Religious persecution

5158:, political indoctrination, torture, physical and psychological abuse, including forced sterilization and sexual abuse, forced labor, and prolonged detention without trial because of their religion and ethnicity. There were reports of individuals dying as a result of injuries sustained during interrogations... Authorities in Xinjiang restricted access to mosques and barred youths from participating in religious activities, including fasting during Ramadan... maintained extensive and invasive security and surveillance... forcing Uighurs and other ethnic and religious minorities to install spyware on their mobile phones and accept government officials and CCP members living in their homes. Satellite imagery and other sources indicated the government destroyed mosques, cemeteries, and other religious sites... The government sought the forcible repatriation of Uighur and other Muslims from foreign countries and detained some of those who returned... Anti-Muslim speech in social media remained widespread." 11071:, Quote: "The situation of Hindus and Sikhs as a persecuted minority is a little-studied topic in literature dealing with ethno-sectarian conflict in Afghanistan. (...) the breakdown of state structure and the ensuing civil conflicts and targeted persecution in the 1990s that led to their mass exodus out of the country. A combination of structural failure and rising Islamic fundamentalist ideology in the post-Soviet era led to a war of ethnic cleansing as fundamentalists suffered a crisis of legitimation and resorted to violence as a means to establish their authority. Hindus and Sikhs found themselves in an uphill battle to preserve their culture and religious traditions in a hostile political environment in the post-Taliban period. The international community and Kabul failed in their moral obligation to protect and defend the rights of minorities and oppressed communities." 3881: 3074: 3995: 4627:

of "killings, attempted killings, death threats, assaults, rapes, kidnappings, and attacks on homes, businesses, and places of worship" on religious minorities in 2017. Since the 1990s, Hindus have been a persecuted minority in Afghanistan, and a subject of "intense hate" with the rise of religious fundamentalism in Afghanistan. Their "targeted persecution" triggered an exodus and forced them to seek asylum. The persecuted Hindus have remained stateless and without citizenship rights in India, since it has historically lacked any refugee law or uniform policy for persecuted refugees, state Ashish Bose and Hafizullah Emadi, though the recent Citizen Amendment Act passed by India is a form of solace for those Hindus having entered India before 2015.

4618:. This has led to attacks and forced conversion of Hindus, and other minorities such as Christians. According to Tetsuya Nakatani—a Japanese scholar of Cultural Anthropology specializing in South Asia refugee history, after the mass exodus of Hindu, Sikh and other non-Muslim refugees during the 1947 partition of British India, there were several waves of Hindu refugees arrival into India from its neighbors. The fearful and persecuted refugee movements were often after various religious riots between 1949 and 1971 that targeted non-Muslims within West Pakistan or East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The status of these persecuted Hindu refugees in India was in political limbo until the passage of 2829: 7362:(2010), p. 7:"A religion of Middle Eastern origin, Islam reached Africa via the northern region of the continent by means of conquest. The Islamic wars of conquest that would lead to the Islamization of North Africa occurred first in Egypt, when in about 642 CE the country fell to the invading Muslim forces from Arabia. Over the next centuries, the rest of the Maghreb would succumb to Jihadist armies...The notion of religion conversion, whether by force or peaceful means, is foreign to indigenous African beliefs...Islam, however, did not become a religion of the masses by peaceful means. Forced conversion was an indispensable element of proselytization." 4254: 4833: 2240:

the benefits, therefore it is likely persecution from that social group will increase. Legal restriction from the state relies on social cooperation, so the state in its turn must protect the social group that supports it, increasing the likelihood of persecution from the state as well. Grim and Finke say their studies indicate that the higher the degree of religious freedom, the lower the degree of violent religious persecution. "When religious freedoms are denied through the regulation of religious profession or practice, violent religious persecution and conflict increase."

4108:, and a report by the PEW organization studying worldwide restrictions of religious freedom, both have Christians suffering in the highest number of countries, rising from 125 in 2015 to 144 as of 2018. PEW has published a caution concerning the interpretation of these numbers: "The Center's recent report ... does not attempt to estimate the number of victims in each country... it does not speak to the intensity of harassment..." France, who restricts the wearing of the hijab, is counted as a persecuting country equally with Nigeria and Pakistan where, according to the 3064:...were cutting heads, hanging, some by the neck, some by the foot, many of them were stabbed with sharp sticks and impaled on hooks. This included the tethering to a ponytail, drowning and freezing people alive in lakes. The winners did not spare even the sick and the elderly, taking them out of the monastery and throwing them mercilessly in icy 'vises'. The words step back, the pen does not move, in eternal darkness the ancient Solovetsky monastery is going. Of the more than 500 people, only a few managed to avoid the terrible court. 5592: 2757: 4591: 4392: 13776:, Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 10, " sources... seem to have been more numerous than his followers, at least until the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century revival of interest in Bruno as a supposed 'martyr for science.' It is true that he was burned at the stake in Rome in 1600, but the church authorities who were guilty of this action were almost certainly more distressed by his denial of Christ's divinity and his alleged diabolism than they were by his cosmological doctrines." 3898: 5016: 3138:

found that "Christians experienced harassment by governments or social groups in the largest number of countries"—144 countries—but that it is almost equal to the number of countries (142) in which Muslims experience harassment. PEW has published a caution concerning the interpretation of these numbers: "The Center's recent report ... does not attempt to estimate the number of victims in each country... it does not speak to the intensity of harassment..."

16921: 17912: 5836: 3979:. Many Christians fled persecution in the Roman empire by emigrating to the Persian empire where for a century and a half after Constantine's conversion, they were persecuted under the Sassanids, with thousands losing their lives. Christianity continued to spread through "merchants, slaves, traders, captives and contacts with Jewish communities" as well as missionaries who were often killed for their efforts. This killing continued into the 13811:"Yet the fact remains that cosmological matters, notably the plurality of worlds, were an identifiable concern all along and appear in the summary document: Bruno was repeatedly questioned on these matters, and he apparently refused to recant them at the end.14 So, Bruno probably was burned alive for resolutely maintaining a series of heresies, among which his teaching of the plurality of worlds was prominent but by no means singular." 51: 2244:

hardly questioned by anyone. Religious intolerance and persecution, therefore, were not seen as vices, but as necessary and salutary for the preservation of religious truth and orthodoxy and all that was seen to depend upon them." This view of persecution is not limited to the Middle Ages. As Christian R. Raschle and Jitse H. F. Dijkstra, say: "Religious violence is a complex phenomenon that exists in all places and times."

2916:, defined the state in purely secular terms: "The commonwealth seems to me to be a society of men constituted only for the procuring, preserving, and advancing their own civil interests." Concerning the church, he went on: "A church, then, I take to be a voluntary society of men, joining themselves together of their own accord." With this treatise, John Locke laid one of the most important intellectual foundations of the 2089:. Religious persecution may be the result of societal and/or governmental regulation. Governmental regulation refers to the laws which the government imposes in order to regulate a religion, and societal regulation is discrimination against citizens because they adhere to one or more religions. In many countries, religious persecution has resulted in so much violence that it is considered a human rights problem. 2586: 16931: 2316:"Religious cleansing" is sometimes used in reference to the removal of a population from a certain territory based on its religion. More recently, “religious cleansing” has been used in reference to the elimination of all religious structures or all individuals who adhere to a particular religion and live within a larger community which is composed of people who are members of the same ethnicity. 3541:. The Soviet Union had a long history of state atheism, in which social success largely required individuals to profess atheism, stay away from churches and even vandalize them; this attitude was especially militant during the middle Stalinist era from 1929 to 1939. The Soviet Union attempted to suppress religion over wide areas of its influence, including places like central Asia, and the post- 4786:. Following the sentence, the Hindus were attacked in different parts of the country. Hindu properties were looted, Hindu houses were burnt into ashes and Hindu temples were desecrated and set on fire. This trend has continued, sadly; Islamist groups in Bangladesh, nearing the 50th anniversary of the Bengali Hindu Genocide, set fire to and vandalized several Hindu temples along with 80 houses. 4136:, if they had not been Christians." Open Doors documents that anti-Christian sentiment is presently based on direct evidence and makes conservative estimates based on indirect evidence. This approach dramatically lowers the numerical count. Open Doors says that, while numbers fluctuate every year, they estimate 11 Christians are currently dying for their faith somewhere in the world every day. 4097:

Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte—the International Society for Human Rights—in Frankfurt, Germany is a non-governmental organization with 30,000 members from 38 countries who monitor human rights. In September 2009, then chairman Martin Lessenthin, issued a report estimating that 80% of acts of religious persecution around the world were aimed at Christians at that time. According to the

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exact numbers of people persecuted for their faith or religious affiliation, it is unquestioned that "violations of freedom of religion and belief, including acts of severe persecution, occur with fearful frequency." She quotes Irwin Colter, human rights advocate and author as saying "reedom of religion remains the most persistently violated human right in the annals of the species."

5056:, the government "is based largely on sharia as interpreted by the Hanbali school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. Freedom of religion is not provided under the law." In January and May 2019, police raided predominantly Shia villages in the al-Qatif Governorate... In April the government executed 37 citizens ... 33 of the 37 were from the country's minority 2366: 5323:

refugees in India, with some seeking asylum in the United Kingdom and other western countries. Unlike the arrivals in the West, the persecuted Sikh refugees who arrived in India have remained stateless and lived as refugees because India has historically lacked any refugee law or uniform policy for persecuted refugees, state Ashish Bose and Hafizullah Emadi.

4509:) ... Their women can be taken as slaves and their property can be seized ... they are to be killed whenever they are found and cursed as they described ... It is obligatory to kill their scholars and religious figures so that they do not misguide others", which in that setting would have legitimized violence against them as 5065:

Finns Party politician publicly compared Muslim asylum seekers to an invasive species." There were several demonstrations by neo-Nazis and nativist groups in 2019. One neo-Nazi group, the NRM (the Nordic Resistance Movement), "continued to post anti-Muslim and anti-Semitic statements online and demonstrated with the anti-immigrant group

5131:, and the forced administration of contraceptives (including contraceptive implants), methods of birth control that had exempted ethnic minorities up until that point. Uyghurs and members of other minority groups have been made subject to a widespread forced labor apparatus. Uyghurs and other religious minorities detained within the 4378:, Alan Rogerson and William Schnell have claimed the arrests and mob violence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s were the consequence of what appeared to be a deliberate course of provocation of authorities and other religious groups by Jehovah's Witnesses. Whalen, Harrison and Schnell have suggested 7349:(1990), p. 161:"The role of Christian missionaries are a private interest group in European colonial occupation of Africa was a significant one...Collectively their activities promoted division within traditional African societies into rival factions...the picture denigrated African culture and religion..." 3051:, who for 15 years of inquisition activity burned and punished thousands of people. As in Rome, persecuted fled to depopulated areas. The most terrible punishment was considered an underground pit, where rats lived. Some people had been imprisoned and tied to the wall there, and untied after their death. 4703:

dot sticker worn on the forehead by Indian women. The lackadaisical attitude of the local police prompted the South Asian community to arrange small groups all across the state to fight back against the street gang. The perpetrators have been put to trial. On 2 January 2012, a Hindu worship center in

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In the press release the Special Rapporteur states that she "is highly concerned by information she has received concerning the treatment of members of the Baháʼí community in Iran." She further states that "The Special Rapporteur is concerned that this latest development indicates that the situation

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The Bishop of Vladimir Feodor turned some people into slaves, others were locked in prison, cut their heads, burnt eyes, cut tongues or crucified on walls. Some heretics were executed by burning them alive. According to an inscription of Khan Mengual-Temir, Metropolitan Kiril was granted the right to

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say that the perception that plurality is dangerous leads to religious persecution. Both the state and any dominant religion, share the concern that to "leave religion unchecked and without adequate controls will result in the uprising of religions that are dangerous to both state and citizenry," and

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front-page story called the government's actions "the Mother of all Cover-ups" There are allegations that the violence was led and often perpetrated by Indian National Congress activists and sympathisers during the riots. The government, then led by the Congress, was widely criticised for doing very

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remains divided between the Christian anti-Balaka and the predominantly Muslim ex-Seleka militia forces with many Muslim communities displaced and not allowed to practice their religion freely. In Nigeria, "conflicts between predominantly Muslim Fulani herdsmen and predominantly Christian farmers in

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covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the

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Similar concerns about religious persecution of Hindu and other minorities in Bangladesh have also been expressed. A famous report by Dr. Abul Barkat, a famous Bangladeshi economist and research, projects that there will be no Hindus left in Bangladesh in 30 years. The USCIRF notes hundreds of cases

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by the Indian Government. Systemically in Pakistan, Hindus are persecuted under the government's Blasphemy Law (with often consequence of death irrelevant of the legal claim's accuracy), and as per the rhetoric of mainstream politicians interpreting vague constitutional law, have second-class rights

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invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society, and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God. Watch Tower Society literature of the period directed that Witnesses

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Perez Zagorin writes "According to some philosophers, tolerance is a moral virtue; if this is the case, it would follow that intolerance is a vice. But virtue and vice are qualities solely of individuals, and intolerance and persecution were social and collective phenomena sanctioned by society and

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Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous

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and much of the cultural heritage of the Zoroastrians was lost. Gradually, an increasing number of discriminatory laws were passed, these laws regulated the behavior of Zoroastrians and they also limited the Zoroastrians' ability to participate in society. Over time, the persecution of Zoroastrians

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Islamophobia continues. In Finland, "A report by the European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) said hate crimes and intolerant speech in public discourse, principally against Muslims and asylum seekers (many of whom belong to religious minorities), had increased in recent years... A

4634:(1971) resulted in one of the largest genocides of the 20th century. While estimates of the number of casualties was 3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the Pakistan Army's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan. An article in 3137:

and other relevant U.S. government and non-governmental institutions. The data is available to the public. The 2018 study details, country by country, the violations of religious freedom taking place in approximately 75% of the 195 countries in the world. Between 2007 and 2017, the PEW organization

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show that Christianity and Islam are persecuted in more countries around the world than other religions, and that Jews and Muslims are "most likely to live in countries where their groups experience harassment". As of 2018, Christians face harassment in 145 countries, Muslims face harassment in 139

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ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim

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are Iran's largest religious minority, and Iran is the location of one of the seventh largest Baháʼí population in the world, with just over 251,100 as of 2010. Baháʼís in Iran have been subject to unwarranted arrests, false imprisonment, beatings, torture, unjustified executions, confiscation and

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James L.Gibson adds that the greater the attitudes of loyalty and solidarity to the group identity, and the more the benefits to belonging there are perceived to be, the more likely a social identity will become intolerant of challenges. Combining a strong social identity with the state, increases

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have disputed that number's accuracy. Gina Zurlo, the CSGC's assistant director, explained that two-thirds of the 90,000 died in tribal conflicts, and nearly half were victims of the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Klaus Wetzel, an internationally recognized expert on religious

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At the symposium on law and religion in 2014, Michelle Mack said: "Despite what appears to be a near-universal expression of commitment to religious human rights, the frequency-and severity-of religious persecution worldwide is staggering. Although it is impossible to determine with certainty the

4196:. Despite the political upheaval, Egypt remained a mainly Christian, but Copts lost their majority status after the 14th century, as a result of the intermittent persecution and the destruction of the Christian churches there, accompanied by heavy taxes for those who refused to convert. From the 4649:

testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under

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heavily punish with death for blasphemy against the Orthodox Church or breach of ecclesiastical privileges. He advised all means of destruction to be used against heretics, but without bloodshed, in the name of 'saving souls'. Heretics were drowned. Novgorod Bishop Gennady Gonzov turned to Tsar

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While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American

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According to reports, about 200 worshipers were inside the building, 25 of them were killed and at least 8 others were wounded after an hour-long siege ended when all of the assailants were killed by responding security forces. At least one child was said to have been among the people who were

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and had been convicted following what they stated were unfair trials for various alleged crimes, including protest-related offenses... Authorities detained ... three Shia Muslims who have written in the past on the discrimination faced by Shia Muslims, with no official charges filed; they

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says that it is these communities, which can be a majority or a minority, that generate violence. Since the development of identity involves 'what we are not' as much as 'what we are', there are grounds for the fear that tolerance of 'what we are not' can contribute to the erosion of identity.

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when their economic condition worsened. Thereafter, they became the objects of "intense hate" as a result of the rise of religious fundamentalism in Afghanistan. Their "targeted persecution" triggered an exodus and forced them to seek asylum. Many of them started arriving in and after 1992 as

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There are low to moderate restrictions on religious freedom in three-quarters of the world's countries, with high and very high restrictions in a quarter of them, according to the State Department's report on religious freedom and persecution delivered annually to Congress. The Internationale

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stances (when members of a dominant group denigrate religions other than their own or religion itself where the irreligious are the dominant group) or it may be triggered by the state when it views a particular religious group as a threat to its interests or security. At a societal level, the

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countries, and Jews face harassment in 88 countries. Respectively: Christians account for 31% of the world's population, Muslims account for 24%, and Jews account for 0.2%. According to a 2019 report, government restrictions and social hostilities toward religion have risen in 187 countries.

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has instructed the Command Headquarters to identify people who adhere to the Baháʼí Faith and to monitor their activities and gather any and all information about the members of the Baháʼí Faith. The letter was brought to the attention of the international community by Asma Jahangir, the

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Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp.

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Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered

4093:, which are all predominantly non-Christian. Due to the large number of Christian majority countries, differing groups of Christians are harassed and persecuted in Christian countries such as Eritrea and Mexico more often than in Muslim countries, although not in greater numbers. 5411:

and Kamal Nath were accused of inciting and participating in riots targeting the Sikh population of the capital. The Indian government reported 2,700 deaths in the ensuing chaos. In the aftermath of the riots, the Indian government reported 20,000 had fled the city, however the

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the number of East Pakistani refugees at their peak in India was close to 10 million. Given that the Hindu population in East Pakistan was around 11 million in 1971, this suggests that up to 8 million, or more than 70% of the Hindu population had fled the country. The

6143:. When these actions persistently happen over a period of time, and when they also include large numbers of perpetrators and victims, we may refer to them as being part of a "campaign" of persecution that usually has the goal of excluding the targeted minority from the polity. 2282:

The sociological view regards religious intolerance and persecution as largely social processes that are determined more by the context within which the social community exists than anything else. When governments ensure equal freedom for all, there is less persecution.

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In the absence of civil toleration, someone who finds himself in disagreement with his congregation does not have the option to leave and chose a different faith—simply because there is only one recognized faith in the country (at least officially). In modern western

5154:... since April 2017, the Chinese government arbitrarily detained more than one million Uighurs, ethnic Kazakhs, Hui, and members of other Muslim groups, as well as Uighur Christians, in specially built or converted internment camps in Xinjiang and subjected them to 4712:. A number of perpetrators have been brought to trial for these assaults. Although tougher anti-hate crime laws were passed by the New Jersey legislature in 1990, the attacks continued, with 58 cases of hate crimes against Indians in New Jersey reported in 1991. 2331:, population cleansing took on a largely religious character. The religious motivation for population cleansing lost much of its salience early in the modern era, but until the 18th century, ethnic enmity in Europe continued to be couched in religious terms. 7334:, 3rd edn (2013), p. 268:"Later, during the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries became active in Africa and Oceania. Attempts by Christian missionaries to convert nonbelievers to Christianity took two main forms: forced conversions and proselytizing." 5734:, philosophers have been imprisoned for various offenses by courts and tribunals, often as a result of their philosophical activities, and some of them have even been put to death. The most famous case in which a philosopher was put on trial is the case of 4946:

which are committed in the United States are committed against Jews. In 2018, anti-Jewish hate crimes represented 57.8% of all religiously motivated hate crimes; followed by anti-Muslim hate crimes, which were the second most common, representing 14.5%.

3496:), all of them Muslim-majority, while "the overwhelming majority" of the 193 United Nations member countries "at best discriminate against citizens who have no belief in a god and at worst they can jail them for offences which are dubbed blasphemy". 2279:, Denis Lacorne says that examples of religious tolerance in ancient societies, "from ancient Greece to the Roman empire, medieval Spain to the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic", are not examples of tolerance in the modern sense of the term. 3592:

The press in Iran, ran nearly three dozen articles defaming the Baháʼí Faith. Furthermore, a confidential letter sent on 29 October 2005 by the Chairman of the Command Headquarters of the Armed Forced in Iran states that the Supreme Leader of Iran,

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this concern gives both the dominant religion and the state motives for restricting religious activity. Grim and Finke say it is specifically this religious regulation that leads to religious persecution. R.I. Moore says that persecution during the

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Hindu temples were felled to the ground and for one year a large establishment was maintained for the demolition of the grand Martand temple. But when the massive masonry resisted all efforts, it was set on fire and the noble buildings cruelly

2389:, may take on the qualities of religious persecution when one or more of the parties which are involved in them are characterized by their religious homogeneity; an example of this occurs when conflicting populations that belong to different 6051:

reported: "The Egyptian government estimates about 5 million Copts, but the Coptic Orthodox Church says 15–18 million. Reliable numbers are hard to find but estimates suggest they make up somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population." The

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reported that "the vast majority of Egypt's estimated 9.5 million Christians, approximately 10% of the country's population, are Orthodox Copts." In 2019, the Associated Press cited an estimate of 10 million Copts in Egypt. In 2015, the

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were also destroyed and the monks massacred. Muslim forces attacked the north-western regions of the Indian subcontinent many times. Many places were destroyed and renamed. For example, Odantapuri's monasteries were destroyed in 1197 by

1013: 5428:. Rajiv Gandhi was sworn in as Prime Minister after his mother's death and, when asked about the riots, said "when a big tree falls (Mrs. Gandhi's death), the earth shakes (occurrence of riots)" thus trying to justify communal strife. 4550:(CCP) to eliminate Falun Gong in China. It is characterised by multifaceted propaganda campaign, a program of enforced ideological conversion and re-education, and a variety of extralegal coercive measures such as arbitrary arrests, 2990:

No religion is free from internal dissent, although the degree of dissent that is tolerated within a particular religious organization can strongly vary. This degree of diversity tolerated within a particular church is described as

5084:, mainly against Rohingya women and girls, have also been committed by the Rakhine Buddhists and the Burmese military's soldiers, along with the arson of Rohingya homes and mosques, as well as many other human rights violations. 5334:. It is estimated 30,000+ Hindus and Sikhs were either killed, abducted or injured. In one instance, on 12 November 1947 alone between 3000 and 7000 were killed. A few weeks after on 25 November 1947, tribal forces began the 4184:

has noted "growing religious intolerance" and sectarian violence against Coptic Christians in recent years, as well as a failure by the Egyptian government to effectively investigate properly and prosecute those responsible.

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and his government ordered the dissolution of Dan Na Ambassagou—whom they hold partly responsible for the attacks. The Dogon militia group denied its involvement in the massacre and it also rejected calls to disband itself.

13786:, University of California Press, p. 24, "Though Bruno may have been a brilliant thinker whose work stands as a bridge between ancient and modern thought, his persecution cannot be seen solely in light of the war between 5446:

is supported by the fact that voting lists were used to identify Sikh families. Despite the communal conflict and despite the record of the riots, the Indian National Congress claims that it is a secular political party.

3165:, and the International Institute for Religious Freedom, explains that "In around a quarter of all countries in the world, the restrictions imposed by governments, or hostilities towards one or more religious groups, are 4610:. Militancy and sectarianism has been rising in Pakistan since the 1990s, and the religious minorities have "borne the brunt of the Islamist's ferocity" suffering "greater persecution than in any earlier decade", states 5006:

Currently, Muslims face religious restrictions in 142 countries according to the PEW report on rising religious restrictions around the world. According to the US State Department's 2019 freedom of religion report, the

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The United States submits an annual report on religious freedom and persecution to the Congress. The report contains data which the United States collects from U.S. embassies around the world in collaboration with the

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Escalating Violence Against Coptic Women and Girls: Will the New Egypt be More Dangerous than the Old? : Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second

3526:, its opposition to religious institutional power and influence, whether it is real or alleged, in all aspects of public and political life, including the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen. 2101:, defines religious persecution as "violence or discrimination against members of a religious minority because of their religious affiliation," referring to "actions that are intended to deprive individuals of their 7098:"Like the extremist Islamic clerics who today provide inspiration for terrorist campaigns, the priests could not be treated like men who only sought the spiritual nourishment of the flock." Coffey 2000: 38&39. 3823:

in Bangladesh, a 25,000-strong Muslim mob set fire to destroy at least twelve Buddhist temples and around fifty homes throughout the town and surrounding villages after seeing a picture of an allegedly desecrated

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from all her Kingdoms and to restore the independence of the English Church from control by the state. During her short reign from 1553 to 1558, about 290 Protestants were burned at the stake. While Mary's sister

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p. 7. Perennial, New York. "This was perhaps the most dangerous notion of all... If other worlds existed with intelligent beings living there, did they too have their visitations? The idea was quite unthinkable."

