. 6497: 6485: 6483:, p. 117. 6466: 6454: 6442: 6440:, p. 105. 6430: 6428:, p. 387. 6418: 6416:, p. 396. 6414:Longerich 2010 6406: 6394: 6392:, p. 392. 6390:Longerich 2010 6382: 6378:Longerich 2010 6370: 6358: 6346: 6342:Longerich 2010 6334: 6322: 6310: 6306:Longerich 2010 6298: 6296:, p. 257. 6286: 6274: 6245: 6243:, p. 366. 6233: 6221: 6209: 6207:, p. 460. 6197: 6180: 6178:, p. 321. 6176:Longerich 2010 6168: 6164:Longerich 2010 6156: 6154:, p. 214. 6144: 6140:Longerich 2010 6132: 6130:, p. 110. 6120: 6108: 6104:Longerich 2010 6096: 6092:Longerich 2010 6084: 6082:, p. 352. 6080:Longerich 2010 6072: 6060: 6058:, p. 343. 6056:Longerich 2010 6048: 6046:, p. 337. 6044:Longerich 2010 6036: 6034:, p. 203. 6024: 6020:Longerich 2010 6012: 6010:, p. 209. 5997: 5995:, p. 338. 5993:Longerich 2010 5985: 5983:, p. 339. 5981:Longerich 2010 5970: 5968:, p. 340. 5966:Longerich 2010 5958: 5956:, p. 220. 5946: 5944:, p. 342. 5942:Longerich 2010 5934: 5932:, p. 200. 5919: 5917:, p. 243. 5907: 5892: 5877: 5860: 5843: 5841:, p. 120. 5796: 5794:, p. 208. 5784: 5782:, p. 111. 5772: 5770:, p. 247. 5760: 5758:, p. 121. 5748: 5746:, p. 274. 5736: 5734:, p. 209. 5724: 5722:, p. 273. 5712: 5655: 5648: 5626: 5624:, p. 211. 5614: 5612:, p. 199. 5599: 5587: 5585:, p. 330. 5583:Longerich 2010 5575: 5563: 5561:, p. 283. 5551: 5549:, p. 204. 5536: 5524: 5512: 5500: 5496:Longerich 2010 5485: 5473: 5469:Longerich 2010 5461: 5457:Longerich 2010 5449: 5431: 5415: 5413:, p. 210. 5400: 5396:Longerich 2010 5388: 5386:, p. 209. 5376: 5361: 5359:, p. 279. 5357:Longerich 2010 5349: 5334: 5332:, p. 202. 5322: 5310: 5308:, p. 306. 5306:Longerich 2010 5298: 5296:, p. 199. 5279: 5267: 5265:, p. 303. 5263:Longerich 2010 5255: 5253:, p. 204. 5243: 5226: 5224:, p. 120. 5214: 5202: 5200:, p. 200. 5190: 5188:, p. 128. 5175: 5163: 5151: 5149:, p. 142. 5139: 5137:, p. 300. 5135:Longerich 2010 5127: 5123:Longerich 2010 5115: 5113:, p. 286. 5111:Longerich 2010 5103: 5091: 5087:Longerich 2010 5079: 5067: 5065:, p. 224. 5063:Longerich 2010 5055: 5053:, p. 380. 5043: 5041:, p. 371. 5031: 5019: 5017:, p. 207. 5007: 5005:, p. 372. 4995: 4980: 4978:, p. 203. 4968: 4966:, p. 203. 4956: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4913:, p. 207. 4911:Longerich 2010 4903: 4901:, p. 132. 4886: 4874: 4862: 4860:, p. 190. 4858:Longerich 2010 4850: 4848:, p. 129. 4838: 4836:, p. 185. 4826: 4811: 4809:, p. 202. 4799: 4797:, p. 107. 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4749:, p. 128. 4735: 4723: 4711: 4709:, p. 182. 4699: 4687: 4685:, p. 298. 4672: 4657: 4645: 4643:, p. 190. 4630: 4628:, p. 288. 4618: 4616:, p. 161. 4606: 4594: 4592:, p. 294. 4582: 4570: 4558: 4556:, p. 125. 4546: 4544:, pp. 65. 4534: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4494:Longerich 2010 4486: 4474: 4462: 4460:, p. 180. 4458:Longerich 2010 4450: 4438: 4426: 4424:, p. 179. 4422:Longerich 2010 4414: 4402: 4390: 4388:, p. 172. 4378: 4376:, p. 351. 4366: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4316:, p. 272. 4314:Longerich 2010 4306: 4304:, p. 240. 4294: 4292:, p. 254. 4277: 4265: 4263:, p. 253. 4253: 4251:, p. 252. 4241: 4239:, p. 117. 4229: 4217: 4215:, p. 115. 4205: 4203:, p. 116. 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4152:, p. 164. 4150:Longerich 2010 4139: 4137:, p. 201. 4122: 4110: 4108:, p. 108. 4098: 4096:, p. 148. 4094:Longerich 2010 4086: 4074: 4072:, p. 207. 4062: 4060:, p. 254. 4050: 4038: 4023: 4021:, p. 284. 4011: 3999: 3997:, p. 162. 3987: 3975: 3963: 3961:, p. 362. 3951: 3939: 3927: 3912: 3910:, p. 241. 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3837: 3820: 3816:Longerich 2010 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3699: 3697:, p. 655. 3687: 3683:Longerich 2010 3675: 3673:, p. 200. 3663: 3661:, p. 112. 3659:Longerich 2010 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3553:, p. 106. 3543: 3528: 3524:Longerich 2010 3516: 3512:Longerich 2010 3501: 3489: 3474: 3470:Longerich 2010 3462: 3450: 3435: 3423: 3421:, p. 148. 3411: 3399: 3395:Longerich 2010 3387: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3344:Wachsmann 2015 3336: 3319: 3307: 3305:, p. 151. 3295: 3283: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3155:, p. 143. 3145: 3143:, p. 197. 3133: 3131:, p. 135. 3121: 3119:, p. 133. 3109: 3092: 3080: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3039:, p. 196. 3029: 3027:, p. 146. 3017: 3005: 2993: 2991:, p. 195. 2981: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2858: 2856:, p. 311. 2846: 2834: 2819: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2791:(SS-WVHA) was 2776: 2764: 2732: 2696:Sahlstrom 2021 2662: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2532: 2529: 2524:European Union 2491: 2488: 2479:Adolf Eichmann 2469:primarily for 2425: 2422: 2408: 2405: 2400:Main article: 2397: 2394: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2275:Main article: 2272: 2269: 2243: 2240: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2111:Main article: 2108: 2105: 2051: 2048: 2008:IG-Farbenwerke 1973: 1970: 1898: 1895: 1781: 1778: 1736:Radom District 1643: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1628:September 1941 1626: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1532: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1393:Arthur Greiser 1385:Einsatzgruppen 1366:Main article: 1363: 1360: 1349:, head of the 1311:explicit order 1306: 1303: 1290:Einsatzgruppen 1253:to ghettos in 1171:Einsatzgruppen 1157:eastern Poland 1118: 1115: 1095:Masha Bruskina 1040: 1037: 995:deporting Jews 942: 939: 843:Einsatzgruppen 826:invaded Poland 800: 797: 701:Nuremberg Laws 674:Main article: 671: 668: 624:homosexual men 620:Roma and Sinti 579: 576: 494:. Germany had 382: 379: 375:Final Solution 351:Roma and Sinti 343:burnt offering 331:Main article: 328: 325: 300:in May 1945. 298:end of the war 267:invaded Poland 247:their ideology 204:mass shootings 167: 166: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 84: 80: 79: 60: 52: 51: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27251: 27240: 27237: 27235: 27232: 27230: 27227: 27225: 27222: 27220: 27217: 27215: 27212: 27210: 27207: 27205: 27202: 27200: 27197: 27195: 27192: 27190: 27187: 27185: 27182: 27180: 27177: 27175: 27174:The Holocaust 27172: 27171: 27169: 27157: 27156: 27155:Travel guides 27144: 27140: 27139: 27127: 27123: 27122: 27110: 27106: 27105: 27093: 27089: 27088: 27076: 27073:from Wikinews 27072: 27071: 27059: 27055: 27054: 27042: 27038: 27037: 27025: 27024: 27021: 27015: 27014:The Holocaust 26995: 26991: 26988: 26984: 26981: 26980: 26975: 26968: 26967: 26964: 26951: 26947: 26944: 26940: 26937: 26933: 26932: 26930: 26926: 26921: 26917: 26916: 26914: 26913:Kuril Islands 26910: 26907: 26903: 26898: 26894: 26893: 26891: 26887: 26884: 26880: 26877: 26873: 26870: 26866: 26863: 26859: 26854: 26850: 26849: 26847: 26843: 26840: 26836: 26833: 26829: 26826: 26822: 26819: 26815: 26812: 26808: 26805: 26801: 26798: 26794: 26791: 26787: 26784: 26780: 26777: 26773: 26770: 26766: 26763: 26759: 26756: 26752: 26749: 26745: 26744: 26742: 26740: 26736: 26729: 26725: 26720: 26719: 26714: 26713: 26711: 26707: 26704: 26700: 26695: 26691: 26690: 26688: 26684: 26681: 26680:Syrmian Front 26677: 26674: 26670: 26667: 26663: 26660: 26656: 26653: 26652: 26647: 26644: 26643: 26638: 26635: 26631: 26628: 26627: 26626:Market Garden 26622: 26619: 26615: 26612: 26608: 26605: 26601: 26598: 26597: 26592: 26589: 26585: 26582: 26578: 26575: 26571: 26568: 26564: 26561: 26557: 26554: 26550: 26547: 26546: 26541: 26538: 26534: 26531: 26530: 26525: 26522: 26521: 26516: 26513: 26512: 26507: 26504: 26500: 26497: 26493: 26490: 26486: 26485:Monte Cassino 26482: 26479: 26478: 26473: 26472: 26470: 26468: 26464: 26457: 26453: 26448: 26444: 26441: 26437: 26436: 26434: 26430: 26427: 26423: 26420: 26416: 26413: 26409: 26406: 26402: 26397: 26393: 26392: 26390: 26386: 26383: 26379: 26376: 26375: 26370: 26367: 26363: 26360: 26356: 26353: 26349: 26346: 26342: 26339: 26335: 26332: 26328: 26325: 26321: 26318: 26314: 26313: 26311: 26309: 26305: 26298: 26294: 26291: 26290: 26285: 26282: 26278: 26275: 26271: 26268: 26267: 26262: 26259: 26255: 26252: 26248: 26245: 26241: 26238: 26237: 26232: 26227: 26223: 26220: 26216: 26215: 26213: 26209: 26206: 26202: 26199: 26195: 26192: 26188: 26185: 26181: 26178: 26174: 26171: 26167: 26164: 26160: 26157: 26153: 26150: 26146: 26143: 26139: 26138: 26136: 26134: 26130: 26123: 26119: 26116: 26112: 26109: 26105: 26102: 26098: 26095: 26091: 26088: 26084: 26081: 26077: 26074: 26070: 26067: 26063: 26060: 26056: 26053: 26049: 26046: 26042: 26039: 26035: 26032: 26028: 26025: 26021: 26018: 26014: 26011: 26007: 26004: 26000: 25997: 25993: 25989: 25988: 25983: 25979: 25974: 25970: 25969: 25967: 25963: 25960: 25956: 25953: 25949: 25946: 25942: 25939: 25935: 25930: 25926: 25925: 25923: 25919: 25916: 25912: 25909: 25905: 25902: 25898: 25897: 25895: 25893: 25889: 25882: 25881: 25876: 25873: 25869: 25866: 25862: 25859: 25855: 25852: 25851:Baltic states 25848: 25845: 25841: 25838: 25834: 25831: 25827: 25824: 25820: 25817: 25813: 25810: 25806: 25803: 25799: 25796: 25792: 25789: 25785: 25782: 25778: 25775: 25771: 25768: 25764: 25761: 25757: 25754: 25750: 25749: 25747: 25745: 25741: 25734: 25730: 25727: 25723: 25720: 25716: 25713: 25709: 