Ableism - Knowledge

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physicians believed that people with a significant disability had a lower quality of life than those without disabilities. Data from the 1994–1995 National Health Interview Survey-Disability Supplement has shown that those with disabilities have lower life expectancies than those without them. While that can be explained by a myriad of factors, one of the factors is the ableism experienced by those with disabilities in clinical settings. Those with disabilities may be more hesitant to seek care when needed due to barriers created by ableism such as dentist chairs that are not accessible or offices that are filled with bright lights and noises that can be triggering.

2912:, a 46-year-old quadriplegic in Austin, Texas named Michael Hickson was denied treatment for COVID-19, sepsis, and a urinary tract infection and died 6 days after treatment was withheld. His physician was quoted as having said that he had a "preference to treat patients who can walk and talk." The physician also had stated that Hickson's brain injury made him have not much of a quality of life. Several complaints have since been filed with the Texas Office of Civil Rights and many disability advocacy groups have become involved in the case. 3398: 8438: 6490: 2452: 2732:. Essentially, this law implemented sterilization practices for all people who had what were considered hereditary disabilities. For example, disabilities such as mental illness, blindness and deafness were all considered hereditary diseases; therefore, people with these disabilities were sterilized. The law also created propaganda against people with disabilities; people with disabilities were displayed as unimportant towards progressing the Aryan race. 3029: 3412: 3278: 6500: 40: 2978:

healthcare providers preferred patients without disabilities to those with disabilities. This policy is especially concerning since according to the CDC, people with disabilities are at a heightened risk for contracting COVID-19. Additionally, in the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK, people with intellectual disabilities were told that they will not be resuscitated if they become ill with COVID-19.

8448: 2739:, which authorized the killing of selected patients diagnosed with chronic neurological and psychiatric disorders. This program killed about 70,000 disabled people before it was officially halted by Hitler in 1941 under public pressure, and it was unofficially continued out of the public eye, killing a total of 200,000 or more by the end of Hitler's reign in 1945. 2835:. In addition, the amendments create a legal basis for significantly expanding opportunities to protect the rights of persons with disabilities, including in the administrative procedure and in court. The law defined specific obligations that all owners of facilities and service providers must fulfill to create conditions for disabled people equal to the rest. 2852:(EEOC) plays a part in fighting against ableism by being responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. 3130:

is also disabled. Luke's prosthetic hand looks lifelike, whereas Darth Vader appears robotic and emotionless because his appearance does not resemble humans and takes away human emotions. The Joker is a villain with a mental illness, and he is an example of the typical depiction of associating mental

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Ableism is prevalent in the many different divisions of healthcare, whether that be in prison systems, the legal or policy side of healthcare, and clinical settings. The following subsections will explore the ways in which ableism makes its way into these areas of focus through the inaccessibility of

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Sports are often an area of society in which ableism is evident. In sports media, disabled athletes are often portrayed to be inferior. When disabled athletes are discussed in the media, there is often an emphasis on rehabilitation and the road to recovery, which is inherently a negative view on the

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and a wheelchair user as a "drooling, misshapen, non-extreme-trail-running husk of former self", and said that the advertisement promised non-disabled runners and hikers the ability to protect their bodies against disability by purchasing the pair of shoes. The advertisement was withdrawn after the

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The social model of disability suggests that people with impairments are disabled at the result of the way society acts. When students with disabilities are pulled out of their classrooms into receive the support that they need, that often leads their peers to socially reject them because they don't

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counseling, and the inability of prisoners to take part in decision-making regarding their medical treatment. The usage of psychologists employed by the correctional services organization and the lack of confidentiality in therapeutic sessions also present barriers for disabled prisoners. That makes

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are another example of the supercrip stereotype since they generate a large amount of media attention and demonstrate disabled people doing extremely strenuous physical tasks. Although that may appear inspiring at face value, Hehir explains that many people with disabilities view those news stories

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Implementing the social model within modern forms of inclusive education provides children of all abilities with the role of changing discriminatory attitudes within the school system. For example, a disabled student may need to read text instead of listening to a tape recording of the text. In the

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Just as in every other facet of life, ableism is present in clinical healthcare settings. A 2021 study of over 700 physicians in the United States found that only 56.5% "strongly agreed that they welcomed patients with disability into their practices." The same study also found that 82.4% of these

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and general education classrooms. Oftentimes, the medical model of disability portrays the overarching idea that disability can be corrected and diminished at the result of removing children from general education classrooms. This model of disability suggests that the impairment is more important

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In many forms of media such as films and articles a disabled person is portrayed as a character who is viewed as less than able, different, and an "outcast." Hayes and Black (2003) explore Hollywood films as the discourse of pity towards disability as a problem of social, physical, and emotional

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One common form of media depiction of disability is to portray villains with a mental or physical disability. Lindsey Row-Heyveld notes, for instance, "that villainous pirates are scraggly, wizened and inevitably kitted out with a peg leg, eye patch or hook hand, whereas heroic pirates look like

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measures and updated healthcare protocols. Discriminatory medical treatment also takes place through the withholding of proper diets, medications, and assistance (equipment and interpreters), in addition to failures to adequately train prison staff. Insufficient medical accommodations can worsen

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The provision of effective healthcare for people with disabilities in criminal justice institutions is an important issue because the percentage of disabled people in such facilities has been shown to be larger than the percentage in the general population. A lack of prioritization on working to

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was put in place and provides legislation that there should be no workplace discrimination. Under the act, all employers have a duty to make reasonable adjustments for their disabled employees to help them overcome any disadvantages resulting from the impairment. Failure to carry out reasonable

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In the United States, the population of older adults in the criminal justice system is growing rapidly, but older prisoners' healthcare needs are not being sufficiently met. One specific issue includes a lack of preparation for correctional officers to be able to identify geriatric disability.

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Ableism has long been a serious concern in healthcare policy, and the COVID-19 pandemic has greatly exaggerated and highlighted the prevalence of this serious concern. Studies frequently show what a "headache" patients with disabilities are for the healthcare system. In a 2020 study, 83.6% of

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was put in place to prohibit private employers, state and local government, employment agencies and labor unions from discrimination against qualified disabled people in job applications, when hiring, firing, advancement in workplace, compensation, training, and on other terms, conditions and

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There are stereotypes which are either associated with disability in general, or they are associated with specific impairments or chronic health conditions (for instance the presumption that all disabled people want to be cured, the presumption that wheelchair users also have an intellectual

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Several states, including Alabama, Arizona, Kansas, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, and Washington allow healthcare providers, in times of crisis, to triage based on the perceived quality of life of the patients, which tends to be perceived as lower for those with disabilities. In Alabama, a

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past, schools have focused on fixing the disability, but progressive reforms make schools now focused on minimizing the impact of a student's disability and giving support. Moreover, schools are required to maximize access to their entire community. In 2004, U.S. Congress made into law the

2883:-deals can create the conditions for long-term employment for people with disabilities by creating jobs that fit each employee's abilities, interests, and career aspirations. Agents can represent people with disabilities and help them negotiate their unique employment terms, but successful 3166:. Athletes with disabilities often get praised as inspirational because of their athletic accomplishments. Critics of this type of inspiration porn have said, "athletic accomplishments by these athletes are oversimplified as 'inspirational' because they're such a surprise." 2789:

Part 2, chapter 1, section 6, of the Equality Act 2010 states that "A person (P) has a disability if (a) P has a physical or mental impairment, and (b) the impairment has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on P's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities."