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opposed the religious teachings and by his initiative a scientific book against them was published. The book was destroyed, the Russian synod insisted Lomonosov's works to be burned and requested his punishment.

11756: 5424:, the main Indian investigating agency, is of the opinion that the acts of violence were organized with the support from the then Delhi police officials and the central government headed by Indira Gandhi's son, 10815:: "The normally cordial pattern of Hindu–Muslim relations was interrupted in the early fifteenth century. The great Sun temple of Martand was destroyed and heavy penalties imposed on the mainly Brahman Hindus". 5689:

and as a result, their population continued to decline. Even during the rule of Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the dynasty, many Zoroastrians were killed and some of them were taken captive and deported to

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Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..

6139:, expressions that go beyond verbal abuse and social avoidance. It refers to actions that are intended to deprive individuals of their political rights and force minorities to assimilate, leave, or live as 4383:

should "never seek a controversy" nor resist arrest, but also advised members not to co-operate with police officers or courts that ordered them to stop preaching, and to prefer jail rather than pay fines.

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destruction of property owned by individuals and the Baháʼí community, denial of employment, denial of government benefits, denial of civil rights and liberties, and denial of access to higher education.

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is approximately 87% Sunni Muslim, and "Shia and Ahmadi Muslims reported feeling under constant threat." Anti-Shia rhetoric was common throughout 2019 in some online media outlets and on social media."

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is one thing; the persecution of beliefs that are deemed heretical or blasphemous is another. Although a public disagreement on secondary matters might be serious enough, frequently, it has only led to

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there is evidence of authorities running enforce labour transfer programmes, as well as systemic rape and torture, forced sterilisation of women, child separation and mass surveillance and intimidation

4042:, which is illegal there. Of the 100–200 million Christians alleged to be under assault, the majority are persecuted in Muslim-majority nations. Every year, the Christian non-profit organization 8220:

Carbonneau, Robert. "Resurrecting the Dead: Memorial Gravesites and Faith Stories of Twentieth-Century Catholic Missionaries and Laity in West Hunan, China." US Catholic Historian 24.3 (2006): 19–37.

6131:"Persecution" in this study refers to violence or discrimination against members of a religious minority because of their religious affiliation. Persecution involves the most damaging expressions of 13012: 5694:. Zoroastrians regard the Qajar period as one of their worst. During the Qajar dynasty, the religious persecution of the Zoroastrians was rampant. Due to their increasing contacts with influential 2865:

Before a vigorous debate about religious persecution took place in England (starting in the 1640s), for centuries in Europe, religion had been tied to territory. In England, there had been several

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in favour of Islam. The number of Serers who were killed is unknown, but the defeat of the Serers at Tekrur triggered their exodus from Tekrur to the south, where they were granted asylum by the

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in search of a place where they could defend themselves more efficiently and escape persecution—which they often did by building their dwellings in little nooks and crannies. In the early era of

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Early Christianity also came into conflict with the Roman Empire, and it may have been more threatening to the established polytheistic order than Judaism had been, because of the importance of

6615: 6225:

Jinkins, Michael. Christianity, Tolerance and Pluralism: A Theological Engagement with Isaiah Berlin's Social Theory. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2004. Chapter 3. no page #s available

3173:. Some of the most populous countries in the world belong to this group, such as China, India, Indonesia and Pakistan. Therefore, around three quarters of the world's population live in them." 2862:: "There is not any man of the Church of England, but the same man is also a member of the commonwealth; nor any man a member of the commonwealth, which is not also of the Church of England." 10249:

the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.

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Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996—1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam

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to avoid the consequences of war. Tibetan pilgrim Chöjepal (1179–1264), who arrived in India in 1234, had to flee advancing Muslim troops multiple times, as they were sacking Buddhist sites.

2636:" that the purpose of all Catholic missionaries who had come to Britain was "to stir up and move sedition, rebellion and open hostility". Consequently, even strictly apolitical priests like 2573:

were brutally suppressed in Western Europe, but in the borderlands of Eastern Europe, at the same time, Catholic Christians and 'schismatic' Orthodox Christians lived side by side after the

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in 380 AD. By the eighth century, Christianity had attained a clear ascendancy across Europe and neighboring regions, and a period of consolidation began which was marked by the pursuit of

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A large number of Hindu and Muslim peasants converted to Sikhism from conviction, fear, economic motives, or a combination of the three (Khushwant Singh 1999: 106; Ganda Singh 1935: 73).

5815:. Prior to his excommunication, Spinoza was attacked on the steps of the Portuguese synagogue by a knife-wielding assailant who shouted "Heretic!", and later his books were added to the 8331: 2940:, and early modern England stands out to the historians as a place and time in which literally "hundreds of books and tracts were published either for or against religious toleration." 2732:

The descriptive use of the term religious persecution is rather difficult. Religious persecution has occurred in different historical, geographical and social contexts since at least

17371: 4739:, shooting to kill Hindus who would not leave. Notices were placed on the houses of all Hindus, telling them to leave within 24 hours or die. Since March 1990, estimates of between 4180:, who currently make up around 10% of the population of Egypt—the largest religious minority of that country. Copts have cited instances of persecution throughout their history and 5466:'s state visit to India. The identities of the perpetrators of the massacre remain unknown. The Indian government asserts that the massacre was conducted by the Pakistan-based 4641:

dated 2 August 1971, stated "the Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred." Senator

2440:

were entwined with ethnic elements. Since religion is an important or a central marker of ethnic identity, some conflicts can best be described as "ethno-religious conflicts".

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Therefore, many of these scholars follow Ibn Taymiyya'sfatwa from the beginning of the fourteenth century that declared the Druzes and the Alawis as heretics outside Islam ...

3828:, which they claimed had been posted on Facebook by Uttam Barua, a local Buddhist man. The actual posting of the photo was not done by the Buddhist who was falsely slandered. 2893:

had to massively leave the country. Persecution meant that the state was committed to secure religious uniformity by coercive measures, as eminently obvious in a statement of

8505: 4265:

and government oppression in various countries. Their stance regarding political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who

2982:(2006) by Alexandra Walsham. To understand why religious persecution has occurred, historians like Coffey "pay close attention to what the persecutors said they were doing." 2179:

Bateman has differentiated different degrees of persecution. "It must be personally costly... It must be unjust and undeserved... it must be a direct result of one's faith."

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is multifaceted, and as a result, it includes religious and ethnic elements. The religious and ethnic persecution of the Serer people dates back to the 11th century, when

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lies in the fact that in most cases, the latter is motivated by the sentiment of the population, which may be tolerated or encouraged by the state. The denial of people's

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to Islam. Those were no ordinary killings in the Druze's narrative, they were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative. Most recently, the

2912:

and Roger William broke the link between territory and faith, which eventually resulted in a shift from territoriality to religious voluntarism. It was Locke who, in his

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were persecuted and executed, the order was that even those renouncing completely their beliefs and baptized in the state church to be lynched without mercy. The writer

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England, since the rejection of religious persecution, now common in the Western world, originated there. The English 'Call for Toleration' was a turning point in the

2546:. On the other hand, the public renunciation of the core elements of a religious doctrine under the same circumstances would have put one in far greater danger. While 2236:". Persecution is also, often, part of a larger conflict involving emerging states as well as established states in the process of redefining their national identity. 6641: 17431: 14653: 7024: 3841: 8874: 6363:

Gibson, James L., and Gouws, Amanda. Overcoming Intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in Democratic Persuasion. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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faith. The persecution of Zoroastrians has occurred throughout their religion's history. The discrimination and harassment began in the form of sparse violence and

3578:

More recently, in the later months of 2005, an intensive anti-Baháʼí campaign was conducted by Iranian newspapers and radio stations. The state-run and influential

16410: 5865: 3816:, the destruction of Buddhist temples, images and texts took place on a large scale all over the country and Buddhist monks were forced to return to secular life. 1480: 8638: 13257: 9075: 5670:

flourished. On some occasions, the Zoroastrian clergy assisted Muslims when they launched their attacks against people who they considered Zoroastrian heretics.

4534: 4105: 13081:

The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing

11936: 10971: 8894: 8103:

Roerich, G. 1959. Biography of Dharmasvamin (Chag lo tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal): A Tibetan Monk Pilgrim. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute. pp. 61–62, 64, 98.

4231:

Since 2011 hundreds of Egyptian Copts have been killed in sectarian clashes, and many homes, Churches and businesses have been destroyed. In just one province (

17638: 17036: 15478: 14451: 11777: 10158: 8666: 528: 4654:". In the same report, Senator Kennedy reported that 80% of the refugees in India were Hindus and according to numerous international relief agencies such as 17566: 17419: 11959: 8232:

World Christian Trends Ad30-ad2200 (hb) Volume 2 of World Christian Trends, AD 30-AD 2200: Interpreting the Annual Christian Megacensus, Todd Michael Johnson

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the professional torturer of the Roman legal system, was an accepted part of that system. Except for a few rare exceptions, such as the Persian empire under

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in Massachusetts, published a statement that "between 2005 and 2015 there were 900,000 Christian martyrs worldwide—an average of 90,000 per year, marking a

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Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights

8692: 3311:

and they have also accused the Fulanis of sheltering members of these same terrorist groups in Dogon country, leading to the creation of the Dogon militia

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Subsequently, Muslim opponents of the Druzes have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their attitudes and actions against Druzes...

9450: 15681: 9856: 9600: 9572: 6078:

Grim, Brian J.; Finke, Roger (August 2007). "Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?".

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China regularly conducts pregnancy checks, forces intrauterine devices, sterilization and even abortion on some of the Xinjiang region's minority women.

3682:, a phenomenon which continues to occur today. As early as the 3rd century AD, Buddhists were persecuted by Kirder, the Zoroastrian high priest of the 2550:

from the official Church only faced fines and imprisonment in Protestant England, six people were executed for heresy or blasphemy during the reign of

13168: 11342: 17443: 16805: 16188: 9978: 7496:

Clark, Andrew F., & Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical Dictionary of Senegal". ed: 2, Metuchen, New Jersey : Scrarecrow Press (1994) p. 265

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had reasoned from the ecclesiastical intolerance of the early Christian church in the New Testament to the civil intolerance of the Christian state.

1891: 1254: 5034:

in 1982. The propaganda writing, which translates to "There is no god but the homeland, and there is no messenger but the Ba'ath party", mocked the

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Levy, Robert I. Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990.

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labeled Jehovah's Witnesses an extremist organization, banned its activities in Russia and issued an order to confiscate the organization's assets.

4128:

persecution, explains that Gordon-Conwell defines Christian martyrdom in the widest possible sense, while Wetzel and Open doors and others such as

2023: 690: 12170: 2628:, which absolved Catholics from their obligations to the government. This dramatically worsened the persecution of Catholics in England. The 1584 16967: 14148: 10565: 8937: 8422: 7262:

Durham, W. Cole Jr. (1996). "Perspectives on Religious Liberty: a comparative framework". In Van der Vyver, Johan David; Witte, John Jr. (eds.).

4560:

There have being reports of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China. Several researchers—most notably Canadian human rights lawyer

3721:

led his troops in destroying Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and Kuomintang party headquarters. During the

2216: 7471: 3414:. Since the 20th century, the persecution of the Serers has been less visible, nevertheless, they are still the objects of scorn and prejudice. 17844: 17317: 17311: 17111: 15553: 14841: 12105: 11540: 11206: 7140: 6666: 5646:

Most Zoroastrians were forced to convert to Islam due to the systematic abuse and discrimination which was inflicted upon them by followers of

3629: 3019: 2937: 2772: 2709: 603: 11887: 11003: 8400: 5229:

around the end of the 15th century CE. The Sikh religion developed and evolved during periods of religious persecution, gaining converts from

4735:

against India and ordered the expulsion of all Hindus choosing to remain in Kashmir. In the following days masked men ran in the streets with

17614: 17530: 17498: 17305: 14861: 14206: 11908: 4974: 3956: 2768: 11788:...pposition to China's Uyghur genocide is gaining momentum in Norway, where some politicians are fearful of jeopardizing ties with Beijing. 17578: 17525: 17520: 17515: 16193: 7505:

Page, Willie F., "Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)", pp. 209, 676. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001),

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any citizen may join and leave a religious organization at will; In western societies, this is taken for granted, but actually, this legal

1259: 12258: 11849: 11185: 3756:

was mistaken for a fort because of the walled campus. The Buddhist monks who had been slaughtered were mistaken for Brahmins according to

17832: 17347: 16163: 15774: 15316: 14856: 11731: 11707:"OHCHR | Myanmar: UN Fact-Finding Mission releases its full account of massive violations by military in Rakhine, Kachin and Shan States" 11681: 11566: 8619: 6743: 3880: 3733: 2474: 1229: 832: 358: 8910: 17644: 17021: 15463: 14812: 14529: 14524: 12126: 11424: 8801: 4771: 3669: 513: 13371: 8604: 8350: 17650: 17467: 14851: 12017: 11119: 9780: 7646: 7398: 4672:

yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the

3603: 3549: 3134: 11084:

Emadi, Hafizullah (2014). "Minorities and marginality: pertinacity of Hindus and Sikhs in a repressive environment in Afghanistan".

11045:

Emadi, Hafizullah (2014). "Minorities and marginality: pertinacity of Hindus and Sikhs in a repressive environment in Afghanistan".

8753: 8735: 7976: 2688:

Over the centuries that followed, English governments continued to fear and prosecute both real and imaginary conspiracies like the

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Feder, Frank (2017). "The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the 'Bashmuric Dialect'". In Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (eds.).

8964: 6530: 4236: 3940: 3725:, the Muslim General Ma Bufang and his army wiped out many Tibetan Buddhists in the northeast and eastern Qinghai, and destroyed 10303:

Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.

17377: 16906: 15637: 15408: 15226: 15211: 15206: 15052: 13068: 7111:

Religious Persecution: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International security, International organizations and Human Rights

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community typically chooses to emphasize "more tangible encroachments on human dignity," such as violations which are based on

2677:

allegedly, "acted out of fear for the security of her realm", she sought to coerce both Catholics and Protestants to embrace a

1992: 695: 450: 268: 253: 248: 78: 17425: 13282: 10920: 10261: 5681:

to the Qajar army in Kerman. Because of Gushtasp's forecast, the Zoroastrians of Kerman were spared by the conquering army of

5573:. According to Yazidi tradition (based on oral traditions and folk songs), it is estimated that during the last 800 years, 74 4337: 3073: 17626: 17026: 16934: 15468: 15191: 14492: 14171: 13950: 13929: 13899: 13754: 13553: 13416: 13146: 13118: 12989: 12898: 12731: 12704: 12606: 12581: 12556: 12531: 12406: 12360: 12331: 11620: 10945: 10863: 10836: 10808: 10415: 10104: 10051: 9887: 9830: 9417:

By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...

9303: 9273: 8823: 7959: 7916: 7882: 7844: 7839: 7823: 7612: 7549:

Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11,

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Heisig, James W. Philosophers of Nothingness: An Essay on the Kyoto School. United States, University of Hawai'i Press, 2001.

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became more common and it also became widespread, and as a result, the number of believers significantly decreased by force.

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remained in detention at year's end... Instances of prejudice and discrimination against Shia Muslims continued to occur..."

4248: 3952: 518: 233: 17674: 11986: 15969: 15291: 15103: 14707: 14690: 11150: 5725: 4970: 4341: 3994: 3851: 2785:, the Jewish exemption from the requirement to participate in public cults was lifted and Rome began to actively persecute 2353:

for what should more accurately be called religious cleansing. According to Adrian Koopman, the widespread use of the term

2016: 1035: 333: 137: 11602: 7028: 3641: 17770: 17632: 16960: 16615: 16285: 16198: 16089: 15764: 15584: 15216: 15201: 14719: 14191: 14141: 4116: 3845: 3695: 3661: 2473:

Jews by classifying them as a race rather than a religion. In keeping with what they were taught in Nazi propaganda, the

2327:

was largely motivated by economic and political factors, but occasionally, ethnic factors also played a role. During the

1693: 1349: 1264: 1155: 822: 640: 258: 243: 11638: 11584: 9123:"Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages" 8452: 5123:. The Chinese Government has subjected hundreds of thousands of members of Muslim minority groups living in Xinjiang to 4046:

publishes the World Watch List—a list of the top 50 countries which it designates as the most dangerous for Christians.

2712:. Before the falsity of their claims were exposed, however, at least 22 innocent clergy and laity, including Archbishop 16183: 15664: 13835: 12656: 12631: 11706: 10129: 9650: 8645: 8478: 7537:

Oliver, Roland Anthony, Fage, J. D., "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p. 367. Cambridge University Press (1969)

7521:

Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p. 23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009),

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has been compulsory. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China,

3722: 3411: 2866: 1249: 722: 13309: 12302: 9066: 7197: 2373:

which identified them as such. Jews are an ethno-religious group and Nazi persecution of them was based on their race.

17554: 17535: 15831: 15669: 15155: 15133: 14977: 14534: 13701: 13659: 13474: 13385: 12839: 12812: 12785: 10890: 10706: 10678: 10653: 10628: 10600: 10523: 10498: 10447: 10388:

With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the

10381: 10353: 10324: 10296: 10242: 10213: 10184: 9684: 9410: 9382: 9357: 9332: 9098: 8305: 8264: 8239: 8181: 8088: 7986: 7761: 7737: 7589: 7570: 7554: 7526: 7510: 7271: 7119: 6962: 6935: 6726: 6710: 6480: 6455: 6391: 6259: 6210: 5799:

when he was 23 years old. His views were controversial, among them, were his ideas regarding the authenticity of the

5767:, and later, he was imprisoned in a castle for 27 years, during which he wrote his most famous works, one of them is 5662:

and study the teachings of Islam, as a result, some of these people lost their Zoroastrian faith. However, under the

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and belief which are spread in accordance with a systematic and active state policy which encourages actions such as

889: 727: 189: 167: 12065: 10784:(translator) (1829–1981 Reprint). Tãrîkh-i-Firishta (History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India). New Delhi 4715:

Persecution of Hindus also contemporarily has been seen in the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir. In the

17608: 16568: 16405: 16305: 15769: 15659: 14439: 14333: 14186: 8199:

Christian Missions: six discourses delivered before the University of Dublin; being the Donnellan Lectures for 1861

5788: 4966: 3976: 3665: 1646: 1475: 1369: 827: 717: 13716: 3744:. According to William Johnston, hundreds of Buddhist monasteries and shrines were destroyed, Buddhist texts were 17886: 17856: 16996: 16158: 15676: 15438: 15231: 14419: 14338: 14250: 9671: 9142:ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims" 8078: 7565:

Abbey, M T Rosalie Akouele, "Customary Law and Slavery in West Africa", Trafford Publishing (2011), pp. 481–482,

7198:"Religious Human Rights and the International Human Rights Community: Finding Common Ground – Without Compromise" 5524: 5421: 5092: 5076:

has resulted in over 25,000 deaths from 2016 to present. Over 700,000 refugees have been sent abroad since 2017.

4939: 4024: 3968: 3964: 3701: 3633: 3423: 3264:

by dominant Muslim communities. These jihadic expeditions were undertaken in order to force the Dogon to abandon

2737: 2449:

provides another example of the contentious divide between ethnic persecution and religious persecution, because

2009: 1224: 734: 488: 273: 8639:"Disinformation, discrimination, destruction and growth: A case study on persecution of Christians in Sri Lanka" 8532: 7109: 3299:

thereby exacerbating the inter-religious and inter-ethnic conflict. In recent years, the Dogon have accused the

17935: 17874: 17572: 16953: 15301: 14424: 14233: 14134: 13984: 13406: 11512: 9441: 9196: 6496:

Clark, Gillian (2006). "11: Desires of the Hangman: Augustine on legitimized violence". In Drake, H. A. (ed.).

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reported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts).

5392: 5377: 5197: 5174: 4683:

Hindus constitute approximately 0.5% of the total population of the United States. Hindus in the US enjoy both

3324: 3094: 3012: 2917: 2913: 2705: 2267:

says violence was taken for granted in the fourth century as part of both war and punishment; torture from the

343: 17001: 15443: 12282: 12041: 4239:. The abduction and disappearance of Coptic Christian women and girls also remains a serious ongoing problem. 3705:

of 845 was probably the most severe. However Buddhism managed to survive but was greatly weakened. During the

3565: 3023: 493: 17892: 17868: 17656: 17455: 16837: 16553: 15281: 14702: 12381:

Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pp. 29–62

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The Pope and the Heretic: The True Story of Giordano Bruno, the Man who Dared to Defy the Roman Inquisition,

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in what has become the largest-scale and most systematic detention of ethnic and religious minorities since

5095:

and other ethnic and religious minorities in and around the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the

4691:

legal equality. However, a series of attacks were made on people Indian origin by a street gang called the "

2736:. Until the 18th century, some groups were nearly universally persecuted for their religious views, such as 17940: 17782: 17680: 17504: 16116: 16064: 15042: 15012: 14770: 14695: 14282: 13178: 11346: 9982: 9702: 9033: 6554:

The Limits of Tolerance: Enlightenment Values and Religious Fanaticism (Religion, Culture, and Public Life)

6277:"Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?" 4838: 4815: 4161: 3764:

monastery, was also conquered by his forces. Sumpa basing his account on that of Śākyaśrībhadra who was at

1182: 1130: 68: 17706: 14277: 13825: 10753:"Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China" 9005: 7584:, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 241, 2073:

to a significant extent, religious differences can be significant cultural, personal, and social factors.

17131: 16748: 16600: 16019: 15627: 15573: 14749: 14685: 14576: 14371: 14366: 14302: 11399: 9963: 9700:

Chu, Jolene (September 2004). "God's things and Caesar's: Jehovah's Witnesses and political neutrality".

9638: 8991: 8382: 5719: 5604: 5586: 5479: 5262:

by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699, the Khalsa is an order which was founded for the purpose of protecting the

4253: 3268:

and convert to Islam. Such jihads caused the Dogon to abandon their original villages and move up to the

3185: 3158: 2745: 2611:

by English governments between 1535 and 1681, thus they were officially executed for secular rather than

2454: 1834: 1678: 1085: 685: 623: 17720: 12303:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: China (Includes Tibet, Xinjiang, Hong Kong, and Macau)" 8280: 7667:

Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences".

6576:

Dees, Richard H. Trust and Toleration. N.p., Taylor & Francis, 2004. Chapter 4. no page #s available

5357:

and eliminate any insurgents, as it had been occupied by Sikh separatists who were stockpiling weapons.

2405:

in the 20th century cannot be fully-explained by the citation of religious differences. Still, cases of

2377:

Other acts of violence which are not always committed against adherents of particular religions such as

16857: 15649: 15336: 15057: 14763: 14641: 14211: 14201: 13852: 13465:

Evliya Çelebi, The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman: Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588–1662), Translated by

13335: 9471: 5796: 5612: 5057: 4924: 4911: 4819: 4779: 4740: 4379: 4098: 3919: 3047:

requesting the death of heretics. Gennady admired the Spanish inquisitors, especially his contemporary

2520: 2450: 2146: 2102: 1943: 707: 378: 83: 17686: 12216: 10491:

Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

10440:

Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

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were killed between September 1989 to 1990 in various incidents. In early 1990, local Urdu newspapers

4101:, over 200 million Christians are denied fundamental human rights solely because of their faith. 3657: 17814: 17790: 17758: 17602: 17407: 17389: 17383: 17341: 17043: 17011: 16210: 16024: 15926: 15811: 15485: 15453: 15113: 15047: 14599: 14463: 14446: 14287: 14181: 12690: 11504: 9642: 8306:"100 Years Ago, 1.5 Million Armenians Were Systematically Killed. Today, It's Still Not A 'Genocide'" 8131: 5459: 5132: 5112: 5100: 4799: 4783: 4659: 4631: 4526: 4375: 4123:

as persecuted every 8 minutes." However, the BBC has reported that others such as Open Doors and the

3910: 3837: 3218:

have faced religious persecution from Christians and Muslims. Adherents of these religions have been

2870: 2645: 2264: 1276: 1090: 984: 869: 535: 503: 147: 73: 11449: 11210: 3328: 17620: 17204: 17179: 17121: 17006: 16980: 16470: 16358: 16205: 15974: 15911: 15746: 15701: 15563: 15448: 15430: 15366: 15296: 15170: 14945: 14819: 14551: 14429: 14406: 12175: 11931: 10909:

Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies, Volume 12, pp. 73–81 (context: 71–103)

8408: 5967: 5927: 5820: 5432: 5400: 5205: 5128: 5008: 4832: 4310: 4213: 4197: 4189: 3625: 3391: 3008: 2543: 2453:

tended to construct its image of Jews by portraying them as people who were members of an inferior

2357:

in such cases suggests that in many situations, there is confusion between ethnicity and religion.