25706: 25702: 25699: 25695: 25692: 25688: 25687: 25685: 25683: 25679: 25670: 25666: 25663: 25659: 25656: 25652: 25649: 25645: 25642: 25638: 25637: 25635: 25631: 25626: 25622: 25619: 25615: 25614: 25612: 25608: 25603: 25599: 25598: 25596: 25592: 25591: 25589: 25587: 25583: 25580: 25578: 25574: 25563: 25559: 25556: 25552: 25547: 25543: 25540: 25536: 25535: 25531: 25526: 25522: 25521: 25519: 25515: 25512: 25508: 25503: 25499: 25496: 25495:United States 25492: 25487: 25483: 25482: 25480: 25476: 25475: 25471: 25468: 25464: 25463: 25461: 25459: 25455: 25448: 25444: 25439: 25435: 25432: 25431:Quốc dân Đảng 25428: 25427: 25423: 25420: 25416: 25413: 25409: 25406: 25402: 25399: 25395: 25392: 25388: 25385: 25381: 25378: 25374: 25371: 25367: 25364: 25360: 25357: 25353: 25350: 25346: 25343: 25339: 25336: 25332: 25329: 25325: 25320: 25316: 25313: 25309: 25308: 25306: 25302: 25299: 25295: 25292: 25288: 25285: 25281: 25278: 25274: 25271: 25267: 25264: 25260: 25257: 25253: 25250: 25246: 25243: 25239: 25236: 25232: 25229: 25225: 25222: 25218: 25215: 25211: 25208: 25204: 25201: 25197: 25194: 25190: 25189: 25187: 25185: 25181: 25174: 25170: 25167: 25163: 25160: 25156: 25153: 25149: 25146: 25142: 25139: 25135: 25132: 25131:Liechtenstein 25128: 25125: 25121: 25118: 25114: 25111: 25107: 25104: 25100: 25099: 25097: 25095: 25091: 25084: 25080: 25077: 25073: 25070: 25066: 25062: 25058: 25055: 25051: 25048: 25044: 25041: 25037: 25032: 25028: 25027: 25024: 25020: 25017: 25013: 25010: 25006: 25003: 24999: 24996: 24992: 24989: 24985: 24981: 24977: 24974: 24970: 24967: 24963: 24959: 24955: 24952: 24948: 24947: 24945: 24943: 24939: 24932: 24928: 24923: 24919: 24918: 24916: 24915:United States 24912: 24907: 24903: 24902: 24900: 24896: 24893: 24889: 24886: 24882: 24879: 24875: 24872: 24868: 24865: 24861: 24857: 24853: 24849: 24846: 24842: 24839: 24835: 24832: 24828: 24825: 24821: 24818: 24814: 24811: 24807: 24804: 24800: 24797: 24793: 24789: 24785: 24781: 24778: 24774: 24771: 24767: 24764: 24760: 24757: 24753: 24749: 24745: 24741: 24737: 24733: 24730: 24726: 24723: 24719: 24716: 24712: 24709: 24705: 24702: 24698: 24695: 24691: 24687: 24683: 24679: 24676: 24672: 24669: 24665: 24662: 24658: 24655: 24651: 24650: 24648: 24646: 24642: 24639: 24637: 24633: 24620: 24616: 24613: 24609: 24606: 24605:Comfort women 24602: 24599: 24595: 24592: 24589: / 24588: 24584: 24581: 24578: / 24577: 24574: / 24573: 24569: 24566: 24565:Camp brothels 24562: 24559: 24555: 24554: 24550: 24547: 24543: 24538: 24534: 24531: 24527: 24526: 24524: 24520: 24515: 24511: 24508: 24504: 24501: 24497: 24496: 24494: 24490: 24487: 24483: 24478: 24474: 24469: 24465: 24462: 24458: 24457: 24455: 24454:The Holocaust 24451: 24448: 24444: 24441: 24440:forced labour 24437: 24436: 24434: 24430: 24425: 24421: 24418: 24414: 24411: 24407: 24406: 24404: 24400: 24399: 24397: 24395: 24391: 24384: 24380: 24377: 24373: 24370: 24366: 24361: 24357: 24354: 24350: 24347: 24343: 24340: 24336: 24335: 24333: 24329: 24326: 24325: 24320: 24317: 24316: 24311: 24308: 24304: 24301: 24297: 24294: 24293:Marshall Plan 24290: 24287: 24286: 24281: 24278: 24274: 24271: 24267: 24264: 24260: 24257: 24253: 24250: 24246: 24243: 24239: 24236: 24232: 24229: 24225: 24224: 24222: 24220: 24216: 24209: 24205: 24200: 24196: 24195: 24193: 24189: 24186: 24182: 24177: 24173: 24170: 24166: 24163: 24159: 24158: 24156: 24152: 24147: 24146:Eastern Front 24143: 24140: 24139:Western Front 24136: 24135: 24133: 24129: 24124: 24120: 24117: 24113: 24110: 24106: 24103: 24099: 24096: 24092: 24089: 24085: 24084: 24082: 24078: 24077: 24075: 24073: 24069: 24062: 24058: 24055: 24051: 24048: 24044: 24041: 24037: 24034: 24033:Puppet states 24030: 24027: 24023: 24020: 24016: 24011: 24007: 24004: 24000: 23999: 23997: 23993: 23990: 23986: 23983: 23979: 23976: 23975:Naval history 23972: 23969: 23965: 23962: 23958: 23955: 23951: 23946: 23942: 23941: 23939: 23935: 23932: 23928: 23923: 23922:United States 23919: 23916: 23912: 23909: 23905: 23904: 23902: 23898: 23895: 23891: 23888: 23884: 23881: 23877: 23874: 23870: 23867: 23863: 23860: 23856: 23851: 23847: 23846: 23844: 23840: 23839: 23837: 23835: 23831: 23828: 23824: 23817: 23813: 23810: 23806: 23801: 23797: 23794: 23790: 23787: 23783: 23782: 23778: 23773: 23769: 23768: 23766: 23762: 23759: 23755: 23754: 23751: 23747: 23740: 23735: 23733: 23728: 23726: 23721: 23720: 23717: 23707: 23702: 23695: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23677: 23674: 23671: 23668: 23665: 23662: 23659: 23656: 23653: 23650: 23647: 23644: 23641: 23638: 23635: 23632: 23629: 23626: 23623: 23620: 23617: 23614: 23611: 23608: 23605: 23602: 23599: 23596: 23593: 23590: 23587: 23584: 23581: 23578: 23573: 23570: 23567: 23564: 23561: 23558: 23557: 23555: 23554:Yugoslav Wars 23552: 23549: 23546: 23541: 23540:Big Excursion 23538: 23537: 23535: 23532: 23529: 23526: 23523: 23520: 23517: 23514: 23511: 23508: 23505: 23502: 23497: 23494: 23491: 23488: 23487: 23485: 23482: 23477: 23474: 23471: 23468: 23465: 23462: 23461: 23459: 23456: 23453: 23450: 23447: 23444: 23441: 23438: 23435: 23432: 23429: 23426: 23423: 23420: 23417: 23414: 23411: 23408: 23405: 23402: 23399: 23396: 23393: 23390: 23387: 23384: 23381: 23378: 23375: 23372: 23369: 23366: 23363: 23360: 23357: 23354: 23351: 23350:The Holocaust 23348: 23345: 23342: 23339: 23336: 23333: 23330: 23326: 23323: 23321: 23318: 23316: 23313: 23311: 23308: 23306: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23297: 23295: 23292: 23289: 23286: 23283: 23280: 23277: 23274: 23270: 23267: 23266: 23264: 23261: 23258: 23255: 23252: 23249: 23246: 23245:Dungan Revolt 23243: 23240: 23237: 23234: 23231: 23228: 23225: 23222: 23219: 23216: 23213: 23210: 23207: 23204: 23201: 23198: 23195: 23192: 23189: 23186: 23183: 23180: 23177: 23174: 23171: 23168: 23165: 23162: 23159: 23156: 23153: 23150: 23147: 23144: 23141: 23138: 23135: 23132: 23129: 23126: 23123: 23120: 23117: 23114: 23111: 23108: 23105: 23102: 23099: 23096: 23093: 23092: 23090: 23086: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23059:State atheism 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22980: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22970: 22967: 22965: 22962: 22960: 22957: 22955: 22954:Deprogramming 22952: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22937: 22936: 22934: 22930: 22922: 22919: 22917: 22914: 22912: 22909: 22907: 22906:Protestantism 22904: 22902: 22899: 22895: 22892: 22891: 22890: 22887: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22871: 22868: 22866: 22863: 22862: 22861: 22858: 22857: 22856: 22853: 22849: 22846: 22844: 22841: 22840: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22831: 22827: 22824: 22822: 22821:LDS or Mormon 22819: 22817: 22814: 22812: 22809: 22807: 22804: 22803: 22802: 22799: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22787: 22784: 22783: 22779: 22775: 22771: 22767: 22760: 22755: 22753: 22748: 22746: 22741: 22740: 22737: 22725: 22717: 22715: 22707: 22705: 22697: 22696: 22693: 22687: 22684: 22682: 22679: 22675: 22672: 22671: 22670: 22667: 22665: 22662: 22660: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22620: 22617: 22615: 22612: 22610: 22607: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22576: 22574: 22570: 22562: 22559: 22558: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22551:Wine industry 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22534: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22520: 22517: 22515: 22512: 22511: 22510: 22507: 22503: 22500: 22499: 22498: 22495: 22493: 22490: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22477: 22476: 22473: 22469: 22466: 22462: 22459: 22458: 22457: 22454: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22441: 22440: 22437: 22433: 22430: 22428: 22425: 22424: 22423: 22420: 22419: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22409: 22407: 22403: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22381: 22380: 22379:South America 22377: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22367:United States 22365: 22363: 22360: 22359: 22358: 22357:North America 22355: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22332: 22331: 22328: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22270: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22257: 22254: 22252: 22249: 22247: 22244: 22243: 22242: 22239: 22235: 22232: 22230: 22227: 22225: 22222: 22220: 22217: 22215: 22212: 22210: 22207: 22206: 22205: 22202: 22198: 22195: 22193: 22190: 22189: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22179: 22177: 22175: 22171: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22157: 22155: 22152: 22150: 22147: 22145: 22144:Racialization 22142: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22120: 22117: 22115: 22112: 22110: 22109:Ethnic hatred 22107: 22105: 22102: 22100: 22097: 22095: 22092: 22090: 22087: 22085: 22082: 22081: 22079: 22073: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22026:Laissez-faire 22024: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22011:Institutional 22009: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21996:Environmental 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21968: 21966: 21962: 21958: 21951: 21946: 21944: 21939: 21937: 21932: 21931: 21928: 21918: 21908: 21900: 21897: 21895: 21892: 21890: 