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is a disabled person discriminating against themself and other disabled people by holding the view that disability is something to be ashamed of or something to hide or by refusing accessibility or support. Internalised ableism may be a result of mistreatment of disabled

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Although ableism and disablism are both terms which describe disability discrimination, the emphasis for each of these terms is slightly different. Ableism is discrimination in favor of non-disabled people, while disablism is discrimination against disabled people.

2775:. The Equality Act 2010 brought together protections against multiple areas of discriminatory behavior (disability, race, religion and belief, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age and pregnancy – the so-called "protected characteristics"). 3329:

Medical ableism exists both interpersonally (as healthcare providers can be ableist) and systemically, as decisions determined by medical institutions and caregivers may prevent the exercise of rights from disabled patients like autonomy and making decisions. The

2868:(JAN)), and accommodation costs may be offset by the savings associated with employing people with disabilities (higher performance, lower turnover costs). Moreover, organizational interventions that support workplace inclusion of the most vulnerable, such as 3310:

athlete to compete in the Olympic games. While media coverage focused on inspiration and competition during his time in the Paralympic games, it shifted to questioning whether his prosthetic legs gave him an advantage while competing in the Olympic games.

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is the use of disabled people performing ordinary tasks as a form of inspiration. Criticisms of inspiration porn say that it distances disabled people from individuals who are not disabled and portrays disability as an obstacle to overcome or rehab.

2574:). Ableism characterizes people as they are defined by their disabilities and it also classifies disabled people as people who are inferior to non-disabled people. On this basis, people are assigned or denied certain perceived abilities, skills, or 5398: 3230:

Disability has often been used as a short-hand in environmental literature for representing distance from nature, in what Sarah Jaquette Ray calls the "disability-equals-alienation-from-nature trope." An example of this trope can be seen in

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and denied certain rights for a majority of American history. In the 1800s, a shift from a religious view to a more scientific view took place and caused more individuals with disabilities to be examined. Public stigma began to change after

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The supercrip narrative is generally a story of a person with an apparent disability who is able to "overcome" their physical differences and accomplish an impressive task. Professor Thomas Hehir's "Eliminating Ableism in Education" gives

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as setting unrealistic expectations. Additionally, Hehir mentions that supercrip stories imply that disabled people are required to perform those impressive tasks to be seen as an equal and to avoid pity from those without disabilities.

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Employers and managers are often concerned about the potential cost associated with providing accommodations to employees with disabilities. However, many accommodations have a cost of $ 0 (59% in a survey of employers conducted by the

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Cultural ableism is behavioural, cultural, attitudinal and social patterns that may discriminate against disabled people, including by denying, dismissing or invisibilising disabled people, and by making accessibility and support

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confinement. The aspect of pity is heightened through the storylines of media focusing on the individual's weaknesses as opposed to strengths and therefore leaving audiences a negative and ableist portrayal towards disability.

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form relationships with them in the classroom. By using the social model of disability, inclusive schools where the social norm is not to alienate students can promote more teamwork and less division throughout their campuses.

2815:. The movement was intended to give all individuals with disabilities equal rights and opportunities. Until the 1970s, ableism in the United States was often codified into law. For example, in many jurisdictions, so-called " 2968:

Regarding that underrecognition of disability, further improvement is needed in training programs to allow officers to learn when and how to provide proper healthcare intervention and treatment for older adult prisoners.

3366:, not considering the opinion of the disabled person in important decision making, invasion of privacy or personal boundaries, forced corrective measures, unwanted help, not listening to the disabled person, etc. 3107:". The disability of the villain is meant to separate them from the average viewer and dehumanize the antagonist. As a result, stigma forms surrounding the disability and the individuals that live with it. 2916:

ventilator-rationing scheme put in place during the pandemic enabled healthcare providers to exclude patients with disabilities from treatment; such patients were those who required assistance with various

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it more difficult for prisoners with disabilities to express discontentment about problems in the available healthcare since it may later complicate their release from the prison.

2879:-deals), individually negotiated work arrangements (e.g., flexible schedules, working from home), can also serve as an important work accommodation for persons with disabilities. 5648:

Fandrey, Walter: Krüppel, Idioten, Irre: zur Sozialgeschichte behinderter Menschen in Deutschland (Cripples, idiots, madmen: the social history of disabled people in Germany)

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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was ratified. The document establishes the inadmissibility of discrimination on the basis of disability, including in

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Under the Equality Act 2010, there are prohibitions addressing several forms of discrimination including direct discrimination (s.13), indirect discrimination (s.6, s.19),

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Watts, Ivan Eugene; Erevelles, Nirmala (January 2004). "These Deadly Times: Reconceptualizing School Violence by Using Critical Race Theory and Disability Studies".

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Limited access to medical care in prisons consists of long waiting times to meet with physicians and to consistently receive treatment, as well as the absence of

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Iezzoni, Lisa I.; Rao, Sowmya R.; Ressalam, Julie; Bolcic-Jankovic, Dragana; Agaronnik, Nicole D.; Donelan, Karen; Lagu, Tara; Campbell, Eric G. (2021-02-01).

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These common ways of framing disability are heavily criticized for being dehumanizing and failing to place importance on the perspectives of disabled people.

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describes how those narratives reinforce the problematic idea that disability can be overcome by an individual's hard work, in contrast to other theories,

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Structural ableism is failing to provide accessibility tools: ramps, wheelchairs, special education equipments, etc. (Which is often also an example of

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Hostile ableism is a cultural or social kind of ableism where people are hostile towards symptoms of a disability or phenotypes of the disabled person.

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Forman-Hoffman, Valerie L.; Ault, Kimberly L.; Anderson, Wayne L.; Weiner, Joshua M.; Stevens, Alissa; Campbell, Vincent A.; Armour, Brian S. (2015).

3362:), instead of considering them full grown adults. Examples include ignoring disabilities, not respecting the life experiences of the disabled person, 3264:

advertisement, which ran in eleven outdoor magazines promoting a pair of running shoes. Kafer alleged that the advertisement depicted a person with a

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Pädagogik bei geistigen Behinderungen: ein Handbuch für Studium und Praxis (Education for intellectual disabilities: A manual for study and practice)

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In ableist societies, the lives of disabled people is considered less worth living, or disabled people less valuable, even sometimes expendable. The

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Ableism can be further understood by reading literature which is written and published by those who experience disability and ableism first-hand.

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There are many instances in literature where the antagonist is depicted as having a disability or mental illness. Some common examples include

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in London. Along with United States' Katy Sullivan (1418) and Germany's Vanessa Low (1181). Seen competing in the Women's 100-meter sprint.

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In Canada, the usage of prisons as psychiatric facilities may involve issues concerning inadequate access to medical support, particularly

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that have occurred or are still occurring in Canada include the inability to access important facilities such as infrastructure within the

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is an academic discipline which is also beneficial when non-disabled people pursue it in order to gain a better understanding of ableism.