2150: 1540: 1428: 1271: 1040: 969: 804: 759: 613: 498: 478: 408: 338: 204: 24: 13801:

Shackelford, Joel (2009). "Myth 7 That Giordano Bruno was the first martyr of modern science". In

13094:"Delhi court to give verdict on re-opening 1984 riots case against Congress leader Jagdish Tytler" 8717: 5314:

According to Ashish Bose, a population research scholar, Sikhs and Hindus were well integrated in

4421:

has been characterized by intense persecution. The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of

3690: 3234:. The atrocities include killings, waging war, destroying of sacred places, and other atrocities. 17897: 17401: 17323: 16924: 16753: 16733: 16595: 16585: 16543: 16173: 16014: 15876: 15846: 15841: 15791: 15726: 15711: 15644: 15617: 15602: 15005: 14982: 14957: 14833: 14272: 14104: 13377: 12748: 12398: 12028:

It appears to be the largest imprisonment of people on the basis of religion since the Holocaust.

11757:"Uyghur American Association holds rally in US to raise awareness about Muslim genocide in China" 10907:

Away from Home: The Movement and Settlement of Refugees from East Pakistan in West Bengal India,

8010:

Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions By C. J. Bleeker, G. Widengren p. 381.

6616:"Jews, Hindus, Muslims most likely to live in countries where their groups experience harassment" 5957: 5870: 5143: 4882: 4866: 4803: 4744: 4709: 4573: 4547: 4363: 3599: 3315:

in 2016—whose aim is to defend the Dogon against systematic attacks. That action resulted in the

3022:, the notion of civil tolerance allowed Christian theologians to reconcile Jesus' commandment to 2975: 2944: 1839: 1819: 1673: 1663: 1621: 1239: 1080: 934: 904: 899: 849: 784: 769: 702: 675: 660: 34: 15821: 13859:. Translated by Jill Kraye (Summer 2021 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 10206:

Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change

5685:. Despite the aforementioned favorable incident, the Zoroastrians remained in agony during the 2858:, and its underlying assumption is brought to a point by a statement of the Anglican theologian 879: 17850: 17826: 17542: 17126: 17099: 17075: 17070: 16852: 16825: 16815: 16295: 16275: 16138: 16009: 15906: 15856: 15826: 15806: 15741: 15721: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15597: 15568: 15541: 15517: 15512: 15098: 15088: 14962: 14604: 14497: 14485: 14414: 14323: 14318: 14255: 14117: 14109: 12871:

Sharma (2013), "Growing overlap between terrorism and organized crime in India: A case study",

11499: 11182: 10043: 7227:

Cotler, Irwin (1999). "Jewish NGOs, human rights, and public advocacy: A comparative inquiry".

6136: 5699: 5514: 5454:

faith, was committed on 20 March 2000, in the Chittisinghpora (Chittisinghpura) village of the

5303:

by throwing cow carcasses into its sacred lake and then filling it with rubble from demolished

5288: 4960: 4811: 4775: 4321: 4298: 4266: 3915: 3273: 2674: 2551: 2041:

is the systematic oppression of an individual or a group of individuals as a response to their

1938: 1911: 1901: 1359: 1339: 1204: 1075: 964: 914: 884: 864: 799: 779: 754: 749: 744: 655: 618: 591: 567: 562: 132: 122: 14391: 13974: 13919: 12979: 12321: 12085: 9293: 9263: 8257:

The Unfree Exercise of Religion: A World Survey of Discrimination against Religious Minorities

7949: 7872: 7602: 7089:Ал. Амосов, "Судный день", в списание "Церковь" № 2, 1992, издателство "Церковь", Москва, с.11 6808: 6428: 5738:, who was tried for, amongst other charges, corrupting the youth and impiety. Others include: 5361:

by Indian paramilitary forces were initiated to clear the separatists from the countryside of

5150:

province, the government enforced restrictions on Muslims. The U.S. government estimates that

3048: 17820: 17479: 17264: 17229: 17199: 17053: 16820: 16780: 16713: 16610: 16558: 16485: 16004: 15916: 15891: 15886: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15801: 15756: 15716: 15622: 15592: 15495: 15108: 14826: 14742: 14594: 14473: 14386: 14245: 14228: 14176: 14157: 13940: 13885: 13605: 13564: 13543: 11376: 9806: 9320: 9248:

Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in

9186: 9122: 7906: 7443: 6898: 6781: 6702: 6692: 6159: 6114: 5987: 5977: 5816: 5731: 5486: 5362: 5319: 5263: 5209: 4886: 4823: 4585: 4434: 4001: 3948: 3269: 2794: 2693: 2629: 2209: 2142: 1906: 1866: 1799: 1688: 1636: 1555: 1070: 974: 949: 944: 929: 924: 919: 859: 814: 774: 680: 650: 545: 142: 13691: 12802: 12422:

Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources".

9627: 9115:

History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria III, Agathon to Michael I (766)

8506:"Christians faced widespread harassment in 2015, but mostly in Christian-majority countries" 6952: 4979:

Persecution of Muslims is the religious persecution that is inflicted upon followers of the

4437:. The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the 4235:), 77 cases of sectarian attacks on Copts between 2011 and 2016 have been documented by the 17802: 17738: 17548: 17359: 17244: 17149: 17085: 17048: 16945: 16691: 16225: 16099: 15816: 15781: 15731: 15706: 15527: 15490: 15221: 15083: 14967: 14952: 14908: 14891: 14784: 14611: 14571: 14556: 14539: 14468: 14458: 14292: 14267: 14262: 13787: 13391: 12492: 12110: 12022: 11872: 10162: 8136: 6756: 6252:

The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century

6140: 5972: 5623:. Zoroastrians who lived under Muslim rule were required to pay a tax which was called the 5566: 5562: 5335: 5250: 5201: 5193: 5155: 5040:(Islamic testimony of faith). Hama massacre is estimated to have killed over 40,000 Muslims 4827: 4145: 3988: 3875: 3530: 3146: 3086: 3031: 2996: 2854: 2823: 2590: 2462: 2324: 2229: 2106: 1777: 1291: 1165: 874: 839: 789: 764: 577: 540: 263: 117: 13230: 12916:"Horrific Tales: Over 3,00,000 Hindus, Sikhs from PoK still fighting for their acceptance" 11127: 9745: 9214:

Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta

8983: 8849: 8332:"Iran must ensure rights of Christian minority and fair trial for the accused– UN experts" 7174: 6849:

Divided by Faith, Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe

4517:

have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya religious ruling to justify their persecution of Druze.

3571: 3295:

jihadist and Muslim leader—El Hadj Umar Tall, chose to make Bandiagara the capital of the

3030:

that are rather strict regarding dissent within the church. Before that, theologians like

2393:

also belong to different religions or denominations. The difference between religious and

8: 17714: 17694: 17449: 17335: 17279: 17249: 17214: 17104: 16867: 16728: 16363: 16265: 16245: 16034: 15942: 15901: 15881: 15851: 15751: 15546: 15361: 14670: 14626: 14621: 14512: 14328: 14093: 11964: 11317: 9760: 9711: 8667:"Persecution of Christians review: Foreign Secretary's speech following the final report" 8068:

Islam at War: A History By Mark W. Walton, George F. Nafziger, Laurent W. Mbanda (p. 226)

7581: 7429: 6201:

Kippenberg, Hans G. (2020). "1". In Raschle, Christian R.; Dijkstra, Jitse H. F. (eds.).

5992: 5982: 5890: 5860: 5769: 5746: 5682: 5396: 5342: 5267: 5226: 5088: 4906: 4890: 4807: 4716: 4200:

onwards, the Coptic Christians were persecuted by different Muslims regimes, such as the

3980: 3749: 3741: 3706: 3679: 3162: 2933: 2894: 2841: 2741: 2733: 2661: 2624: 2524: 2458: 2437: 2433: 2320: 2292: 2173: 1953: 1814: 1433: 1329: 1309: 1100: 1008: 959: 939: 909: 809: 596: 403: 11869:"The China Cables: Leak reveals the scale of Beijing's repressive control over Xinjiang" 10038:

Judging Jehovah's Witnesses: Religious Persecution and the Dawn of the Rights Revolution

9995:Валерий Пасат ."Трудные страницы истории Молдовы (1940–1950)". Москва: Изд. Terra, 1994 9472:

United States Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (18 July 2012).

9137: 4328:

and people of Chinese and Japanese descent. Jehovah's Witnesses faced discrimination in

3003:, which refers to the degree of religious diversity that is tolerated within the state. 2421:

are sometimes seen as cases of religious persecution and as a result, the lines between

2049:. The tendency of societies or groups within societies to alienate or repress different 17808: 17732: 17726: 17284: 17254: 17239: 17116: 16640: 16635: 16625: 16573: 16563: 16538: 16480: 16438: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16250: 15558: 14677: 14616: 14586: 14546: 14376: 14361: 14240: 14096:– Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on freedom of religion or belief 13625: 13592: 13525: 13490: 12474: 12439: 12155: 11990: 11541:"July 15, 2019 A Closer Look at How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World" 11101: 11062: 10036: 9814: 9772: 9723: 9175:

H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219.

8581: 8211:

Buckland, A. R. "Missionary Martyrs of the Nineteenth Century." Quiver 831 (1901): 1–5.

7692: 7380: 7244: 6591:"Harassment of religious groups continues to be reported in more than 90% of countries" 6296: 6095: 6054: 6007: 5997: 5804: 5756: 5358: 5284: 5185: 5031: 5023: 4752: 4700: 4599: 4595: 4543: 4494: 4399: 4181: 4177: 4109: 3984: 3867: 3820: 3637: 3534: 3320: 3316: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2602: 2555: 2426: 2110: 2085:

of a particular religious group may readily lead to acts of violence or other forms of

1718: 1713: 1703: 1651: 1641: 1616: 1550: 1508: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1314: 608: 13545:

Trauma and the Rehabilitation of Trafficked Women: The Experiences of Yazidi Survivors

10539: 9943:

Yaffee, Barbara (9 September 1984). "Witnesses Seek Apology for Wartime Persecution".

9534: 5922: 4708:

were primarily based in New York and New Jersey and committed most of their crimes in

3748:

by the Muslim armies, monks and nuns killed during the 12th and 13th centuries in the

17862: 17590: 17492: 17365: 17209: 17159: 17154: 16899: 16810: 16738: 16723: 16522: 16465: 16270: 16178: 16069: 15989: 15836: 15138: 14940: 14777: 14636: 14075: 14067: 14013: 13980: 13946: 13925: 13895: 13831: 13750: 13697: 13655: 13629: 13596: 13584: 13549: 13530: 13512: 13470: 13441: 13412: 13381: 12985: 12931: 12894: 12835: 12808: 12781: 12727: 12700: 12696: 12652: 12627: 12602: 12577: 12552: 12527: 12402: 12356: 12327: 12237: 11912: 11853: 11508: 11266: 11158: 11105: 11066: 10979: 10886: 10859: 10832: 10804: 10702: 10674: 10649: 10624: 10596: 10519: 10494: 10443: 10411: 10377: 10349: 10320: 10292: 10238: 10209: 10180: 10125: 10100: 10047: 9883: 9826: 9776: 9680: 9646: 9406: 9378: 9353: 9328: 9299: 9269: 9192: 9094: 8358: 8260: 8235: 8177: 8117: 8084: 7982: 7955: 7912: 7878: 7819: 7757: 7733: 7684: 7608: 7585: 7566: 7550: 7522: 7506: 7449: 7309: 7286: 7267: 7236: 7115: 6958: 6931: 6904: 6816: 6787: 6760: 6706: 6642:"Christians remain world's largest religious group, but they are declining in Europe" 6557: 6501: 6476: 6451: 6387: 6319: 6300: 6255: 6206: 6165: 6120: 6099: 5915: 5875: 5750: 5455: 5443: 5380:

by her Sikh bodyguards. There were more than 8,000 deaths, including 3,000 in Delhi.

5246: 5073: 4756: 4611: 4510: 4472: 4464: 4441: 4371: 4325: 4232: 4221: 4220:; the persecution of Coptic Christians included closing and demolishing churches and 4209: 4205: 4201: 4021: 4013: 3855: 3813: 3801: 3781:

was destroyed by the forces of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji around 1200. The sacred

3515: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3277: 3219: 3196:

by using national, ethnic, and linguistic groupings rather than religious groupings.

3056: 2878: 2874: 2665: 2612: 2594: 2482: 2414: 2070: 1985: 1896: 1824: 1809: 1592: 1535: 1334: 1244: 1135: 1055: 894: 172: 14297: 13064: 10593:

Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation

9903: 9727: 9156:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt" 7908:

China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives

5591: 3785:

was almost completely destroyed by the Muslim invaders. Many Buddhist monks fled to

2233: 17880: 17796: 17776: 17596: 17259: 17184: 17016: 16862: 16847: 16775: 16696: 16666: 16497: 16333: 16039: 15612: 15607: 15458: 15356: 14805: 14798: 14791: 14756: 14434: 14057: 14047: 14043: 13617: 13576: 13520: 13502: 12504: 12466: 12431: 12320:

Arora, Balveer (2010). "Republic of India". In Moreno, Luis; Colino, César (eds.).

12238:"'Their goal is to destroy everyone': Uighur camp detainees allege systematic rape" 12180: 12090: 11473:"FBI report: Jews the target of overwhelming number of religious-based hate crimes" 11241: 11093: 11054: 9818: 9764: 9715: 9666: 9133: 7710: 7676: 6752: 6288: 6087: 5784: 5667: 5417: 5327: 5292: 5218: 5189: 4764: 4720: 4668: 4555: 4468: 4333: 4274: 4193: 3944: 3797: 3786: 3782: 3726: 3673: 3523: 2999:. However, when people nowadays speak of religious tolerance, they most often mean 2574: 2516: 2494: 2490: 2386: 2337: 2310: 1948: 1933: 1861: 1782: 1752: 1567: 1403: 1105: 670: 665: 508: 398: 13258:"Retired Lt Gen says Indian Army was involved in Sikh Massacre of Chittisinghpura" 12217:"Wife of Imprisoned Uyghur Taxi Driver Jailed For Weeping in Front of a Foreigner" 11292: 10723:"China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called "heretical organizations"" 9321:"Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350-1516" 7849: 6727:

https://fiacona.org/a-new-model-of-religious-cleansing-pioneered-in-manipur-india/

6407: 6340: 4261:

Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to

3804:(starting in 1868) was an event triggered by the official policy of separation of 2756: 2172:, murder, and executions. Religious persecution can be considered the opposite of 2057:. Moreover, because a person's religion frequently determines his or her sense of 17916: 17838: 17744: 17668: 17662: 17395: 17329: 17194: 17189: 17080: 16877: 16785: 16681: 16630: 16490: 16475: 16455: 16420: 16133: 16044: 15979: 15786: 15736: 15522: 15381: 14930: 14913: 14631: 14566: 14121: 14022: 13961: 13200:

Mustafa, Seema (9 August 2005). "1984 Sikhs Massacres: Mother of All Cover-ups".

13173: 13035: 12886: 12856: 12829: 12775: 12721: 12673: 12392: 12287: 12221: 12131: 11782: 11761: 11189: 11097: 11058: 10880: 10853: 10826: 10798: 10405: 9566: 9155: 7813: 7344: 7329: 7303: 6939: 6806: 6696: 5962: 5905: 5841: 5780: 5554: 5518: 5490: 5471: 5450:

The Chittisinghpura massacre, the murder of 35 villagers who were members of the

5354: 5238: 5124: 5081: 4898: 4862: 4850: 4836:

Woodcut of the Seleucid persecution depicting martyrs refusing to sacrifice from

4748: 4635: 4356: 4314: 3809: 3683: 3653: 3585: 3538: 3510:

State atheism has been defined by David Kowalewski as the official "promotion of

2713: 2678: 2657: 2634:

An Act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons

2422: 2332: 2272: 2248: 1963: 1871: 1767: 1708: 1560: 1545: 1525: 1490: 1199: 1110: 1045: 844: 794: 572: 423: 14381: 12151:"China forcing Uyghurs, other minorities into manual labour, shows BBC research" 9822: 9719: 9594: 7359: 6954:

Zoroastrians in Britain: the Ratanbai Katrak lectures, University of Oxford 1985

5099:. Since 2014, the Chinese government, under the direction of the CCP during the 2648:

were subjected to torture and execution, as were members of the laity like Sts.

17584: 17473: 17461: 17274: 17058: 17031: 16872: 16830: 16800: 16790: 16708: 16701: 16686: 16676: 16512: 16448: 16390: 16385: 16370: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16029: 15964: 15500: 15473: 15326: 15028: 14519: 13802: 13743: 13466: 13112: 12070: 12018:"The Missing: The families torn apart by China's campaign of cultural genocide" 11960:"Why Xi Jinping's Xinjiang policy is a major change in China's ethnic politics" 11400:"Bangladesh violence spreads after Modi visit, attacks on Hindu temples, train" 11343:"CNN.com – ASIANOW – At least 58 dead in 2 attacks in Kashmir – August 1, 2000" 10722: 9851: 9227: 8151: 7376: 6448:

Religious Violence in the Ancient World From Classical Athens to Late Antiquity

6292: 6203:

Religious Violence in the Ancient World From Classical Athens to Late Antiquity

6091: 6022: 6017: 5895: 5885: 5808: 5776: 5742: 5608: 5550: 5467: 5404: 5338:

of thousands more Hindus and Sikhs. An estimated 20,000+ died in the massacre.

5291:, killing between 10,000 and 30,000 people, in a massacre that is now known as 5280: 4854: 4846: 4664: 4606:

For example, Hindus have been one of the targeted and persecuted minorities in

4590: 4452: 4217: 4173: 4028: 4017: 3972: 3863: 3757: 3433: 3399: 3341: 3265: 3247: 3154: 2859: 2790: 2486: 2466: 2410: 2398: 2256: 2082: 1958: 1916: 1886: 1876: 1794: 1787: 1772: 1762: 1582: 1518: 1460: 1455: 1440: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1095: 1030: 550: 523: 368: 42: 14396: 14052: 14017: 13507: 12952: 12508: 12106:"China imposes forced abortion, sterilisation on Uyghurs, investigation shows" 11425:"Islamic radicals accused of attacking Hindu village in Bangladesh – UCA News" 9846: 9768: 9117:. Patrologia Orientalis, vol. 1. Translated by Basil Evetts. 1910. p. 72. 8080:

The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India

7730:

Religion in Europe at the end of the second millennium: a sociological profile

5256:

The persecution of Sikhs during the Islamic era triggered the founding of the

17929: 17764: 17750: 17560: 17289: 17269: 17164: 16884: 16507: 16443: 16428: 16290: 16255: 16235: 16106: 16049: 15984: 15403: 15306: 14972: 14665: 14660: 14071: 13881: 13588: 13516: 13445: 13367: 12678:. History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. pp. 49–50. 12046: 11162: 10983: 10748: 10477:

Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East.

9676: 9629:

Jehovah's Witnesses and the Third Reich: sectarian politics under persecution

9289: 8775: 8362: 7688: 7604:

Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment

7240: 6012: 6002: 5850: 5707: 5686: 5596: 5558: 5538: 5384: 5346: 5300: 5120: 5116: 4932: 4916: 4894: 4893:(by Catholics, but they were committed against papal orders, see also : 4673: 4569: 4565: 4514: 4498: 4426: 4422: 4391: 3678:

The persecution of Buddhists has been a widespread phenomenon throughout the

3645: 3505: 3345: 3106: 3081:

meets with survivors of religious persecution from 17 countries in July 2019.

3052: 3027: 2921: 2697: 2682: 2669: 2528: 2478: 2390: 2252: 2130: 2054: 1970: 1577: 1513: 1498: 1354: 1319: 1301: 1172: 1115: 1050: 445: 348: 13491:"Individual, collective, and transgenerational traumatization in the Yazidi" 10828:

Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities

7472:"What Explains the Rise of Communal Violence in Mali, Nigeria and Ethiopia?" 7289:

African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame

5607:

is the religious persecution which has been inflicted upon adherents of the

4741:

300,000 and 500,000 pandits have migrated outside Kashmir due to persecution

4115:

In December 2016, the Center for the Study of Global Christianity (CSGC) at

17090: 17065: 16718: 16605: 16433: 16400: 16380: 16310: 16300: 16280: 16260: 15896: 15796: 15532: 15507: 15371: 15311: 15276: 15241: 15236: 14561: 14507: 14502: 14480: 14110:

U.S. State Department 2006 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom

13534: 12263: 12200: 12196:"Xinjiang: more than half a million forced to pick cotton, report suggests" 11834: 11830:"Clues to scale of Xinjiang labour operation emerge as China defends camps" 9622: 9531:"Newlywed becomes 8th Egyptian Christian woman to be kidnapped since April" 9325:

Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350–1500)

8558: 7423: 6161:

The Challenge of Religious Discrimination at the Dawn of the New Millennium

5800: 5695: 5678: 5639: 5620: 5463: 5425: 5408: 5053: 5019: 4956: 4920: 4858: 4795: 4747:

in the largest case of ethnic cleansing since the partition of India. Many

4576:

have been killed to supply a lucrative trade in human organs and cadavers.

4551: 4478: 4456: 4348: 4302: 4290: 4282: 4270: 3778: 3769: 3745: 3649: 3594: 3589: 3545: 3542: 3481: 3441: 3407: 3355: 3288: 3253: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3193: 3181: 3110: 3090: 3078: 2901: 2845: 2717: 2653: 2470: 2446: 2394: 2370: 2260: 2200: 2192: 2122: 2077: 1804: 1683: 1503: 1470: 1450: 1374: 1364: 1344: 1324: 954: 854: 582: 557: 413: 353: 318: 283: 278: 12891:

Forgotten Atrocities: Memoirs of a Survivor of the 1947 Partition of India

11657:"Burmese government 'kills more than 1,000 Rohingya Muslims' in crackdown" 11567:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Central African Republic" 5638:

were destroyed and mosques were built in their place. Many libraries were

3897: 2932:

One period of religious persecution which has been extensively studied is

17353: 17169: 16620: 16580: 16548: 16415: 16375: 16215: 16128: 16079: 16054: 15954: 15654: 15393: 15376: 15331: 15246: 14903: 14876: 14345: 14062: 13606:"The 72nd Firman of the Yezidis: A "Hidden Genocide" during World War I?" 10752: 10744: 8693:"A Closer Look at How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World" 8662: 8483:

U.S. Department of State OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Report

7775:

Stalin's holy war religion, nationalism, and alliance politics, 1941–1945

6807:

Jacob Bercovitch; Victor Kremenyuk; I William Zartman (3 December 2008).

6667:"A Closer Look at How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World" 5947: 5763:

for his heretical views, chiefly, for his opposition to the authority of

5635: 5631: 5475: 5391:

in response to her actions authorising the military operation. After the

5350: 5315: 5272: 5015: 4992: 4902: 4642: 4561: 4406: 4058: 4050: 4039: 4005: 3790: 3768:

in 1200, states that the Buddhist university complexes of Odantapuri and

3718: 3613:

with regard to religious minorities in Iran is, in fact, deteriorating."

3553: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3300: 3292: 3122: 3102: 2948: 2886: 2873:" had been coined in the 16th century and applied as a fundament for the 2760: 2701: 2689: 2616: 2566: 2328: 2225: 2220: 2196: 2157: 2086: 1698: 1658: 1626: 1485: 1445: 1281: 1194: 1145: 1120: 1020: 712: 435: 418: 373: 288: 20: 14126: 13621: 13580: 12127:"AP: China engaging in campaign of forced birth control against Uighurs" 10289:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

9880:

Between Resistance and Martyrdom: Jehovah's Witnesses in the Third Reich

9811:

Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World: From the 1870s to the Present

9746:"Jehovah's Witnesses in National Socialist concentration camps, 1933–45" 8351:"Iran arrests more than 100 Christians in growing crackdown on minority" 7248: 4623:

in the nation regarding places of worship and facets of their religion.