21887: 21885: 21882: 21880: 21877: 21874: 21873: 21868: 21865: 21864: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21840: 21837: 21835: 21832: 21831: 21830: 21827: 21826: 21822: 21816: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21800:The Wehrmacht 21798: 21796: 21790: 21783: 21780: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21746: 21742: 21734: 21733: 21729: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21697: 21695: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21652: 21648: 21642: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21605: 21599: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21567: 21564: 21562: 21559: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21542: 21539: 21537: 21534: 21532: 21529: 21527: 21524: 21520: 21518: 21514: 21507: 21504: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21486:Seyss-Inquart 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21427: 21424: 21422: 21419: 21417: 21414: 21412: 21409: 21407: 21404: 21400: 21398: 21394: 21386: 21385: 21380: 21377: 21376: 21371: 21366: 21365: 21360: 21359: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21313: 21310: 21309: 21308:Untermenschen 21304: 21301: 21300: 21299:Rassenschande 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21264: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21233: 21230: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21207: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21189: 21188:Pan-Germanism 21186: 21183: 21182: 21177: 21174: 21173: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21162: 21161: 21158: 21155: 21154: 21149: 21146: 21145: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21127:Direct action 21125: 21120: 21119: 21118:Führerprinzip 21114: 21113: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21095: 21092: 21089: 21088: 21083: 21082: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21055:Anti-pacifism 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21029: 21027: 21023: 21015: 21012: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20966: 20965: 20964: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939:The Holocaust 20938: 20936: 20933: 20930: 20929: 20924: 20921: 20920: 20919:Kristallnacht 20915: 20913: 20910: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20882: 20881: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20858: 20857: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20833: 20831: 20827: 20817: 20816: 20815:Schutzstaffel 20811: 20807: 20806: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20793: 20792: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20744: 20743: 20738: 20735: 20734: 20729: 20726: 20725: 20720: 20719: 20715: 20711: 20707: 20700: 20695: 20693: 20688: 20686: 20681: 20680: 20677: 20659: 20655: 20651: 20647: 20646: 20636: 20632: 20629: 20625: 20622: 20618: 20615: 20611: 20608: 20607:Netiv HaAsara 20604: 20601: 20597: 20594: 20590: 20587: 20583: 20580: 20576: 20573: 20572:Ein HaShlosha 20569: 20566: 20562: 20561: 20559: 20557: 20553: 20545: 20541: 20537: 20533: 20532: 20530: 20526: 20518: 20514: 20510: 20506: 20502: 20498: 20494: 20490: 20486: 20482: 20478: 20474: 20470: 20466: 20462: 20458: 20454: 20450: 20446: 20442: 20438: 20434: 20430: 20426: 20422: 20421:Itamar attack 20418: 20417: 20415: 20411: 20399: 20395: 20391: 20387: 20383: 20379: 20375: 20371: 20370: 20368: 20364: 20353: 20349: 20346: 20342: 20339: 20335: 20332: 20328: 20325: 20321: 20318: 20314: 20311: 20307: 20306: 20304: 20300: 20289: 20288:Hebron ambush 20285: 20282: 20278: 20275: 20271: 20268: 20264: 20261: 20257: 20254: 20250: 20247: 20243: 20240: 20239:Hadera attack 20236: 20233: 20229: 20228: 20226: 20222: 20211: 20207: 20204: 20200: 20199: 20197: 20193: 20190: 20186: 20183: 20179: 20163: 20159: 20155: 20151: 20147: 20143: 20139: 20135: 20131: 20127: 20123: 20119: 20115: 20111: 20107: 20103: 20102: 20100: 20096: 20084: 20080: 20076: 20072: 20068: 20064: 20060: 20056: 20052: 20048: 20044: 20040: 20036: 20032: 20028: 20024: 20023: 20021: 20017: 20005: 20001: 19997: 19993: 19989: 19985: 19981: 19977: 19973: 19969: 19965: 19961: 19957: 19953: 19949: 19945: 19944: 19942: 19938: 19926: 19922: 19918: 19914: 19910: 19906: 19902: 19898: 19894: 19890: 19889: 19887: 19883: 19872: 19868: 19867: 19865: 19861: 19850: 19846: 19843: 19839: 19836: 19832: 19829: 19825: 19822: 19818: 19817: 19815: 19811: 19800: 19796: 19793: 19789: 19786: 19782: 19779: 19775: 19772: 19768: 19767: 19765: 19761: 19750: 19746: 19743: 19739: 19736: 19732: 19731: 19729: 19725: 19722: 19718: 19707: 19703: 19700: 19696: 19693: 19692:Kraków pogrom 19689: 19686: 19682: 19679: 19675: 19674: 19672: 19668: 19656: 19652: 19649: 19645: 19642: 19638: 19635: 19631: 19630: 19628: 19624: 19613: 19609: 19606: 19602: 19599: 19595: 19594: 19592: 19588: 19577: 19573: 19570: 19566: 19563: 19559: 19558: 19556: 19552: 19540: 19539:The Holocaust 19536: 19533: 19529: 19526: 19522: 19519: 19518:Švenčionėliai 19515: 19512: 19508: 19505: 19501: 19498: 19494: 19491: 19487: 19484: 19480: 19477: 19473: 19470: 19466: 19463: 19459: 19456: 19452: 19449: 19445: 19442: 19438: 19435: 19434:Kaunas (June) 19431: 19428: 19424: 19421: 19417: 19414: 19410: 19409: 19407: 19403: 19392: 19388: 19387: 19385: 19381: 19370: 19369:Silc massacre 19366: 19363: 19359: 19356: 19352: 19351: 19349: 19345: 19334: 19333:Kristallnacht 19330: 19327: 19323: 19322: 19320: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19307: 19297: 19293: 19288: 19284: 19280: 19276: 19272: 19268: 19264: 19260: 19256: 19252: 19248: 19244: 19240: 19236: 19232: 19228: 19222: 19217: 19216:Oradea pogrom 19213: 19209: 19205: 19204: 19194: 19190: 19187: 19183: 19180: 19176: 19173: 19169: 19166: 19162: 19159: 19155: 19152: 19148: 19145: 19141: 19138: 19134: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19124: 19117: 19113: 19110: 19106: 19102: 19098: 19094: 19093:Kielce pogrom 19090: 19086: 19082: 19078: 19074: 19070: 19066: 19062: 19058: 19054: 19053:Shiraz pogrom 19050: 19046: 19042: 19038: 19034: 19030: 19026: 19022: 19018: 19014: 19010: 19006: 19002: 18998: 18994: 18990: 18986: 18985: 18983: 18979: 18976: 18972: 18960: 18956: 18952: 18948: 18947: 18937: 18933: 18930: 18926: 18923: 18919: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18909: 18901: 18897: 18893: 18889: 18885: 18881: 18877: 18873: 18869: 18865: 18861: 18860:Hebron pogrom 18857: 18853: 18849: 18845: 18841: 18837: 18836:Hep-Hep riots 18833: 18829: 18825: 18821: 18817: 18813: 18809: 18805: 18801: 18797: 18793: 18789: 18785: 18784: 18782: 18778: 18770: 18766: 18762: 18758: 18754: 18753:Hebron pogrom 18750: 18746: 18742: 18738: 18734: 18730: 18726: 18722: 18718: 18714: 18710: 18706: 18702: 18698: 18694: 18690: 18686: 18685: 18675: 18671: 18668: 18664: 18661: 18657: 18654: 18650: 18647: 18643: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18633: 18625: 18621: 18617: 18613: 18609: 18605: 18604: 18602: 18598: 18595: 18591: 18579: 18575: 18571: 18567: 18563: 18559: 18558: 18548: 18544: 18541: 18537: 18534: 18530: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18520: 18512: 18508: 18504: 18500: 18496: 18492: 18491: 18489: 18485: 18473: 18469: 18465: 18461: 18457: 18453: 18449: 18445: 18441: 18437: 18436: 18434: 18430: 18422: 18418: 18414: 18410: 18409: 18407: 18403: 18400: 18396: 18392: 18388: 18384: 18377: 18372: 18370: 18365: 18363: 18358: 18357: 18354: 18342: 18339: 18334: 18333: 18330: 18322: 18319: 18318: 18317: 18314: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18304:The Holocaust 18302: 18301: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18294:United States 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18274:Enlightenment 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18256: 18254: 18250: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18232: 18229: 18228: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18201: 18200: 18197: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18174: 18172: 18171: 18169: 18167: 18163: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18121: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18103: 18100: 18099: 18098: 18095: 18094: 18092: 18090: 18086: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18042: 18040: 18038: 18034: 18026: 18023: 18019: 18016: 18015: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17990: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17975: 17973: 17969: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17929: 17927: 17925: 17921: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17871: 17869: 17867: 17863: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17808: 17806: 17802: 17798: 17791: 17786: 17784: 17779: 17777: 17772: 17771: 17768: 17755: 17754:Sidney Excell 17752: 17749: 17748:Hugo Blaschke 17746: 17743: 17742:Felix Kersten 17740: 17737: 17736:Karl Gebhardt 17734: 17731: 17730:Falk Zipperer 17728: 17725: 17722: 17719: 17718:Erhard Heiden 17716: 17715: 17713: 17709: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17684: 17682: 17678: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17653: 17651: 17647: 17640: 17637: 17634: 17631: 17629:(great-niece) 17628: 17625: 17622: 17619: 17616: 17613: 17610: 17607: 17604: 17601: 17598: 17595: 17594: 17592: 