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Williams, Brie A.; Lindquist, Karla; Hill, Terry; Baillargeon, Jacques; Mellow, Jeff; Greifinger, Robert; Walter, Louise C. (July 2009).

3211:. Supercrip stories reinforce ableism by emphasizing independence, reliance on one's body, and the role of individual will in self-cure. 3008: 2317: 1216: 819: 345: 6980: 6299: 4507:"Caregiving Behind Bars: Correctional Officer Reports of Disability in Geriatric Prisoners: OFFICERS AND GERIATRIC PRISONER DISABILITY" 500: 5911: 4786: 4703: 3549: 3465: 4027:

The participation of people with disabilities in the workplace across the employment cycle: Employer concerns and research evidence.

3241:'s lost leg symbolizes his exploitative relationship with nature. Additionally, in canonical environmental thought, figures such as 6915: 6803: 6536: 3601: 3378:

Ableism may have evolutionary and existential origins (fear of contagion, fear of death). It may also be rooted in belief systems (

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incorporate efficient and quality medical support into prison structures endangers the health and safety of disabled prisoners.

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Ableism often makes the world inaccessible to disabled people, especially in schools. Within education systems, the use of the

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Iwasaki, Yoshitaka; Mactavish, Jennifer (2005). "Ubiquitous Yet Unique: Perspectives of People with Disabilities on Stress".

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Building the "Business Case" for Hiring People with Disabilities: A Financial Cost-Benefit Analysis Methodology and Example

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toward people who are disabled. Labeling affects people when it limits their options for action or changes their identity.

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Smith, L. R. (2015). "The blade runner: The discourses surrounding Oscar Pistorius in the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics".

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Fostering sustainable careers across the lifespan: The role of disability, idiosyncratic deals and perceived work ability.

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Swartz, L.; Watermeyer, B. (2008). "Cyborg anxiety: Oscar Pistorius and the boundaries of what it means to be human".

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Ableism in Canada refers to a set of discourses, behaviors, and structures that express feelings of anxiety, fear,

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have also at times been referred to as ableist, such as funding cuts that put people with disabilities at risk of

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Ferguson, Philip M.; Nusbaum, Emily (2012). "Disability Studies: What Is It and What Difference Does It Make?".

2819:" barred people from appearing in public if they had diseases or disfigurements that were considered unsightly. 6818: 6319: 6263: 4730: 4087: 3455: 3269:

company received over six hundred complaints in the first two days after its publication, and Nike apologized.

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wrote using metaphors of disability to describe relationships between nature, technology, and the individual.

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Cherney, J. L.; Lindemann, K.; Hardin, M. (2015). "Research in communication, disability, and sport".

4084: 7727: 7541: 7443: 7328: 7002: 6970: 6630: 6564: 6162: 6017: 4191:"Disability Status, Mortality, and Leading Causes of Death in the United States Community Population" 4110: 4041: 3499: 2865: 2683: 2679: 2306: 2100: 2082: 1263: 1077: 971: 856: 522: 490: 134: 62: 3326:, or mental ableism, is discrimination based on mental health conditions and cognitive disabilities. 8482: 8477: 7987: 7875: 7722: 7491: 7428: 7263: 7218: 7080: 6965: 6947: 6883: 6813: 6687: 6339: 6314: 5356: 5351: 5187: 3550:"Sutherland, A.T. 'Disabled We Stand', Chapter 6 'Stereotypes of Disability', Souvenir Press, 1982" 2185: 1529: 1417: 1258: 1027: 956: 791: 746: 600: 485: 465: 395: 325: 191: 4969: 3793: 8441: 8270: 8250: 8112: 8102: 8060: 7690: 7531: 7393: 7363: 7358: 7308: 7243: 7228: 7161: 7134: 7119: 6522: 6453: 6400: 6395: 6324: 5086: 3910: 3771: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3148: 3085: 2434: 1828: 1808: 1662: 1652: 1610: 1226: 1067: 921: 891: 886: 836: 771: 756: 689: 662: 647: 23: 7338: 5774: 866: 8369: 8342: 8332: 7812: 7792: 7655: 7526: 7423: 7373: 7343: 7323: 7258: 7238: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7114: 7085: 7058: 7034: 7029: 6615: 6605: 6436: 6329: 4389:"ADA: Access to Health Care in Detention and Correctional Facilities | Mid-Atlantic ADA Center" 3430: 3369:

Ambivalent ableism can be characterized as somewhere in between hostile and benevolent ableism.

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A poster of the British suffrage movement, attacking the fact that women were placed next to "

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in being unable to vote. Ableist and eugenicist ideas were often found in suffrage rhetoric.

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which understand disability to be a result of a world that is not designed to be accessible

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disability, or the presumption that blind people have some special form of insight). These

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Bonaccio, S., Connelly, C.E., Gellatly, I.R., Jetha, A., & Martin Ginis, K.A. (2020).

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than the person, who is helpless and should be separated from those who are not disabled.

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Marshak, Laura E.; Dandeneau, Claire J.; Prezant, Fran P.; L'Amoreaux, Nadene A. (2009).

4603:"Fury at 'do not resuscitate' notices given to Covid patients with learning disabilities" 3833: 3489: 3242: 2709: 2456: 2110: 1942: 1803: 1422: 1318: 1298: 1087: 995: 946: 926: 896: 796: 583: 390: 5273:"Ableism 101 Part One: What is Ableism? What is Disability? | Disability Resources" 4987: 4753:

Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture

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movement of the early 20th century is considered an expression of widespread ableism.

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Nario-Redmond, Michelle R.; Kemerling, Alexia A.; Silverman, Arielle (10 June 2019).

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Disability incarcerated: imprisonment and disability in the United States and Canada

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Benevolent ableism is when people treat the disabled person well but like a child (

3196: 3189: 3163: 3155: 2509: 2393: 2388: 2257: 2130: 1937: 1922: 1850: 1771: 1741: 1556: 1392: 1092: 657: 652: 495: 385: 5903: 4329:"One Man's COVID-19 Death Raises The Worst Fears Of Many People With Disabilities" 4248:"Adults with Developmental Disabilities: A Comprehensive Approach to Medical Care" 3931: 8394: 8302: 8198: 8147: 8007: 7992: 7972: 7937: 7650: 7561: 7496: 7303: 7253: 7039: 6898: 6182: 5739: 5463: 4650: 4206: 3716:"'Ableist' bias left people with disabilities without housing, N.S. inquiry told" 3528: 3403: 3363: 3359: 3287: 3215: 2807:

when many Americans returned home with disabilities. In the 1960s, following the

2660: 2232: 1952: 1860: 1756: 1697: 1549: 1534: 1514: 1479: 1186: 1097: 1032: 831: 781: 559: 410: 5806:

Handicapism and Equal Opportunity: Teaching About the Disabled in Social Studies

5502: 2799: 8389: 8347: 8317: 8307: 8225: 8218: 8203: 8193: 8029: 7965: 7907: 7902: 7887: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7546: 7481: 7017: 6990: 6843: 6545: 6431: 6039: 5399:"Disability Prejudice: Causes, Consequences, and Implications for Policymakers" 5115:

DePauw, K. P. (1997). "The (in)visibility of disability: Cultural contexts and

4247: 4149: 3674: 3523: 3417: 3127: 2937: 2869: 2671: 2667: 2559: 2429: 2403: 2291: 1947: 1905: 1875: 1865: 1783: 1776: 1761: 1751: 1571: 1507: 1449: 1444: 1429: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1082: 1017: 537: 510: 355: 31: 5888: 5842: 5215: 4465: 3766: 8466: 8401: 8024: 7960: 7945: 7807: 7772: 7752: 7623: 7566: 7501: 6920: 6823: 6268: 6034: 5850: 5687: 5641: 5625: 5604:

Clear, Mike (1999). "The "Normal" and the Monstrous in Disability Research".