4164:

and its followers. It is also a prominent example of the poor status of

4057:, whose Christian and Muslim religions are controlled by the state, and 3180:

Despite the ubiquitous nature of religious persecution, the traditional

2109:. In the aspect of a state's policy, it may be defined as violations of 17224: 17219: 16894: 16889: 16770: 16765: 16661: 16645: 16502: 16395: 16353: 16315: 16123: 16111: 16084: 16074: 15994: 15420: 15415: 15386: 15321: 15160: 14881: 13891: 13779: 11800: 9295:

Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate

7020: 6930:. Paulist Press, first published in 1985; this edition 2004, pp. 11–2. 5942: 5691: 5420:. The most affected regions were the Sikh neighbourhoods in Delhi. The 5326:

On 7 November 1947, thousands of Hindus and Sikhs were targeted in the

5242: 5139: 4987:, the new Muslims were often subjected to abuse and persecution by the 4943: 4870: 4705: 4696: 4692: 4540: 4530: 4502: 4306: 4262: 4120: 4043: 3761: 3737: 3714: 3465: 3398:

against the Serer people of Tekrur because they refused to abandon the

3379: 3367: 3281: 3142: 2967: 2905: 2786: 2778: 2620: 2342: 2161: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2066: 2050: 2046: 1980: 1975: 1856: 1851: 1747: 1723: 1572: 1465: 1423: 1379: 1189: 1177: 1150: 1140: 1060: 462: 457: 428: 363: 194: 12478: 12443: 11892: 11293:"Rediff On The NeT: Terrorists kill 23 Kashmiri Pandits in the valley" 11207:"On Common Ground: World Religions in America – The Pluralism Project" 7696: 5287:

perpetrated a massacre against the families and camp followers of the

4049:

The 2018 World Watch List has the following countries as its top ten:

17700: 17413: 16795: 16743: 16460: 16059: 15186: 13363: 12352: 12349:

Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy

10794: 9473: 6132: 5952: 5812: 5792: 5764: 5437: 5388: 5077: 5045: 4651: 4598:. The temple was completely destroyed on the orders of Muslim Sultan 4486: 4395: 3885: 3387: 3284:—despite the fact that the area has been a Dogon area for centuries. 3150: 3118: 2890: 2882: 2562: 2547: 2510: 2350: 2188: 2134: 2062: 1881: 1829: 1530: 1125: 228: 13717:"ZOROASTRIANISM ii. Arab Conquest to Modern – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 11149:

Marriott, Michel; Times, Special To the New York (12 October 1987).

8001:

A Comprehensive History Of India, Vol. 4, Part 1, pp. 600 & 601.

7874:

Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925–1937

6900:

Atheist manifesto: the case against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

5549:

tribes since the 10th century, and they were also persecuted by the

4471:, which began in 2011, saw persecution of the Druze at the hands of 3378:(a part of present-day Senegal) in 1030, and in 1035, he introduced 3319:

of Fulanis in March 2019, and the Fula retaliated by committing the

17911: 17437: 17174: 16760: 16590: 16517: 16168: 16094: 15999: 15959: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15196: 14935: 14898: 13142: 12470: 12435: 12283:"China Launches Compulsory Film Screenings to Mark Party Centenary" 12242: 11909:"Holocaust Memorial Day: Jewish figures condemn Uighur persecution" 11805: 10777: 10464:

An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860

9153: 8887:"11 Christians Killed Every Day for Their Decision to Follow Jesus" 7680: 7629:"Atheists face death in 13 countries, global discrimination: study" 5910: 5900: 5880: 5835: 5735: 5663: 5574: 5542: 5534: 5304: 5296: 5230: 5147: 5000: 4763:. The incidents of massacring and forced eviction have been termed 4607: 4460: 4403: 4074: 3606:

on freedom of religion or belief, in a 20 March 2006 press release

3519: 3473: 3461: 3457: 3371: 3308: 3126: 3098: 3044: 2963: 2954:(four volumes, published 1932–1940). Jordan wrote as the threat of 2889:

became the sole compulsory allowed religion in France and that the

2802: 2570: 2532: 2406: 2402: 2276: 2058: 2042: 1846: 1668: 1587: 1234: 1160: 1065: 1025: 393: 388: 383: 308: 303: 298: 238: 11732:"'They raped us one by one,' says Rohingya woman who fled Myanmar" 11682:"Former UN chief says Bangladesh cannot continue hosting Rohingya" 10122:

Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses

9882:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 484. 9024: 8754:"Status of Global Christianity, 2017, in the Context of 1900–2050" 8620:"Christianity under global threat due to persecution, says report" 6184:

Bateman, J. Keith. 2013. Don't call it persecution when it's not.

5493:

Gunmen and Suicide bombers attacked the Gurdwara Har Rai Sahib (a

5107:

Xi Jinping, has pursued policies leading to more than one million

3884:

According to tradition, early Christians were fed to lions in the

3149:. Klaus Wetzel, an expert on religious persecution for the German 2980:

Charitable hatred. Tolerance and intolerance in England, 1500–1700

2958:

rose in Europe, and this work is seen as a defense of the fragile

15271: 15165: 15145: 15118: 15093: 14997: 14886: 12236:

Hill, Matthew; Campanale, David; Gunter, Joel (2 February 2021).

11850:"One million Muslim Uighurs held in secret China camps: UN panel" 10921:"No Hindus will be left in Bangladesh after 30 years: researcher" 10882:

The Weaknesses in the International Protection of Minority Rights

10262:"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are" 9634: 9242: 5760: 5655: 5616: 5530: 5451: 5387:, India's prime minister, on 31 October 1984, by two of her Sikh 5369: 5214: 5108: 5036: 4996: 4677: 4506: 4482: 4418: 4352: 4278: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4009: 3765: 3753: 3710: 3511: 3485: 3469: 3429: 3359: 3323:

in June of that year. In the wake of the Ogossagou massacre, the

2955: 2608: 2554:, and two other people were executed in 1612 during the reign of 2382: 2169: 2138: 313: 199: 179: 152: 127: 50: 14079: 13215:

Agal, Renu (11 August 2005). "Justice delayed, justice denied".

11927:"Trump signs bill pressuring China over Uighur Muslim crackdown" 10972:"No Hindus will be left in Bangladesh after 30 years: professor" 8911:"Pope Francis Calls on Egypt's Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness" 7499: 7264:

Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives

6318:(second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. 5753:

for his heretical religious views and/or his cosmological views;

4289:

In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in

4132:(IIRF) use a more restricted definition: "those who are killed, 2585: 17234: 16220: 15251: 15150: 15128: 15123: 15073: 14039: 14035: 13807:

Galileo goes to jail and other myths about science and religion

11987:"UN: Unprecedented Joint Call for China to End Xinjiang Abuses" 11867:

Welch, Dylan; Hui, Echo; Hutcheon, Stephen (24 November 2019).

11778:"Norway's youth parties call for end to China free trade talks" 11030:, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 43, pp. 4698–4701 8580:. International Society for Human Rights (ISHR). Archived from 6928:

The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism

5937: 5659: 5308: 5258: 5222: 4928: 4881:, etc. Some of the most important events which constitute this 4878: 4874: 4655: 4445: 4329: 3998: 3805: 3580: 3403: 3375: 3363: 3204: 3189: 2806: 2798: 2721: 2538: 2506: 2203:, or religion, is a causal aspect of practices of persecution. 2165: 2149:

on the basis of their religion is most frequently described as

1286: 293: 184: 162: 157: 107: 11621:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saudi Arabia" 9375:

The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau

8578:"Martin Lessenthin Executive and press spokesman for the ISHR" 6957:(Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 303. 6116:

Religious Persecution and Political Order in the United States

5435:'s government destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. The 4156:

The persecution of Copts is a historical and ongoing issue in

3276:

in Mali, the French authorities appointed Muslim relatives of

2817: 2099:

Religious Persecution and Political Order in the United States

17486: 16230: 15078: 13408:

The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion

13283:"Retired Sikh Gen says Indian Army involved in Sikh massacre" 12692:

Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers

12457:

Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition".

12086:"China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization" 10566:"Nusra Front kills Syrian villagers from minority Druze sect" 10148:. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. 1939. pp. 5–6, 14. 10082:

Armageddon Around the Corner: A Report on Jehovah's Witnesses

8201:. The British Library. pp. 133–134, including footnotes. 7815:

A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture

5651: 5647: 5624: 5546: 5498: 5234: 5096: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4736: 4732: 4490: 4449: 4430: 4414: 4225: 4157: 4086: 4078: 4070: 3859: 3825: 3493: 3489: 3477: 3395: 3383: 3261: 3223: 2985: 2952:

The Development of Religious Toleration in England, 1558–1660

2897:: "That which you call persecution, I translate Uniformity". 2418: 1296: 112: 16975: 13942:

Spinoza's Book of Life: Freedom and Redemption in the Ethics

12918:. Uday India. Archived from the original on 8 September 2011 12171:"Facebook finds Chinese hacking operation targeting Uyghurs" 11888:"Los exiliados uigures en Turquía temen la larga mano china" 9549:"Countries Where Jehovah's Witnesses' Activities Are Banned" 8776:"Are there really 100,000 new Christian martyrs every year?" 5383:

The violence in Delhi was triggered by the assassination of

3556:, went so far as to officially ban all religious practices. 16842: 16671: 14100:

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

13565:"Editors' Introduction: Palimpsestic Genocide in Kurdistan" 13563:

von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa; McGee, Thomas (1 November 2019).

11603:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia" 11120:"World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal – Printout" 7898: 7647:"'God Does Not Exist' Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man" 6446:

Raschle, Christian R.; Dijkstra, Jitse H. F., eds. (2020).

5703: 5505:

killed, according to the ministry of interior's statement.

5494: 5373: 5027: 4493:

cited that Druzes: "Are not at the level of ′Ahl al-Kitāb (

4438: 4169: 4090: 4082: 4035: 3453: 3257: 2972:

Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England, 1558–1689

2782: 2443: 2346: 1928: 1757: 14099: 14007:

Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558–1689

9813:. Histories of the Sacred and Secular, 1700–2000. London: 6834: 6832: 5553:

from the 17th century to the 20th century. After the 2014

5442:

little at the time, possibly acting as a conspirator. The

4602:

in the early 15th century, with demolition lasting a year.

4257:

Countries where Jehovah's Witnesses' activities are banned

3514:" by a government, typically by the active suppression of 13827:

Burned Alive: Giordano Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition

13784:

The Constant Fire: Beyond the Science vs. Religion Debate

11639:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Finland" 11585:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nigeria" 8453:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea" 7777:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 70. 7387:, 1. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie Musée de l'homme, p. 17 6639: 5270:

of the Sikhs, with members expressing the qualities of a

5135:

have also been subjected to systematic rape and torture.

4317:; as many as 1,200 died, including 250 who were executed. 4295:

Jehovah's Witnesses were brutally persecuted by the Nazis

3842:

History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance

3448:. Today, atheism is punishable by death in 12 countries ( 3406:. The persecution of the Serer people continued from the 2378: 2129:

in order to infringe or threaten the targeted minority's

12259:"China hands death sentences to Uyghur former officials" 10743: 10621:

Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring

10540:"Syria conflict: Al-Nusra fighters kill Druze villagers" 10516:

Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring

10346:

The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East

9350:

Coptic Identity and Ayyubid Politics in Egypt, 1218–1250

8938:"Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws" 8697:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

8479:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mexico" 7600: 7141:"How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World" 7108:

US Congress, House committee on foreign affairs (1994).

6620:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

6595:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

5866:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

4324:, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with 3529:

State atheism was first practiced for a brief period in

14018:"The Demise, Dissolution, and Elimination of Religions" 12040:

Rajagopalan, Megha; Killing, Alison (3 December 2020).

10159:

Syria Druze back Sunnis' revolt with words but not arms

8802:"Number of Christian martyrs continues to cause debate" 6829: 6800: 6783:

The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing

6347:. Washington University in St.Louis Arts and Sciences. 5111:(the majority of them Uyghurs) being held in secretive 4535:

Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China

4433:

do not identify as Muslims, and they do not accept the

4106:

Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

2500: 2365: 2076:

Religious persecution may be triggered by religious or

17639:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

13562: 11801:"Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide" 11318:"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Jammu & Kashmir" 11267:"Kashmiri Pandits in Nandimarg decide to leave Valley" 11004:

Bangladesh 2018 International Religious Freedom Report

9429:

attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.

9250:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

7756:

Published 1998. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, p. 257,

5533:

has been ongoing since at least the 10th century. The

4782:

to death for the war crimes committed during the 1971

4463:, demolishing Druze prayer houses and holy places and 4034:

In contemporary society, Christians are persecuted in

2700:. In reality, the plot was a fictitious concoction by 2263:, torture was an accepted aspect of the legal system. 2105:

and force minorities to assimilate, leave, or live as

17567:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

17420:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

13976:

Tractatus Theologico-Politicus: Gebhardt Edition 1925

13307: 10009:"Russian court bans Jehovah's Witnesses as extremist" 9500:"Sectarian tensions rise in wake of crime boss death" 9216:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 33–35. 8965:"Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians" 8854:

Internationale Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte (IGFM)

8457:

OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM 2019 Report

8132:"Religious attacks lead to 300 arrests in Bangladesh" 7202:

Notre Dame Journal of Ethics, Law & Public Policy

6980:, II, p. 485; quoted after: John Coffey (2000), p. 33 6523:"History's first superpower sprang from ancient Iran" 6498:

Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices

6384:

How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West

6157: 5650:. Once a Zoroastrian family was forced to convert to 5241:

of India tortured and executed two of the Sikh gurus—

5162: 5012:

the North Central states continued throughout 2019."

4942:'s statistics, the majority of religiously motivated 4242: 4038:

and other parts of the Middle East, for example, for

3117:, but they were not found to have any connections to 2232:, , as it was propounded by the father of sociology, 2160:

include the confiscation or destruction of property,

14114: 13488: 12551:. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. pp. 676–677. 11242:"19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terro" 10858:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 227–235. 10332:

society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..

10099:. Baker Book House, Grand Rapids. pp. 104–106. 9261: 9154:

Minority Rights Group International (October 2017).

8908:

Rocca, Dahlia; Kholaif, Francis X. (29 April 2017).

8824:"'90,000 Christian martyrs annually' claim disputed" 7266:. Vol. 2. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 6690: 6153: 6151: 5831: 4991:

Meccans (often called Mushrikin: the unbelievers or

4425:. Even though the faith originally developed out of 2607:

More than 300 Roman Catholics were put to death for

2580: 2141:. The distinction between religious persecution and 13652:

First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936: E.J.Brill's

13489:Kizilhan, Jan Ilhan; Noll-Hussong, Michael (2017). 13434:"Who are the Yazidis and why is Isis hunting them?" 13058: 13056: 12959:. Extracted from a survivor Bal K. Gupta's accounts 12235: 9976: 9957: 9857:

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

9601:

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

9573:

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

9432: 8281:"8 facts about the Armenian genocide 100 years ago" 8230:Guidry, Christopher R.; Crossing, Peter F. (2001). 7947: 7904: 7601:Laursen, John Christian; Nederman, Cary J. (1997). 7346:

Towards and Understanding of the African Experience

6903:. Leggatt, Jeremy (translator). Arcade Publishing. 4647:

United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

3260:had faced religious and ethnic persecution—through 2656:. This drastically contrasts with the image of the 13924:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 7, 120. 13742: 13139:"1984 anti-Sikh riots backed by Govt, police: CBI" 12950: 12039: 11183:"New York firebomb attacks hit mosque, Hindu site" 10035: 9626: 9440: 9405:. American University in Cairo Press. p. 54. 9093:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 161. 9065: 9032: 8963: 8909: 8563:International Society for Human Rights at a Glance 8336:UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights 8083:. University of Chicago Press. 15 September 2008. 7978:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate 7470: 6742: 6473:Torture, Truth and Justice The Case of Timor-Leste 6268: 5561:, Yazidis still face violence at the hands of the 4505:). Rather, they are from the most deviant kuffār ( 3113:were among the Muslims who were imprisoned in the 2763:, an apostle of Jesus, was executed by the Romans. 16806:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 13169:"1984 anti-Sikh riots 'wrong', says Rahul Gandhi" 12719: 12672:Prasad, Sri Nandan; Pal, Dharm (1 January 1987). 12377: 12375: 10885:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 158–159. 10824: 10818: 8636: 7607:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 142. 6148: 4168:despite the religion being native to the region. 4130:The International Institute for Religious Freedom 3093:in the contemporary Western world to the English 2885:and his successors. It was under their rule that 2228:"provides a striking illustration of the classic 1892:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 17927: 14115:xTome: News and Information on Religious Freedom 13968:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13876: 13874: 13255: 13053: 12936:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 12307:OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Report 11866: 11775: 11643:OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Report 11625:OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Report 11607:OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Report 11589:OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Report 11571:OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Report 10851: 9568:Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom 8605:"Christians: The world's most persecuted people" 8533:"2018 Report on International Religious Freedom" 8510:PEW Research Center Facttank News in the numbers 7941: 7360:Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa 7301: 7158:"Quotes from experts on the future of democracy" 6439: 6416:Université de Montréal, Histoire, Faculty Member 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 5710:, India's second largest Zoroastrian community. 5569:, as well as discrimination at the hands of the 5376:in India, by anti-Sikh mobs, in response to the 5146:(CCP) must be "unyielding Marxist atheists". In 4676:, which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well), ( 4347:In 1951, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses in the 3642:Genocide of indigenous peoples § Bangladesh 2840:By contrast to the notion of civil tolerance in 2660:as a golden age, but compared to the antecedent 16466:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 14009:, Studies in Modern History, Pearson Education. 13749:. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. pp. 20, 30. 13696:(Illustrated ed.), ABC-CLIO, p. 205, 13603: 12913: 12831:Across the Line of Control: Inside Azad Kashmir 12649:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present 12624:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present 10872: 10855:Women's Rights: A Human Rights Quarterly Reader 9739: 9737: 7732:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. 7445:Sorcery, Totem, and Jihad in African Philosophy 7302:Bryant, M. Darrol; Mataragnon, Rita H. (1985). 6698:The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions 6445: 4572:—estimate that tens of thousands of Falun Gong 4112:, Christians have been killed for their faith. 3291:, the nephew and successor of the 19th century 2970:. More recent introductions to this period are 1536:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 17318:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 17312:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 15948:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 14654:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance 14016:(March 2021). Feldt, Laura; Valk, Ülo (eds.). 13693:Iran's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook 13110: 12524:Guru Gobind Singh: A Multi-faceted Personality 12372: 12063: 11776:Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (10 February 2021). 11022: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11012: 10845: 10374:The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49 10314: 8773: 8229: 8152:"Bangladesh rampage over Facebook Koran image" 7660: 7179:Internationale Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte 7040: 7038: 7027:. Translated by William Popple. Archived from 6809:"Characteristics of ethno-religious conflicts" 6740: 6693:"The History and Politics of Ethnic Cleansing" 6671:Pew Research Center Religion & Public Life 6112: 5713: 5706:and migrated to India. There, they formed the 5666:, who were Zoroastrian converts to Islam, the 5580: 4546:began with campaigns initiated in 1999 by the 4489:, dismissed the Druze as non-Muslims, and his 3961:areas where Christianity was first distributed 3630:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 3392:African ethnic groups which had embraced Islam 3020:Christian debate on persecution and toleration 2938:Christian debate on persecution and toleration 2773:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 2668:was motivated by determination to exterminate 2664:there is an important difference to consider. 2191:perspective, the identity formation of strong 1014:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 17499:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 17306:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 16961: 15013: 14142: 13871: 13850: 13336:"Chattisingpora massacre masterminded by RSS" 13310:"Chattisingpora massacre masterminded by RSS" 13104: 13033: 12878: 12834:. Columbia University Press. pp. 28–30. 11148: 11040: 11038: 11036: 10878: 10831:. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–171. 9847:"Insight on the News - "Holocaust" Questions" 9497: 9403:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641–1517) 9288: 9255: 8901: 8114:"Protesters burn Bangladesh Buddhist temples" 7805: 7639: 6228: 4975:Violence against Muslims in independent India 3522:which is used in reference to a government's 2943:The most ambitious chronicle of that time is 2769:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 2017: 17621:Violence against Hindus in independent India 13851:Ernst, Germana; De Lucca, Jean-Paul (2021). 13373:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 12149:Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (15 December 2020). 10701:. University of Michigan Press. p. 25. 9734: 9479:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office 9352:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 76. 9230:(1972). "The Conversion of Egypt to Islam". 8907: 8530: 7754:The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia 7396: 6779: 6196: 6194: 5933:List of Christian women of the patristic age 5093:persecuted the majority-Muslim Uyghur people 4520: 4374:, Shawn Francis Peters and former Witnesses 3831: 3693:between the 5th and 10th century led to the 3386:. With the assistance of his son Leb, their 3350:Persecution of traditional African religions 3211:Persecution of traditional African religions 3205:Persecution of African traditional religions 3015:only started to emerge a few centuries ago. 2789:. This persecution ended in 313 AD with the 17833:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 17348:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 16164:List of people killed for being transgender 14032:Special Issue: The Dissolution of Religions 13973:Spinoza, Benedictus de (4 September 1989). 13800: 13131: 13027: 12971: 12774:Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012). 12599:Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms 12495:(1999). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab". 12390: 11951: 11533: 11009: 10343: 9528: 9347: 9282: 9006:"Egypt and Libya: A Year of Serious Abuses" 8761:Center for the Study of Global Christianity 8740:Center for the Study of Global Christianity 7575: 7107: 7035: 6922: 6920: 6545: 5431:It has been alleged that at that time, the 5368:The 1984 anti-Sikhs riots were a series of 3983:beginning in the fifteenth century, to the 3619: 3428:Used before the 18th century as an insult, 3417: 2900:However, in the 17th century, writers like 2869:; in continental Europe, the Latin phrase " 2844:, the subjects were required to attend the 2818:Religious uniformity in early modern Europe 2537:The persecution of beliefs that are deemed 2369:During Nazi rule, Jews were forced to wear 1230:List of people killed for being transgender 16968: 16954: 15020: 15006: 14813:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster 14149: 14135: 14105:About.com section on Religious Intolerance 13774:The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750–1900 13645: 13643: 13641: 13604:Six-Hohenbalken, Maria (1 November 2019). 13404: 13358: 13356: 13193: 12801:Snedden, Christopher (15 September 2015). 12675:Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–48 12571: 12526:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 89. 12497:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 12391:Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). 12340: 12326:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 200–226. 11979: 11497:Buhl, F.; Welch, A.T. (1993). "Muḥammad". 11199: 11151:"In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence" 11092:(2). Cambridge University Press: 315–317. 11053:(2). Cambridge University Press: 307–320. 11033: 10899: 10348:. Michigan University Press. p. 114. 10286: 10203: 10124:. Constable & Co, London. p. 59. 10084:. New York: John Day Company. p. 190. 9323:. In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alex (eds.). 8929: 8799: 7911:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. 7877:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. 7870: 7666: 7545: 7543: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7019: 7015: 7013: 6786:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. 6736: 6734: 6386:. Princeton University Press. p. 16. 6200: 6158:Nazila Ghanea-Hercock (11 November 2013). 6119:. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. 4413:Historically the relationship between the 3734:Muslim invasion of the Indian subcontinent 3670:Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang 3121:, because they had previously traveled to 2986:Ecclesiastical dissent and civil tolerance 2024: 2010: 17468:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 14156: 14061: 14051: 14012: 13683: 13524: 13506: 13333: 13111:Mukhoty, Gobinda; Kothari, Rajni (1984), 12671: 12148: 12059: 12057: 11496: 11079: 11077: 10946:"'No Hindus will be left after 30 years'" 10488: 10437: 10179:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132. 9298:. Cornell University Press. p. 219. 9120: 9088: 8935: 8793: 8565:. International Society for Human Rights. 8537:Office of International Religious Freedom 8392: 8259:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 8167: 8165: 7101: 6489: 6464: 6359: 6357: 6274: 6249: 6191: 6077: 5803:, which formed the foundations of modern 5545:. Yazidis have been persecuted by Muslim 5508: 4950: 3971:, when the religion was legalized by the 3939:From the beginnings of Christianity as a 3604:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 3559: 3135:Office of International Religious Freedom 3085:Although his book was written before the 15287:Social determinants of health in poverty 13823: 13541: 13223: 13161: 13005: 12807:. Oxford University Press. p. 167. 12547:Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1 February 2008). 12459:Journal of the American Oriental Society 12424:Journal of the American Oriental Society 12323:Diversity and Unity in Federal Countries 12280: 12193: 12124: 11885: 11827: 10696: 10673:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 37. 10668: 10407:Origins of the Druze People and Religion 10319:. Oxford University Press. p. 142. 10119: 9438: 9191:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71. 9091:Middle East, Region in Transition: Egypt 8976: 8955: 8690: 8617: 8445: 8398: 8059:by Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (p. 205) 7840:"QuickLists: Most Baha'i Nations (2010)" 7790:Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 962. 7152: 7150: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7001: 6992: 6950: 6917: 6813:The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution 6773: 6751:. Oxford University Press. p. 256. 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6588: 6556:. Columbia University Press. p. 1. 6521:Ezquerra, Jaime Alvar (6 January 2020). 6520: 6349:Sidney W. Souers Professor of Government 5807:, and his belief that the nature of the 5590: 5179: 5014: 4831: 4770:In Bangladesh, on 28 February 2013, the 4589: 4579: 4459:. The persecution of the Druze included 4390: 4293:, of whom about 10,000 were imprisoned. 4252: 3993: 3879: 3335: 3237: 3072: 2877:(1555). It was pushed to the extreme by 2827: 2755: 2584: 2364: 2069:, attitudes towards others, and overall 329:Social determinants of health in poverty 17432:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 13972: 13966:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13880: 13857:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13809:. Harvard University Press. p. 66. 13649: 13638: 13353: 13308:Humayun Aziz Sandeela (22 March 2021). 13199: 12800: 12549:History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 12540: 12015: 11842: 11470: 11006:, US State Department (2019), pp. 11–12 10803:. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 288. 10371: 10192:relationship between Muslims and Druzes 10094: 10042:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 9989: 9932:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 9665: 9400: 9252:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March 1989), pp.66–78 9226: 9188:A History of Christian–Muslim Relations 9184: 8644:. worldevangelicals.org. Archived from 8602: 8471: 8401:"Christian Tragedy in the Muslim World" 7832: 7727: 7594: 7540: 7468: 7399:"Caught in the crossfire of Mali's war" 7365: 7169: 7167: 7010: 6749:The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming 6731: 6551: 6470: 6381: 5673:A Zoroastrian astrologer who was named 4789: 4386: 4237:Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 4139: 3987:of the twentieth century, and into the 3588:is appointed by Iran's supreme leader, 2927: 17928: 17378:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 13959: 13917: 13677:History of Zoroastrians past Sasanians 13674: 13431: 12977: 12861:. Young Asia Publications. p. 67. 12854: 12546: 12491: 12456: 12421: 12281:Qing, Han; Long, Quai (6 April 2021). 12214: 12064:Khatchadourian, Raffi (5 April 2021). 12054: 11957: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11228: 11074: 10725:. Amnesty International. 23 March 2000 10643: 10469: 10392:) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ... 10079: 10033: 9942: 9927: 9867:– via Watchtower Online Library. 9743: 9621: 9611:– via Watchtower Online Library. 9583:– via Watchtower Online Library. 9372: 9262:John Joseph Saunders (11 March 2002). 8575: 8531:Robert W. Boehme; et al. (eds.). 8497: 8162: 8047:by Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (p. 8) 8019: 7385:Le mythe cosmologique. Le renard pâle. 7305:The Many Faces of Religion and Society 7261: 7255: 7226: 7183:International Society for Human rights 6896: 6890: 6435:. Archaeological Institute of America. 6375: 6354: 6338: 6316:The Formation of a Persecuting Society 5779:– a Jewish philosopher who was put in 5295:. Following the massacre, he attacked 4849:, persecutions have been committed by 4125:International Society for Human Rights 3550:Socialist People's Republic of Albania 2809:, and various other religious groups. 2495:Jews who had converted to Christianity 2304: 17627:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 16949: 15001: 14130: 13945:. Yale University Press. p. xx. 13938: 13689: 13668: 13405:Acikyildiz, Birgul (20 August 2014). 13036:"Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant" 12884: 12773: 12746: 12688: 12596: 12521: 12346: 12319: 12066:"Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang" 11997:from the original on 17 December 2019 11958:Stroup, David R. (19 November 2019). 11906: 11828:Davidson, Helen (18 September 2020). 11083: 11044: 10918: 10699:The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography 10623:. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. 10618: 10590: 10513: 10403: 10317:The Oxford Handbook of American Islam 10232: 10174: 9877: 9453:from the original on 22 December 2016 9318: 9211: 8961: 8718:"Nigeria Christian / Muslim Conflict" 8618:Sherwood, Harriet (13 October 2015). 8348: 8196: 8171: 7974: 7845:Association of Religion Data Archives 7811: 7469:Matfess, Hilary (11 September 2019). 7448:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 68. 7147: 7128: 6944: 6677: 6589:Mitchell, Travis (10 November 2020). 6584: 6582: 6529:. National Geographic. Archived from 6495: 6313: 6250:Grim, Brian J.; Finke, Roger (2010). 5474:(LeT). Pakistani accounts accuse the 4983:faith. In the early days of Islam at 3394:, the Muslim coalition army launched 3382:and forced his subjects to submit to 3129:to pursue their religious interests. 2195:such as those which are generated by 2153:, rather than religious persecution. 16:Persecution based on religious belief 16930: 15970:Capital punishment for homosexuality 15292:Social determinants of mental health 13362: 13214: 13071:from the original on 2 November 2009 13062: 12914:Prakriiti Gupta (8 September 2011). 12827: 12601:. Abhinav Publications. p. 33. 12256: 12194:Davidson, Helen (15 December 2020). 11886:Mourenza, Andrés (31 January 2021). 11397: 10793: 10152: 9804: 9510:from the original on 19 October 2012 9063: 9030: 8936:Elhennawy, Noha (14 November 2019). 8850:"Christenverfolgung auf einen Blick" 8661: 8407:. Hoover institution. Archived from 7441: 7195: 7189: 7175:"Christenverfolgung auf einen Blick" 7164: 6757:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199656431.013.8 6570: 6307: 5783:(similar to excommunication) by the 5726:Category:Persecution of philosophers 5658:, where they were required to learn 5615:. According to Zoroastrian records, 5577:were committed against the Yazidis. 5142:has decreed that all members of the 4971:Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862) 3891: 3852:Violence against Christians in India 3812:). This caused great destruction to 3777:and the town was renamed. Likewise, 2848:; this attitude can be described as 2696:and massacre the Protestants of the 2501:Persecution for heresy and blasphemy 2182: 1036:Capital punishment for homosexuality 334:Social determinants of mental health 17771:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 17721:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 17633:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 17426:Christianization of the Sámi people 16090:Genital modification and mutilation 13740: 13654:. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 100. 13231:"Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots" 12804:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 12646: 12621: 12394:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies 12111:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 11471:Shimron, Yonat (12 November 2019). 11369:"Bagerhat Hindu Temple Set on Fire" 11225: 10177:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes 9744:Wrobel, Johannes S. (August 2006). 9699: 9439:Eltahawy, Mona (22 December 2016). 9138:10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s196 9057: 8774:Ruth Alexander (12 November 2013). 8736:"Persecution of Christians in 2016" 8539:. United States Department of State 8254: 7442:Wise, Christopher (23 March 2017). 7331:Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 7196:Mack, Michelle L. (February 2014). 7114:. U.S. Government printing office. 6429:"AIA Lecturer: Jitse H.F. Dijkstra" 6113:David T. Smith (12 November 2015). 4645:wrote in a report that was part of 4117:Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary 3846:Sectarian violence among Christians 3752:region. The Buddhist university of 3696:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 3662:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 3266:their traditional religious beliefs 2881:, particularly by the French kings 2168:, arrests, imprisonment, beatings, 1156:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 15027: 13999: 13887:Spinoza: A Very Short Introduction 13650:Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1936). 13256:SAM Staff Bangla (23 March 2021). 13177:. 18 November 2008. Archived from 13119:People's Union for Civil Liberties 13065:"Indira Gandhi's death remembered" 13019:. 31 December 2005. Archived from 12726:. Lancer Publishers. p. 171. 12042:"Inside A Xinjiang Detention Camp" 9078:from the original on 20 June 2017. 6815:. SAGE Publications. p. 265. 6579: 6339:Gibson, James L. (25 March 2019). 5745:– a pantheist philosopher who was 5414:People's Union for Civil Liberties 5163:Persecution of Pagans and Heathens 4704:New York City was firebombed. The 4249:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses 4243:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses 4004:in 1922, fleeing their homes from 3723:Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai 3548:. One state within that bloc, the 3412:the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune 3410:to the 19th century, resulting in 3089:, John Coffey explicitly compares 14: 17952: 17615:Violence against Muslims in India 17609:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 17555:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 14087: 12951:Ram Chander Sharma (April 2011). 12855:Madhok, Balraj (1 January 1972). 12576:. Shree Publishers. p. 142. 11345:. 6 December 2006. Archived from 10648:. Soft Skull Press. p. 129. 9908:Holocaust Teacher Resource Center 9498:Basil El-Dabh (15 October 2012). 9067:"Do Copts have a future in Egypt" 8691:Mitchell, Travis (15 July 2019). 8671:Foreign & Commonwealth Office 8503: 8349:Ensor, Josie (10 December 2018). 8338:(press release). 2 February 2018. 8174:A History of Christian Conversion 6640:Conrad Hackett; David McClendon. 5462:, India, on the eve of President 4923:and was later used to strengthen 4761:2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre 4620:Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 4336:, including bans on distributing 4192:took place in AD 639, during the 3872:Persecution of Christians by ISIL 2716:, had been unjustly convicted of 2692:, an alleged plan to assassinate 2593:was burned at the stake by Queen 2581:Persecution for political reasons 2043:religious beliefs or affiliations 17910: 16929: 16920: 16919: 16569:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 16406:Law for Protection of the Nation 16306:White genocide conspiracy theory 14217:Unification Church in Japan 13908: 13844: 13817: 13763: 13734: 13709: 13480: 13459: 13425: 13398: 13327: 13301: 13275: 13249: 13208: 13086: 12944: 12907: 12865: 12848: 12821: 12794: 12767: 12749:"The day Rajouri was recaptured" 12740: 12713: 12682: 12665: 12640: 12615: 12590: 12574:Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals 12565: 12515: 12485: 12450: 12415: 12384: 12313: 12295: 12274: 12250: 12229: 12215:Hoshur, Shohret (7 April 2021). 12208: 12187: 12163: 12142: 12125:Allassan, Fadel (29 June 2020). 12118: 12098: 12078: 12033: 12016:McNeill, Sophie (14 July 2019). 12009: 11919: 11907:Child, David (27 January 2021). 11900: 11879: 11860: 11821: 11793: 11769: 11749: 11724: 11699: 11674: 11649: 11631: 11613: 11595: 11577: 11559: 11547:. PEW Research Center. July 2019 11521: 11490: 11464: 11442: 11417: 11391: 11361: 11335: 11310: 11285: 11259: 11176: 11142: 11112: 10997: 10964: 10938: 10912: 10787: 10766: 10737: 10715: 10690: 10662: 10637: 10612: 10584: 10558: 10532: 10507: 10482: 10456: 10431: 10397: 10365: 10337: 10308: 10280: 10254: 10226: 10197: 10168: 10138: 10113: 10088: 10073: 10060: 10027: 10001: 9970: 9951: 9936: 9921: 9896: 9871: 9839: 9798: 9786:from the original on 21 May 2012 9693: 9659: 9615: 9587: 9559: 9541: 9522: 9491: 9465: 9422: 9394: 9366: 9341: 9312: 9220: 9205: 9178: 9169: 9147: 9132:. No. 6. pp. 196–216. 9107: 9082: 9045:from the original on 3 June 2010 8998: 8879: 8868: 8842: 8816: 8767: 8728: 8710: 8684: 8655: 8630: 8611: 8596: 8569: 8551: 8524: 8415: 8399:Thornton, Bruce (25 July 2013). 8376: 8342: 8324: 8298: 8273: 8248: 8223: 8214: 8205: 8197:Walsh, William Pakenham (1862). 8190: 8176:. Oxford University Press, USA. 8144: 8124: 8106: 8097: 8071: 7951:Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A-L 7397:Kim Sengupta (25 January 2013). 7025:"A letter concerning toleration" 6036: 5834: 5332:Jammu and Kashmir princely state 5251:they refused to convert to Islam 4967:Sectarian violence among Muslims 4699:in 1987, the dot signifying the 4614:—a Public Policy Scholar at the 4313:, where they were identified by 3977:State church of the Roman Empire 3896: 3666:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism 3499: 3141:No religious group is free from 2793:, and Christianity was made the 2561:Similarly, heretical sects like 2397:might sometimes be obscure (see 1647:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1476:Law for Protection of the Nation 1370:White genocide conspiracy theory 49: 17887:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 17857:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 16411:MSM blood donation restrictions 16159:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 13830:. University of Chicago Press. 13432:Jalabi, Raya (11 August 2014). 13145:. 23 April 2012. Archived from 13063:Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). 12651:. Reaktion Books. p. 128. 12626:. Reaktion Books. p. 128. 12351:. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: 11126:. 2 August 1971. Archived from 10315:Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). 9672:A Short History of Christianity 9596:Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses 9553:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 9442:"Egypt's Cruelty to Christians" 9034:"Egypt's Persecuted Christians" 8962:Fitch, Asa (16 February 2015). 8800:Open Doors (14 November 2013). 8062: 8050: 8038: 8028: 8013: 8004: 7995: 7968: 7932: 7864: 7793: 7780: 7767: 7746: 7721: 7703: 7621: 7559: 7531: 7515: 7490: 7462: 7435: 7416: 7390: 7352: 7337: 7322: 7295: 7280: 7229:Jewish Political Studies Review 7220: 7092: 7083: 7080:А.С.Пругавин, ук. соч., с.27–29 7074: 7065: 7056: 7047: 6983: 6971: 6881: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6841: 6719: 6659: 6633: 6608: 6514: 6421: 6400: 6366: 6345:Department of Political Science 6332: 5654:, the children were sent to an 5557:of thousands of Yazidis by the 5525:Category:Persecution of Yazidis 5422:Central Bureau of Investigation 4568:, and investigative journalist 4558:, sometimes resulting in death. 4309:. Of those, 2,000 were sent to 3959:, which controlled much of the 3702:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution 3634:Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 3424:Discrimination against atheists 3068: 2795:official religion of the empire 2751: 1481:MSM blood donation restrictions 1225:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 17875:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 17845:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 17579:Communist Romanian persecution 16424:(as religious or racial quota) 14842:Books critical of Christianity 13610:Genocide Studies International 13569:Genocide Studies International 12984:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 516–517. 12953:"Kashmir History and Politics" 12893:. Lulu.com. pp. 141–144. 12858:A Story of Bungling in Kashmir 12828:Puri, Luv (21 February 2012). 11935:. 28 June 2020. Archived from 11503:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). 11375:. 2 March 2013. Archived from 10489:C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). 10442:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366. 10438:C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). 10034:Peters, Shawn Francis (2000). 8603:Vallely, Paul (28 July 2014). 7799: 6989:quoted after Coffey (2000), 27 6450:. Cambridge University Press. 6254:. Cambridge University Press. 6219: 6205:. Cambridge University Press. 6186:Evangelical Missions Quarterly 6178: 6106: 6071: 5378:assassination of Indira Gandhi 5175:Category:Persecution of Pagans 5044:Shia-Sunni conflicts persist. 4995:). Muslims were persecuted by 4731:called upon Kashmiris to wage 4134:who would not have been killed 4104:A report released by the UK's 3533:and later it was practiced in 3199: 3013:separation of Church and State 2920:, which ultimately led to the 2918:separation of church and state 2834:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 2727: 2335:has argued that references to 1494:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 17893:2024 Istanbul church shooting 17869:Christchurch mosque shootings 17657:Religious violence in Nigeria 17651:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 16838:Second-generation gender bias 16554:Constitutional colorblindness 15282:Social determinants of health 14862:Books critical of Scientology 13855:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 13824:Martínez, Alberto A. (2018). 