17588: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17506:The Holocaust 17504: 17503: 17501: 17499: 17498:the Holocaust 17493: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17466:Schutzstaffel 17464: 17463: 17461: 17459:Organizations 17457: 17450: 17447: 17444: 17441: 17438: 17435: 17432: 17429: 17426: 17425:Hermann Gauch 17423: 17420: 17419:Rudolf Brandt 17417: 17414: 17411: 17408: 17405: 17402: 17399: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17367: 17366: 17361: 17355: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17346: 17342: 17341: 17338: 17334: 17327: 17322: 17320: 17315: 17313: 17308: 17307: 17304: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17274: 17270: 17266: 17262: 17258: 17254: 17250: 17246: 17242: 17238: 17234: 17230: 17226: 17222: 17218: 17217: 17214: 17205: 17193: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17177: 17173: 17167: 17163: 17159: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17146: 17143: 17139: 17135: 17131: 17127: 17123: 17119: 17115: 17111: 17107: 17103: 17099: 17098: 17095: 17086: 17074: 17070: 17066: 17062: 17058: 17057:Sobibor trial 17054: 17050: 17046: 17042: 17038: 17034: 17030: 17026: 17022: 17018: 17014: 17010: 17006: 17002: 16998: 16994: 16990: 16986: 16982: 16978: 16974: 16970: 16966: 16962: 16958: 16954: 16950: 16946: 16942: 16938: 16934: 16930: 16926: 16922: 16921:Belsen trials 16918: 16914: 16913:Dachau trials 16910: 16906: 16902: 16898: 16894: 16890: 16886: 16882: 16881:Kharkov trial 16878: 16874: 16870: 16869: 16866: 16860: 16854: 16851: 16847: 16840: 16836: 16833: 16829: 16826: 16825:Justification 16822: 16819: 16815: 16812: 16808: 16805: 16801: 16798: 16794: 16789: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16775: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16764: 16763: 16761: 16757: 16750: 16746: 16743: 16739: 16736: 16732: 16729: 16725: 16722: 16718: 16715: 16711: 16708: 16704: 16699: 16695: 16694: 16692: 16691:The Holocaust 16688: 16687: 16685: 16683: 16679: 16672: 16668: 16665: 16661: 16658: 16654: 16651: 16650:Death marches 16647: 16642: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16624: 16621: 16617: 16614: 16610: 16607: 16603: 16600: 16596: 16593: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16582: 16575: 16571: 16568: 16564: 16561: 16557: 16554: 16550: 16547: 16543: 16540: 16536: 16533: 16529: 16526: 16522: 16519: 16515: 16512: 16508: 16501: 16497: 16496: 16494: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16478: 16474: 16473: 16471: 16467: 16466: 16464: 16460: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16432: 16428: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16412: 16408: 16407:Iraqi Turkmen 16404: 16400: 16396: 16391: 16387: 16386: 16383: 16379: 16375: 16371: 16370: 16367: 16362: 16356: 16344: 16340: 16336: 16332: 16327: 16323: 16322: 16319: 16315: 16311: 16307: 16303: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16279: 16275: 16271: 16267: 16263: 16259: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16243: 16239: 16235: 16231: 16227: 16223: 16219: 16214: 16210: 16207: 16203: 16202: 16198: 16194: 16190: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16174: 16170: 16166: 16162: 16158: 16154: 16150: 16146: 16142: 16138: 16134: 16133: 16130: 16125: 16119: 16107: 16103: 16099: 16095: 16091: 16087: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16063: 16059: 16055: 16051: 16047: 16043: 16042:The Holocaust 16039: 16035: 16031: 16027: 16023: 16019: 16015: 16011: 16007: 16003: 15999: 15995: 15991: 15987: 15983: 15979: 15975: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15959: 15955: 15951: 15947: 15943: 15939: 15935: 15931: 15927: 15924:(1920s–1930s) 15923: 15922:Ingrian Finns 15919: 15915: 15911: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15895: 15889: 15885: 15881: 15877: 15873: 15869: 15865: 15861: 15857: 15853: 15848: 15847:Pontic Greeks 15844: 15843: 15840: 15836: 15835: 15833: 15829: 15828: 15825: 15820: 15814: 15800: 15796: 15795: 15793: 15789: 15785: 15781: 15777: 15773: 15769: 15765: 15762:(1890s–1900s) 15761: 15757: 15753: 15749: 15745: 15741: 15737: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15703: 15699: 15695: 15691: 15687: 15683: 15679: 15675: 15674: 15672: 15668: 15664: 15660: 15656: 15652: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15627: 15623: 15619: 15615: 15611: 15607: 15603: 15599: 15595: 15589: 15585: 15582:(1700s–1800s) 15581: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15570: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15526: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15510: 15506: 15502: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15489: 15486: 15481: 15475: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15435: 15432:(1200s–1360s) 15431: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15398: 15394: 15393: 15390: 15386: 15382: 15378: 15374: 15370: 15369: 15366: 15361: 15355: 15352: 15349: 15344: 15340: 15336: 15329: 15324: 15322: 15317: 15315: 15310: 15309: 15306: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15253: 15249: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15233:Mizocz Ghetto 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15213:Drobytsky Yar 15211: 15209: 15206: 15205: 15203: 15201: 15197: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15179: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15164: 15162: 15160: 15156: 15150: 15149: 15145: 15143: 15142: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15128: 15124: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15092: 15090: 15086: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15047: 15043: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15031: 15029: 15025: 15019: 15018:Slutsk Affair 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15008:Łachwa Ghetto 15006: 15005: 15003: 15001: 14997: 14994: 14990: 14980: 14979: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14966: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14954: 14949: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14926: 14925: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14914: 14908: 14907: 14903: 14901: 14900: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14888: 14887: 14883: 14880: 14879: 14875: 14872: 14871: 14867: 14864: 14863: 14859: 14856: 14855: 14854:Schutzstaffel 14851: 14850: 14848: 14844: 14841: 14837: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14806:Viktors Arājs 14804: 14803: 14801: 14799:Collaborators 14797: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14760:August Becker 14758: 14757: 14755: 14753:Other members 14751: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14729:Eugen Steimle 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14614:Werner Braune 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14561: 14559: 14557: 14552: 14548:Commanders of 14546: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14504:Erich Naumann 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14489:Wilhelm Fuchs 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14466: 14464: 14462: 14456: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14435: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14417: 14409: 14404: 14402: 14397: 14395: 14390: 14389: 14386: 14374: 14373: 14364: 14363: 14360: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14339: 14332: 14329: 14326: 14323: 14321:(half-nephew) 14320: 14317: 14315:(half-nephew) 14314: 14311: 14308: 14305: 14303:(half-nephew) 14302: 14299: 14296: 14293: 14291:(half-sister) 14290: 14289:Angela Hitler 14287: 14285:(grandmother) 14284: 14281: 14279:(grandfather) 14278: 14275: 14272: 14269: 14266: 14263: 14260: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14252: 14248: 14242: 14241: 14237: 14235: 14234: 14230: 14228: 14227: 14223: 14221: 14220: 14216: 14214: 14213: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14201: 14197: 14195: 14194: 14190: 14188: 14187: 14183: 14181: 14180: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14149: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14134: 14132: 14126: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14114:50th birthday 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14069:Vegetarianism 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14035:Personal life 14033: 14022: 14018: 14015: 14012: 14008: 14005: 14002: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13978: 13972: 13970: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13922: 13918: 13917: 13912: 13909: 13906: 13905:Kehlsteinhaus 13902: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13894: 13892: 13887: 13884: 13878: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13854:The Holocaust 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13834:Rise to power 13832: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13820: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13761: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13743: 13742:Führerprinzip 13739: 13738: 13737: 13736: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13725: 13721: 13714: 13709: 13707: 13702: 13700: 13695: 13694: 13691: 13685: 13678: 13666: 13663: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13649: 13648:United States 