5336: 5250: 5183:"Pistorius, 25, Is First Double-Amputee Sprinter to Compete in Olympic Games" 5159: 5095: 4995: 4949: 4764: 4473: 4434: 4263: 4214: 4157: 4070:

Praslova, Ludmila N. (2022) An Intersectional Approach to Inclusion at Work.

3720: 3122:. Captain Hook is notorious for having a hook as a hand and seeks revenge on 2957: 2832: 2783: 2247: 2095: 1959: 1566: 1502: 1487: 1343: 1308: 1288: 1159: 1102: 1037: 432: 335: 5718: 5315: 4662: 4654: 4448:

Psick, Zachary; Simon, Jonathan; Brown, Rebecca; Ahalt, Cyrus (2017-03-13).

3669: 3252:

Ableism in outdoor media can also be seen in promotional materials from the

8235: 8122: 7950: 7917: 7897: 7827: 7817: 7797: 7777: 7413: 7313: 7049: 7024: 6888: 6828: 6793: 6758: 6753: 6385: 6253: 6213: 5792: 5672:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 335. 5617: 4940: 4842:"Inspiration porn: A look at the objectification of the disabled community" 4810: 4530: 4491: 4414: 4271: 4232: 4175: 3257: 3246: 3238: 3219: 3204: 3111: 3104: 2822: 2804: 2721: 2362: 2311: 2237: 1793: 1672: 1492: 1459: 1439: 1363: 1353: 1333: 1313: 941: 841: 569: 544: 400: 340: 305: 270: 265: 5874: 5785: 5352:"Hostile, Benevolent, and Ambivalent Ableism: Contemporary Manifestations" 5303: 4923: 3386:), language (such as "suffering from" disability), or unconscious biases. 8137: 8097: 8065: 7932: 7892: 7732: 7645: 7596: 7571: 7471: 7171: 6910: 6893: 6848: 6763: 6463: 4450:"Older and incarcerated: policy implications of aging prison populations" 4134:"Physicians' Perceptions Of People With Disability And Their Health Care" 3485: 3383: 3115: 3100: 2950: 2398: 1687: 1647: 1615: 1474: 1434: 1268: 1181: 1132: 1107: 1007: 699: 422: 405: 360: 275: 4676: 3397: 3320:

Physical ableism is hate or discrimination based on physical disability.

2763:

In the UK, disability discrimination became unlawful as a result of the

8411: 8406: 8287: 8282: 8178: 8162: 8019: 7912: 7870: 7832: 7640: 7628: 7601: 7591: 7511: 6937: 6932: 6903: 6838: 6677: 6458: 6273: 5971: 5957: 5858: 5571:"Making Space for Disabling Difference: Challenges Ableist Geographies" 5541: 5369: 4102:

Ho, J. A., Bonaccio, S., Connelly, C. E., & Gellatly, I.R. (2022).

4072:

https://hbr.org/2022/06/an-intersectional-approach-to-inclusion-at-work

3307: 3261: 2779: 2587: 2567: 2380: 2252: 2028: 1969: 1964: 1845: 1840: 1736: 1712: 1561: 1454: 1412: 1368: 1176: 1164: 1137: 1127: 1047: 449: 444: 415: 350: 181: 4045: 3948: 2887:-deals require resources and flexibility on the part of the employer. 8312: 8260: 7977: 7576: 6703: 6258: 5754: 3233: 3123: 2771:. These were later superseded, retaining the substantive law, by the 2736: 2656: 2652: 2563: 2242: 1870: 1818: 1519: 1112: 215: 5587: 5570: 5080:

Street Journal, Ann Grimes Staff Reporter of The Wall (2000-10-26).

3743:"People with Disabilities — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" 3277: 2730:

Law for the Prevention of Progeny with Hereditary Diseased Offspring

8277: 8107: 8034: 7685: 7611: 7516: 7476: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6713: 6390: 5531: 4875: 4819: 2946: 2921: 2816: 2756: 2752: 2602: 2595: 1835: 1657: 1576: 1221: 1147: 1052: 1012: 380: 375: 370: 295: 290: 285: 225: 6116:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

5757:

The School Counselor's Guide to Helping Students with Disabilities

5633: 3602:"Confronting Eugenics Means Finally Confronting Its Ableist Roots" 3411: 6788: 6682: 6662: 6635: 6514: 5054:

The Ecological Other: Environmental Exclusion in American Culture

4131: 3214:

Other examples of the supercrip narrative include the stories of

3162:

One of the most common examples of inspiration porn includes the

2367: 300: 186: 166: 139: 39: 4504: 4188: 3975: 7737: 6768: 6667: 6645: 6640: 6590: 5552:

Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness

5515:"Refusing Able(ness): A Preliminary Conversation about Ableism" 5349: 3323: 2924:) or other preexisting conditions categorized as disabilities. 2635: 2631: 2571: 1273: 280: 171: 149: 144: 96: 4704:"Confronting Ableism – Educational Leadership" 4415:

Liat Ben-Moshe; Chris Chapman; Allison C. Carey, eds. (2014).

3606:

William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice

3222:, who has continued to climb after the amputation of his arm. 2798:

Much like many minority groups, disabled Americans were often

2521: 7747: 6595: 5926: 3225: 3126:

for his lost hand. Darth Vader's situation is unique because

2530: 1283: 101: 5666:. In Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne; Griffin, Pat (eds.). 5662:

Griffin, Pat; Peters, Madelaine L.; Smith, Robin M. (2007).

5082:"Nike Rescinds Advertisement, Apologizes to Disabled People" 4083:

Brzykcy, A. Z., Boehm, S. A., & Baldridge, D.C. (2019).

3625:

Research & Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities

8359: 8188: 5902:. U.S. Election Assistance Commission. 2022. Archived from 5813: 5022:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 129–148. 3881: 3565:

Wüllenweber, Ernst; Theunissen, Georg; Mühl, Heinz (2006).

2735:

In 1939 Hitler signed the secret euthanasia program decree

2687: 2626: 2515: 1917: 1746: 5056:. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. pp. 1–82. 4677:"About IDEA - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act" 4098: 4096: 3903:"The Ugly Laws: Disability In Public — Galaxy Book Review" 3690:"Policy on ableism and discrimination based on disability" 5912:"Voters with disabilities face discrimination nationwide" 2524: 3049: 2823:

UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

2682:

to stop people with disabilities from having offspring,

4898:"Athletes with disabilities are not 'inspiration porn'" 4093: 2828: 2698:

of people with disabilities in substandard conditions.

5424:

Adams, Rachel; Reiss, Benjamin; Serlin, David (2015).