13469:, 304 pp., SUNY Press, 1991; 12747:Maini, K.D. (12 April 2015). 12257:Rozi, Yalqun (9 April 2021). 10780:, Muhammad Qãsim Hindû Shãh; 10204:K. Zartman, Jonathan (2020). 10146:Advice for Kingdom Publishers 9753:Religion, State & Society 9348:Werthmuller, Kurt J. (2010). 7975:Eraly, Abraham (April 2015). 7773:Miner, Steven Merritt. 2003. 7752:Pospielovsky, Dimitry. 1935. 6691:Carrie Booth Walling (2012). 6065: 5856:Christian persecution complex 5571:Kurdistan Regional Government 4905:and the establishment of the 4772:International Crimes Tribunal 4166:Christians in the Middle East 4152:Category:Persecution of Copts 4012:. In the 1910s and 1920s the 3775:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji 3216:Traditional African religions 3115:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 2836:of French Protestants in 1572 2286: 2092: 1924:Second-generation gender bias 1632:Constitutional colorblindness 324:Social determinants of health 17783:War crimes in the Kosovo War 17573:Communist Polish persecution 17444:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 17372:Crusades against schismatics 14771:Letter to a Christian Nation 13542:Hosseini, S. Behnaz (2020). 13034:Basharat Peer (9 May 2001). 13013:"State pogroms glossed over" 11528:An Introduction to the Quran 11398:Paul, Ruma (28 March 2021). 11098:10.1080/00905992.2013.858313 11059:10.1080/00905992.2013.858313 10404:Hitti, Philip Khūri (1924). 10344:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). 9962:. 2 SCR 299. Archived from 9703:Journal of Genocide Research 9319:Teule, Herman G. B. (2013). 9089:Etheredge, Laura S. (2011). 7948:William M. Johnston (2000). 7905:David S. G. Goodman (2004). 7308:. Paragon House Publishers. 6281:American Sociological Review 6275:Grim, BJ; Finke, R. (2007). 6188:49.1: 54–56, also pp. 57–62. 6164:. Springer. pp. 91–92. 6080:American Sociological Review 5138:In China, General Secretary 4816:Antisemitism in Christianity 4778:, the Vice President of the 4176:followers in Egypt, usually 4162:Coptic Orthodox Christianity 4110:Global Security organization 3689:Anti-Buddhist sentiments in 2914:Letter Concerning Toleration 2481:made no distinction between 2360: 7: 16749:Medical model of disability 16601:Hate speech laws by country 14857:Books critical of Mormonism 13334:News desk (22 March 2021). 13204:. The Asian Age. p. 1. 12689:Singh, Vijay Kumar (2005). 12309:. U.S. Department of State. 11645:. U.S. Department of State. 11627:. U.S. Department of State. 11609:. U.S. Department of State. 11573:. U.S. Department of State. 10646:Journey to the End of Islam 10097:30 Years a Watchtower Slave 10080:Whalen, William J. (1962). 10066:Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, 9960:"Saumur v Quebec (City of)" 9823:10.1057/978-1-137-39605-1_3 9720:10.1080/1462352042000265837 9639:University of Toronto Press 9265:A History of Medieval Islam 9031:Zaki, Moheb (18 May 2010). 8992:Central Intelligence Agency 8383:Economist Intelligence Unit 7728:Greeley, Andrew M. (2003). 7343:Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, 6978:The Works of Richard Hooker 6847:Benjamin j. Kaplan (2007), 6471:Stanley, Elizabeth (2008). 5827: 5720:Persecution of philosophers 5714:Persecution of philosophers 5605:persecution of Zoroastrians 5587:Persecution of Zoroastrians 5581:Persecution of Zoroastrians 4919:which furthered Protestant 4901:which was issued after the 4398:: in June 2015, Druze were 3909:to comply with Knowledge's 3432:was punishable by death in 3252:For almost 1000 years, the 3159:US House of Representatives 1835:Medical model of disability 1679:Hate speech laws by country 10: 17957: 16858:Social model of disability 15337:Discrimination against men 14764:God: The Failed Hypothesis 14750:God in the Age of Science? 13918:Nadler, Steven M. (2001). 12978:Charny, Israel W. (1999). 12889:. In Gupta, Bal K. (ed.). 12720:D.P. Ramachandran (2008). 10925:The Siasat Daily – Archive 10919:qayam (20 November 2016). 10825:Farahnaz Ispahani (2017). 10591:Roald, Anne Sofie (2011). 9981:. SCR 121. Archived from 9529:Eno Adeogun (9 May 2018). 9268:. Routledge. p. 109. 8637:Godfrey Yogarajah (2008). 8485:. U.S. Department of State 8459:. U.S. Department of State 7954:. Routledge. p. 335. 6951:Hinnells, John R. (1996). 6414:. University of Montreal. 6293:10.1177/000312240707200407 6092:10.1177/000312240707200407 5723: 5717: 5677:predicted the fall of the 5584: 5522: 5512: 5416:reported "at least" 1,000 5198:1947–1948 Rajouri massacre 5183: 5172: 5166: 5097:People's Republic of China 4964: 4954: 4912:On the Jews and Their Lies 4820:Martin Luther and the Jews 4793: 4719:region, approximately 300 4583: 4524: 4322:Canada during World War II 4246: 4149: 4143: 4099:World Evangelical Alliance 3975:, eventually becoming the 3963:. This continued from the 3947:were persecuted for their 3849: 3835: 3623: 3563: 3503: 3421: 3339: 3241: 3208: 2821: 2766: 2600: 2521:Heresy in Orthodox Judaism 2514: 2504: 2436:, an increasing number of 2401:); nevertheless, cases of 2308: 1944:Social model of disability 379:Discrimination against men 18: 17907: 17815:South Thailand insurgency 17791:Walisongo school massacre 17759:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 17408:Expulsion of the Moriscos 17384:European wars of religion 17298: 17142: 16987: 16915: 16654: 16531: 16324: 16211:Opposition to immigration 15935: 15582: 15429: 15179: 15129:Race / Ethnicity 15066: 15035: 14921: 14870: 14852:Books critical of Judaism 14718: 14585: 14405: 14354: 14311: 14197:Latter Day Saint movement 14164: 14053:10.1163/15685276-12341617 13989:– via Google Books. 13939:Smith, Steven B. (2003). 13508:10.1186/s12916-017-0965-7 13114:Who are the Guilty ? 12981:Encyclopaedia of genocide 12647:Lee, L. Jonathan (2018). 12622:Lee, L. Jonathan (2018). 12572:Chanchreek, Jain (2007). 12509:10.1080/00856408708723379 11505:Brill Academic Publishers 10978:. PTI. 22 November 2016. 10905:Tetsuya Nakatani (2000), 10852:Bert B. Lockwood (2006). 10493:. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. 10291:. Routledge. p. 33. 10287:J. Stewart, Dona (2008). 10208:. ABC-CLIO. p. 199. 10095:Schnell, William (1971). 10015:. delfi.lt. 20 April 2017 9977:Supreme Court of Canada. 9958:Supreme Court of Canada. 9859:. 1 June 1979. p. 20 9769:10.1080/09637490600624691 9401:Swanson, Mark N. (2010). 9377:. Yale University Press. 8234:. William Carey Library. 7071:John Coffey (2000), p. 33 7062:John Coffey (2000), p. 12 6838:John Coffey (2000), p. 26 6695:. In Ken I. Booth (ed.). 5702:, many Zoroastrians left 5133:Xinjiang internment camps 4800:Geography of antisemitism 4784:Bangladesh Liberation War 4755:in incidents such as the 4660:World Health Organization 4632:Bangladesh Liberation War 4564:, former parliamentarian 4527:Persecution of Falun Gong 4521:Persecution of Falun Gong 4376:Barbara Grizzuti Harrison 4273:and at other times where 3838:Persecution of Christians 3832:Persecution of Christians 3037: 2871:cuius regio, eius religio 2812: 1277:Opposition to immigration 163:Race / Ethnicity 17205:Extrajudicial punishment 16206:Occupational segregation 15975:Compulsory sterilization 14820:Why I Am Not a Christian 14407:Religious discrimination 13690:Price, Massoume (2005), 12780:. Springer. p. 97. 12522:Johar, Surinder (1999). 11932:The Daily Star (Lebanon) 11591:. U.S. State Department. 11545:Religion and Public Life 11452:. JewishEncyclopedia.com 11028:Afghan Refugees in India 10671:The A to Z of the Druzes 10644:Knight, Michael (2009). 9979:"Roncarelli v Duplessis" 9928:Kaplan, William (1989). 9373:Lyster, William (2013). 9064:Shea, Nina (June 2017). 8389:, The Unit (2001), p. 17 8172:Kling, David W. (2020). 7818:. C. Hurst. p. 18. 6747:. In Crole Hough (ed.). 6475:. Taylor & Francis. 6029: 5968:Religious discrimination 5928:Islamic religious police 5821:Index of Forbidden Books 5698:philanthropists such as 5683:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 5595:A Zoroastrian family in 5433:Indian National Congress 5401:Indian National Congress 5206:Chittisinghpura massacre 5009:Central African Republic 4311:Nazi concentration camps 4307:National Socialist Party 4299:refused military service 4198:Muslim conquest of Egypt 4190:Muslim conquest of Egypt 4027:were perpetrated by the 3922:may contain suggestions. 3907:may need to be rewritten 3626:Persecution of Buddhists 3620:Persecution of Buddhists 3418:Persecutions of atheists 3026:with other parts of the 2993:ecclesiastical tolerance 2683:subservient to the state 2544:religious discrimination 2309:Not to be confused with 2299: 2151:religious discrimination 2053:is a recurrent theme in 1272:Occupational segregation 1041:Compulsory sterilization 25:Religious discrimination 19:Not to be confused with 17898:Crocus City Hall attack 17645:Persecution of Tibetans 17402:French Wars of Religion 17324:Yellow Turban Rebellion 16734:Internalized oppression 16596:Fighting Discrimination 16586:Fat acceptance movement 16544:Anti-discrimination law 16184:Native American mascots 14958:Criticism of monotheism 14847:Books critical of Islam 14834:The Demon-Haunted World 14691:Anti-Christian violence 14222:Westboro Baptist Church 13960:Nadler, Steven (2020). 13793:White, Michael (2002). 13411:. Bloomsbury Academic. 13378:Oxford University Press 12885:Hasan, Khalid (2013) . 12723:Empire's First Soldiers 12399:Oxford University Press 11188:13 January 2012 at the 10697:S. Swayd, Samy (2009). 10669:S. Swayd, Samy (2009). 10619:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). 10514:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). 10376:. Springer. p. 2. 10120:Rogerson, Alan (1969). 9232:Israel Oriental Studies 9121:Simonsohn, Uri (2017). 9039:The Wall Street Journal 8022:Where the Buddha Walked 7715:Encyclopædia Britannica 6897:Onfray, Michel (2007). 6741:Adrian Koopman (2016). 6552:Lacorne, Denis (2019). 6382:Zagorin, Perez (2013). 5958:Price tag attack policy 5871:Crimes against humanity 5759:– he was confined to a 5221:that originated in the 5169:Persecution of Heathens 5144:Chinese Communist Party 5026:regime on the walls of 4804:History of antisemitism 4745:Islamic fundamentalists 4574:prisoners of conscience 4548:Chinese Communist Party 4539:The persecution of the 4364:Supreme Court of Russia 3941:movement within Judaism 3760:. The walled town, the 3539:Marxist-Leninist states 3354:The persecution of the 2781:in Christianity. Under 1820:Internalized oppression 1674:Fighting Discrimination 1664:Fat acceptance movement 1622:Anti-discrimination law 1250:Native American mascots 17851:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 17827:Maspero demonstrations 17675:Huế Phật Đản shootings 16853:Social identity threat 16826:Reverse discrimination 16816:Racial color blindness 16296:Violence against women 16276:Sex-selective abortion 14278:New religious movement 13979:. Brill. p. 186. 13366:(2009). "Yazīdīs". In 12597:Dugga, Kartar (2001). 12347:Singh, Pritam (2008). 11500:Encyclopaedia of Islam 10879:Javaid Rehman (2000). 10595:. BRILL. p. 255. 10233:Layiš, Aharôn (1982). 9878:Garbe, Detlef (2008). 9185:Goddard, Hugh (2000). 8876:|How the scoring works 8722:www.globalsecurity.org 8255:Fox, Jonathan (2016). 7848:. 2010. Archived from 7812:Elsie, Robert (2001). 7786:Davies, Norman. 1996. 6701:. Routledge. pp. 5700:Maneckji Limji Hataria 5600: 5515:Persecution of Yazidis 5509:Persecution of Yazidis 5160: 5041: 4961:Persecution of Muslims 4951:Persecution of Muslims 4842: 4812:Religious antisemitism 4776:Delwar Hossain Sayeedi 4603: 4410: 4258: 4031: 3889: 3566:Persecution of Baháʼís 3560:Persecution of Baháʼís 3518:and practice. It is a 3374:usurped the throne of 3329:Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta 3256:, an ancient tribe in 3082: 3066: 2837: 2764: 2598: 2429:are sometimes blurry. 2374: 2125:and the imposition of 1939:Social identity threat 1912:Reverse discrimination 1902:Racial color blindness 1360:Violence against women 1340:Sex-selective abortion 17936:Religious persecution 17821:Boko Haram insurgency 17480:Pontic Greek genocide 17390:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 17200:Extrajudicial killing 16977:Religious persecution 16821:Religious intolerance 16781:Political correctness 16611:Intersex human rights 16559:Cultural assimilation 16241:Religious persecution 16005:Disability hate crime 14909:Nontheistic religions 14827:Why I Am Not a Muslim 14743:Christianity Unveiled 14207:Seventh-day Adventist 14158:Criticism of religion 13721:www.iranicaonline.org 11477:Religion News Service 10462:Taraze Fawaz, Leila. 9904:"Jehovah's Witnesses" 9327:. Brill. p. 10. 8387:Country Profile: Iran 7477:World Politics Review 7358:Toyin Falola et al., 6780:Michael Mann (2005). 6408:"Christian R Raschle" 6314:Moore, R. I. (2007). 6141:second-class citizens 5988:Religious segregation 5978:Religious intolerance 5817:Roman Catholic Church 5732:history of philosophy 5594: 5341:In June 1984, during 5264:freedom of conscience 5210:Kabul gurdwara attack 5180:Persecutions of Sikhs 5152: 5129:forced sterilizations 5105:CCP general secretary 5018: 4909:, the publication of 4887:1066 Granada massacre 4845:A major component of 4835: 4824:Antisemitism in Islam 4593: 4586:Persecution of Hindus 4580:Persecution of Hindus 4435:Five Pillars of Islam 4394: 4256: 3997: 3951:at the hands of both 3883: 3336:Persecution of Serers 3238:Persecution of Dogons 3101:about the fictitious 3076: 3062: 2995:, and is one form of 2831: 2759: 2630:Parliament of England 2588: 2368: 2143:religious intolerance 2107:second-class citizens 2039:Religious persecution 1907:Religious intolerance 1867:Political correctness 1689:Intersex human rights 1637:Cultural assimilation 1306:Religious persecution 1071:Disability hate crime 17803:September 11 attacks 17739:1984 anti-Sikh riots 17603:Rawalpindi massacres 17549:White Terror (Spain) 17360:Massacre at Ayyadieh 17245:Population cleansing 16226:Political repression 15232:Anti-left handedness 15222:Anti-intellectualism 14953:Criticism of atheism 14785:The Blind Watchmaker 14367:Charles Taze Russell 14212:Unification movement 14005:John Coffey (2000), 13894:. pp. 21, 144. 13853:"Tommaso Campanella" 13788:science and religion 13675:Shahmardan, Rashid, 12401:. pp. 236–238. 12023:ABC News (Australia) 11873:ABC News (Australia) 11507:. pp. 360–376. 11322:www.tribuneindia.com 11213:on 23 September 2006 11086:Nationalities Papers 11047:Nationalities Papers 11026:Ashish Bose (2004), 10372:Parsons, L. (2000). 10237:. BRILL. p. 1. 10175:Swayd, Samy (2015). 10163:Agence France-Presse 9761:Taylor & Francis 9712:Taylor & Francis 9679:. pp. 495–496. 9140:. pp. 201–202: 8576:Lessenthin, Martin. 8427:Open Doors Australia 8158:. 30 September 2012. 8120:. 30 September 2012. 7582:Mwakikagile, Godfrey 6926:Flannery, Edward H. 6673:. PEW. 15 July 2019. 5973:Religious fanaticism 5789:Portuguese synagogue 5567:Syrian National Army 5563:Turkish Armed Forces 5336:1947 Mirpur massacre 5202:1984 anti-Sikh riots 5194:1947 Mirpur massacre 5156:forced disappearance 4839:Die Bibel in Bildern 4828:Martyrdom in Judaism 4790:Persecutions of Jews 4751:have been killed by 4667:–winning journalist 4387:Persecution of Druze 4326:political dissidents 4267:refused conscription 4146:Persecution of Copts 4140:Persecution of Copts 3876:Persecution of Copts 3736:was the first great 3535:Revolutionary Mexico 3531:Revolutionary France 3270:cliffs of Bandiagara 3220:forcefully converted 3087:September 11 attacks 2997:religious toleration 2928:Early modern England 2855:religious uniformity 2824:Religious uniformity 2681:that was completely 2463:Nazi racial theories 2438:religious cleansings 2325:population cleansing 1292:Political repression 274:Anti-left handedness 264:Anti-intellectualism 17941:Religious pluralism 17715:Bangladesh genocide 17695:Cultural Revolution 17687:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 17450:Circassian genocide 17336:Rhineland massacres 17250:Population transfer 17215:Forced displacement 17027:Jehovah's Witnesses 16729:Historical eugenics 16266:Segregation academy 16246:Religious terrorism 16035:Enemy of the people 15943:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 15469:Jehovah's Witnesses 15362:Perpetual foreigner 14334:Mormon sacred texts 14192:Jehovah's Witnesses 14120:18 May 2014 at the 13622:10.3138/gsi.13.1.04 13581:10.3138/gsi.13.1.01 13394:on 23 October 2020. 12503:(sup001): 155–165. 11965:The Washington Post 11939:on 12 February 2021 10751:(31 January 2007). 10410:. Forgotten Books. 10165:. 8 September 2012. 9985:on 12 January 2013. 9930:State and Salvation 9817:. pp. 61–106. 9603:. 1991. p. 222 9575:. 1993. p. 490 9537:on 14 October 2019. 8994:. 11 February 2022. 8970:Wall Street Journal 8916:Wall Street Journal 8828:World Watch Monitor 8310:The Huffington Post 7871:Diana Lary (1974). 7635:. 10 December 2013. 7381:Dieterlen, Germaine 7160:. 21 February 2020. 6049:Wall Street Journal 6044:Wall Street Journal 5993:Religious terrorism 5983:Religious pluralism 5923:Human rights abuses 5891:Freedom of religion 5861:Christian privilege 5787:leadership of the 5770:The City of the Sun 5747:burned at the stake 5529:The Persecution of 5397:Operation Blue Star 5343:Operation Blue Star 5299:and desecrated the 5227:Indian subcontinent 5022:slogans written by 4925:German antisemitism 4907:Spanish Inquisition 4891:Rhineland massacres 4808:Persecution of Jews 4767:by some observers. 4362:In April 2017, the 3989:contemporary period 3981:Early modern period 3750:Indo-Gangetic Plain 3742:Indian subcontinent 3707:Northern Expedition 3680:history of Buddhism 3658:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 3163:European Parliament 2842:early modern Europe 2662:Marian Persecutions 2625:Regnans in Excelsis 2525:Islam and blasphemy 2459:Racial antisemitism 2434:Early modern period 2305:Religious cleansing 2293:Pew Research Center 2174:freedom of religion 2097:David T. Smith, in 1815:Historical eugenics 1330:Segregation academy 1310:Religious terrorism 1101:Enemy of the people 1009:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 519:Jehovah's Witnesses 404:Perpetual foreigner 17809:2002 Gujarat riots 17733:Cambodian genocide 17727:Lebanese Civil War 17505:Soviet persecution 17342:Jerusalem massacre 17255:Sectarian violence 17240:Political violence 16641:Social integration 16636:Self-determination 16626:Racial integration 16574:Diversity training 16564:Cultural pluralism 16539:Affirmative action 16439:Racial segregation 16349:Crime of apartheid 16251:Religious violence 15761:Indigenous people 15156:Sexual orientation 14736:Breaking the Spell 14678:Sectarian violence 14587:Religious violence 14535:Oriental Orthodoxy 14392:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 14251:Twelver Shia Islam 14014:Stausberg, Michael 13803:Numbers, Ronald L. 13772:Michael J. Crowe, 13741:May, Hope (2000). 13262:Southasian Monitor 13181:on 12 October 2013 13023:on 11 August 2011. 12753:dailyexcelsior.com 12156:The Economic Times 11991:Human Rights Watch 11736:www.thenews.com.pk 11349:on 6 December 2006 11155:The New York Times 10952:. 20 November 2016 10070:, 1978, chapter 6. 9945:The Globe and Mail 9815:Palgrave Macmillan 9805:Knox, Zoe (2018). 9555:. 7 February 2019. 9447:The New York Times 9292:(3 October 2014). 9010:Human Rights Watch 8988:The World Factbook 8651:on 2 October 2011. 8423:"World Watch List" 7788:Europe: a history. 7669:The Russian Review 7185:] (in German). 6646:Pew Research Group 6055:CIA World Factbook 6008:Sectarian violence 5998:Religious violence 5805:biblical criticism 5757:Tommaso Campanella 5613:forced conversions 5601: 5403:workers including 5285:Ahmad Shah Durrani 5279:In February 1762, 5276:—a saint-soldier. 5249:(1621–1675)—after 5186:Chhota Ghallughara 5089:Chinese government 5080:and other acts of 5042: 4843: 4753:Islamist militants 4680:, 29 April 1994). 4604: 4600:Sikandar Butshikan 4596:Martand Sun Temple 4544:spiritual practice 4495:People of the Book 4473:Islamic extremists 4411: 4370:Authors including 4301:and allegiance to 4259: 4182:Human Rights Watch 4032: 4029:Ottoman government 3985:Late modern period 3890: 3868:Hamidian massacres 3821:2012 Ramu violence 3740:invasion into the 3638:2012 Ramu violence 3600:Special Rapporteur 3595:Ayatollah Khamenei 3590:Ayatollah Khamenei 3436:as well as in the 3321:Sobane Da massacre 3317:Ogossagou massacre 3274:French colonialism 3147:contemporary world 3083: 3024:love one's enemies 2879:absolutist regimes 2867:Acts of Uniformity 2838: 2765: 2650:Margaret Clitherow 2638:Saint John Ogilvie 2613:religious offenses 2603:Political violence 2599: 2589:Protestant Bishop 2427:religious violence 2375: 2205:Hans G. Kippenberg 2111:freedom of thought 1719:Social integration 1714:Self-determination 1704:Racial integration 1652:Diversity training 1642:Cultural pluralism 1617:Affirmative action 1509:Racial segregation 1419:Crime of apartheid 1315:Religious violence 819:Indigenous people 190:Sexual orientation 17923: 17922: 17863:Rohingya genocide 17591:Direct Action Day 17543:Šahovići massacre 17493:Armenian genocide 17487:Assyrian genocide 17374:(13th–15th cent.) 17368:(12th–16th cent.) 17366:Northern Crusades 17210:Forced conversion 17160:Cultural genocide 17155:Communal violence 17037:post–Cold War era 17022:Eastern Orthodoxy 16943: 16942: 16811:Racism by country 16739:Intersectionality 16724:Heteronormativity 16523:Voter suppression 16271:Sexual harassment 16070:Forced conversion 15990:Cultural genocide 15660:African Americans 15479:post–Cold War era 15464:Eastern Orthodoxy 15217:Anti-drug addicts 15212:Anti-homelessness 15139:Scientific racism 14995: 14994: 14778:The Age of Reason 14729:Atheist Manifesto 14530:Eastern Orthodoxy 14493:Jehovah's Witness 14452:post–Cold War era 14355:Religious figures 14234:Swaminarayan sect 13952:978-0-300-12849-9 13931:978-0-521-00293-6 13901:978-0-19-280316-0 13756:978-0-534-57604-2 13555:978-1-000-07869-5 13418:978-1-78453-216-1 13340:Pakistan Observer 12991:978-0-87436-928-1 12900:978-1-257-91419-7 12777:Jammu and Kashmir 12755:. Daily Excelsior 12733:978-0-9796174-7-8 12706:978-0-7619-3322-9 12697:SAGE Publications 12608:978-81-7017-410-3 12583:978-81-8329-191-0 12558:978-81-269-0857-8 12533:978-81-7533-093-1 12408:978-0-19-969930-8 12362:978-1-134-04945-5 12333:978-0-7735-9087-8 11856:. 10 August 2018. 11809:. 8 February 2021 11765:. 3 October 2020. 11686:www.aljazeera.com 10865:978-0-8018-8373-6 10838:978-0-19-062165-0 10810:978-0-87113-800-2 10417:978-1-60506-068-2 10106:978-0-8010-6384-8 10053:978-0-7006-1008-2 9889:978-0-299-20794-6 9832:978-1-137-39604-4 9667:Blainey, Geoffrey 9305:978-0-8014-5529-2 9275:978-1-134-93005-0 9012:. 24 January 2010 8897:on 16 March 2019. 8830:. 20 January 2017 8584:on 8 October 2020 8504:KISHI, KATAYOUN. 8385:(Great Britain), 8140:. 2 October 2012. 7961:978-1-57958-090-2 7918:978-0-521-61349-1 7884:978-0-521-20204-6 7825:978-1-85065-570-1 7711:"Anticlericalism" 7614:978-0-8122-1567-0 7455:978-1-350-01310-0 7315:978-0-913757-20-8 7031:on 14 April 2015. 6910:978-1-55970-820-3 6822:978-1-4462-0659-1 6793:978-0-521-53854-1 6766:978-0-19-965643-1 6533:on 7 January 2020 6341:"James L. Gibson" 6325:978-1-4051-2964-0 6171:978-94-017-5968-7 6126:978-1-107-11731-0 5916:Hindu nationalism 5876:Cultural genocide 5751:Roman Inquisition 5634:were desecrated, 5632:places of worship 5565:and its ally the 5482:of the massacre. 5460:Jammu and Kashmir 5456:Anantnag district 5444:conspiracy theory 5418:displaced persons 5372:directed against 5247:Guru Tegh Bahadur 5074:Rohingya genocide 4938:According to the 4757:Wandhama massacre 4650:martial law from 4612:Farahnaz Ispahani 4465:forced conversion 4442:Fatimid Caliphate 4351:were deported to 4222:forced conversion 4210:Fatimid Caliphate 4206:Abbasid Caliphate 4202:Umayyad Caliphate 4178:Oriental Orthodox 3937: 3936: 3911:quality standards 3856:Armenian genocide 3814:Buddhism in Japan 3808:and Buddhism (or 3802:Meiji Restoration 3584:newspaper, whose 3516:religious freedom 3390:allies and other 3325:President of Mali 3313:Dan Na Ambassagou 3305:Islamic terrorist 3297:Toucouleur Empire 3280:as chiefs of the 3278:El Hadj Umar Tall 2875:Peace of Augsburg 2675:Queen Elizabeth I 2595:Mary I of England 2419:Assyrian genocide 2415:Armenian genocide 2249:ancient societies 2183:Sociological view 2071:personal identity 2034: 2033: 1897:Racism by country 1825:Intersectionality 1810:Heteronormativity 1593:Voter suppression 1335:Sexual harassment 1136:Forced conversion 1056:Cultural genocide 718:African Americans 529:post–Cold War era 514:Eastern Orthodoxy 259:Anti-drug addicts 254:Anti-homelessness 173:Scientific racism 17948: 17915: 17914: 17881:2020 Delhi riots 17797:Kosheh massacres 17777:Bosnian genocide 17597:1946 Bihar riots 17260:Social cleansing 17185:Ethnic cleansing 16970: 16963: 16956: 16947: 16946: 16933: 16932: 16923: 16922: 16863:Social privilege 16848:Social exclusion 16776:Police brutality 16697:Multiculturalism 16667:Amatonormativity 16498:Social exclusion 16334:Age of candidacy 16134:Homeless dumping 16040:Ethnic cleansing 15022: 15015: 15008: 14999: 14998: 14806:The God Delusion 14799:The End of Faith 14792:The Caged Virgin 14757:God Is Not Great 14151: 14144: 14137: 14128: 14127: 14083: 14065: 14055: 14044:Brill Publishers 13994: 13990: 13969: 13962:"Baruch Spinoza" 13956: 13935: 13912: 13906: 13905: 13878: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13864: 13848: 13842: 13841: 13821: 13815: 13810: 13767: 13761: 13760: 13748: 13738: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13727: 13713: 13707: 13706: 13687: 13681: 13680: 13672: 13666: 13665: 13664:. 9789004097964. 13647: 13636: 13633: 13600: 13559: 13538: 13528: 13510: 13484: 13478: 13463: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13452: 13429: 13423: 13422: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13390:. Archived from 13360: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13346: 13331: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13320: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13294: 13279: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13268: 13253: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13227: 13221: 13220: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13202:Front page story 13197: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13165: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13154: 13149:on 25 April 2012 13135: 13129: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13108: 13102: 13101: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13078: 13076: 13060: 13051: 13050: 13048: 13046: 13031: 13025: 13024: 13009: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12975: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12964: 12948: 12942: 12941: 12935: 12927: 12925: 12923: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12882: 12876: 12873:Security Journal 12869: 12863: 12862: 12852: 12846: 12845: 12825: 12819: 12818: 12798: 12792: 12791: 12771: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12760: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12717: 12711: 12710: 12686: 12680: 12679: 12669: 12663: 12662: 12644: 12638: 12637: 12619: 12613: 12612: 12594: 12588: 12587: 12569: 12563: 12562: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12519: 12513: 12512: 12489: 12483: 12482: 12454: 12448: 12447: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12388: 12382: 12379: 12370: 12369: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12299: 12293: 12292: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12254: 12248: 12247: 12233: 12227: 12226: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12191: 12185: 12184: 12183:. 24 March 2021. 12181:Associated Press 12167: 12161: 12160: 12146: 12140: 12139: 12122: 12116: 12115: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12091:Associated Press 12082: 12076: 12075: 12061: 12052: 12051: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12013: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11993:. 10 July 2019. 11983: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11904: 11898: 11897: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11678: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11599: 11593: 11592: 11581: 11575: 11574: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11537: 11531: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11494: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11457: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11395: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11238: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11209:. Archived from 11203: 11197: 11196:. 2 January 2012 11180: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11169: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11130:on 11 March 2007 11116: 11110: 11109: 11081: 11072: 11070: 11042: 11031: 11024: 11007: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10968: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10916: 10910: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10849: 10843: 10842: 10822: 10816: 10814: 10800:India: A History 10791: 10785: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10641: 10635: 10634: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10577: 10562: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10486: 10480: 10473: 10467: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10172: 10166: 10156: 10150: 10149: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10092: 10086: 10085: 10077: 10071: 10068:Visions of Glory 10064: 10058: 10057: 10041: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9900: 9894: 9893: 9875: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9785: 9750: 9741: 9732: 9731: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9632: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9533:. Archived from 9526: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9504:Daily News Egypt 9495: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9444: 9436: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9259: 9253: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9182: 9176: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9127: 9118: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9069: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9036: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8913: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8893:. 