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13596: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13564: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13507: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13469: 13466: 13465: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13454: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13399: 13393: 13390: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13328:The Holocaust 13326: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13284: 13280: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13267: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13230: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13214: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13192:Doctors' plot 13190: 13188: 13187:Slánský trial 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13171: 13170:The Holocaust 13168: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13144: 13143:Farhud (Iraq) 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13103:Hep-Hep riots 13101: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13085: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13073: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13051:Martin Luther 13049: 13047: 13044: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13007: 13003: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12986:Weaponization 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12953: 12951: 12950:Philosemitism 12948: 12946: 12945: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12909:Khazar theory 12907: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12892: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12856: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12839:Olympic Games 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12817:New Testament 12815: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12803: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12740: 12737: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12673: 12669: 12662: 12657: 12655: 12650: 12648: 12643: 12642: 12639: 12618: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12566: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12524: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12456: 12450: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12430: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12399:Nazi eugenics 12397: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12373: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12328:Topf and Sons 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12298: 12296: 12295:Collaborators 12292: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12275: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12233:Referat IV B4 12231: 12230: 12229: (RSHA) 12228: 12225: 12223: 12221: 12220:Schutzstaffel 12217: 12215: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12207:Organizations 12205: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12192: 12188: 12183: 12179: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12149:Romani people 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12118: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12102:Working Group 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12087:Kastner train 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12066: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12019: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11926: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11897: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11875: 11874:Kristallnacht 11871: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11814: 11810: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11676: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11659: 11658: 11657:Sanitätswesen 11654: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11620:Death marches 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11516: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11446:Extermination 11443: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11421:Sachsenhausen 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11362:Herzogenbusch 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11337:Bergen-Belsen 11335: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11325: 11324:Concentration 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11304: 11300: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11274: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11260:United States 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11216: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11100:and colonies 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11003:The Holocaust 10997: 10992: 10990: 10985: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10824: 10823: 10811: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10725: 10717: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10694: 10690: 10684: 10680: 10675: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10570: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10489:King, Charles 10486: 10482: 10476: 10472: 10467: 10463: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10395:Ther, Philipp 10391: 10387: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10246: 10242:Book chapters 10234: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10189: 10185: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10104: 10098: 10094: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10012:0-7006-1280-7 10008: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9987: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9688: 9682: 9678: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9633:Bergen, Doris 9630: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9531: 9526: 9522: 9521: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9478: 9473: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9438: 9433: 9426: 9421: 9414: 9409: 9402: 9397: 9389: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9369: 9361: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9336: 9330: 9322: 9316: 9309: 9308: 9300: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9266: 9260: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9194: 9187: 9182: 9175: 9170: 9168: 9160: 9155: 9148: 9143: 9137:, p. 22. 9136: 9131: 9124: 9119: 9113:, p. 93. 9112: 9107: 9100: 9095: 9089:, p. 14. 9088: 9083: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9034: 9032:0-231-11215-7 9028: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9012: 9004: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8985: 8977: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8960:Straus, Scott 8955: 8947: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8920: 8915: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8891: 8885:, p. 97. 8884: 8879: 8872: 8867: 8860: 8858: 8851: 8844: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8823: 8816: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8795: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8749: 8744: 8742: 8734: 8729: 8722: 8717: 8710: 8705: 8698: 8697:Wittmann 2010 8693: 8686: 8681: 8674: 8673:Wittmann 2010 8669: 8662: 8661:Wittmann 2010 8657: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8625:Wittmann 2010 8621: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8590: 8585: 8578: 8573: 8571: 8563: 8558: 8551: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8527: 8522: 8520: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8424: 8419: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8383: 8375: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8316: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8239: 8232: 8227: 8220: 8215: 8208: 8203: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8152: 8150: 8142: 8137: 8129: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8095: 8087: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8071:Der Holocaust 8067: 8061: 8053: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8034: 8027: 8022: 8020: 8012: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7995: 7990: 7984:, p. 69. 7983: 7978: 7971: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7935: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7892: 7884: 7879: 7877: 7869: 7864: 7862: 7854: 7849: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7825: 7818: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7789: 7782: 7777: 7770: 7765: 7758: 7753: 7746: 7741: 7734: 7729: 7722: 7717: 7710: 7705: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7655: 7647: 7642: 7636:, p. 61. 7635: 7630: 7624:, p. 55. 