5145: 4709:

Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development

4061:. Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 9(4), 71-88. 2941:

prisoners' health conditions through greater risks of

6106:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

3862:"A Civil Rights History: Americans with Disabilities" 3767:"T4 Program – Definition and History" 3218:, the first blind woman to race in the Iditarod, and 2527: 5403:

Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues

4553:"Ableism: Types, examples, impact, and anti-ableism" 4447: 3393: 2518: 4579:"COVID-19 Information for People with Disabilities" 2512: 5661: 4419:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 163–184. 2994:contributes to the divide between students within 2872:individuals, are likely to benefit all employees. 8323:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 4629:Academic Ableism: Disability and Higher Education 3186:the story of a blind man who climbs Mount Everest 2860:adjustment amounts to disability discrimination. 1881:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 8464: 5918:. Disability Rights Nation. 2000. Archived from 5725: 5423: 5201: 4626: 7983:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 4922:Hayes, Michael; Black, Rhonda (15 April 2003). 4815:"I'm not your inspiration, thank you very much" 4046:Workplace accommodations: Low cost, high impact 3622: 1525:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 7465:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 5826: 5079: 3290:is a South African runner who competed in the 1001:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 6530: 6111:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons 5942: 5575:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 5442: 4057:Fisher, S. L., & Connelly, C. E. (2020). 3887:National Conference for Community and Justice 2484: 2006: 5759:. Jossey-Bass teacher. John Wiley and Sons. 3484: 3192:, as an example of the supercrip narrative. 2927: 2690:that are insufficient to maintain a minimal 7681:List of people killed for being transgender 5889:Disablism: How to tackle the last prejudice 4743: 3599: 3495:Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity 3009:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1217:List of people killed for being transgender 6537: 6523: 6499: 6300:Augmentative and alternative communication 5949: 5935: 5304:"Internalised Ableism: The Tyranny Within" 5279:. Tucson. January 22, 2020. Archived from 4921: 4583:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4511:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 3306:in London. Pistorius was the first double 3226:Environmental and outdoor recreation media 3052:. Please do not remove this message until 2953:transmission, and unsafe drug injections. 2491: 2477: 2013: 1999: 5669:Teaching for diversity and social justice 5586: 5568: 5540: 5530: 5310:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 16–29. 4939: 4481: 4222: 4165: 4074:. Harvard Business Review, June 21, 2022. 3466:Violence against people with disabilities 3281:A runner in the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games 3072:Learn how and when to remove this message 6804:Social determinants of health in poverty 5549: 5512: 5485: 5301: 4868: 4839: 4454:International Journal of Prisoner Health 4291: 3276: 3138: 3048:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2746: 316:Social determinants of health in poverty 6335:Disproportionality in special education 3981:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 3794:"Equality Act 2010 - Explanatory Notes" 3334:can be used to justify medical ableism. 3178: 2850:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 2566:against people with physical or mental 16:Discrimination on grounds of disability 8465: 5114: 4410: 4408: 4323: 4321: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4245: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 3900: 3713: 2088:Individualized Education Program (IEP) 6518: 5930: 5830:American Educational Research Journal 5694: 5603: 5236: 5075: 5073: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4840:Rakowitz, Rebecca (1 December 2016). 4809: 4682:United States Department of Education 2358:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI) 8488:Prejudice and discrimination by type 8447: 7487:Capital punishment for homosexuality 6809:Social determinants of mental health 5612:(4). Taylor & Francis: 435–448. 5443:Amundson, Ron; Taira, Gayle (2005). 5180: 4108:-deals for people with disabilities. 3901:Sommer, Shannon (6 September 2011). 3373: 3022: 2972: 2908:In June 2020, near the start of the 2899: 2684:barriers to employment opportunities 2659:towards people with disabilities in 2282:Social Security Disability Insurance 1023:Capital punishment for homosexuality 321:Social determinants of mental health 7607:Genital modification and mutilation 6442:Disability in children's literature 5776:The Ugly Laws: Disability in Public 5701:Special education for a new century 5051: 4988:10.17763/haer.72.1.03866528702g2105 4576: 4405: 4318: 4278: 4116: 3867:Knight Chair in Political Reporting 3859: 3461:Violent behavior in autistic people 3314: 3169: 3134: 3093: 2848:privileges of employment. The U.S. 1143:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 6544: 6305:Emotional or behavioral disability 5728:Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 5697:"Eliminating Ableism in Education" 5550:Campbell, Fiona A. Kumari (2009). 5513:Campbell, Fiona A. Kumari (2008). 5486:Campbell, Fiona A. Kumari (2001). 5417: 5405:. December 2, 2019. Archived from 5070: 5036: 5002: 4970:"Eliminating Ableism in Education" 4956: 4696: 4669: 4030:Journal of Business and Psychology 3143:Australian Paralympic team member 2769:Disability Discrimination Act 2005 2765:Disability Discrimination Act 1995 14: 8504: 5882: 5387:– via Wiley Online Library. 4306:10.1377/forefront.20210325.480382 3648:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 2742: 8446: 8437: 8436: 8086:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 7923:Law for Protection of the Nation 7823:White genocide conspiracy theory 6498: 6489: 6488: 4869:Mitchell, Kate (July 17, 2017). 4523:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02286.x 3410: 3396: 3027: 2811:in America, the world began the 2793: 2508: 2451: 2450: 2348:National Telecommuting Institute 1636:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1465:Law for Protection of the Nation 1359:White genocide conspiracy theory 38: 7928:MSM blood donation restrictions 7676:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 5699:. In Katzman, Lauren I. (ed.). 5426:Keywords for Disability Studies 5391: 5343: 5302:Campbell, Fiona Kumari (2009). 5295: 5265: 5230: 5195: 5181:Shaw, Alexis (August 4, 2012). 5174: 5139: 5108: 4915: 4890: 4862: 4833: 4803: 4779: 4737: 4620: 4595: 4570: 4545: 4498: 4441: 4381: 4345: 4246:Kripke, Clarissa (2018-05-15). 4239: 4182: 4077: 4064: 4051: 4035: 4019: 3995: 3968: 3941: 3925: 3894: 3874: 3853: 3834:"Equality Act 2010 (Section 6)" 3826: 3806: 3786: 3759: 3735: 3714:Tutton, Michael (4 June 2018). 3707: 3694:Ontario Human Rights Commission 3682: 3203:The disability studies scholar 2896:appropriate medical treatment. 2845:Americans with Disabilities Act 2715: 1470:MSM blood donation restrictions 1212:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 7941:(as religious or racial quota) 6320:Disability and LGBT identities 5956: 5275:. Disability Resource Center. 5133:10.1080/00336297.1997.10484258 4088:Journal of Vocational Behavior 3814:"Equality Act 2010 (Contents)" 3662: 3635: 3616: 3600:Powell, Robyn M. (2020–2021). 3593: 3584: 3559: 3542: 3516: 3478: 2710:living in abusive arrangements 2353:Society for Disability Studies 2210:Unlicensed assistive personnel 1483:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 8355:Second-generation gender bias 8071:Constitutional colorblindness 6799:Social determinants of health 6132:Services for mental disorders 5812:Card Catalog Number 80-70737 4902:www.sportsbusinessjournal.com 4744:Row-Heyveld, Lindsey (2015). 4007:www.employmenttribunal.claims 3581:. Retrieved January 17, 2012. 3471: 3446:Inclusion (disability rights) 2890: 1913:Second-generation gender bias 1621:Constitutional colorblindness 311:Social determinants of health 6137:Services for disabled people 5740:10.1177/00343552050480040101 5464:10.1177/10442073050160010801 5052:Ray, Sarah Jaquette (2013). 4928:Disability Studies Quarterly 4292:Gallegos, Andrés J. (2021). 4207:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000321 4044:(Updated October 21, 2020). 