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Archived from 8419: 8413: 8412: 8411:on 28 July 2013. 8396: 8390: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8227: 8221: 8218: 8212: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8169: 8160: 8159: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8075: 8069: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8017: 8011: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7784: 7778: 7771: 7765: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7598: 7592: 7579: 7573: 7563: 7557: 7547: 7538: 7535: 7529: 7519: 7513: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7474: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7439: 7433: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7394: 7388: 7374: 7363: 7356: 7350: 7341: 7335: 7328:Garrick Bailey, 7326: 7320: 7319: 7299: 7293: 7287:Anne C. Bailey, 7284: 7278: 7277: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7171: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7126: 7125: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7054: 7051: 7045: 7044:Coffey 2000: 14. 7042: 7033: 7032: 7017: 7008: 7007:Coffey 2000: 57. 7005: 6999: 6998:Coffey 2000: 58. 6996: 6990: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6948: 6942: 6924: 6915: 6914: 6894: 6888: 6887:Coffey 2000: 92. 6885: 6879: 6878:Coffey 2000: 81. 6876: 6870: 6869:Coffey 2000: 86. 6867: 6861: 6860:Coffey 2000: 85. 6858: 6852: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6827: 6826: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6746: 6738: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6688: 6675: 6674: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6586: 6577: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6527:History Magazine 6518: 6512: 6511: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6352: 6351: 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Schism 2517:Christian heresy 2387:ethnic cleansing 2355:ethnic cleansing 2338:ethnic cleansing 2311:Ritual cleansing 2291:Statistics from 2213: 2103:political rights 2026: 2019: 2012: 1949:Social privilege 1934:Social exclusion 1862:Police brutality 1783:Multiculturalism 1753:Amatonormativity 1568:Social exclusion 1404:Age of candidacy 1200:Homeless dumping 1106:Ethnic cleansing 53: 30: 29: 17956: 17955: 17951: 17950: 17949: 17947: 17946: 17945: 17926: 17925: 17924: 17919: 17909: 17903: 17839:Yazidi genocide 17745:Revival Process 17681:Thích Quảng Đức 17669:Buddhist crisis 17663:Istanbul pogrom 17531:1970–1987 17526:1958–1964 17521:1928–1941 17516:1921–1928 17511:1917–1921 17396:Goa Inquisition 17330:Battle of Tours 17320:(c.550–c. 1200) 17314:(c. 324–c. 491) 17294: 17195:Ethnic violence 17190:Ethnic conflict 17138: 17137: 17136: 16983: 16974: 16944: 16939: 16911: 16786:Polyculturalism 16682:Civil liberties 16650: 16631:Reappropriation 16532:Countermeasures 16527: 16456:Racial steering 16422:Numerus clausus 16326: 16320: 16045:Ethnic conflict 15980:Corrective rape 15931: 15578: 15425: 15317:HIV/AIDS stigma 15175: 15124:Mental disorder 15062: 15031: 15026: 14996: 14991: 14990: 14989: 14946:In Christianity 14917: 14914:Parody religion 14866: 14714: 14581: 14440:Catholic Church 14401: 14350: 14312:Religious texts 14307: 14160: 14155: 14122:Wayback Machine 14090: 14002: 14000:Further reading 13997: 13993: 13987: 13953: 13932: 13921:Spinoza: A Life 13913: 13909: 13902: 13879: 13872: 13862: 13860: 13849: 13845: 13838: 13822: 13818: 13814: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13739: 13735: 13725: 13723: 13715: 13714: 13710: 13704: 13688: 13684: 13673: 13669: 13662: 13648: 13639: 13556: 13485: 13481: 13464: 13460: 13450: 13448: 13430: 13426: 13419: 13403: 13399: 13388: 13361: 13354: 13344: 13342: 13332: 13328: 13318: 13316: 13306: 13302: 13292: 13290: 13289:. 21 March 2021 13281: 13280: 13276: 13266: 13264: 13254: 13250: 13240: 13238: 13237:. 8 August 2005 13229: 13228: 13224: 13213: 13209: 13198: 13194: 13184: 13182: 13174:Hindustan Times 13167: 13166: 13162: 13152: 13150: 13137: 13136: 13132: 13123: 13121: 13109: 13105: 13092: 13091: 13087: 13074: 13072: 13061: 13054: 13044: 13042: 13032: 13028: 13011: 13010: 13006: 12996: 12994: 12992: 12976: 12972: 12962: 12960: 12949: 12945: 12929: 12928: 12921: 12919: 12912: 12908: 12901: 12883: 12879: 12870: 12866: 12853: 12849: 12842: 12826: 12822: 12815: 12799: 12795: 12788: 12772: 12768: 12758: 12756: 12745: 12741: 12734: 12718: 12714: 12707: 12699:. p. 160. 12687: 12683: 12670: 12666: 12659: 12645: 12641: 12634: 12620: 12616: 12609: 12595: 12591: 12584: 12570: 12566: 12559: 12545: 12541: 12534: 12520: 12516: 12490: 12486: 12455: 12451: 12420: 12416: 12409: 12389: 12385: 12380: 12373: 12363: 12345: 12341: 12334: 12318: 12314: 12301: 12300: 12296: 12288:Radio Free Asia 12279: 12275: 12255: 12251: 12234: 12230: 12222:Radio Free Asia 12213: 12209: 12192: 12188: 12169: 12168: 12164: 12147: 12143: 12123: 12119: 12114:. 29 June 2020. 12104: 12103: 12099: 12094:. 29 June 2020. 12084: 12083: 12079: 12062: 12055: 12038: 12034: 12014: 12010: 12000: 11998: 11985: 11984: 11980: 11970: 11968: 11956: 11952: 11942: 11940: 11925: 11924: 11920: 11905: 11901: 11884: 11880: 11865: 11861: 11848: 11847: 11843: 11826: 11822: 11812: 11810: 11799: 11798: 11794: 11774: 11770: 11762:Hindustan Times 11755: 11754: 11750: 11740: 11738: 11730: 11729: 11725: 11715: 11713: 11705: 11704: 11700: 11690: 11688: 11680: 11679: 11675: 11665: 11663: 11661:The Independent 11655: 11654: 11650: 11637: 11636: 11632: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11601: 11600: 11596: 11583: 11582: 11578: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11550: 11548: 11539: 11538: 11534: 11526: 11522: 11515: 11495: 11491: 11481: 11479: 11469: 11465: 11455: 11453: 11448: 11447: 11443: 11433: 11431: 11423: 11422: 11418: 11408: 11406: 11396: 11392: 11382: 11380: 11379:on 7 April 2013 11367: 11366: 11362: 11352: 11350: 11341: 11340: 11336: 11326: 11324: 11316: 11315: 11311: 11301: 11299: 11291: 11290: 11286: 11276: 11274: 11273:. 30 March 2003 11265: 11264: 11260: 11250: 11248: 11240: 11239: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11205: 11204: 11200: 11190:Wayback Machine 11181: 11177: 11167: 11165: 11147: 11143: 11133: 11131: 11118: 11117: 11113: 11082: 11075: 11043: 11034: 11025: 11010: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10970: 10969: 10965: 10955: 10953: 10944: 10943: 10939: 10929: 10927: 10917: 10913: 10904: 10900: 10893: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10850: 10846: 10839: 10823: 10819: 10811: 10792: 10788: 10771: 10767: 10757: 10755: 10742: 10738: 10728: 10726: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10709: 10695: 10691: 10681: 10667: 10663: 10656: 10642: 10638: 10631: 10617: 10613: 10603: 10589: 10585: 10575: 10573: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10549: 10547: 10538: 10537: 10533: 10526: 10512: 10508: 10501: 10487: 10483: 10474: 10470: 10461: 10457: 10450: 10436: 10432: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10402: 10398: 10384: 10370: 10366: 10356: 10342: 10338: 10327: 10313: 10309: 10299: 10285: 10281: 10271: 10269: 10268:. 8 August 2018 10260: 10259: 10255: 10245: 10231: 10227: 10216: 10202: 10198: 10187: 10173: 10169: 10157: 10153: 10144: 10143: 10139: 10132: 10118: 10114: 10107: 10093: 10089: 10078: 10074: 10065: 10061: 10054: 10032: 10028: 10018: 10016: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9975: 9971: 9966:on 6 July 2011. 9956: 9952: 9941: 9937: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9910: 9902: 9901: 9897: 9890: 9876: 9872: 9862: 9860: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9833: 9803: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9748: 9742: 9735: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9620: 9616: 9606: 9604: 9593: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9565: 9564: 9560: 9547: 9546: 9542: 9527: 9523: 9513: 9511: 9496: 9492: 9482: 9480: 9470: 9466: 9456: 9454: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9423: 9413: 9399: 9395: 9385: 9371: 9367: 9360: 9346: 9342: 9335: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9260: 9256: 9247: 9243: 9228:Lapidus, Ira M. 9225: 9221: 9210: 9206: 9199: 9183: 9179: 9174: 9170: 9160: 9158: 9152: 9148: 9130:Medieval Worlds 9125: 9113: 9112: 9108: 9101: 9087: 9083: 9072:Foreign Affairs 9062: 9058: 9048: 9046: 9029: 9025: 9015: 9013: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8960: 8956: 8946: 8944: 8934: 8930: 8920: 8918: 8906: 8902: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8869: 8859: 8857: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8833: 8831: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8798: 8794: 8784: 8782: 8772: 8768: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8743: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8699: 8689: 8685: 8675: 8673: 8665:(8 July 2019). 8660: 8656: 8648: 8641: 8635: 8631: 8616: 8612: 8601: 8597: 8587: 8585: 8574: 8570: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8542: 8540: 8529: 8525: 8515: 8513: 8502: 8498: 8488: 8486: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8436: 8434: 8433:on 13 June 2018 8421: 8420: 8416: 8397: 8393: 8381: 8377: 8367: 8365: 8347: 8343: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8312:. 23 April 2015 8304: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8170: 8163: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8029: 8018: 8014: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7962: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7869: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7852:on 2 March 2021 7838: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7785: 7781: 7772: 7768: 7751: 7747: 7740: 7726: 7722: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7580: 7576: 7564: 7560: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7520: 7516: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7440: 7436: 7421: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7403:The Independent 7395: 7391: 7377:Griaule, Marcel 7375: 7366: 7357: 7353: 7342: 7338: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7300: 7296: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7260: 7256: 7225: 7221: 7211: 7209: 7194: 7190: 7173: 7172: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7148: 7143:. 15 July 2019. 7139: 7138: 7129: 7122: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7036: 7018: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6940:Edward Flannery 6925: 6918: 6911: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6739: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6689: 6678: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6550: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6444: 6440: 6433:Lecture Program 6427: 6426: 6422: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6355: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6312: 6308: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6248: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6199: 6192: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6156: 6149: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6027: 5963:Religious abuse 5906:Hindu terrorism 5842:Religion portal 5840: 5833: 5830: 5785:Orthodox Jewish 5730:Throughout the 5728: 5722: 5716: 5589: 5583: 5555:Sinjar massacre 5537:is regarded as 5535:Yazidi religion 5527: 5521: 5519:Yazidi genocide 5513:Main articles: 5511: 5501:, Afghanistan. 5491:Haqqani network 5472:Lashkar-e-Taiba 5320:Soviet invasion 5239:Mughal emperors 5212: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5082:sexual violence 4999:at the time of 4977: 4963: 4955:Main articles: 4953: 4899:Alhambra Decree 4830: 4794:Main articles: 4792: 4780:Jamaat-e-Islami 4588: 4582: 4559: 4537: 4525:Main articles: 4523: 4400:massacred there 4389: 4357:Operation North 4297:, because they 4251: 4245: 4154: 4148: 4142: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3914: 3901: 3878: 3848: 3836:Main articles: 3834: 3810:shinbutsu bunri 3717:Muslim General 3684:Sasanian Empire 3676: 3654:Buddhist crisis 3624:Main articles: 3622: 3586:managing editor 3568: 3562: 3508: 3502: 3426: 3420: 3352: 3340:Main articles: 3338: 3250: 3242:Main articles: 3240: 3213: 3207: 3202: 3071: 3040: 3001:civil tolerance 2988: 2930: 2910:Richard Overton 2826: 2820: 2815: 2775: 2754: 2730: 2714:Oliver Plunkett 2694:King Charles II 2679:national church 2658:Elizabethan era 2642:Dermot O'Hurley 2632:, declared in " 2605: 2583: 2535: 2513: 2505:Main articles: 2503: 2451:Nazi propaganda 2423:ethnic violence 2395:ethnic identity 2363: 2333:Richard Dawkins 2314: 2307: 2302: 2289: 2230:deviance theory 2207: 2185: 2095: 2030: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1872:Polyculturalism 1768:Civil liberties 1740: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1709:Reappropriation 1609: 1608:Countermeasures 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1526:Racial steering 1492:Numerus clausus 1396: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1111:Ethnic conflict 1046:Corrective rape 1001: 993: 992: 991: 990: 989: 643: 632: 631: 630: 629: 628: 481: 471: 470: 469: 468: 467: 359:HIV/AIDS stigma 221: 213: 212: 211: 210: 209: 158:Mental disorder 100: 92: 91: 90: 89: 88: 61: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17954: 17944: 17943: 17938: 17921: 17920: 17908: 17905: 17904: 17902: 17901: 17895: 17890: 17884: 17878: 17872: 17866: 17865:(2016–ongoing) 17860: 17859:(2014–ongoing) 17854: 17848: 17847:(2014–ongoing) 17842: 17836: 17830: 17824: 17823:(2009–ongoing) 17818: 17817:(2004–ongoing) 17812: 17806: 17800: 17794: 17788: 17787: 17786: 17780: 17774: 17762: 17756: 17755: 17754: 17742: 17736: 17730: 17724: 17723:(1971–ongoing) 17718: 17712: 17711: 17710: 17704: 17692: 17691: 17690: 17684: 17678: 17666: 17660: 17659:(1953–ongoing) 17654: 17648: 17647:(1950–ongoing) 17642: 17641:(1949–ongoing) 17636: 17630: 17624: 17623:(1947–ongoing) 17618: 17617:(1947–ongoing) 17612: 17611:(1947–ongoing) 17606: 17600: 17594: 17588: 17585:Noakhali riots 17582: 17576: 17570: 17564: 17558: 17552: 17546: 17540: 17539: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17502: 17496: 17490: 17484: 17483: 17482: 17474:Greek genocide 17471: 17465: 17462:Adana massacre 17459: 17453: 17447: 17441: 17435: 17429: 17423: 17417: 17411: 17405: 17399: 17393: 17387: 17381: 17375: 17369: 17363: 17357: 17351: 17345: 17339: 17333: 17327: 17326:(c.184–c. 205) 17321: 17315: 17309: 17302: 17300: 17296: 17295: 17293: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17275:State religion 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17180:Discrimination 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17146: 17144: 17140: 17139: 17135: 17134: 17132:Zoroastrianism 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17108: 17107: 17097: 17096: 17095: 17094: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17063: 17062: 17061: 17059:Untouchability 17056: 17046: 17041: 17040: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16993: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16985: 16984: 16981:discrimination 16973: 16972: 16965: 16958: 16950: 16941: 16940: 16938: 16937: 16927: 16916: 16913: 16912: 16910: 16909: 16904: 16903: 16902: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16881: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16834: 16833: 16831:Reverse racism 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16801:Prisoner abuse 16798: 16793: 16791:Power distance 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16757: 16756: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16709:Ethnic penalty 16706: 16705: 16704: 16702:Neurodiversity 16699: 16689: 16687:Dehumanization 16684: 16679: 16677:Cisnormativity 16674: 16669: 16664: 16658: 16656: 16655:Related topics 16652: 16651: 16649: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16577: 16576: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16513:State religion 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16494: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16452: 16451: 16449:Nuremberg Laws 16446: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16391:Ghetto benches 16388: 16386:Gerrymandering 16383: 16378: 16373: 16371:Gender pay gap 16368: 16367: 16366: 16361: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16330: 16328: 16325:Discriminatory 16322: 16321: 16319: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16202: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16154:Lavender scare 16151: 16149:Kill Haole Day 16146: 16144:Indian rolling 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16120: 16119: 16109: 16104: 16103: 16102: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16030:Eliminationism 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15965:Cancel culture 15962: 15957: 15952: 15951: 15950: 15939: 15937: 15936:Manifestations 15933: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15832:Middle Eastern 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15778: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15673: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15641: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15589: 15587: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15576: 15574:Zoroastrianism 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15539: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15505: 15504: 15503: 15501:Untouchability 15498: 15488: 15483: 15482: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15435: 15433: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15391: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15327:Leprosy stigma 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15183: 15181: 15177: 15176: 15174: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15142: 15141: 15136: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15070: 15068: 15064: 15063: 15061: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15039: 15037: 15033: 15032: 15029:Discrimination 15025: 15024: 15017: 15010: 15002: 14993: 14992: 14988: 14987: 14986: 14985: 14980: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14949: 14948: 14943: 14933: 14927: 14926: 14925: 14923: 14922:Related topics 14919: 14918: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14872: 14868: 14867: 14865: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14838: 14837: 14830: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14802: 14795: 14788: 14781: 14774: 14767: 14760: 14753: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14724: 14722: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14712: 14711: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14699: 14698: 14693: 14680: 14675: 14674: 14673: 14668: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14646: 14645: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14608: 14607: 14597: 14591: 14589: 14583: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14516: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14495: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14478: 14477: 14476: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14455: 14454: 14444: 14443: 14442: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14411: 14409: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14358: 14356: 14352: 14351: 14349: 14348: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14339:Book of Mormon 14331: 14326: 14321: 14315: 14313: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14305: 14303:Zoroastrianism 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14259: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14238: 14237: 14236: 14226: 14225: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14179: 14174: 14168: 14166: 14162: 14161: 14154: 14153: 14146: 14139: 14131: 14125: 14124: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14094:United Nations 14089: 14088:External links 14086: 14085: 14084: 14010: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13995: 13992: 13991: 13985: 13970: 13957: 13951: 13936: 13930: 13914: 13907: 13900: 13882:Scruton, Roger 13870: 13843: 13837:978-1780238968 13836: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13798: 13791: 13777: 13769: 13762: 13755: 13733: 13708: 13702: 13682: 13667: 13660: 13637: 13635: 13634: 13601: 13560: 13554: 13539: 13479: 13467:Robert Dankoff 13458: 13424: 13417: 13397: 13386: 13368:Esposito, John 13352: 13326: 13300: 13287:Radio Pakistan 13274: 13248: 13222: 13207: 13192: 13160: 13130: 13103: 13085: 13052: 13026: 13017:Times of India 13004: 12990: 12970: 12957:www.koausa.org 12943: 12906: 12899: 12877: 12864: 12847: 12840: 12820: 12813: 12793: 12786: 12766: 12739: 12732: 12712: 12705: 12681: 12664: 12658:978-1789140101 12657: 12639: 12633:978-1789140101 12632: 12614: 12607: 12589: 12582: 12564: 12557: 12539: 12532: 12514: 12484: 12471:10.2307/606445 12465:(4): 623–642. 12449: 12436:10.2307/606726 12414: 12407: 12383: 12371: 12361: 12339: 12332: 12312: 12294: 12273: 12249: 12228: 12207: 12186: 12162: 12141: 12117: 12097: 12077: 12071:The New Yorker 12053: 12032: 12008: 11978: 11950: 11918: 11899: 11878: 11859: 11841: 11820: 11792: 11768: 11748: 11723: 11698: 11673: 11648: 11630: 11612: 11594: 11576: 11558: 11532: 11530:(1895), p. 185 11520: 11513: 11489: 11463: 11441: 11416: 11390: 11360: 11334: 11309: 11297:www.rediff.com 11284: 11258: 11246:www.rediff.com 11224: 11198: 11175: 11141: 11111: 11073: 11032: 11008: 10996: 10963: 10937: 10911: 10898: 10891: 10871: 10864: 10844: 10837: 10817: 10809: 10786: 10765: 10736: 10714: 10707: 10689: 10679: 10661: 10654: 10636: 10629: 10611: 10601: 10583: 10572:. 11 June 2015 10557: 10546:. 11 June 2015 10531: 10524: 10506: 10499: 10481: 10468: 10455: 10448: 10430: 10416: 10396: 10382: 10364: 10354: 10336: 10325: 10307: 10297: 10279: 10253: 10243: 10225: 10214: 10196: 10185: 10167: 10151: 10137: 10131:978-0094559400 10130: 10112: 10105: 10087: 10072: 10059: 10052: 10026: 10000: 9988: 9969: 9950: 9935: 9920: 9895: 9888: 9870: 9852:The Watchtower 9838: 9831: 9797: 9733: 9692: 9685: 9658: 9652:978-0802086785 9651: 9614: 9586: 9558: 9540: 9521: 9490: 9464: 9431: 9421: 9411: 9393: 9383: 9365: 9358: 9340: 9333: 9311: 9304: 9281: 9274: 9254: 9241: 9219: 9204: 9197: 9177: 9168: 9146: 9106: 9099: 9081: 9056: 9023: 8997: 8975: 8954: 8928: 8900: 8891:Open Doors USA 8878: 8867: 8841: 8815: 8792: 8766: 8727: 8709: 8683: 8654: 8629: 8610: 8607:. Independent. 8595: 8568: 8550: 8523: 8496: 8470: 8444: 8414: 8405:Defining Ideas 8391: 8375: 8341: 8323: 8297: 8272: 8265: 8247: 8240: 8222: 8213: 8204: 8189: 8182: 8161: 8143: 8123: 8105: 8096: 8089: 8070: 8061: 8057:The Maha-Bodhi 8049: 8045:The Maha-Bodhi 8037: 8027: 8012: 8003: 7994: 7987: 7981:. Penguin UK. 7967: 7960: 7940: 7931: 7917: 7897: 7883: 7863: 7831: 7824: 7804: 7792: 7779: 7766: 7745: 7738: 7720: 7702: 7681:10.2307/128810 7675:(4): 426–441. 7659: 7638: 7620: 7613: 7593: 7574: 7558: 7539: 7530: 7514: 7498: 7489: 7461: 7454: 7434: 7432:(2001), p. 126 7415: 7389: 7364: 7351: 7336: 7321: 7314: 7294: 7279: 7272: 7254: 7235:(3/4): 61–95. 7219: 7188: 7163: 7146: 7127: 7120: 7100: 7091: 7082: 7073: 7064: 7055: 7053:Coffey 2000, 2 7046: 7034: 7009: 7000: 6991: 6982: 6970: 6963: 6943: 6916: 6909: 6889: 6880: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6840: 6828: 6821: 6799: 6792: 6772: 6765: 6730: 6718: 6711: 6676: 6658: 6632: 6607: 6578: 6569: 6563:978-0231187145 6562: 6544: 6513: 6507:978-0754654988 6506: 6488: 6481: 6463: 6456: 6438: 6420: 6399: 6392: 6374: 6365: 6353: 6331: 6324: 6306: 6287:(4): 633–658. 6267: 6260: 6227: 6218: 6211: 6190: 6177: 6170: 6147: 6125: 6105: 6086:(4): 633–658. 6069: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6023:Talibanization 6020: 6018:State religion 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5903: 5898: 5896:Fundamentalism 5893: 5888: 5886:Discrimination 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5777:Baruch Spinoza 5774: 5754: 5743:Giordano Bruno 5718:Main article: 5715: 5712: 5675:Mulla Gushtasp 5656:Islamic school 5585:Main article: 5582: 5579: 5551:Ottoman Empire 5510: 5507: 5405:Jagdish Tytler 5353:to attack the 5225:region of the 5181: 5178: 5167:Main article: 5164: 5161: 5101:administration 5058:Shia community 5030:following the 5020:Anti-religious 4952: 4949: 4861:, Christians ( 4859:ancient Romans 4855:ancient Greeks 4847:Jewish history 4791: 4788: 4665:Pulitzer Prize 4643:Edward Kennedy 4584:Main article: 4581: 4578: 4522: 4519: 4453:Ottoman Empire 4388: 4385: 4372:William Whalen 4368: 4367: 4360: 4359:in April 1951. 4345: 4318: 4283:Islamic states 4247:Main article: 4244: 4241: 4218:Ottoman Empire 4144:Main article: 4141: 4138: 3973:Edict of Milan 3935: 3934: 3904: 3902: 3895: 3864:Greek genocide 3833: 3830: 3796:In Japan, the 3758:Minhaj-i-Siraj 3691:Imperial China 3621: 3618: 3564:Main article: 3561: 3558: 3504:Main article: 3501: 3498: 3434:ancient Greece 3422:Main article: 3419: 3416: 3400:Serer religion 3342:Serer religion 3337: 3334: 3303:of supporting 3248:Dogon religion 3239: 3236: 3209:Main article: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3155:House of Lords 3070: 3067: 3039: 3036: 2987: 2984: 2929: 2926: 2860:Richard Hooker 2850:territoriality 2822:Main article: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2791:Edict of Milan 2753: 2750: 2729: 2726: 2601:Main article: 2582: 2579: 2502: 2499: 2487:atheistic Jews 2411:Greek genocide 2399:Ethnoreligious 2362: 2359: 2341:in the former 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2234:Émile Durkheim 2184: 2181: 2094: 2091: 2083:dehumanization 2032: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1917:Reverse racism 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1887:Prisoner abuse 1884: 1879: 1877:Power distance 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795:Ethnic penalty 1792: 1791: 1790: 1788:Neurodiversity 1785: 1775: 1773:Dehumanization 1770: 1765: 1763:Cisnormativity 1760: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1739:Related topics 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1583:State religion 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1519:Nuremberg Laws 1516: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1461:Ghetto benches 1458: 1456:Gerrymandering 1453: 1448: 1443: 1441:Gender pay gap 1438: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1220:Lavender scare 1217: 1215:Kill Haole Day 1212: 1210:Indian rolling 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1096:Eliminationism 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1031:Cancel culture 1028: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1000:Manifestations 999: 998: 995: 994: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 890:Middle Eastern 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 836: 835: 830: 825: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 731: 730: 725: 720: 710: 705: 700: 699: 698: 693: 688: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 647: 646: 645: 644: 638: 637: 634: 633: 627: 626: 624:Zoroastrianism 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 600: 599: 589: 588: 587: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 555: 554: 553: 551:Untouchability 548: 538: 533: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 501: 496: 491: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 476: 473: 472: 466: 465: 460: 455: 454: 453: 448: 443: 433: 432: 431: 426: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 369:Leprosy stigma 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 208: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 176: 175: 170: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 104: 103: 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 93: 87: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 64: 63: 62: 59: 58: 55: 54: 46: 45: 43:Discrimination 39: 38: 21:Religious bias 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17953: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17933: 17931: 17918: 17913: 17906: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17888: 17885: 17882: 17879: 17876: 17873: 17870: 17867: 17864: 17861: 17858: 17855: 17852: 17849: 17846: 17843: 17840: 17837: 17834: 17831: 17828: 17825: 17822: 17819: 17816: 17813: 17810: 17807: 17804: 17801: 17798: 17795: 17792: 17789: 17784: 17781: 17778: 17775: 17772: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17765:Yugoslav Wars 17763: 17760: 17757: 17752: 17751:Big Excursion 17749: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17740: 17737: 17734: 17731: 17728: 17725: 17722: 17719: 17716: 17713: 17708: 17705: 17702: 17699: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17688: 17685: 17682: 17679: 17676: 17673: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17664: 17661: 17658: 17655: 17652: 17649: 17646: 17643: 17640: 17637: 17634: 17631: 17628: 17625: 17622: 17619: 17616: 17613: 17610: 17607: 17604: 17601: 17598: 17595: 17592: 17589: 17586: 17583: 17580: 17577: 17574: 17571: 17568: 17565: 17562: 17561:The Holocaust 17559: 17556: 17553: 17550: 17547: 17544: 17541: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17500: 17497: 17494: 17491: 17488: 17485: 17481: 17478: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17469: 17466: 17463: 17460: 17457: 17456:Dungan Revolt 17454: 17451: 17448: 17445: 17442: 17439: 17436: 17433: 17430: 17427: 17424: 17421: 17418: 17415: 17412: 17409: 17406: 17403: 17400: 17397: 17394: 