7623: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7543: 7542:Burzlaff 2020 7538: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7507: 7502: 7495: 7494:Cesarani 2016 7490: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7459: 7458:Burzlaff 2020 7454: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7416: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7395:Burzlaff 2020 7391: 7384: 7379: 7372: 7367: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7336: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7312: 7311:Burzlaff 2020 7307: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7258: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7227:9780191676697 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7189: 7187:9780399118456 7183: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7166: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7122: 7113: 7111:1-57181-775-1 7107: 7103: 7096: 7080: 7078:0-8143-2920-9 7074: 7070: 7064: 7059: 7058: 7050: 7043: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6959: 6954: 6947: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6723: 6721: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6666:, p. 13. 6665: 6660: 6653: 6652:Burzlaff 2020 6648: 6641: 6636: 6629: 6624: 6617: 6616:Burzlaff 2020 6612: 6605: 6600: 6598: 6590: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6530: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6501: 6494: 6493:Burzlaff 2020 6489: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6463: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6434: 6427: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6403: 6398: 6391: 6386: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6356:, p. 35. 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6290: 6283: 6278: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6195:, p. 97. 6194: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6028: 6021: 6016: 6009: 6004: 6002: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5967: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5916: 5911: 5905:, p. 91. 5904: 5899: 5897: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5875:, p. 63. 5874: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5840: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5604: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5533: 5528: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5508:Browning 2004 5504: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5374:, p. 74. 5373: 5368: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5347:, p. 99. 5346: 5341: 5339: 5331: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5241:, p. 78. 5240: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5173:, p. 71. 5172: 5167: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5143: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5101:, p. 76. 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5029:, p. 36. 5028: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4993:, p. 79. 4992: 4987: 4985: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4954:, p. 70. 4953: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4883: 4878: 4872:, p. 66. 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4824:, p. 69. 4823: 4818: 4816: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4795:Kopstein 2023 4791: 4784: 4783:Kopstein 2023 4779: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4568:, p. 72. 4567: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4484:, p. 67. 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4448:, p. 68. 4447: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4374:Cesarani 2016 4370: 4364:, p. 67. 4363: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4326:Cesarani 2016 4322: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4084:, p. 40. 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4036:, p. 59. 4035: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4019:Cesarani 2016 4015: 4009:, p. 37. 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3985:, p. 38. 3984: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3959:Cesarani 2016 3955: 3949:, p. 86. 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3925:, p. 58. 3924: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3862:, p. 98. 3861: 3856: 3850:, p. 57. 3849: 3844: 3842: 3835:, p. 56. 3834: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3812: 3806:, p. 49. 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3782:, p. 51. 3781: 3776: 3770:, p. 50. 3769: 3764: 3758:, p. 52. 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3734:, p. 48. 3733: 3728: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3671:Cesarani 2016 3667: 3660: 3655: 3649:, p. 44. 3648: 3643: 3636: 3635:Cesarani 2016 3631: 3624: 3623:Cesarani 2016 3619: 3613:, p. 46. 3612: 3607: 3601:, p. 45. 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3565:, p. 42. 3564: 3559: 3552: 3551:Cesarani 2016 3547: 3541:, p. 41. 3540: 3535: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3514:, p. 52. 3513: 3508: 3506: 3498: 3493: 3487:, p. 96. 3486: 3481: 3479: 3472:, p. 43. 3471: 3466: 3459: 3458:Cesarani 2016 3454: 3448:, p. 40. 3447: 3442: 3440: 3433:, p. 65. 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3409:, p. 35. 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3385:, p. 55. 3384: 3379: 3377: 3370:, p. 67. 3369: 3364: 3358:, p. 66. 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3334:, p. 39. 3333: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3293:, p. 33. 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3266:, p. 18. 3265: 3260: 3254:, p. 59. 3253: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3230:, p. 17. 3229: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3191:, p. 42. 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3167:, p. 57. 3166: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3107:, p. 65. 3106: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3090:, p. 24. 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3063:, p. 37. 3062: 3057: 3051:, p. 62. 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3015:, p. 25. 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2955:, p. 58. 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2931:, p. 22. 2930: 2925: 2919:, p. 15. 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2881:Calimani 2018 2877: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2830:Cesarani 2016 2826: 2824: 2817:, p. 14. 2816: 2811: 2807: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708:Cesarani 2016 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:seeking entry 2603: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558:Wolfgang Benz 2554: 2550: 2549:A. Dirk Moses 2541: 2537: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2413:Kielce pogrom 2403: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2283: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2260: 2253: 2252:Bergen-Belsen 2248: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188:were deported 2181: 2177: 2172: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2047: 2045: 2044:camp brothels 2041: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:puppet states 1949: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1774:Wola Massacre 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1634: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431:the camps in 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1369: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1340:1939 prophecy 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1283:another 1,000 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Schutzstaffel 1181: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 977: 973: 972:Warsaw Ghetto 968: 962: 958: 953: 948: 938: 936: 931: 929: 928:military rule 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 884: 880: 876: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822: 814: 810: 805: 796: 794: 790: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 746: 745:Kristallnacht 741: 737: 729: 728: 727:Kristallnacht 723: 718: 714: 712: 711: 706: 702: 698: 697:civil service 694: 689: 683: 677: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 604: 600: 596: 588: 584: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560: 555: 551: 548:unbounded by 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 524: 520: 515: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 400: 396: 392: 387: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 353:, as well as 352: 348: 344: 340: 334: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 180:European Jews 177: 173: 172:The Holocaust 165: 161: 157: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 137: 133: 129: 128:death marches 125: 124:mass shooting 121: 117: 113: 110: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 73:to go to the 72: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 42:The Holocaust 40: 37: 33: 29: 22: 27234:Vichy France 27153: 27136: 27119: 27102: 27085: 27068: 27056:from Commons 27051: 27034: 27013: 26987:Bibliography 26970: 26783:Project Hula 26748:Vistula–Oder 26717: 26650: 26641: 26625: 26595: 26544: 26528: 26519: 26510: 26476: 26373: 26288: 26264: 26234: 25985: 25878: 25823:North Africa 25525:Soviet Union 25479:Soviet Union 25405:Soviet Union 25173:Vatican City 25083:Vichy France 24988:German Reich 24885:Soviet Union 24871:South Africa 24864:Sierra Leone 24817:Newfoundland 24636:Participants 24619:Marocchinate 24453: 24323: 24314: 24284: 24162:North Africa 24123:Indian Ocean 23982:Nazi plunder 23873:Cryptography 23746:World War II 23556:(1991–2001) 23536:(1984–1989) 23496:Famen Temple 23486:(1966–1976) 23349: 23296:(1922–1991) 23265:(1913–1922) 22801:Christianity 22791:Baháʼí Faith 22674:in Australia 22664:Racial quota 