4003:"Employment Tribunal Claims" 3149:2012 Summer Paralympic Games 2981: 2838: 2615: 2287:Supplemental Security Income 2049:Ableism / Disablism 7: 8266:Medical model of disability 8118:Hate speech laws by country 6420:Arts, media, culture, sport 5664:"Ableism Curriculum Design" 3389: 3332:medical model of disability 3054:conditions to do so are met 2988:medical model of disability 2638:); first recorded in 1981. 2624:(in disable, disabled) and 2302:Disabled students allowance 2297:Disability Living Allowance 1824:Medical model of disability 1668:Hate speech laws by country 10: 8509: 8375:Social model of disability 6854:Discrimination against men 6447:Disability in horror films 6239:Activities of daily living 5501:(1): 42–62. Archived from 4975:Harvard Educational Review 4729:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 4150:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01452 4104:Representative-negotiated 3976:"About the EEOC: Overview" 3456:Medical industrial complex 3451:Mentalism (discrimination) 3441:Disability rights movement 3083: 3013:Every Student Succeeds Act 2992:social model of disability 2918:activities of daily living 2641: 2161:Disability rights movement 1933:Social model of disability 366:Discrimination against men 8432: 8171: 8048: 7841: 7728:Opposition to immigration 7452: 7099: 6946: 6696: 6646:Race / Ethnicity 6583: 6552: 6484: 6419: 6353: 6292: 6226: 6191: 6145: 6124: 6088: 6062: 6055: 5995: 5964: 5843:10.3102/00028312041002271 5804:Shaver, James P. (1981). 5452:Journal of Policy Studies 5239:Communication & Sport 5216:10.1080/09687590701841232 5148:Communication & Sport 4466:10.1108/IJPH-09-2016-0053 4252:American Family Physician 4111:Human Resource Management 4042:Job Accommodation Network 3675:Dictionary.com Unabridged 3500:New York University Press 3272: 2928:Criminal justice settings 2866:Job Accommodation Network 2855:Similarly in the UK, the 2680:involuntary sterilization 2646: 2556:disability discrimination 2307:Disabled Persons Railcard 1264:Opposition to immigration 150:Race / Ethnicity 7723:Occupational segregation 7492:Compulsory sterilization 6340:Sexuality and disability 6315:Disability and disasters 6227:Structural and assistive 5773:Schweik, Susan. (2009). 5606:Disability & Society 5569:Chouinard, Vera (1997). 5357:Journal of Social Issues 5251:10.1177/2167479513519979 5204:Disability & Society 5160:10.1177/2167479513514847 4765:10.1215/15314200-2917105 4557:www.medicalnewstoday.com 4298:Health Affairs Forefront 3018: 2813:disabled rights movement 2320:the Severely Handicapped 2276:Socioeconomic assistance 2186:Sexuality and disability 1259:Occupational segregation 1028:Compulsory sterilization 8251:Internalized oppression 8113:Fighting Discrimination 8103:Fat acceptance movement 8061:Anti-discrimination law 7701:Native American mascots 6454:Disability in the media 6325:Disability and religion 6264:Personal Care Assistant 5778:(History of Disability) 5316:10.1057/9780230245181_2 5087:The Wall Street Journal 4048:. Retrieved 06/16/2021. 3772:Encyclopedia Britannica 3643:"Definition of ABLEISM" 3524:"Disablism and ableism" 3131:illness with violence. 3086:Disability in the media 2435:Disability in the media 1809:Internalized oppression 1663:Fighting Discrimination 1653:Fat acceptance movement 1611:Anti-discrimination law 1237:Native American mascots 8370:Social identity threat 8343:Reverse discrimination 8333:Racial color blindness 7813:Violence against women 7793:Sex-selective abortion 6437:Disability in the arts 6330:Disability and poverty 6269:Physical accessibility 5900:"Voting Accessibility" 5695:Hehir, Thomas (2005). 5618:10.1080/09687599926055 5554:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5018:Kafer, Alison (2013). 4968:Hehir, Thomas (2002). 4941:10.18061/dsq.v23i2.419 4627:Dolmage, Jay Timothy. 3949:"Employment (Title I)" 3431:Disability and poverty 3282: 3152: 2760: 2666:The specific types of 2576:character orientations 2425:Disability in the arts 2248:Physical accessibility 1928:Social identity threat 1901:Reverse discrimination 1891:Racial color blindness 1349:Violence against women 1329:Sex-selective abortion 8338:Religious intolerance 8298:Political correctness 8128:Intersex human rights 8076:Cultural assimilation 7758:Religious persecution 7522:Disability hate crime 6028:driver rehabilitation 5922:on December 12, 2000. 5283:on September 23, 2021 5277:University of Arizona 4871:"On Inspiration Porn" 4852:University of Alabama 3436:Disability hate crime 3280: 3142: 2875:Idiosyncratic deals ( 2809:civil rights movement 2750: 2674:network, restrictive 2176:People-first language 2154:Societal implications 1896:Religious intolerance 1856:Political correctness 1678:Intersex human rights 1626:Cultural assimilation 1294:Religious persecution 1058:Disability hate crime 7743:Political repression 6749:Anti-left handedness 6739:Anti-intellectualism 6361:Models of disability 6345:Youth and disability 6310:Invisible disability 6259:Orthotics and braces 6244:Assistive technology 6056:Rights, law, support 5409:on November 4, 2021. 3349:Internalised ableism 3339:Hostile architecture 3179:Supercrip stereotype 3145:Michelle Errichiello 2706:government of Canada 2696:institutionalization 2676:immigration policies 2243:Orthotics and braces 2228:Assistive technology 1279:Political repression 261:Anti-left handedness 251:Anti-intellectualism 8246:Historical eugenics 7783:Segregation academy 7763:Religious terrorism 7552:Enemy of the people 7460:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 6986:Jehovah's Witnesses 6879:Perpetual foreigner 6013:Learning disability 5810:Library of Congress 5495:Griffith Law Review 5308:Contours of Ableism 5020:Feminist Queer Crip 4858:on 2 December 2016. 4647:10.2307/j.ctvr33d50 3913:on January 18, 2017 3260:highlighted a 2000 3243:Ralph Waldo Emerson 3041:of this article is 2704:implemented by the 2546:(British English), 2204:Personal assistance 2111:Learning disability 1804:Historical eugenics 1319:Segregation academy 1299:Religious terrorism 1088:Enemy of the people 996:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 506:Jehovah's Witnesses 391:Perpetual foreigner 8158:Social integration 8153:Self-determination 8143:Racial integration 8091:Diversity training 8081:Cultural pluralism 8056:Affirmative action 7956:Racial segregation 7866:Crime of apartheid 7768:Religious violence 7278:Indigenous people 6673:Sexual orientation 6427:Disability culture 6354:Disability studies 6249:Independent living 5977:Disability studies 5370:10.1111/josi.12337 4577:CDC (2021-10-26). 3907:rootedinrights.org 3839:legislation.gov.uk 3819:legislation.gov.uk 3799:legislation.gov.uk 3304:2012 Olympic games 3283: 3266:spinal cord injury 3254:outdoor recreation 3153: 2761: 2728:, implemented the 2702:Austerity measures 2692:standard of living 2610:Disability studies 2318:Assured Income for 1708:Social integration 1703:Self-determination 1693:Racial integration 1641:Diversity training 1631:Cultural pluralism 1606:Affirmative action 1498:Racial segregation 1408:Crime of apartheid 1304:Religious violence 806:Indigenous people 177:Sexual orientation 8493:Disability rights 8460: 8459: 8328:Racism by country 8256:Intersectionality 8241:Heteronormativity 8040:Voter suppression 7788:Sexual harassment 7587:Forced conversion 7507:Cultural genocide 7177:African Americans 6996:post–Cold War era 6981:Eastern Orthodoxy 6734:Anti-drug addicts 6729:Anti-homelessness 6656:Scientific racism 6512: 6511: 6381:Neuroqueer theory 6284:Web accessibility 6234:Accessible toilet 6222: 6221: 6075:Disability rights 6070:Ableism/disablism 5906:on June 25, 2022. 5822:978-0-939068-01-2 5816:Number: ED202185 5766:978-0-470-17579-8 5710:978-0-916690-44-1 5679:978-0-415-95199-9 5657:978-3-925344-71-8 5561:978-0-230-57928-6 5435:978-1-4798-4115-8 5325:978-1-349-36790-0 4847:The Crimson White 4638:978-0-472-05371-1 4426:978-1-322-04817-8 4369:on 4 January 2023 4113:, 61(6), 681-698. 4032:, 35(2), 135-158. 3860:Faville, Andrea. 