17391: 17388: 17385: 17382: 17379: 17376: 17373: 17370: 17367: 17364: 17361: 17358: 17355: 17352: 17349: 17346: 17343: 17340: 17337: 17334: 17331: 17328: 17325: 17322: 17319: 17316: 17313: 17310: 17307: 17304: 17303: 17301: 17297: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17270:State atheism 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17165:Deprogramming 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17147: 17145: 17141: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17117:Protestantism 17115: 17113: 17110: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17098: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17073: 17072: 17069: 17068: 17067: 17064: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17051: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17032:LDS or Mormon 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17014: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16994: 16990: 16986: 16982: 16978: 16971: 16966: 16964: 16959: 16957: 16952: 16951: 16948: 16936: 16928: 16926: 16918: 16917: 16914: 16908: 16905: 16901: 16898: 16897: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16885:Social stigma 16883: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16865: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16832: 16829: 16828: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16755: 16752: 16751: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16694: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16659: 16657: 16653: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16575: 16572: 16571: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16530: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16508:State atheism 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16473: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16444:Jim Crow laws 16442: 16441: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16429:One-drop rule 16427: 16425: 16423: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16356: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16344:Blood quantum 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16331: 16329: 16323: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16291:Victimisation 16289: 16287: 16286:Trans bashing 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16256:Religious war 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16236:Racialization 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16186: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16107:Glass ceiling 16105: 16101: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16050:Ethnic hatred 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15985:Counter-jihad 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15949: 15946: 15945: 15944: 15941: 15940: 15938: 15934: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15776: 15775:United States 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15762: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15657: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15639: 15638:United States 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15625: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15581: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15559:Protestantism 15557: 15555: 15552: 15548: 15545: 15544: 15543: 15540: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15515: 15514: 15511: 15510: 15509: 15506: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15474:LDS or Mormon 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15456: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15432: 15428: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15404:Transmisogyny 15402: 15400: 15397: 15396: 15395: 15392: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15307:Gerontophobia 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15227:Anti-intersex 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15202:Anti-albinism 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15178: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15131: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15071: 15069: 15065: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15043:Institutional 15041: 15040: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15023: 15018: 15016: 15011: 15009: 15004: 15003: 15000: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14975: 14974: 14973:Superstitions 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14938: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14928: 14924: 14920: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14869: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14831: 14829: 14828: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14817: 14815: 14814: 14810: 14808: 14807: 14803: 14801: 14800: 14796: 14794: 14793: 14789: 14787: 14786: 14782: 14780: 14779: 14775: 14773: 14772: 14768: 14766: 14765: 14761: 14759: 14758: 14754: 14752: 14751: 14747: 14745: 14744: 14740: 14738: 14737: 14733: 14731: 14730: 14726: 14725: 14723: 14721: 14717: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14688: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14663: 14662: 14659: 14655: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14647: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14606: 14603: 14602: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14547:Protestantism 14545: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14500: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14487: 14484: 14483: 14482: 14479: 14475: 14472: 14471: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14453: 14450: 14449: 14448: 14445: 14441: 14438: 14437: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14408: 14404: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14353: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14310: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14243: 14242: 14239: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14230: 14227: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14202:Protestantism 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14169: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14152: 14147: 14145: 14140: 14138: 14133: 14132: 14129: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14095: 14092: 14091: 14081: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14064: 14063:11250/2977936 14059: 14054: 14049: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14008: 14004: 14003: 13988: 13982: 13978: 13977: 13971: 13967: 13963: 13958: 13954: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13937: 13933: 13927: 13923: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13911: 13903: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13888: 13883: 13877: 13875: 13858: 13854: 13847: 13839: 13833: 13829: 13828: 13820: 13808: 13804: 13799: 13796: 13792: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13778: 13775: 13771: 13770: 13766: 13758: 13752: 13747: 13746: 13737: 13722: 13718: 13712: 13705: 13703:9781576079935 13699: 13695: 13694: 13686: 13679:, p. 125 13678: 13671: 13663: 13661:90-04-09796-1 13657: 13653: 13646: 13644: 13642: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13561: 13557: 13551: 13548:. Routledge. 13547: 13546: 13540: 13536: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13518: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13487: 13486: 13483: 13477:, pp. 169–171 13476: 13475:0-7914-0640-7 13472: 13468: 13462: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13428: 13420: 13414: 13410: 13409: 13401: 13393: 13389: 13387:9780195305135 13383: 13379: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13365: 13359: 13357: 13341: 13337: 13330: 13315: 13311: 13304: 13288: 13284: 13278: 13263: 13259: 13252: 13236: 13232: 13226: 13218: 13211: 13203: 13196: 13180: 13176: 13175: 13170: 13164: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13134: 13120: 13116: 13115: 13107: 13099: 13095: 13089: 13082: 13070: 13066: 13059: 13057: 13041: 13037: 13030: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13008: 12993: 12987: 12983: 12982: 12974: 12958: 12954: 12947: 12939: 12933: 12917: 12910: 12902: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12887:"Mirpur 1947" 12881: 12874: 12868: 12860: 12859: 12851: 12843: 12841:9780231800846 12837: 12833: 12832: 12824: 12816: 12814:9781849046213 12810: 12806: 12805: 12797: 12789: 12787:9789401192316 12783: 12779: 12778: 12770: 12754: 12750: 12743: 12735: 12729: 12725: 12724: 12716: 12708: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12693: 12685: 12677: 12676: 12668: 12660: 12654: 12650: 12643: 12635: 12629: 12625: 12618: 12610: 12604: 12600: 12593: 12585: 12579: 12575: 12568: 12560: 12554: 12550: 12543: 12535: 12529: 12525: 12518: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12453: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12418: 12410: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12395: 12387: 12378: 12376: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12343: 12335: 12329: 12325: 12324: 12316: 12308: 12304: 12298: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12277: 12270: 12266: 12265: 12260: 12253: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12232: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12211: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12190: 12182: 12178: 12177: 12172: 12166: 12158: 12157: 12152: 12145: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12128: 12121: 12113: 12112: 12107: 12101: 12093: 12092: 12087: 12081: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12060: 12058: 12049: 12048: 12047:BuzzFeed News 12043: 12036: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12019: 12012: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11982: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11954: 11938: 11934: 11933: 11928: 11922: 11914: 11910: 11903: 11895: 11894: 11889: 11882: 11874: 11870: 11863: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11837: 11836: 11831: 11824: 11808: 11807: 11802: 11796: 11789: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11772: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11752: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11712: 11711:www.ohchr.org 11708: 11702: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11662: 11658: 11652: 11644: 11640: 11634: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11608: 11604: 11598: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11529: 11524: 11516: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11501: 11493: 11478: 11474: 11467: 11451: 11445: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11405: 11401: 11394: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11348: 11344: 11338: 11323: 11319: 11313: 11298: 11294: 11288: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11212: 11208: 11202: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11184: 11179: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11145: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11080: 11078: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11029: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11005: 11000: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10967: 10951: 10950:Dhaka Tribune 10947: 10941: 10926: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10902: 10894: 10892:90-411-1350-9 10888: 10884: 10883: 10875: 10867: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10848: 10840: 10834: 10830: 10829: 10821: 10812: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10790: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10754: 10750: 10749:David Kilgour 10746: 10740: 10724: 10718: 10710: 10708:9780966293203 10704: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10682: 10680:9780810868366 10676: 10672: 10665: 10657: 10655:9781593765521 10651: 10647: 10640: 10632: 10630:9781317096733 10626: 10622: 10615: 10608: 10604: 10602:9789004207424 10598: 10594: 10587: 10571: 10567: 10561: 10545: 10541: 10535: 10527: 10525:9781317096726 10521: 10518:. Routledge. 10517: 10510: 10502: 10500:9781440853531 10496: 10492: 10485: 10478: 10475:Goren, Haim. 10472: 10465: 10459: 10451: 10449:9781440853531 10445: 10441: 10434: 10419: 10413: 10409: 10408: 10400: 10393: 10391: 10385: 10383:9780230595989 10379: 10375: 10368: 10361: 10357: 10355:9780030525964 10351: 10347: 10340: 10333: 10328: 10326:9780199862634 10322: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10300: 10298:9781135980795 10294: 10290: 10283: 10267: 10263: 10257: 10250: 10246: 10244:9789004064126 10240: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10217: 10215:9781440865039 10211: 10207: 10200: 10193: 10188: 10186:9781442246171 10182: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10160: 10155: 10147: 10141: 10133: 10127: 10123: 10116: 10108: 10102: 10098: 10091: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10063: 10055: 10049: 10045: 10040: 10039: 10030: 10014: 10010: 10004: 9992: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9965: 9961: 9954: 9946: 9939: 9931: 9924: 9909: 9905: 9899: 9891: 9885: 9881: 9874: 9858: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9842: 9834: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9801: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9738: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9704: 9696: 9688: 9686:9780281076208 9682: 9678: 9677:Penguin Books 9674: 9673: 9668: 9662: 9654: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9631: 9630: 9624: 9623:Penton, James 9618: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9562: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9478: 9477: 9468: 9452: 9448: 9443: 9435: 9425: 9418: 9414: 9412:9789774160936 9408: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9386: 9384:9789774160936 9380: 9376: 9369: 9361: 9359:9780805440737 9355: 9351: 9344: 9336: 9334:9789004252783 9330: 9326: 9322: 9315: 9307: 9301: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9290:Marina Rustow 9285: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9266: 9258: 9251: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9215: 9208: 9200: 9194: 9190: 9189: 9181: 9172: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9124: 9116: 9110: 9102: 9100:9789774160936 9096: 9092: 9085: 9077: 9073: 9068: 9060: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9027: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8971: 8966: 8958: 8943: 8939: 8932: 8917: 8912: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8875: 8871: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8803: 8796: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8755: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8647: 8640: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8614: 8606: 8599: 8583: 8579: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8538: 8534: 8527: 8511: 8507: 8500: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8355:The Telegraph 8352: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8268: 8266:9781316546277 8262: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8241:9780878086085 8237: 8233: 8226: 8217: 8208: 8200: 8193: 8185: 8183:9780199717590 8179: 8175: 8168: 8166: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8127: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8100: 8092: 8090:9780226356501 8086: 8082: 8081: 8074: 8065: 8058: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8031: 8024:. p. 41. 8023: 8016: 8007: 7998: 7990: 7988:9789351186588 7984: 7980: 7979: 7971: 7963: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7944: 7935: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7901: 7886: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7783: 7776: 7770: 7763: 7762:0-88141-179-5 7759: 7755: 7749: 7741: 7739:9780765801319 7735: 7731: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7648: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7597: 7591: 7590:9987-9322-2-3 7587: 7583: 7578: 7572: 7571:1-4269-7117-6 7568: 7562: 7556: 7555:9987-9322-2-3 7552: 7546: 7544: 7534: 7528: 7527:1-57505-951-7 7524: 7518: 7512: 7511:0-8160-4472-4 7508: 7502: 7493: 7478: 7473: 7465: 7457: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7438: 7431: 7427: 7425: 7419: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7361: 7355: 7348: 7347: 7340: 7333: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7298: 7292: 7290: 7283: 7275: 7273:90-411-0177-2 7269: 7265: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7159: 7153: 7151: 7142: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7123: 7121:0-16-044525-6 7117: 7113: 7112: 7104: 7095: 7086: 7077: 7068: 7059: 7050: 7041: 7039: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7014: 7004: 6995: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6966: 6964:9780198261933 6960: 6956: 6955: 6947: 6941: 6937: 6936:0-8091-2702-4 6933: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6893: 6884: 6875: 6866: 6857: 6850: 6844: 6835: 6833: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6776: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6737: 6735: 6728: 6722: 6714: 6712:9781136334764 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6583: 6573: 6565: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6503: 6500:. Routledge. 6499: 6492: 6484: 6482:9781134021048 6478: 6474: 6467: 6459: 6457:9781108849210 6453: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6395: 6393:9781400850716 6389: 6385: 6378: 6369: 6360: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6261:9781139492416 6257: 6253: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6222: 6214: 6212:9781108849210 6208: 6204: 6197: 6195: 6187: 6181: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6070: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6045: 6042:In 2017, the 6039: 6035: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:State atheism 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003:Religious war 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5851:Blasphemy law 5849: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5832: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5813:pantheisticic 5810: 5809:God of Israel 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5687:Qajar dynasty 5684: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5559:Islamic State 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5539:devil worship 5536: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5487:25 March 2020 5483: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5393:assassination 5390: 5386: 5385:Indira Gandhi 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5355:Golden Temple 5352: 5348: 5347:Indira Gandhi 5344: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5301:Golden Temple 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5176: 5170: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5121:the Holocaust 5118: 5117:legal process 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5047: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5032:Hama Massacre 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4933:the Holocaust 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4917:Martin Luther 4914: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895:Sicut Judaeis 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4840: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674:Pakistan Army 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4616:Wilson Center 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4594:Ruins of the 4592: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4570:Ethan Gutmann 4567: 4566:David Kilgour 4563: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4427:Ismaili Islam 4424: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4255: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4040:proselytising 4037: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3965:first century 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3931: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3905:This section 3903: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3789:, Tibet, and 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3709:, in 1926 in 3708: 3704: 3703: 3699:of which the 3698: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3646:Chakma people 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3506:State atheism 3500:State atheism 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442:Muslim worlds 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372:King War Jabi 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3346:Serer history 3343: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107:Mehdi Ghezali 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3053:Old Believers 3050: 3046: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3028:New Testament 3025: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2922:secular state 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698:British Isles 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2670:Protestantism 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2529:Blasphemy law 2526: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2491:orthodox Jews 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391:ethnic groups 2388: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2367: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2297: 2294: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265:Gillian Clark 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2217:Brian J. Grim 2211: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:social groups 2190: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131:right to life 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2078:antireligious 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:human history 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1971:Social stigma 1969: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 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bashing 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320:Religious war 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1302:Racialization 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1173:Glass ceiling 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1116:Ethnic hatred 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1051:Counter-jihad 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 997: 996: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 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17507:(1922–1991) 17476:(1913–1922) 17012:Christianity 17002:Baháʼí Faith 16976: 16719:Gender-blind 16606:Human rights 16434:Racial quota 16421: 16401:Jewish quota 16381:Gerontocracy 16376:Gender roles 16354:Disabilities 16339:Blood purity 16311:Wife selling 16301:White flight 16281:Slut-shaming 16261:Scapegoating 16240: 16179:Murder music 15852:Palestinians 15670:South Africa 15655:Black people 15633:South Africa 15454:Christianity 15444:Baháʼí Faith 15372:Sectarianism 15312:Heterosexism 15277:Ephebiphobia 15242:Antisemitism 15237:Anti-Masonry 15104:Hair texture 14832: 14825: 14818: 14811: 14804: 14797: 14790: 14783: 14776: 14769: 14762: 14755: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14648: 14600:Christianity 14577:Zorostianism 14508:Anti-Judaism 14503:Antisemitism 14447:Christianity 14425:Bahá'i Faith 14182:Christianity 14172:Baháˈí Faith 14031: 14027: 14021: 14006: 13975: 13965: 13941: 13920: 13910: 13886: 13861:. 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Retrieved 6531:the original 6526: 6516: 6497: 6491: 6472: 6466: 6447: 6441: 6432: 6423: 6415: 6412:academia.edu 6411: 6402: 6383: 6377: 6368: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6315: 6309: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6251: 6221: 6202: 6185: 6180: 6160: 6130: 6115: 6108: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 5801:Hebrew Bible 5768: 5729: 5679:Zand dynasty 5672: 5645: 5636:fire temples 5630:Zoroastrian 5629: 5621:fire temples 5602: 5528: 5503: 5484: 5464:Bill Clinton 5449: 5436: 5430: 5426:Rajiv Gandhi 5409:Sajjan Kumar 5382: 5367: 5349:ordered the 5340: 5325: 5313: 5278: 5271: 5257: 5255: 5213: 5153: 5137: 5115:without any 5086: 5072:The ongoing 5071: 5066: 5063: 5054:Saudi Arabia 5051: 5043: 5035: 5005: 4978: 4957:Islamophobia 4937: 4927:and justify 4921:anti-Judaism 4910: 4885:include the 4844: 4837: 4796:Antisemitism 4769: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4605: 4552:forced labor 4538: 4481:a prominent 4479:Ibn Taymiyya 4477: 4457:Egypt Eyalet 4412: 4369: 4349:Soviet Union 4291:Nazi Germany 4271:World War II 4260: 4230: 4187: 4155: 4133: 4114: 4103: 4095: 4089:, India and 4048: 4033: 3957:Roman Empire 3938: 3928:January 2021 3925: 3916:You can help 3906: 3818: 3795: 3779:Vikramashila 3738:iconoclastic 3731: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3677: 3650:Jumma people 3611: 3579: 3577: 3569: 3546:Eastern bloc 3543:World War II 3528: 3509: 3482:Saudi Arabia 3427: 3408:medieval era 3356:Serer people 3353: 3307:groups like 3289:Tidiani Tall 3286: 3254:Dogon people 3251: 3244:Dogon people 3232:marginalized 3228:Christianity 3214: 3182:human rights 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3140: 3131: 3111:Murat Kurnaz 3091:Islamophobia 3084: 3079:Donald Trump 3069:Contemporary 3063: 3041: 3017: 3005: 3000: 2992: 2989: 2979: 2971: 2951: 2942: 2934:early modern 2931: 2902:Pierre Bayle 2899: 2864: 2853: 2849: 2846:state church 2839: 2776: 2752:Roman Empire 2746:Zoroastrians 2731: 2718:high treason 2687: 2654:Richard Gwyn 2623: 2606: 2560: 2536: 2483:secular Jews 2475:perpetrators 2447:antisemitism 2442: 2431: 2409:such as the 2376: 2371:yellow stars 2354: 2336: 2318: 2315: 2290: 2281: 2268: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2189:sociological 2186: 2178: 2156:Examples of 2155: 2147:civil rights 2123:intimidation 2098: 2096: 2075: 2047:lack thereof 2038: 2037: 2035: 1805:Gender-blind 1684:Human rights 1504:Racial quota 1491: 1471:Jewish quota 1451:Gerontocracy 1446:Gender roles 1424:Disabilities 1409:Blood purity 1375:Wife selling 1365:White flight 1345:Slut-shaming 1325:Scapegoating 1245:Murder music 910:Palestinians 728:South Africa 713:Black people 691:South Africa 504:Christianity 494:Baháʼí Faith 414:Sectarianism 354:Heterosexism 319:Ephebiphobia 284:Antisemitism 279:Anti-Masonry 138:Hair texture 17853:(2014–2017) 17841:(2014–2017) 17835:(2013–2016) 17773:(1992–1996) 17735:(1975–1979) 17729:(1975–1990) 17635:(1948–1980) 17581:(1945–1989) 17575:(1945–1989) 17569:(1941–1945) 17563:(1939–1945) 17551:(1936–1975) 17536:legislation 17501:(1917–1990) 17495:(1915–1923) 17489:(1914–1924) 17470:(1912–1913) 17458:(1862–1877) 17440:(1857–1858) 17434:(1789–1801) 17422:(1683–1922) 17416:(1673–1829) 17410:(1609–1614) 17404:(1562–1598) 17398:(1561–1812) 17392:(1526–1791) 17386:(1522–1712) 17380:(1500–1526) 17356:(1184–1908) 17354:Inquisition 17265:Segregation 17230:Intolerance 17170:Desecration 17112:Neopaganism 17105:Persecution 17071:Persecution 17054:Persecution 17017:Catholicism 16621:Nonviolence 16616:LGBT rights 16581:Empowerment 16549:Anti-racism 16471:Segregation 16416:No kid zone 16216:Persecution 16129:Hate speech 16080:Gay bashing 16055:Ethnic joke 16010:Dog whistle 15955:Blood libel 15650:Azerbaijani 15554:Neopaganism 15547:Persecution 15513:Persecution 15496:Persecution 15459:Catholicism 15394:Transphobia 15377:Supremacism 15332:Lesbophobia 15247:Aporophobia 15207:Anti-autism 15058:Taste-based 15053:Statistical 14904:New Atheism 14877:Agnosticism 14682:By country 14649:Persecution 14562:Sunni Islam 14525:Neopaganism 14513:Persecution 14486:Persecution 14474:Persecution 14435:Catholicism 14372:Ellen White 14288:Scientology 14283:Neopaganism 14165:By religion 14046:: 103–131. 13745:On Socrates 13241:23 November 12997:21 February 12493:McLeod, Hew 12001:18 December 11971:24 November 11456:22 November 11450:"Seleucidæ" 11429:ucanews.com 10782:John Briggs 10745:David Matas 10570:thestar.com 9714:: 319–342. 9457:22 December 9449:(opinion). 8856:(in German) 8316:13 December 8290:13 December 7633:reuters.com 6744:"Ethnonyms" 6625:24 February 6600:10 December 6135:against an 5948:Persecution 5609:Zoroastrian 5497:shrine) in 5476:Indian Army 5351:Indian Army 5316:Afghanistan 5273:Sant-Sipāhī 4993:polytheists 4944:hate crimes 4903:Reconquista 4710:Jersey City 4562:David Matas 4503:polytheists 4407:Nusra Front 4355:as part of 4340:or holding 4281:, and many 4059:Afghanistan 4051:North Korea 3819:During the 3800:during the 3791:South India 3770:Vikramshila 3719:Bai Chongxi 3554:Enver Hoxha 3450:Afghanistan 3446:Middle Ages 3444:during the 3293:Senegambian 3200:By religion 3123:Afghanistan 3103:Popish Plot 3032:Joseph Hall 2976:John Coffey 2949:magnum opus 2887:Catholicism 2787:monotheists 2761:Saint Peter 2728:By location 2708:politician 2702:Titus Oates 2690:Popish Plot 2619:issued his 2617:Pope Pius V 2615:. 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London: 9641:. p. 9607:25 October 9579:25 October 9198:1566633400 8559:"About Us" 8437:10 January 8118:Al Jazeera 7856:14 October 7652:20 January 7430:Afro Media 7428:Volume 7, 7383:; (1965). 7021:John Locke 6537:20 October 6066:References 5943:Oppression 5724:See also: 5692:Azerbaijan 5619:destroyed 5523:See also: 5395:following 5389:bodyguards 5318:until the 5243:Guru Arjan 5184:See also: 5173:See also: 5140:Xi Jinping 5078:Gang rapes 4965:See also: 4871:Protestant 4774:sentenced 4706:Dotbusters 4697:New Jersey 4693:Dotbusters 4541:Falun Gong 4531:610 Office 4423:Isma'ilism 4380:Rutherford 4338:literature 4332:until the 4263:mob action 4150:See also: 4044:Open Doors 4002:Christians 3850:See also: 3762:Odantapuri 3715:Kuomintang 3466:Mauritania 3380:Sharia law 3368:Mauritania 3282:Bandiagara 3143:harassment 3095:Whig Party 3077:President 3049:Torquemada 2974:(2000) by 2945:W.K.Jordan 2906:John Locke 2779:evangelism 2767:See also: 2666:Queen Mary 2621:papal bull 2548:dissenters 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