22308:Soviet Union 22251:Saudi Arabia 22192:South Africa 22119:Ethnic slurs 22114:Ethnic jokes 22016:Internalized 21834:Architecture 21782:SS personnel 21730: 21716:SUMKA (Iran) 21342:Social order 21267:Antisemitism 21220:Palingenetic 21111:Dictatorship 21080:Conspiracism 21004:Labour camps 20974:Deportations 20961: 20935:World War II 20880:Kirchenkampf 20868:Nazi Germany 20749:Hitler Youth 20713:Organisation 20536:Israel riots 20528:2020–present 20181:21st century 20122:AMIA bombing 19706:Cairo pogrom 19538: 19309: 19287:Brest pogrom 19077:Skver pogrom 18974:20th century 18951:Corfu pogrom 18852:Tzfat pogrom 18761:Safed pogrom 18737:Arles pogrom 18697:1391 pogroms 18562:Ham massacre 18503:Fez massacre 18303: 18299:World War II 18289:Soviet Union 18269:Emancipation 18264:Disabilities 18045:Roman Empire 17962:Roman Judaea 17692:Thomas Sneum 17633:Heinz Kokott 17505: 17497: 17437:Heinz Macher 17390:Adolf Hitler 17363: 17343: 17209:21st century 17166:Ratko Mladić 17090:20th century 17033:Belzec trial 16797:Genocide law 16657:Death squads 16567:Mass killing 16477:Autogenocide 16361:21st century 16124:1946 to 1999 16041: 15996:(1935–1945) 15954:Libyan Arabs 15819:1913 to 1945 15480:1490 to 1913 15278:Jäger Report 15228:Lviv pogroms 15147: 15139: 15036:Kalevi-Liiva 15013:Minsk Ghetto 14976: 14965:Rollkommando 14964: 14952: 14922: 14906:Sonderdienst 14904: 14897: 14884: 14876: 14868: 14865: (RSHA) 14860: 14852: 14780:Felix Landau 14739:Martin Weiss 14719:Erwin Schulz 14694:Walter Rauff 14674:Rudolf Lange 14629:Ernst Damzog 14619:Karl Brunner 14599:Walter Blume 14569:Gerhard Bast 14555: 14550: 14499:Bruno Müller 14460: 14420: 14414: 14370: 14319:Heinz Hitler 14309:(half-niece) 14295:Paula Hitler 14271:Klara Hitler 14265:Alois Hitler 14238: 14231: 14224: 14217: 14210: 14198: 14191: 14184: 14177: 14017:Obersalzberg 13968: 13916:Führerbunker 13915: 13893:Headquarters 13890: 13853: 13849:World War II 13844:Nazi Germany 13797:Zweites Buch 13795: 13776: 13740: 13733: 13720:Adolf Hitler 13658:21st century 13638:South Africa 13604:Labour Party 13525:21st century 13468:Saudi Arabia 13392:Yellow badge 13342: 13338:Jewish quota 13327: 13265: 13227: 13202:Yellow badge 13169: 13070: 13014:Anti-Judaism 12968: 12954: 12942: 12918: 12914:Ku Klux Klan 12889: 12865:Anti-Zionism 12849:Universities 12812:Christianity 12722:Adolf Hitler 12668:Antisemitism 12611:Yizkor books 12272: 12219: 11964: 11912:in Lithuania 11872: 11770: 11655: 11648: 11637: 11571: 11549: 11530: 11511: 11494: 11277:by Catholics 11146:Soviet Union 11014:By territory 11002: 10955: 10949: 10926: 10920: 10881: 10857: 10851: 10848:Láníček, Jan 10831: 10827: 10795: 10773: 10747: 10697: 10678: 10666:. Retrieved 10632: 10609: 10587: 10568: 10545: 10519: 10496: 10470: 10447: 10424: 10421:Hayes, Peter 10398: 10371: 10349: 10346:Engel, David 10327: 10301: 10279: 10276:Bartov, Omer 10253: 10218: 10192: 10169: 10142: 10102: 10078: 10051: 10026: 10001:. New York: 9998: 9971: 9944: 9940:Kay, Alex J. 9916: 9891: 9887:Hayes, Peter 9877:. New York: 9874: 9871:Hayes, Peter 9848: 9825: 9802: 9774: 9770:Engel, David 9745: 9714: 9691: 9686: 9662: 9636: 9610: 9584: 9557: 9553:Bartov, Omer 9529: 9498:. Retrieved 9493: 9484: 9472: 9453: 9450:Bartov, Omer 9444: 9439:, p. 2. 9432: 9420: 9408: 9403:, p. 6. 9396: 9377: 9368: 9349: 9343: 9306: 9299: 9290: 9286: 9279:Rummel, R.J. 9273: 9254: 9248: 9236: 9219: 9215: 9205: 9198:Assmann 2010 9193: 9186:Assmann 2010 9181: 9154: 9147:Bartov 2023b 9142: 9130: 9123:Bartov 2023b 9118: 9106: 9099:Priemel 2020 9094: 9082: 9075:Assmann 2010 9070: 9065:, p. 8. 9058: 9021: 9011: 8991: 8984: 8964: 8954: 8935: 8926: 8919:Assmann 2010 8914: 8902: 8895:Assmann 2010 8890: 8883:Assmann 2010 8878: 8866: 8856: 8850: 8840: 8834: 8822: 8812: 8806: 8794: 8782:. Retrieved 8776: 8767: 8755: 8735:, p. 7. 8728: 8721:Bartov 2023b 8716: 8709:Priemel 2020 8704: 8692: 8685:Priemel 2020 8680: 8668: 8656: 8649:Priemel 2020 8644: 8637:Priemel 2020 8632: 8620: 8613:Priemel 2020 8608: 8601:Kochavi 2010 8596: 8589:Kochavi 2010 8584: 8577:Kochavi 2010 8562:Gerlach 2016 8557: 8545: 8533: 8528:, p. 3. 8526:Gerlach 2016 8502: 8493: 8485: 8471: 8462: 8450:. 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The Nazis 592: 557: 554:Adolf Hitler 534:its ideology 527: 473: 403: 389:View of the 370: 366: 346: 338: 336: 302: 283: 255:seized power 244: 240:other groups 235: 188:Nazi Germany 171: 170: 156:Nazi Germany 152:Perpetrators 92:Soviet Union 75:gas chambers 63:Auschwitz II 49:World War II 36: 27036:Definitions 26718:Bodenplatte 26604:Gothic Line 25830:West Africa 25377:Philippines 25356:Netherlands 25221:Czech lands 25159:Switzerland 25103:Afghanistan 25054:Philippines 24922:Puerto Rico 24838:Philippines 24824:New Zealand 24810:Netherlands 24763:Free France 24514:Prosecution 24315:Osoaviakhim 24185:West Africa 24169:East Africa 23816:Conferences 23642:(2014–2017) 23630:(2014–2017) 23624:(2013–2016) 23562:(1992–1996) 23524:(1975–1979) 23518:(1975–1990) 23424:(1948–1980) 23370:(1945–1989) 23364:(1945–1989) 23358:(1941–1945) 23352:(1939–1945) 23340:(1936–1975) 23325:legislation 23290:(1917–1990) 23284:(1915–1923) 23278:(1914–1924) 23259:(1912–1913) 23247:(1862–1877) 23229:(1857–1858) 23223:(1789–1801) 23211:(1683–1922) 23205:(1673–1829) 23199:(1609–1614) 23193:(1562–1598) 23187:(1561–1812) 23181:(1526–1791) 23175:(1522–1712) 23169:(1500–1526) 23145:(1184–1908) 23143:Inquisition 23054:Segregation 23019:Intolerance 22959:Desecration 22901:Neopaganism 22894:Persecution 22860:Persecution 22843:Persecution 22806:Catholicism 22589:Anti-racism 22330:Middle East 22224:South Korea 22219:North Korea 22134:Hate speech 22056:Substantive 22036:Neocolonial 21894:Strasserism 21556:de Gobineau 21531:Chamberlain 21397:Politicians 21384:Volkskörper 21287:Master race 21257:Prussianism 21205:Nationalism 21160:Imperialism 21101:Corporatism 19885:1950s–1960s 19657:(1944–1945) 19541:(1941–1945) 19290: [ 19219: [ 19129:(1918–1920) 19101:Lwów pogrom 19069:Lwów pogrom 19013:Kiev pogrom 18914:(1881–1884) 18804:Mawza Exile 18790:(1648–1657) 18638:(1348–1350) 18626:(1336–1339) 18572:(1189–1190) 18166:Middle Ages 18075:Mesopotamia 17451:(occultist) 17415:(secretary) 17279:(2023–2024) 17247:(2020–2021) 17194:(1999–2015) 17186:(1997–2022) 17178:(1994–2015) 17168:(2011–2017) 17160:(2008–2016) 17152:(2002–2006) 17144:(1993–2017) 17136:(1993–2007) 17128:(1946–1948) 17112:(1946–1948) 17102:Budak trial 17073:Finta trial 17059:(1965–1966) 17051:(1964–1970) 17043:(1963–1989) 17035:(1963–1965) 17019:(1961–1962) 16995:(1946–1949) 16987:(1946–1948) 16979:(1946–1948) 16971:(1946–1953) 16963:(1946–1947) 16947:(1945–1946) 16945:Minsk trial 16939:(1945–1946) 16931:(1945–1949) 16923:(1945–1948) 16915:(1945–1947) 16907:(1945–2001) 16899:(1944–1989) 16891:(1944–1951) 16861:(1943–2022) 16767:Definitions 16417:(2014–2017) 16409:(2014–2017) 16401:(2011–2023) 16376:(2002–2003) 16345:(1996–1997) 16320:(1992–1995) 16312:(1991–2003) 16296:(1987–2002) 16288:(1987–1989) 16280:(1986–1989) 16264:(1983–1987) 16262:Gukurahundi 16256:(1983–2009) 16240:(1977–1997) 16232:(1975–1979) 16224:(1974–1999) 16187:(1970–2003) 16185:Feyli Kurds 16179:(1966–1970) 16155:(1962–1996) 16147:(1956–1989) 16108:(1944–1948) 16100:(1944–1948) 16092:(1943–1945) 16084:(1942–1945) 16068:(1941–1945) 16060:(1941–1945) 16052:(1941–1945) 16044:(1941–1945) 16036:(1940–1942) 16028:(1939–1945) 16020:(1937–1938) 16004:(1937–1938) 15980:(1932–1933) 15964:(1930–1933) 15956:(1929–1932) 15948:(1926–1973) 15916:(1919–1933) 15908:(1918–1931) 15900:(1916–1917) 15890:(1916–1934) 15874:(1915–1917) 15866:(1915–1919) 15841:(1913–1922) 15801:(1912–1913) 15786:(1905–1907) 15778:(1904–1907) 15770:(1894–1896) 15754:(1888–1893) 15746:(1879–1913) 15736:Circassians 15730:(1850–1864) 15696:(1846–1873) 15688:(1830–1850) 15680:(1830–1847) 15647:(1869–1977) 15639:(1825–1832) 15624:(1785–2017) 15590:(1874–1996) 15567:(1648–1657) 15559:(1640–1649) 15551:(1636–1638) 15519:(1548–1872) 15495:(1492–1514) 15464:(1402–1496) 15456:(1393–1394) 15440:(1209–1229) 15424:(1069–1070) 15360:Before 1490 15069:Pogulianski 14639:Ludwig Hahn 14594:Paul Blobel 14574:Rudolf Batz 14509:Arthur Nebe 14479:Horst Böhme 14307:Geli Raubal 14151:Perceptions 13952:Wolf's Lair 13623:New Zealand 13375:Segregation 13283:Persecution 13255:Radio Islam 13061:Blood libel 13056:Blood curse 12829:Middle Ages 12675:Core topics 12617:Never again 12448:(Action T4) 12374:Remembrance 12159:Homosexuals 12129:Soviet POWs 12057:Częstochowa 11605:Gas chamber 11416:Ravensbrück 11357:Gross-Rosen 11352:Flossenbürg 11235:Philippines 11167:Yugoslavia 11126:Netherlands 11054:Sudetenland 9512:Works cited 8156:Bergen 2016 7673:Bergen 2016 7067:. Detroit: 6263:(in French) 6260:Le Parisien 5520:Bergen 2016 5198:Bergen 2016 3995:Bergen 2016 3717:29 November 3201:Bergen 2016 2941:Bergen 2016 2640:Omer Bartov 2490:Reparations 2367:Alex J. Kay 2002:Ostarbeiter 1998:Woman with 1731:was cleared 1688:Polish Jews 1620:gas chamber 1618:Stationary 1592:gas chamber 1590:Stationary 1564:gas chamber 1562:Stationary 1536:gas chamber 1534:Stationary 1067:project to 818:The German 762:Reichsmarks 688:German Jews 656:Sudetenland 498:and lost a 488:World War I 429:small towns 409:Middle Ages 313:reparations 158:along with 120:mass murder 107:Attack type 27168:Categories 