3571:Kohlhammer Verlag 3374:Causes of ableism 3082: 3081: 3074: 2996:special education 2973:Healthcare policy 2910:COVID-19 pandemic 2900:Clinical settings 2857:Equality Act 2010 2827:In May 2012, the 2773:Equality Act 2010 2724:, along with the 2620:Originating from 2501: 2500: 2263:Web accessibility 2223:Accessible toilet 2106:Special education 2044:Disability theory 2037:Theory and models 2023: 2022: 1886:Racism by country 1814:Intersectionality 1799:Heteronormativity 1582:Voter suppression 1324:Sexual harassment 1123:Forced conversion 1043:Cultural genocide 705:African Americans 516:post–Cold War era 501:Eastern Orthodoxy 246:Anti-drug addicts 241:Anti-homelessness 160:Scientific racism 8500: 8450: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8380:Social privilege 8365:Social exclusion 8293:Police brutality 8214:Multiculturalism 8184:Amatonormativity 8015:Social exclusion 7851:Age of candidacy 7651:Homeless dumping 7557:Ethnic cleansing 6539: 6532: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6502: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6474:Special Olympics 6366:Inspiration porn 6279:Universal design 6080:Pejorative terms 6060: 6059: 6023:Physical therapy 5951: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5907: 5878: 5770: 5751: 5722: 5691: 5651: 5645: 5600: 5590: 5565: 5546: 5544: 5534: 5509: 5507: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5474:. Archived from 5449: 5439: 5411: 5410: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5117:sporting bodies. 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5049: 5034: 5033: 5015: 5000: 4999: 4965: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904:. 23 August 2021 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4854:. Archived from 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4750: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4517:(7): 1286–1292. 4502: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4368: 4362:. Archived from 4357: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4289: 4276: 4275: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4169: 4129: 4114: 4100: 4091: 4081: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4039: 4033: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3945: 3939: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3909:. Archived from 3898: 3892: 3891: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3482: 3426:Disability abuse 3420: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3380:social Darwinism 3315:Types of ableism 3300:2012 Paralympics 3190:Erik Weihenmayer 3170:Pitied character 3156:Inspiration porn 3135:Inspiration porn 3094:Disabled villain 3077: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3031: 3030: 3023: 2538:; also known as 2537: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2454: 2453: 2394:Paralympic Games 2389:Special Olympics 2258:Universal design 2181:Pejorative terms 2025: 2024: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1938:Social privilege 1923:Social exclusion 1851:Police brutality 1772:Multiculturalism 1742:Amatonormativity 1557:Social exclusion 1393:Age of candidacy 1187:Homeless dumping 1093:Ethnic cleansing 42: 19: 18: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8483:Social concepts 8478:Social theories 8463: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8428: 8303:Polyculturalism 8199:Civil liberties 8167: 8148:Reappropriation 8049:Countermeasures 8044: 7973:Racial steering 7939:Numerus clausus 7843: 7837: 7562:Ethnic conflict 7497:Corrective rape 7448: 7095: 6942: 6834:HIV/AIDS stigma 6692: 6641:Mental disorder 6579: 6548: 6543: 6513: 6508: 6480: 6415: 6349: 6288: 6218: 6192:Activist groups 6187: 6141: 6120: 6084: 6051: 5991: 5960: 5955: 5910: 5898: 5885: 5767: 5711: 5680: 5649: 5588:10.1068/d150379 5562: 5505: 5490: 5478: 5447: 5436: 5420: 5418:Further reading 5415: 5414: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5348: 5344: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5235: 5231: 5200: 5196: 5179: 5175: 5144: 5140: 5113: 5109: 5100: 5098: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5050: 5037: 5030: 5016: 5003: 4966: 4957: 4920: 4916: 4907: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4867: 4863: 4838: 4834: 4825: 4823: 4813:(9 June 2014). 4808: 4804: 4795: 4793: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4712: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4639: 4625: 4621: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4503: 4499: 4446: 4442: 4427: 4413: 4406: 4397: 4395: 4393:www.adainfo.org 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4327: 4326: 4319: 4310: 4308: 4290: 4279: 4258:(10): 649–656. 4244: 4240: 4187: 4183: 4130: 4117: 4101: 4094: 4090:, 112, 185-198. 4082: 4078: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4052: 4040: 4036: 4024: 4020: 4011: 4009: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3899: 3895: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3532: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3490:Bérubé, Michael 3483: 3479: 3474: 3416: 3409: 3404:Politics portal 3402: 3395: 3392: 3376: 3364:microaggression 3360:infantilization 3317: 3288:Oscar Pistorius 3275: 3228: 3216:Rachael Scdoris 3181: 3172: 3137: 3096: 3088: 3078: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3047: 3032: 3028: 3021: 2984: 2975: 2930: 2902: 2893: 2841: 2825: 2796: 2745: 2726:Nazi Government 2718: 2649: 2644: 2618: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2466: 2440: 2439: 2420: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2383: 2373: 2372: 2343: 2342: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2277: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2233:Assisted living 2205: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2125: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2038: 2019: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1861:Polyculturalism 1757:Civil liberties 1729: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1698:Reappropriation 1598: 1597:Countermeasures 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1515:Racial steering 1481:Numerus clausus 1385: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1098:Ethnic conflict 1033:Corrective rape 988: 980: 979: 978: 977: 976: 630: 619: 618: 617: 616: 615: 468: 458: 457: 456: 455: 454: 346:HIV/AIDS stigma 208: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 145:Mental disorder 89: 81: 80: 79: 78: 77: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8506: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8444: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8348:Reverse racism 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8318:Prisoner abuse 8315: 8310: 8308:Power distance 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8226:Ethnic penalty 8223: 8222: 8221: 8219:Neurodiversity 8216: 8206: 8204:Dehumanization 8201: 8196: 8194:Cisnormativity 8191: 8186: 8181: 8175: 8173: 8172:Related topics 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8030:State religion 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7966:Nuremberg Laws 7963: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7908:Ghetto benches 7905: 7903:Gerrymandering 7900: 7895: 7890: 7888:Gender pay gap 7885: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7842:Discriminatory 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7671:Lavender scare 7668: 7666:Kill Haole Day 7663: 7661:Indian rolling 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7547:Eliminationism 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7482:Cancel culture 7479: 7474: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7456: 7454: 7453:Manifestations 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7349:Middle Eastern 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7091:Zoroastrianism 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7018:Untouchability 7015: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6844:Leprosy stigma 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6546:Discrimination 6542: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6434: 6432:Disability art 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5954: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5908: 5896: 5884: 5883:External links 5881: 5880: 5879: 5837:(2): 271–299. 5824: 5802: 5771: 5765: 5752: 5734:(4): 194–208. 5723: 5709: 5692: 5678: 5659: 5646: 5601: 5566: 5560: 5547: 5532:10.5204/mcj.46 5510: 5508:on 2019-04-12. 5483: 5481:on 2010-12-28. 5440: 5434: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5390: 5364:(3): 726–756. 5342: 5324: 5294: 5264: 5245:(4): 390–410. 5229: 5210:(2): 187–190. 5194: 5173: 5138: 5127:(4): 416–430. 5107: 5069: 5062: 5035: 5028: 5001: 4955: 4914: 4889: 4861: 4832: 4802: 4778: 4736: 4695: 4668: 4637: 4619: 4594: 4569: 4544: 4497: 4440: 4425: 4404: 4380: 4344: 4317: 4277: 4238: 4201:(4): 346–354. 4181: 4144:(2): 297–306. 4138:Health Affairs 4115: 4092: 4076: 4063: 4050: 4034: 4018: 3994: 3967: 3940: 3924: 3893: 3873: 3852: 3825: 3805: 3785: 3758: 3734: 3706: 3681: 3678:(Online). n.d. 3661: 3634: 3615: 3592: 3583: 3558: 3541: 3515: 3508: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3418:Society portal 3407: 3391: 3388: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3356: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3274: 3271: 3227: 3224: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3147:(1024) at the 3136: 3133: 3128:Luke Skywalker 3095: 3092: 3084:Main article: 3080: 3079: 3035: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3017: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2938:harm reduction 2929: 2926: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2870:neurodivergent 2840: 2837: 2824: 2821: 2795: 2792: 2744: 2743:United Kingdom 2741: 2720:In July 1933, 2717: 2714: 2668:discrimination 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2617: 2614: 2560:discrimination 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2430:Disability art 2427: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2404:Invictus Games 2401: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2292:Ticket to Work 2289: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2191:Women's health 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2101:Special school 2098: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1906:Reverse racism 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1876:Prisoner abuse 1873: 1868: 1866:Power distance 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1784:Ethnic penalty 1781: 1780: 1779: 1777:Neurodiversity 1774: 1764: 1762:Dehumanization 1759: 1754: 1752:Cisnormativity 1749: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1728:Related topics 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1572:State religion 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1508:Nuremberg Laws 1505: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1450:Ghetto benches 1447: 1445:Gerrymandering 1442: 1437: 1432: 1430:Gender pay gap 1427: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1207:Lavender scare 1204: 1202:Kill Haole Day 1199: 1197:Indian rolling 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1083:Eliminationism 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1018:Cancel culture 1015: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1003: 992: 991: 990: 989: 987:Manifestations 986: 985: 982: 981: 975: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 877:Middle Eastern 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 823: 822: 817: 812: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 718: 717: 712: 707: 697: 692: 687: 686: 685: 680: 675: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 634: 633: 632: 631: 625: 624: 621: 620: 614: 613: 611:Zoroastrianism 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 587: 586: 576: 575: 574: 573: 572: 567: 562: 557: 542: 541: 540: 538:Untouchability 535: 525: 520: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 488: 483: 478: 472: 471: 470: 469: 464: 463: 460: 459: 453: 452: 447: 442: 441: 440: 435: 430: 420: 419: 418: 413: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 356:Leprosy stigma 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 212: 211: 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 163: 162: 157: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 76: 75: 70: 65: 60: 54: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 32:Discrimination 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8505: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8453: 8445: 8443: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8402:Social stigma 8400: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8025:State atheism 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961:Jim Crow laws 7959: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7946:One-drop rule 7944: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7861:Blood quantum 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7808:Victimisation 7806: 7804: 7803:Trans bashing 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7773:Religious war 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7753:Racialization 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7624:Glass ceiling 7622: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7567:Ethnic hatred 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502:Counter-jihad 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7292:United States 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7155:United States 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7076:Protestantism 7074: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6991:LDS or Mormon 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6921:Transmisogyny 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6824:Gerontophobia 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6744:Anti-intersex 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6719:Anti-albinism 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6560:Institutional 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6505: 6497: 6495: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293:Social issues 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6035:Special needs 6033: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6018:Mainstreaming 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:Medical model 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5800:9780814740576 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428:. NYU Press. 5427: 5422: 5421: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5337:Springer-Link 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5074: 5065: 5063:9780816511884 5059: 5055: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5029:9780253009340 5025: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4811:Young, Stella 4806: 4792: 4791:sites.uab.edu 4788: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4054: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3809: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3789: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3748: 3747:www.ushmm.org 3744: 3738: 3723: 3722: 3721:National Post 3717: 3710: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3580: 3579:3-17-018437-7 3576: 3572: 3569:(in German). 3568: 3562: 3551: 3545: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3509:9780814751343 3505: 3502:. p. 9. 3501: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3345:unattainable. 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3176: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3091: 3087: 3076: 3073: 3065: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2958:mental health 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2911: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2843:In 1990, the 2836: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2794:United States 2791: 2787: 2785: 2784:victimisation 2781: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548:anapirophobia 2545: 2541: 2535: 2505: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2339:Organizations 2338: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2171:Normalization 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2120: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2096:Special needs 2094: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2083:Mainstreaming 2081: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2054:Medical model 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1960:Social stigma 1958: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1594: 1593: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1567:State atheism 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1503:Jim Crow laws 1501: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1488:One-drop rule 1486: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1403:Blood quantum 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1381: 1380: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1344:Victimisation 1342: 1340: 1339:Trans bashing 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309:Religious war 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1289:Racialization 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1160:Glass ceiling 1158: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1103:Ethnic hatred 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1038:Counter-jihad 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 994: 993: 984: 983: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 821: 820:United States 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 684: 683:United States 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 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