27087:Quotations 26818:West Hunan 26651:Pointblank 25987:Silver Fox 25973:Summer War 25726:Winter War 25705:Phoney War 25486:Azerbaijan 25447:Yugoslavia 25342:Luxembourg 25184:Resistance 24931:Yugoslavia 24796:Luxembourg 24598:Sook Ching 24394:War crimes 23996:Technology 23989:Opposition 23931:Lend-Lease 23908:Australian 23901:Home front 23859:Blitzkrieg 23809:Casualties 23800:Commanders 23772:Operations 23139:(643–1526) 23014:Iconoclasm 23009:Hate crime 22939:Censorship 22833:Falun Gong 22468:Vietnamese 22241:Arab world 22139:Hate group 22129:Hate crime 22066:Xenophobia 22046:Scientific 22031:Linguistic 21602:Atrocities 21517:Ideologues 21352:Syncretism 21277:Aryan race 21252:Propaganda 21200:Militarism 21181:Lebensraum 21144:Geopolitik 21070:Chauvinism 20958:Neo-Nazism 20798:Nazi Party 19742:Kunmadaras 19151:Justingrad 18667:Strasbourg 18321:New Yishuv 18309:Resistance 17874:Israelites 17724:Karl Hanke 17611:(mistress) 17605:(daughter) 17481:Lebensborn 17427:(adjutant) 17407:Karl Wolff 16953:Riga trial 16804:Prevention 16749:Indigenous 16664:Incitement 16532:Gendercide 16493:Classicide 16486:Politicide 16447:Gaza Strip 16222:East Timor 16193:Bangladesh 16153:Guatemalan 16074:Sook Ching 15970:La Matanza 15694:California 15406:Bar Kokhba 15097:Ninth Fort 14941:Lithuanian 14929:Belarusian 14916:Non-German 14649:Karl Jäger 14524:Otto Rasch 14494:Heinz Jost 14130:belongings 14021:Kampfhäusl 13942:Tannenberg 13937:Felsennest 13932:Anlage Süd 13927:Adlerhorst 13880:Places of 13789:in English 13778:Mein Kampf 13500:Costa Rica 13463:Arab world 13447:Yad Vashem 13370:Refuseniks 13333:Jewish hat 13306:Expulsions 13273:Stormfront 12981:Xenophobia 12931:in English 12920:Mein Kampf 12902:Żydokomuna 12732:Propaganda 12606:Yad Vashem 12586:Uniqueness 12441:Nisko Plan 12214:Nazi Party 12022:Resistance 11992:Ninth Fort 11857:Vel' d'Hiv 11629:Nazi units 11567:Westerbork 11557:Amersfoort 11411:Neuengamme 11392:Mauthausen 11372:Kaiserwald 11342:Buchenwald 11121:Luxembourg 10668:28 January 10166:Stone, Dan 9816:1041397012 9724:Yad Vashem 9477:Stone 2010 9413:Stone 2010 9401:Stone 2010 9051:Stone 2010 8871:Hayes 2010 8827:Hayes 2010 8799:Hayes 2010 8748:Hayes 2010 8550:Beorn 2018 8538:Beorn 2018 8423:Stone 2023 8411:Stone 2023 8141:Beorn 2018 8076:C. H. Beck 7982:Stone 2020 7805:Beorn 2018 7769:Beorn 2018 7554:Evans 2019 7530:Beorn 2018 7518:Beorn 2018 7506:Beorn 2018 7446:Beorn 2018 7434:Beorn 2018 7335:Beorn 2018 7299:Beorn 2018 7084:12 January 6739:Beorn 2020 6640:Beorn 2018 6604:Beorn 2018 6354:Stone 2010 6318:Stone 2010 6205:Welch 2020 6116:Engel 2020 5954:Beorn 2018 5595:Stone 2010 5411:Beorn 2018 5384:Beorn 2018 5330:Beorn 2018 5222:Evans 2019 5210:Beorn 2018 5186:Beorn 2018 5147:Beorn 2018 5027:Stone 2010 4899:Beorn 2018 4882:Beorn 2018 4846:Beorn 2018 4834:Beorn 2018 4747:Beorn 2018 4731:Beorn 2020 4554:Beorn 2018 4482:Beorn 2018 4434:Beorn 2018 4398:Beorn 2018 4338:Miron 2020 4302:Engel 2020 4290:Miron 2020 4273:Miron 2020 4261:Miron 2020 4249:Miron 2020 4237:Beorn 2018 4225:Miron 2020 4213:Beorn 2018 4201:Beorn 2018 4186:Beorn 2018 4162:Beorn 2018 4118:Beorn 2018 4106:Beorn 2018 4070:Beorn 2018 3971:Beorn 2018 3947:Beorn 2018 3935:Beorn 2018 3908:Hayes 2017 3896:Beorn 2018 3872:Beorn 2018 3860:Beorn 2018 3485:Beorn 2018 3431:Stone 2020 3407:Beorn 2018 3368:Stone 2020 3356:Stone 2020 3315:Beorn 2018 3291:Beorn 2018 3264:Stone 2010 3252:Beorn 2018 3240:Evans 2019 3228:Stone 2010 3213:Stone 2020 3189:Beorn 2018 3177:Stone 2020 3165:Beorn 2018 3105:Weitz 2010 3088:Beorn 2018 3076:Weitz 2010 3049:Weitz 2010 3013:Beorn 2018 3001:Beorn 2018 2953:Weitz 2010 2905:Beorn 2018 2869:Stone 2023 2803:References 2748:Engel 2021 2720:Stone 2010 2712:Hayes 2015 2704:Beorn 2018 2688:Engel 2021 2684:Stone 2023 2680:Smith 2023 2675:imaginaire 2271:Death toll 2174:Jews from 2135:the Allies 1911:Auschwitz 1871:Yugoslavia 1851:from March 1849:to Poland 1597:April 1942 1501:Wartheland 1399:of Lublin 1196:in Belarus 1107:commissars 1033:was common 1008:The first 991:Hans Frank 900:Luxembourg 856:Wartheland 750:synagogues 710:Mischlinge 664:propaganda 648:rearmament 559:Lebensraum 530:Nazi Party 425:assimilate 381:Background 210:, chiefly 136:hate crime 132:poison gas 27138:Resources 27121:Textbooks 26883:Manchuria 26769:Indochina 26545:Bagration 25996:Lithuania 25641:Anschluss 25438:Viet Minh 25335:Lithuania 25277:Hong Kong 25047:Manchukuo 25002:Azad Hind 24661:Australia 24461:Aftermath 24324:Paperclip 24219:Aftermath 24019:Total war 23887:Diplomacy 23850:In Europe 23490:Four Olds 23203:Test Acts 23069:Terrorism 22911:Rastafari 22865:Ahmadiyya 22649:Race card 22584:Alt-right 22384:Argentina 22345:Palestine 22263:Australia 22089:Apartheid 22077:of racism 21611:Action T4 21581:Rosenberg 21561:Haushofer 21506:Streicher 21292:Nordicism 21237:New Order 20928:Anschluss 20724:Ahnenerbe 20413:2010–2019 20366:2004–2009 20188:2000–2009 19720:1946–1999 19441:Szczuczyn 19413:Bucharest 19310:1938–1945 19186:Proskurov 19144:Radomyshl 19061:The Tritl 18981:1900–1937 18780:1600–1899 18600:1300–1599 18487:1000–1299 18466:(614–617) 18458:(351–352) 18450:(132–136) 18383:Massacres 18216:Byzantium 18114:Sanhedrin 18018:Kitos War 17836:Languages 17804:Overviews 17750:(dentist) 17476:Ahnenerbe 16742:Cambodian 16735:Holodomor 16627:Massacres 16511:Ethnocide 16500:Eliticide 16230:Cambodian 15978:Holodomor 15872:Armenians 15864:Assyrians 15637:Black War 15525:Huguenots 15408:(132–136) 15391:(50s BCE) 15375:(146 BCE) 15343:Genocides 15218:Drohobycz 15148:AB-Aktion 15089:Lithuania 14945:Ukrainian 14724:Franz Six 14259:Eva Braun 14128:Personal 14109:Paintings 14079:Bodyguard 14064:Sexuality 13921:Vorbunker 13882:residence 13784:in Arabic 13665:Venezuela 13480:Australia 13475:Argentina 13456:By region 13385:Expulsion 13245:Metapedia 13240:Jew Watch 12926:in Arabic 12692:Geography 12687:Economics 12564:Education 12459:Aftermath 12371:Aftermath 12333:Trawnikis 12257:Wehrmacht 12252:Waffen-SS 12052:Białystok 11880:Bucharest 11852:Marseille 11729:Elsewhere 11690:Białystok 11502:Breendonk 11479:Treblinka 11332:Auschwitz 11116:Lithuania 10908:256347577 10900:2031-4183 10734:ignored ( 10724:cite book 10663:229432191 10130:151138604 9780:Routledge 9555:(2023a). 9535:Routledge 9329:cite book 9222:(3): 32. 8356:2375-2548 8273:0014-3006 8110:Routledge 7934:Dean 2020 6970:Dean 2020 6958:Dean 2020 6946:Dean 2020 6922:Dean 2020 6886:Dean 2020 6862:Dean 2020 6775:Dean 2020 5689:0160-9327 5669:Endeavour 2740:King 2023 2610:Apartheid 2574:memorials 2339: Low 2217:destroyed 1917:Solahütte 1769:Glubokoje 1765:Białystok 1670:Treblinka 1578:Treblinka 1513:July 1941 1478:Location 1460:Treblinka 1452:Treblinka 1413:Aktion T4 1298:Waffen-SS 1236:Białystok 1209:, Belarus 1153:Lithuania 935:Aktion T4 864:resettled 821:Wehrmacht 809:free city 593:Amidst a 542:modernity 347:Holocaust 339:Holocaust 337:The term 279:were shot 236:Holocaust 216:Treblinka 101:1941–1945 26994:Category 26943:document 26853:document 26710:Ardennes 26694:Budapest 26642:Crossbow 26520:Overlord 26359:Smolensk 25577:Timeline 25412:Slovakia 25398:Thailand 25249:Ethiopia 25214:Bulgaria 25138:Portugal 25076:Thailand 24958:Bulgaria 24736:Eswatini 24729:Ethiopia 24682:Bulgaria 24507:Unit 731 24468:Response 24285:Keelhaul 24235:Cold War 24208:Americas 24199:timeline 24192:Atlantic 24072:Theaters 23706:Religion 23227:Utah War 23097:(64–313) 23074:Violence 22964:Domicide 22916:Yazidism 22838:Hinduism 22796:Buddhism 22777:By group 22704:Category 22619:Lynching 22594:Casteism 22439:Japanese 22298:Portugal 22229:Thailand 22197:Zimbabwe 22061:Symbolic 22051:Societal 22041:Romantic 22006:Gendered 21986:Cultural 21976:Colorism 21971:Aversive 21917:Category 21856:Glossary 21571:von List 21526:Baeumler 21461:Goebbels 21446:Heydrich 21426:Eichmann 21282:Aryanism 21247:Populism 21137:Eugenics 21026:Ideology 20989:Genocide 20600:Nahal Oz 20593:Kissufim 20586:Kfar Aza 20310:Istanbul 19504:Babi Yar 19469:Jedwabne 18876:Allahdad 18474:(628 CE) 18389:against 18336:See also 18221:Crusades 18209:Kairouan 18134:Savoraim 18060:Carthage 18037:Diaspora 17856:Timeline 17649:Military 17571:Hegewald 16707:Armenian 16574:Domicide 16553:Policide 16525:Eugenics 16470:Democide 16439:Rohingya 16090:Volhynia 15914:Cossacks 15760:Selk'nam 15622:Chechens 15614:Dzungars 15541:Lameyans 15533:Kalinago 15503:(1500s–) 15462:Guanches 15397:Eburones 15383:(88 BCE) 15335:Genocide 15208:Babi Yar 15182:Slovakia 14953:Kommando 14933:Estonian 14437:Director 14372:Category 14297:(sister) 14273:(mother) 14267:(father) 14226:Downfall 13772:Prophecy 13767:Speeches 13727:Politics 13633:Pakistan 13567:Imperial 13344:Judensau 13301:Boycotts 13260:Redwatch 13250:Podblanc 13113:May Laws 13072:Judensau 12776:Timeline 12744:Three Ds 12727:Americas 12549:Academia 12002:Piaśnica 11972:Babi Yar 11900:Jedwabne 11839:Roundups 11772:Judenrat 11736:Budapest 11507:Mechelen 11469:Majdanek 11426:Stutthof 11387:Majdanek 11282:by Poles 11240:Portugal 11218:Response 11209:Timeline 11187:Overview 11049:Slovakia 11036:Bulgaria 10876:(2021). 10217:(2015). 10168:(2010). 10140:(2023). 10077:(2015). 10024:(2000). 9997:(2000). 9970:(2010). 9942:(2021). 9889:(2015). 9873:(2017). 9847:(2016). 9800:(1968). 9772:(2021). 9744:(2016). 9712:(2004). 9661:(2009). 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